CN1663350A - Method for cultivating tea - Google Patents
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- CN1663350A CN1663350A CN2005100183840A CN200510018384A CN1663350A CN 1663350 A CN1663350 A CN 1663350A CN 2005100183840 A CN2005100183840 A CN 2005100183840A CN 200510018384 A CN200510018384 A CN 200510018384A CN 1663350 A CN1663350 A CN 1663350A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating tea comprising the steps of, tea plantation sun screening, planting deciduous arbor around the tea plantation and between the tea trees, covering the tea plantation through rice straw and planting bean green manure, applying special-purpose fertilizer for organic tea, inoculating beneficial soil organisms and soil creatures including right amount of earthworm, finally carrying out irrigation through mini- sprinkling irrigation system in high temperature dry seasons.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the tree plant cultivation field, more specifically relate to the cultivation method of a kind of tea tree, be particularly useful for tea district, hills, the Yangtze river basin.
Background technology
Tealeaves originates from China, is one of the world's three big drinks.The kind veriety of tea is a lot, can be divided into according to making attenuation degree: full fermented tea (black tea), semi-fermented tea (black tea) and azymic tea (green tea); Can be divided into season according to producing tea: spring tea, summer tea, autumn tea and winter tea; Can be divided into according to the tea making shape: loose tea, bar tea, fannings, garden tea, positive tea, secondary tea, brick tea, bundle tea etc.; Can be divided into according to fabrication schedule and technology: gross tea, smart tea, jasmine tea, bag tea, health protection tea; Can be divided into according to the place of production: high mountainous tea, hills tea, Longjing tea etc.The Yangtze river basin abounds with green tea, and saying of " high mountain cloud and mist going out well-known tea " always arranged, the hills area tea leaf quality than height above sea level only in the half high mountain area of 500～800m.Because the tea place, hills area faces cause harm ecological problems such as serious and ecological component is simple of high temperature and high light direct projection, soil depletion, seasonal drought, seriously restricting the improvement of hills tea leaf quality.
Tea tree is the associated tree species in the forest, belongs to shade plant, the happiness diffused light, and light saturation point is between 35～50klx.And continuous sunny weather often appears in the tea place, hills in 5～September, and the morning 9, intensity of illumination generally all surpassed 50klx between at 4 o'clock in afternoon, and the meridian hour usually surpasses 100klx.Continuous high light radiation is association continuous high temperature weather often, the Net Photosynthetic Rate of tea tree is a negative value under the high temperature high light condition, " the afternoon nap phenomenon " that the photosynthetic diurnal variation of tea tree occurs is unfavorable for the synthetic of sulfur-bearing such as amino acid, protein and nitrogenous flavor substance in the tealeaves, reduced the fragrance of tealeaves; The high temperature high light but helps the accumulation of polyphenols, has increased the bitter taste of tealeaves, causes tea leaf quality to descend.The hills tea garden soil is red-yellow soil basically, because exploitation is unreasonable, the mode of ploughing is clearly continued to use in most tea places, lacks soil and water conservation measures, makes the protection of a lot of tea places loss of vegetation, and water and soil loss is quite serious, soil erosion modulus 1100～2200t/hm
2.a.Especially newly-built childhood of tea place water and soil loss especially severe is washed away tea place table soil in a large number, and tea root is exposed, the soil layer attenuation, soil depletion, soil fertility decline, soil organic matter content is low, and nutrition ubiquities such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mo lack symptom.Soil structure is poor simultaneously, and edaphon and soil animal are few, and permeability is bad, the preserve moisture and fertility poor performance.The rainfall of knob, subtropics is abundant, and annual rainfall is at 1100～1400mm, but seasonal skewness, high temperature and little rainfall in 7～October, strong evaporation causes arid frequently to take place.Because the tea place exploitation time lacks rational programming and distribution, abrupt slope, complete domatic exploitation kind tea do not have supporting ecological shelter forest and street tree, and traditional clear pattern of ploughing is adopted in soil management, plant green manure between not, for the good-looking implementation in tea place " three light " measure; Insect has not only been killed in a large amount of uses of chemical pesticide, has also killed soil animals such as birds, spider, batrachia, natural enemy insect and earthworm; The excessive of chemical fertilizer used, and excessive the using of special N fertilizer causes the soil structure variation, and soil animal, microorganism reduce.Ecological problems such as serious and ecological component is simple although the gentle high light direct projection of Lingao, knob face, soil depletion, seasonal drought are caused harm make tea yield lower, quality is poor, because the advantage of aspects such as the talent, traffic, information and market is arranged, the tealeaves industry of knob is done often well than the mountain area, the Tea Production of hills area in the Yangtze river basin so that the whole country occupy considerable status.With regard to the Hunan Province, hills area tealeaves accounts for 67% of the whole province's tealeaves gross yield (6.06 ten thousand t), accounts for about 80% (statistical datas in 2004) of the whole province's tealeaves gross output value.How to solve that the knob high temperature damage is frequent, ecological problems such as serious and ecological component is simple are caused harm in high light direct projection, soil depletion, seasonal drought, realize the safety, high-quality, high yield of knob Tea Production and target efficiently, the tealeaves scientific worker has carried out number of research projects in decades.Successively carried out: the improved tea variety of 1. breeding and promoting: the tealeaves of hills area cultivation now improved seeds high bridge Yin Feng, Hunan ripple are green, Fuding white tea, the big milli tea in Fuding, Fuan Da Bai tea, the Da Bai tea of having stable political situation, Fuyun No.6, No. 7, good fortune cloud, No. 10, good fortune cloud, early meet quality such as spring, good fortune cloud 595, early spring milli, first clouds tea, Kowloon Da Bai tea, pekoe morning obviously to be better than traditional in the past colony's kind of planting, for good basis has been established in the sustainable development of Tea Production.2. scientific formula fertilizer practice: Application and Development " tea tree biological activity organic fertilizer special ", " tea tree special microorganism fertilizer ", " the high bio-azotobacter fertilizer of fertility ", " multiple-effect organic fungi-manure " or the like; Work out tea tree to the suction band amount ratio average out to of nitrogen phosphorus potassium 4.5: 1.8: 2.5; There are some researches show that increasing using of potassium and magnesium can make tea tree volume increase 29%, also improve amino acid whose content in the tealeaves greatly, improve tea leaf quality.3. tea place water conservation and moisture-holding administrative skill: propose " contour ladder layer ", " ring ditch ", " building cistern " and wait and retain the protection open water supply, conserve water and soil, prevent technology such as water and soil fertilizer loss at the hilltop; " tea place litters covering " " tea place is interplanted paspalum notatum, climbed ground orchid, Chamaecrista Rotundifolia, Paspalum wettsteinii; lift green manure such as peanut " etc. improved water retention in soil, reduce surface temperature, make tea tree avoid the injury of summer high temperature, slow down the ground temperature acute variation simultaneously, can make ground temperature be more suitable for the tea root growth.Or the like applying of these achievements in research tea place, hills output is improved and certain impetus has all been played in the improvement of quality, but do not solve " illumination intensity usually surpassed 50klx when the tea place, hills continuous sunny weather often occurred in 5～September; noon surpasses 100klx; cause physiological causing harm for the shade plant of this happiness diffused light of tea tree; make the biosynthesis block of sulfur-bearing such as amino acid, protein and nitrogenous flavor substance, cause tea leaf quality to descend " this root problem.
Having the tea place, hills to use sunshade recently covers, can artificially regulate the tea place intensity of illumination to the optimum scope of tea tree, summer, the common tea place of autumn tea production ratio increase by 18%, 23% respectively, the chlorophyll of tealeaves young sprout, caffeine and amino acid content have increased by 62.8%, 37.1% and 21.7 respectively than common tea place, polyphenol content has but reduced 11.6%, and summer, autumn tea quality and local flavor reach the level of spring tea.Though the sunshade coverage effect is good, cost is too high, and per hectare needs more than the disposable input 40,000 circle RMB, and the peasant does not generally afford to do, and troublesome poeration, and the tea grower can't accept in applying.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the cultivation method of a kind of tea tree, cultivation method is easy, easy to operate, cost is low, increased tea yield, improved tea leaf quality, helped the hills tea district simulation high mountain ecotope vast, produced the suitable high-quality well-known tea of mountain area quality that curls up with cloud and mist in the Yangtze river basin.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts following technical measures:
1. shade in the tea place: in the tea place around and tea tree plant tall and big deciduous tree in the ranks, planting density is with per hectare 140-160 strain, seeding row spacing is advisable with 10m * 10m, seeds can be selected the bark of eucommia, ginkgo, silk tree, wing pod wood etc.;
2. the tea place covers: the tea place is carried out interlacing mulching straw and a kind (tea tree is planted) leguminous green manure in the ranks, and straw usage amount per hectare 10～15t, coverage period gather in the crops late rice and carried out in back 30 days, and the leguminous green manure of a kind requires plant height to be lower than 60cm;
3. use the organic tea dedicated fertilizer: November early and middle ten days execute 5t/hm
2Base manure, and respectively at March 1～5, April 10～20, June 15～20, August 5～10, September 10～20 1t/hm that topdresses
2
4. inoculation, inoculate useful edaphon and soil organisms: November, early and middle ten days was executed when special-purpose fertile 10～15g edaphon bacterial classification and the 50～75g earthworm kind admixed per ton in special-purpose fertilizer, microorganism fungus kind is azotobacter, ammonification bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, potassium bacterium, cellulose decomposing bacteria, streptomycete, Nocard's bacillus and bacillus, fertilization depth 15～25cm promptly covers straw behind the earthing;
5. mist is irritated: the fine day in high temperature and drought high light season in 6～August starts the microspray irrigation system in 11:00～16:00 and irrigates when temperature surpasses 35 ℃, makes the tea place be full of water smoke, and maintenance tea place temperature is below 35 ℃, and light radiation intensity is below 45klx.
Special-purpose fertilizer of described organic tea be rapeseed cake, straw, rock phosphate by 2: 7.5: 0.5 ratio, concentrates in heapsly behind adding 250～350g additive per ton, with macerating 30～45 days after the plastic foil sealing, just is organic tea special use fertilizer.Additive is that ammonium molybdate, boric acid and zinc sulphate are formulated according to 1: 2: 3 ratio.
Described azotobacter are that (Science Press publishes according to nineteen eighty-three for the bacterial strain of azotobacter (Azotobacter), Azomonas (Azomonas), stem knurl rhizobium (Azorhizobium) and Azospirillum (Azospirillum), Japan's microbe research can be write, and the method that " the edaphon experimental method " that Ye Weiqing etc. translate introduced is separated from the topsoil of vegetable garden, cultivated and makes)
Described earthworm belongs to the earthworm and the grand Pheretimatschiliensis (Pheretimacalifornica) of (Achaeta) based on the bare wire earthworm.
The present invention compared with prior art has the following advantages and effect:
1. improved the tea place illumination condition.The intensity of illumination that common tea place is accepted in 5～September surpasses the tea tree light saturation point, and (35～50klx) time generally has 2～6 hours, and noon usually surpasses the high light direct projection of 100lx.Because the effect of shading of arbor, compound tea place has only 40%, 60% of pure tea place respectively apart from the per day intensity of illumination at arbor trunk 2m place and 4m place, and shading is maximum is morning during 8:00, and shading rate reaches 71.1～86.7% respectively.Though at 12 o'clock at noon, shading rate had only 15～30%, starting the spraying of microspray irrigation system can still make shading rate reach more than 50% respectively, intensity of illumination is attenuated to below the 50klx, help the synthetic and accumulation of flavor substances such as amino acid in the tealeaves, time and frequency that the tea place intensity of illumination surpasses the tea tree light saturation point reduce to minimum.
2. improved the tea place temperature.Weakening of intensity of illumination, avoid soil strong sunlight direct irradiation, the daily mean temperature of the face of land, 5,10,15,20cm soil layer and tea place temperature has reduced by 1.9 ℃, 2.2 ℃, 1.5 ℃, 1.3 ℃, 1.1 ℃ and 0.6 ℃ respectively, the number of times that harmful high temperature of tea place 〉=35 ℃ occurs has reduced 60～70%, and the number of times that 〉=39 ℃ of harmful high temperature in blade face occurs has reduced 70～80%.
3. tea place humidity and Soil Moisture have been improved.6-9 month high temperature and drought tea place in season humidity improves 70～90% (the tea place humidity of hills area 10:00～16:00 generally is between 40～60%), and 0～20cm soil layer soil moisture content remains on about 70% of field capacity for a long time.
4. improved the tea garden soil fertility.Because it is special-purpose fertile that full garden, tea place is carried out interlacing mulching straw, a kind leguminous green manure and used organic tea, improves the tea garden soil fertility.Particularly increase the soil organic matter, behind continuous 4 years interlacing mulching straws in tea place and the kind clover, the soil organic matter brings up to 1.49% by original 1.02%, and increasing degree is 46.1%.Bulk density of soil reduction by 11.8%, porosity improves 20.0%, has increased by 39.6%, 27.9% respectively as effective K and effective P content in the soil.、
5. enriched the tea place bio-diversity.Because around in the tea place and tea tree plant deciduous trees such as the bark of eucommia, ginkgo, silk tree, wing pod wood in the ranks, tea tree has been planted the perennial clover of spending in vain between also in the ranks, has formed the artificial complex ecosystem of a careless three-decker of tall filling.The complicated ecosystem improves the ecotope in tea place, strengthen the nature ability of regulation and control, create the good place of perching, breed to natural enemy, the species quantity in tea place Duos 77.6% than single tea place, birds activities such as parus major, thrush, starling are often arranged, spider, predation mite, syrphus fly, Chrysopa, ladybug, hunt predator individual amounts such as stinkbug and tiger beetle and Duo 118.8% than single tea place, primary pest individual amounts such as false eye leafhopper, tea aphid, tea geometrid, tea bagworm have only 45.4% of single (pure) tea place.
6. tea yield and quality have been improved.Complex ecological tea place and pure tea place relatively bud-leaf number and the output of spring tea do not have significant difference, and summer, autumn, dried tea output reached 1900～2010kg/hm
2, higher by 27%～34% than pure tea place.Shading of arbor arranged, the tea place is based on diffused light, the content of amino acid, chlorophyll, caffeine and water extraction all is higher than pure tea place in various degree in the tealeaves, particularly the amino acid content of summer, autumn tea is distinguished pure tea place high 37.3% and 35.7%, and chlorophyll content is respectively than pure tea place high 31.7% and 29.1%.It is emerald green that tealeaves shows as the profile color and luster, and the soup look emerald green is bright, and fragrance Li Xiang is lasting, and yellowish green fresh and alive at the bottom of the leaf, whole sensory evaluation is better than pure tea place, and its kind has met or exceeded the ad eundem quality of tea leaves level of high mountain tea place same time production.
In a word, this cultivation method has enriched the tea place bio-diversity, has improved the tea place ecological condition, has increased tea yield, has improved tea leaf quality, and simple to operate, is accepted by the tea grower easily, and fabulous popularizing application prospect is arranged.
Embodiment
Embodiment:
A kind of method of tree plant cultivation, it comprises the following steps:
1. shade in the tea place: in the tea place around and tea tree plant deciduous trees such as the bark of eucommia, ginkgo, silk tree, wing pod wood in the ranks, planting density is with per hectare 140-160 strain, seeding row spacing is advisable with 10m * 10m.
2. the tea place covers: an interlacing mulching straw and a kind leguminous green manure are carried out in full garden, tea place, straw usage amount per hectare 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15t, and coverage period is gathered in the crops back 30 days (late November) late rice and is carried out; Leguminous green manure generally adopts plant to be lower than the perennial kind of 60cm, spends clover etc. in vain as perennial.
3. it is special-purpose fertile to use organic tea: organic tea is special-purpose fertile in rapeseed cake, straw, the rock phosphate ratio according to 2: 7.5: 0.5, adding 260 per ton or 270 280 or 290 310 or 315 or the 335g additive (additive is: ammonium molybdate, boric acid and zinc sulphate, its ratio is 1: 2: 3) back concentrate in heaps, with macerating 30～45 days after the plastic foil sealing.Execute 5t/hm at early and middle ten days in November (before the straw covering)
2Base manure, and respectively in March 1～5 (early spring fertilizer), April 10～20 (late spring fertilizer), June 15～20 (summer fertilizer), August 5～10 (fertilizer in early autumn), September 10～20 (autumn fertilizer), 1t/hm topdressed
2
4. inoculation is inoculated useful edaphon and soil organisms: per tonly in special-purpose fertilizer when November, early and middle ten days was special-purpose fertile admix 10 or 12 or 14 or the useful edaphon bacterial classification of 15g and 50 or 55 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 75g earthworm kind.Useful edaphon bacterial classification is made up of azotobacter, ammonification bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, potassium bacterium, cellulose decomposing bacteria, streptomycete, Nocard's bacillus and bacillus (TBM) etc.; Useful edaphon bacterial classification (Science Press publishes according to nineteen eighty-three, and Japanese microbe research can be write, and the method that " the edaphon experimental method " that Ye Weiqing etc. translate introduced oneself is separated from the topsoil of vegetable garden, cultivates and made); The earthworm kind belongs to the earthworm and the grand Pheretimatschiliensis (Pheretima califomica) of (Achaeta) based on the bare wire earthworm.Fertilization depth 15～25cm promptly covers straw behind the earthing.
5. mist is irritated: 6～August, the high temperature and drought high light was fine when temperature surpasses 35 ℃ season, and 11:00～16:00 starts the microspray irrigation system and irrigates, and makes the tea place be full of water smoke, keeps the tea place temperature below 35, and light radiation intensity is below 45klx.
Claims (5)
1, the cultivation method of a kind of tea tree, it comprises the following steps:
Shade in A, tea place: in the tea place around and tea tree plant deciduous tree in the ranks, planting density is with per hectare 140-160 strain, seeding row spacing is advisable with 10m * 10m;
B, tea place cover: an interlacing mulching straw and a kind leguminous green manure are carried out in the tea place, and straw usage amount per hectare 10～15t, coverage period gather in the crops late rice and carried out in back 30 days, and the leguminous green manure plant is lower than 60cm;
C, use the organic tea dedicated fertilizer: November early and middle ten days execute 5t/hm
2Base manure, and respectively at March 1～5, April 10～20, June 15～20, August 5～10, September 10～20 1t/hm that topdresses
2
D, inoculation, inoculate useful edaphon and soil organisms: November during the early and middle ten days basal dressing in special-purpose fertile 10～15g edaphon bacterial classification and the 50～75g earthworm kind admixed per ton, microorganism fungus kind is azotobacter, ammonification bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, potassium bacterium, cellulose decomposing bacteria, streptomycete, Nocard's bacillus and bacillus, fertilization depth 15～25cm promptly covers straw behind the earthing;
E, mist irritate: the fine day in high temperature and drought high light season in 6～August starts the microspray irrigation system in 11:00～16:00 and irrigates when temperature surpasses 35 ℃, makes the tea place be full of water smoke, and maintenance tea place temperature is below 35 ℃, and light radiation intensity is below 45klx.
2, the cultivation method of a kind of tea tree according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the special-purpose fertilizer of organic tea is pressed 2: 7.5: 0.5 ratio for rapeseed cake, straw, rock phosphate, concentrated in heaps behind adding 250～350g additive per ton, with macerating 30-45 days after the plastic foil sealing.
3, the cultivation method of a kind of tea tree according to claim 2 is characterized in that additive is that ammonium molybdate, boric acid and zinc sulphate are prepared according to 1: 2: 3 ratio.
4, the cultivation method of a kind of tea tree according to claim 1 is characterized in that azotobacter are the bacterial strain of azotobacter, Azomonas, stem knurl rhizobium and Azospirillum.
5, the cultivation method of a kind of tea tree according to claim 1 is characterized in that earthworm and grand Pheretimatschiliensis that earthworm belongs to for the bare wire earthworm.
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| CN102090246A (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2011-06-15 | 广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所 | Planting method of compound ecological tea garden |
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| CN1116791C (en) * | 2000-09-22 | 2003-08-06 | 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 | Method for cultivating spring tea |
| CN1148113C (en) * | 2000-11-22 | 2004-05-05 | 成都茜亚现代农业发展有限责任公司 | Bare root and atomization technique for cultivating tea tree |
| CN1342396A (en) * | 2001-10-22 | 2002-04-03 | 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 | Method for cultivating spring tea |
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Assignee: Hu'nan Xiangfeng Tea Industry Co., Ltd. Assignor: Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Contract fulfillment period: 2009.5.11 to 2019.5.10 contract change Contract record no.: 2009430000039 Denomination of invention: Cultural method of tea trees Granted publication date: 20070919 License type: Exclusive license Record date: 2009.6.11 |
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Free format text: EXCLUSIVE LICENSE; TIME LIMIT OF IMPLEMENTING CONTACT: 2009.5.11 TO 2019.5.10; CHANGE OF CONTRACT Name of requester: HUNAN XIANGFENG TEA INDUSTRY CO., LTD. Effective date: 20090611 |