CN1552132A - 在无线通信系统中利用信道状态信息的方法和装置 - Google Patents

在无线通信系统中利用信道状态信息的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN1552132A
CN1552132A CNA028085582A CN02808558A CN1552132A CN 1552132 A CN1552132 A CN 1552132A CN A028085582 A CNA028085582 A CN A028085582A CN 02808558 A CN02808558 A CN 02808558A CN 1552132 A CN1552132 A CN 1552132A
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F·林
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J·R·沃尔顿
S·J·霍华德
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M·华莱士
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J·W·凯彻姆
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Abstract

在多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统内从发射机单元到接收机单元的数据发射技术。在一方法中,多个信号通过多个接收天线被接收,连同从发射机单元接收到的信号。接收到的信号经处理以导出信道状态信息(CSI),它指明用于数据传输的许多传输信道的特征。CSI被发射回发射机单元。在发射机单元,从接收机单元来的CSI被接收且传输到接收机单元数据根据接收到的CSI被处理。

Description

在无线通信系统中利用信道状态信息的方法和装置
                           背景
领域
本发明一般涉及数据通信,更特定地是涉及一种新颖的经改进的利用(全部或部分)信道状态信息以提供无线通信系统改善的性能的方法和装置。
背景
无线通信系统被广泛采用,以提供不同类型的通信诸如语音、数据等。这些系统可能是根据码分多址(CDMA)、时分多址(TDMA)、正交频分调制(OFDM)或一些其它调制技术。OFDM系统能提供一些信道环境下的高性能。
在陆地通信系统中(例如蜂窝系统、广播系统、多信道多点分布系统(MMDS)以及其它),从发射机单元来的RF已调信号可能通过多个传输路径到达接收机单元。传输路径的特征由于多种因素诸如衰落和多径一般随时间而变化。
为提供对抗恶化的路径效应并改善性能的分集,可能使用多个发射和接收天线。如果发射和接收天线间的传输路径是线性独立的(即在一个路径上的传输不形成为其它路径上的传输的线性组合),这一般在一定程度上是成立的,则正确接收发射的信号的概率随天线数目的增加而增加。一般,随着发射和接收天线的数目增加分集也增加且性能得到改善。
多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统使用多个(NT)发射天线和多个NR接收天线用于数据传输。MIMO信道可能被分解为NC个独立信道,其中NC≤min{NT,NR}。NC个独立信道的每个还被称为MIMO信道的空间子信道,并对应维数。如果使用由多个发射和接收天线建立的附加维数,则MIMO系统能提供改进的性能。
因此本领域内需要一种技术以利用信道状态信息(CSI)来利用MIMO系统建立的附加维数提供经改进的系统性能。
                          摘要
本发明的各方面提供技术以处理在多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统内接收到的信号以恢复发射的信号,并估计MIMO信道的特征。不同的接收机处理方案可能用于导出指明用于数据传输的传输信道的特征的信道状态信息(CSI)。CSI然后被报告回发射机系统并用于调节信号处理(例如,编码、调制等)。这样,根据确定的信道条件获得高性能。
本发明的特定实施例提供在MIMO通信系统中从发射机单元将数据发射到接收机单元的方法。根据本方法,在接收机单元,许多信号通过多个接收机天线被接收,每个从接收天线接收的信号包括从发射机单元发射来的一个或多个信号的组合。接收到的信号经处理(例如,通过信道相关矩阵逆(CCMI)方案、无偏最小均方误差方案(UMMSE)、或一些其它接收机处理方案)以导出指明用于数据传输的多个传输信道特征的CSI。CSI经编码并被发射回发射机单元。在发射机单元,从接收机单元来的CSI被接收,且传输到接收机单元的数据根据接收到的CSI被处理。
被报告的CSI可能包括全CSI或部分CSI。全CSI包括所有发射和接收天线对间的传播路径的充分的全带宽特性(例如,在可用带宽上的幅度和相位)。部分CSI可能包括例如传输信道的信号对噪声加干扰(SNR)。在发射单元,每个传输信道的数据可能根据传输信道的SNR估计而被编码,且每个传输信道的经编码数据可能根据由SNR估计选择的调制方案而被调制。对全CSI处理,调制码元根据接收到的CSI在传输前经预处理。
本发明还提供实现本发明各个方面、实施例和特征的方法、系统以及装置,将如下详述。
                       附图的简要说明
通过下面提出的结合附图的详细描述,本发明的特征、性质和优点将变得更加明显,附图中相同的符号具有相同的标识,其中:
图1是能实现本发明不同方面和实施例的多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统的图;
图2A和2B是能实现部分CSI处理以及全CSI处理的MIMO发射机系统的
实施例的相应方框图;
图3是使用正交频分调制(OFDM)的MIMO发射机系统的实施例方框图;
图4是能提供对不同传输类型不同处理且使用OFDM的MIMO系统的部分的框图;
图5和图6是两个有多个(NR)接收天线并能根据信道相关矩阵逆(CCMI)技术以及无偏最小均方误差(UMMSE)而处理数据传输的接收机系统的实施例相应的方框图;
图7A示出三个接收机处理技术和不同SNR值的MIMO系统的平均吞吐量;以及
图7B示出根据数据直方图产生的三个接收机处理技术的累积概率分布函数(CDF)。
                        详细描述
图1是能实现本发明各个方面和实施例的多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统100的图。系统100包括与第二系统150通信的第一系统110。系统100能用于使用天线、频率和时间分集(以下描述)的组合以增加频谱效率、改善性能并增加灵活性。在一方面,系统150可能用于确定通信链路的特征并将信道状态信息(CSI)报告回系统110,且系统110可能用于根据报告的CSI调整对要发射的数据处理(例如编码和调制)。
在系统110内,数据源112提供数据(即信息比特)到发射(TX)数据处理器114,它根据特定编码方案对数据进行编码,根据特定交织方案对经编码的数据进行交织(即重排序),并将经交织比特映射为一个或多个用于发射数据的传输信道的调制码元。交织提供了对编码比特的时间分集,允许数据根据用于数据传输的传输信道的平均信号对噪声加干扰(SNR)比而被发射,减少衰落,并去除用于形成每个调制码元的经编码比特之间的相关。如果经编码比特在多个频率子信道上被发射,则交织还可能提供频率分集。根据本发明的一方面,编码、交织以及码元映射(或以上的组合)根据系统110可用的全CSI或部分CSI而被实现,如图1指明。
在发射系统110处的编码、交织以及码元映射可能根据多个方案而实现。一个特定的方案在美国专利号09776073内得到描述,题为“CODING SCHEME FORA WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM”提交于2001年2月1日,被转让给本发明的受让人,并通过引用被结合于此。
MIMO系统100在通信链路的发射和接收端使用多个天线。这些发射和接收天线可能用于提供空间分集的各种形式,包括发射分集和接收分集。空间分集特征是使用多个发射天线和一个或多个接收天线。发射分集的特征是在多个发射天线上传输数据。一般,附加处理在从发射天线发射来的数据上实现以获得期望的分集。例如,从不同发射天线发射而来的数据可能经时延或在时间上重排序、在可用的发射天线上经编码和交织等。接收分集的特征是在多个接收天线上对发射的信号的接收,分集是通过简单地接收经不同信号路径的信号而实现。
系统100可能用于多个不同的通信模式,每个通信模式使用天线、频率或时间分集或以上的组合。通信模式可能包括例如“分集”通信模式以及“MIMO”通信模式。分集通信模式使用分集以改善通信链路的可靠性。在分集通信模式,这还被称为“纯”分集通信模式,的一般应用中数据从所有可用的发射天线发射到接收接收机系统。纯分集通信模式可能用于当数据速率要求较低或当SNR较低或两者皆是情况下。MIMO通信模式在通信链路的两端使用天线分集(即多个发射天线和多个接收天线)并一般用于改善可靠性以及增加通信链路的容量。MIMO通信模式可能还使用频率和/或时间分集结合天线分集。
系统100还可能利用正交频分调制(OFDM),这有效地将操作频带分成多个(L)频率子信道(即频率箱)。在每个时隙(即特定的取决于频率子信道的带宽的时间间隔),调制码元可能在L频率子信道的每个上被发射。
系统100可能用于通过多个传输信道发射数据。如上所述,MIMO信道可能被分解为NC个独立的信道,NC≤min{NT,NR}。NC个独立的信道的每个还被称为MIMO信道的空间子信道。对不使用OFDM的MIMO系统,可能只有一个频率子信道且每个空间子信道可能被称为“传输信道”。对使用OFDM的MIMO系统,每个频率子信道的每个空间子信道可能被称为一个传输信道。对不以MIMO通信模式操作的OFDM系统,只有一个空间子信道且每个频率子信道可能被称为传输信道。
如果使用由多个发射和接收天线建立的附加维数,则MIMO系统可以提供改善的性能。这并不一定需要在发射机处已知CSI,当发射机配备有CSI时,可能会增加系统效率和改善性能,CSI描述从发射天线到接收天线的传输特征。CSI可能被归为“全CSI”或“部分CSI”。
全CSI包括在NT×NRMIMO矩阵内的每个发射接收天线对间的传播路径的整个系统频带(即每个频率子信道)的足够特征。全CSI处理指(1)信道特征在发射机和接收机端都可利用,(2)发射机计算MIMO信道的特征模量(如下描述),确定以特征模量发射的调制码元,对调制码元线性预调节(滤波),并发射经预调节的调制码元,以及(3)接收机根据信道特征实现线性发射处理的互补操作(例如空间匹配滤波器)以计算每个传输信道(即每个特征模量)所需的NC个空间匹配滤波器系数。全CSI处理还包括根据信道的特征值(以下描述)处理每个传输信道的数据(例如选择合适的编码和调制方案)以导出调制码元。
部分CSI可能包括,例如传输信道的信号对噪声加干扰比(SNR)(即无OFDM的MIMO系统的每个空间子信道的SNR,或有OFDM的MIMO系统的每个空间子信道的每个频率子信道的SNR)。部分CSI处理可能指根据信道的SNR处理每个传输信道的数据(例如,选择合适的编码和调制方案)。
参考图1,TX MIMO处理器120接收并处理从TX数据处理器114来的调制码元以提供适合在MIMO信道上传输的码元。由TX MIMO处理器120实现的处理取决于是否使用全或部分CSI处理,这将在以下详述。
对全CSI处理,TX MIMO处理器120可能对调制码元解多路复用并预调节。对部分CSI处理,TX MIMO处理器120可能简单地对调制码元解复用。以下将详述全和部分CSI MIMO处理。对使用全CSI处理而不使用OFDM的MIMO系统而言,TX MIMO处理器120为每个发射天线提供经预调节的调制码元流,每个时隙一个经预调节的调制码元。每个经预调节的调制码元是对NC个空间子信道的给定时隙的NC个调制码元的线性(以及加权)组合,如下将详述。对使用全CSI处理和OFDM的MIMO系统,TX MIMO处理器120提供对每个发射天线的经预调节的调制码元向量流,每个向量包括对给定时隙的L个频率子信道的L个经预调节的调制码元。对使用部分CSI处理但不使用OFDM的MIMO系统,TX MIMO处理器120提供每个发射天线的调制码元流,每个时隙一个调制码元。对使用OFDM和部分CSI处理的MIMO系统而言,TX MIMO处理器120提供用于每个发射天线的调制码元向量流,每个向量包括对给定时隙的L个频率子信道的L个调制码元。对上述的所有情况,每个调制码元或调制码元向量的流(或经预调节或未经预调节)由相应的调制器(MOD)122接收并调制,并通过相关的天线124发射。
在图1示出的实施例中,接收机系统150包括许多接收发射的信号并提供接收的信号给相应的解调器(DEMOD)154的接收天线152。每个解调器154实现与调制器122处互补的处理。从所有解调器154来的已调码元提供给接收(RX)MIMO处理器156并以以下描述的方式经处理。传输信道的接收调制码元然后提供给RX数据处理器158,它实现与TX数据处理器114互补的处理。在特定设计中,RX数据处理器158提供比特值,指明接收到的调制码元,对比特值解交织,并对解交织的值解码以生成已解码比特,然后提供给数据宿160。接收到的码元的解映射、解交织和解码是与发射机系统110处的码元映射、交织以及编码互补的。接收机系统150的处理将在以下详述。
MIMO系统的空间子信道(或更一般地,带有或没有OFDM的MIMO系统的传输信道)一般经历不同的链路条件(例如,不同衰减和多径效应)且可能获得不同的SNR。相应地,传输信道的容量可能在信道与信道间有所不同。该容量可能由对于特定性能级别在每个传输信道上发射的信息比特速率(即每调制码元的信息比特数)量化。而且,链路条件一般随时间变化。确定描述链路条件的CSI其结果,对传输信道所支持的特率也随时间而变化。为更充分利用传输信道的容量,可能(一般在接收单元处)且提供给发射单元使得能相应地调整(或适应)处理。本发明的方面提供确定和利用(全或部分)CSI的技术以提供经改善的系统性能。
              带有部分CSI处理的MIMO发射机系统
图2A是MIMO发射机系统110a的实施例的方框图,这是图1中系统110的发射机部分的实施例。发射机系统110a(不使用OFDM)能根据接收机系统150报告的部分CSI调整其处理。系统110a包括(1)接收并处理信息比特以提供调制码元的TX数据处理器114a以及(2)对NT个发射天线的调制码元解复用的TXMIMC处理器120a。
TX数据处理器114a是图1中的TX数据处理器114的一实施例,且许多其它设计还可能用于TX数据处理器114并在本发明的范围内。在图2A示出的特定实施例中,TX数据处理器114a包括编码器202、信道交织器204、截短器206以及码元映射元件208。编码器202接收并根据特定编码方案对信息比特编码以提供经编码比特。信道交织器204根据特定交织方案对经编码的比特进行交织以提供分集。截短器206截去零个或多个经交织经编码的比特以提供期望的经编码比特。码元映射元件208将未被截去的经编码比特映射为一个或多个用于发射数据的传输信道的调制码元。
虽然为简洁缘故未在图2A中示出,导频数据(例如已知模式的数据)可能与经处理的信息比特一起经编码和复用。经处理的导频数据可能在所有或一组用于发射信息比特的传输信道的子集上发射(例如以时分多路复用方式)。如在在领域内已知的且将在以下详述的,导频数据可能在接收机处用于实现信道估计。
如图2A示出,可能根据接收机系统150报告的部分CSI而调整编码和调制。在一实施例中,通过使用固定的基本码(例如速率1/3的Turbo码)以及调整截短以获得期望的码率来实现自适应编码的,如由用于发射数据的传输信道的SNR支持的。或者,可能根据报告的部分CSI而使用不同的编码方案(如由虚线箭头指向方框202所指)。例如,传输信道的每个可能用独立的码而实现编码。用该编码方案,可能使用相继“零化/均衡以及干扰对消”接收机处理方案以检测并对数据流解码以导出对发射的数据流更可靠的估计。一种该种接收机处理方案由P.W.Wolniansky,et al在论文中描述,题为“V-BLAST:An Architecture for AchievingVery High Data Rates over the Rich-Scattering WirelessChannel”,Proc.ISSSE-98,Pisa,Italy。被转让给本发明的受让人,并通过引用被结合于此。
对每个传输信道,码元映射元件208可能设计成将未被截去的经编码的比特分组成集以形成非二进制码元,并将非二进制码元映射成对应的为该传输信道选择的特定调制方案(例如QPSK、M-PSK、M-QAM或一些其它方案)的信号星座图内的点。每个经映射的点对应调制码元。对某特定性能级别(例如百分之一分组误差率)为每个调制码元可能发射的信息比特数取决于传输信道的SNR。因此,每个传输信道的编码方案以及调制方案可能根据报告的部分CSI而被选择。信道交织可能根据报告的部分CSI而被调整(由指向方框204的虚线箭头指明)。
表1列出可能用于一定数目的SNR范围的不同编码速率和调制方案的组合。每个传输信道支持的比特速率可能使用多个可能的编码速率和调制方案的组合中的任何一个而获得。例如,每码元一信息比特可能通过使用以下方式获得(1)编码速率为1/2,以及QPSK调制(2)编码速率为1/3,以及8-PSK调制,(3)编码速率为1/4,以及16-QAM调制或一些其它码率和调制方案的组合。在表1中,QPSK、16-QAM以及64-QAM用于列出的SNR范围。其它调制方案诸如8-PSK、32-QAM、128-QAM等,还可能被使用并在本发明的范围内。
                                        表1
    SNR范围   信息比特/码元的#   调制码元  经编码的比特/码元的#   编码速率
    1.5-4.4     1   QPSK     2     1/2
    4.4-6.4     1.5   QPSK     2     3/4
    6.4-8.35     2   16-QAM     4     1/2
    8.35-10.4     2.5   16-QAM     4     5/8
    10.4-12.3     3   16-QAM     4     3/4
    12.3-14.15     3.5   64-QAM     6     7/12
    14.15-15.55     4   64-QAM     6     2/3
    15.55-17.35     4.5   64-QAM     6     3/4
    >17.35     5   64-QAM     6     5/6
从TX数据处理器114a来的调制码元被提供给TX MIMO处理器120a,这是图1内的TX MIMO处理器120的一个实施例。在TX MIMO处理器120a内,解复用器214将接收到的调制码元解复用为多个(NT)调制码元流,对用于发射调制码元的每个天线一个流。每个调制码元流提供给相应的调制器122。每个调制器122将调制码元转变为模拟信号,且进一步放大、滤波、正交调制并将信号上变频以生成适合在无线链路上传输的已调信号。
如果空间子信道数小于可用的发射天线数(即NC<NT),则可能使用各种方案用于数据传输。在一种方案中,NC调制码元流在可用发射天线的子集(即NC上生成并发射。剩余的NT-NC个发射天线并不用于数据传输。在另一方案中,由(NT-NC)附加发射天线提供的附加的自由度用于改善数据传输的可靠性。对该方案,一个或多个数据流的每个可被编码、可能经交织并在多个发射天线上发射。对数据流使用多个发射天线增加了分集并改善了恶化的路径效应的可靠性。
                 带全CSI处理的MIMO发射机系统
图2B是MIMO发射机系统110b(未使用OFDM)的实施例模块图,它能根据由接收机系统150报告的全CSI处理数据。信息比特经编码、交织并经TX数据处理器114码元映射以生成调制码元。编码和调制可能根据由接收机系统报告的可用全CSI而经调整,且可能如同上述MIMO发射机系统110a所描述地实行。
在TX MIMO处理器120b内,信道MIMO处理器212对接收到的调制码元解复用成多个(NC)调制码元流,每个用于发射调制码元的空间子信道(即特征模是)一个流。对全CSI处理,信道MIMO处理器212对NC个在每个时隙处的调制码元进行预调节以生成NT个经预调节的调制码元,如下:
x 1 x 2 M x N T = e 11 , e 12 , e 1 N c e 21 , e 22 , e 2 N c e N T 1 , e N T 1 , e N T N c · b 1 b 2 M b N C
方程(1)
其中,b1,b2...以及bNC是相应的空间子信道1、2...NNC的调制码元,其中NC个调制码元的每个可能使用例如M-PSK、M-QAM或一些其它调制方案生成;
eij是与从发射天线到接收天线的传输特征相关的特征向量矩阵E的元素;以及
x1,x2,...xNT是经预调节的调制码元,这可以表达为:
x 1 = b 1 · e 11 + b 2 · e 12 + … + b N C · e 1 N C ,
x 2 = b 1 · e 21 + b 2 · e 22 + … + b N C · e 2 N C ,
x N T = b 1 · e N T 1 + b 2 · e N T 2 + … + b N C · e N T N C
特征向量矩阵E可能由发射机计算或由接收机提供给发射机。
对于全CSI处理,每个经预调节的调制码元xi,对特定的发射天线表示多达NC个空间子信道的(加权)调制码元的线性组合。对每个调制码元xi使用的调制方案是基于该特征模量的有效SNR且与特征值λi成正比(以下描述)。NC个用于生成每个经预调节的调制码元的调制码元的每个可能与不同的信号星座图相关。对每个时隙,NT个由信道MIMO处理器212生成的经预调节的调制码元由解复用器214解复用并提供给NT个调制器122。
全CSI处理可能根据可用的CSI以及经选择的发射天线而实现。全CSI处理还可能选择性并动态地启用和停用。例如,全CSI处理可能为特定的数据传输而启用,并为其它一些数据传输停用。全CSI处理可能在一定条件下启用,例如当通信链路有足够的SNR时。
                    带有OFDM的MIMO发射机系统
图3是MIMO发射机系统110c的实施例的方框图,它使用OFDM并能根据全或部分CSI调整其处理。信息比特经编码、经交织、经截短,并由TX数据处理器114码元映射以生成调制码元。编码和调制可能根据接收机系统报告的可用的全或偏CSI而调整。对有OFDM的MIMO系统,调制码元可能在多个频率子信道上从多个发射天线发射。当操作在纯MIMO通信模式时,在每个频率子信道上以及从每个发射天线来的发射代表非复制数据。
在MIMO处理器120c内,解复用器(DEMUX)310接收并对调制码元解复用为多个子信道码元流S1到SL,一个子信道码元流对应每个用于发射码元的频率子信道。
对全CSI处理,每个子信道码元流被提供给相应的子信道MIMO处理器312。每个子信道MIMO处理器312对接收到的子信道码元流解复用为多个(多达到NC个)码元子流,每个用于发射调制码元的空间子信道一个码元子流。对OFDM系统内的全CSI处理,导出特征模式并在每频率子信道的基础上被应用。因此,每个子信道MIMO处理器312根据等式(1)可以对多达NC的调制码元进行预调节以生成经预调节的调制码元。每个对特定频率子信道的特定发射天线的经预调节的调制码元代表多达NC个空间子信道的(加权)调制码元的线性组合。
对全CSI处理,每个时隙的由每个MIMO处理器312生成的(可达)NT个经预调节的调制码元由相应的解复用器314解复用,且被提供给(可达)NT个码元组合器316a到316t。例如,分配给频率子信道1的子信道MIMO处理器312a可能提供用于天线1到NT的频率子信道1的多达NT个经预调节的调制码元。同样地,分配给频率子信道L的子信道MIMO处理器3121可能提供天线1到NT的频率子信道L的多达NT个码元。
对部分CSI处理,每个子信道码元流S,由相应的解复用器314解复用并提供给(多达)NT个码元组合器316a到316t。子信道MIMO处理器312的处理对部分CSI处理被旁路了。
每个组合器316为多达L个频率子信道接收调制码元,将每个时隙的码元组合成调制码元向量V,并将调制码元向量提供给下一处理级(即调制器122)。
因此MIMO处理器120c接收并处理调制码元以提供NT个调制码元向量V1到VT,每个发射天线一个调制码元向量。每个调制码元向量V占用单一一个时隙,且调制码元向量V的每个元素都与特定带有唯一子载波的频率子信道相关,调制码元在此载波上传输。如果不以“纯”MIMO通信模式操作,调制码元向量中一些可能对不同发射天线在特定的频率子信道上有重复或冗余信息。
图3还示出了OFDM的解调器122的实施例。从MIMO处理器120c来得调制码元向量V1到VT被提供给相应的调制器122a到122t。在图3示出的实施例中,每个调制器122包括反快速傅立叶变换(IFFT)320,循环前缀发生器322以及上变频器324。
IFFT 320使用IFFT将每个接收到的调制码元向量转换为其时域表示(被称为OFDM码元)。IFFT 320能设计成在任何数量的频率子信道上实现IFFT(例如8、16、32等)。在一实施例中,对每个被转变成OFDM码元的调制码元向量而言,循环前缀发生器322重复OFDM码元的时域表示的一部分以形成对特定发射天线的传输码元。循环前缀保证传输码元在有多径时延扩展时保留它的正交性,因此改善了恶化路径效应。IFFT 320的实现以及循环前缀发生器在技术领域内是已知的,在此不作详细描述。
每个循环前缀发生器322的时域表示(即每个天线的传输码元)然后经上变频器324处理(例如转变为模拟信号、经调制、经放大以及经滤波)以生成已调信号,然后从相应的天线124发射。
OFDM调制在下述论文中得到详细描述,题为“Multicarrier Modulation forData Transmission:An Idea Whose Time Has Come”,作者为John A.C Bingham,IEEE通信杂志,1990年五月,在此引入作为参考。
许多不同类型的传输(例如语音、信令、数据、导频等)可能由通信系统发射。这些传输的每种可能需要不同处理。
图4是能提供不同传输类型的不同处理并使用OFDM的MIMO发射机系统的部分的方框图。集合输入数据,包括所有由系统110d发射的信息比特,提供给解复用器408。解复用器408将输入数据解复用为多个(K)信道数据流B1到BK。每个信道数据流可能对应例如信令信道、广播信道、语音呼叫或分组数据传输。每个信道数据流提供给相应的TX数据处理器114,它用为该信道数据流选择的特定编码方案对数据编码,根据特定交织方案对经编码的数据交织,并将经交织比特映射为用于发射该信道数据流的一个或多个传输信道的调制码元。
编码可能在每个传输基础上实现(即在如图4示出的信道数据流上)。然而,编码也可能实现在集合输入数据上(如图1示出)、在多个信道数据流上、在信道数据流的一部分上、跨过一组频率子信道、跨过一组空间子信道、跨过一组频率子信道和空间子信道、跨过每个频率子信道、在每个调制码元上、或在一些其它的时间、空间以及频率单元上。
从每个TX数据处理器114来的调制码元流可能在一个或多个频率子信道上发射,且通过每个频率子信道的一个或多个空间子信道。TX MIMO处理器120d从TX数据处理器114接收调制码元流。根据用于每个调制码元流的通信模式,TX MIMO处理器120d可能将调制码元流解复用为多个子信道码元流。在图4示出的实施例中,调制码元流S1在一个频率子信道上发射且调制码元流SK在L个频率子信道上发射。每个频率子信道的调制流由相应的子信道MIMO处理器412处理、由解复用器414解复用,且由组合器416组合(例如以与图3描述的类似的方式)以形成每个发射天线的调制码元向量。
一般而言,发射机系统根据描述该信道传输容量的信息对每个传输信道的数据编码并调制。该信息一般是以上述的全CSI或部分CSI形式。用于数据传输的传输信道的全/部分CSI一般在接收机系统处被确定并报告回发射机系统,它然后使用该信息以相应地调整编码和调制。在此描述的技术可应用于多个能支持多个平行传输信道的MIMO、OFDM或其它任何通信方案(例如CDMA方案)支持的平行传输信道。
MIMO处理在美国专利序列号09532492内进一步得到描述,题为“HIGHEFFICIENCY,HIGH PERFORMANCE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM EMPLOYING MULTI-CARRIERMODULATION”,提交于2000年3月,被转让给本发明的受让人,并通过引用被结合于此。
                       MIMO接收系统
本发明的各方面提供在MIMO系统内处理接收到信号以恢复发射的数据的技术,并估计MIMO信道特性。估计的信道特性然后可能报告回发射机系统并用于调整信号处理(例如,编码、调制等)。这样,可以根据确定的信道条件获得高性能。在此描述的接收机处理技术包括信道相关矩阵逆(CCMI)技术、无偏最小均方误差(UMMSE)技术以及全CSI技术,所有的这些将在下面详述。还可能使用其它接收机处理技术并在本发明范围内。
图1示出带有多个(NR)接收天线并能处理数据传输的接收机系统150。从多达NT个发射天线来的发射信号由NR个天线152a到152r接收并路由到相应的解调器(DEMOD)154(也被称为前端处理器)。例如,接收天线152a还可能接收从多个发射天线来的多个发射信号,并且接收天线152r可能类似地接收多个发射信号。每个解调器154将接收信号条件化(例如过滤和放大),将经条件化的信号下变频到中频或基带,并将经下变频的信号数字化。每个解调器154还可能用接收的导频对数字化的采样解调以生成接收到的调制码元,提供给RXMIMO处理器156。
如果OFDM用于数据传输,每个解调器154还实现与图3示出的调制器122实现的互补的处理。在这种情况下,每个解调器154包括FFT处理器(未示出),它生成采样的变换后的表示并提供调制码元向量流,每个向量包括L个频率子信道的L个调制码元。从所有解调器的FFT处理器来的调制码元向量流然后提供给解复用器/组合器(未在图5示出),它首先将从每个FFT处理器来的调制码元向量流“信道化”为多个(多达L)个子信道码元流。每个(多达)L个子信道码元流然后可能提供给相应的RX MIMO处理器156。
对不使用OFDM的MIMO系统,一个RX MIMO处理器156可能用于实现对NR个接收天线来的调制信号的MIMO处理。对使用OFDM的MIMO系统,一个RX MIMO处理器156可能用于实现对用于数据传输的L个频率子信道的每个的NR个接收天线来的调制信号的MIMO处理。
在有NT个发射天线和NR个接收天线的MIMO系统内,在NR个接收天线输出处的接收到的信号可表示为:
r=H x+ n                       方程(2)其中 r是接收码元向量(即从MIMO信道来的NR×1向量输出,在接收天线处被测量)。H是给出在某特定时刻NT个发射天线和NR个接收天线的信道响应的NR×NT信道系数矩阵, x是发射码元向量(即输入到MIMO信道的NT×1向量),以及 n是代表噪声加干扰的NR×1的向量。接收码元向量 r包括在特定时间通过NR个接收天线接收到的NR个信号的NR个调制码元。同样地,发射的码元向量 x包括在特定时间通过NT个发射天线发射的NT个信号的NT个调制码元。
                   利用CCMI技术的MIMO接收机
对CCMI技术,接收机系统首先先对接收到的码元向量 r实现信道匹配滤波操作,且滤波后的输出可表示为:
HH r=HHH x+HH n               方程(3)其中上标″H″代表转置以及复数共轭。方阵R可能用于表示信道系数矩阵H与其共轭转置HH的积(即R=HHH)。
信道系数矩阵H可能从例如与数据一起发送的导频码元导出。为了实现最佳接收并估计传输信道的SNR,最方便的是在发射数据流内插入一些已知码元,并将已知码元在一个或多个传输信道上发射。这种已知码元还被称为导频码元或导频信号。根据导频信号或数据传输估计单一传输信道的方法在技术领域内的许多论文内均有论述。一种该种信道估计方法在F.Ling的论文中有描述,题为“OptimalReception,Performance Bound,and Cutoff-Rate Analysis of Referneces-Assisted Coherent CDMA Communications with Applications”,IEEE TransactionOn Communication.1999年十月。这个或一些其它信道估计方法可能扩展到矩阵形式以导出信道系数矩阵H。
发射码元向量的估计 x′可能通过将信号向量HH r与R的逆(或伪逆)相乘而得到,可表示为:
x′=R-1HH r
x+R-1HH n
x+ n′                 方程(4)从以上等式,可以得出发射码元向量 x可能通过对接收到的码元向量 r匹配滤波而被恢复(即乘以矩阵HH),然后将滤波结果乘以逆方阵R-1
传输信道的SNR可能按如下确定。噪声向量 n的自相关矩阵φnn首先从接收到的信号被计算。一般,φnn是Hermitian矩阵,即它是复共轭对称。如果信道噪声的分量是不相关的且独立且相同分布(iid),则噪声向量 n的自相关矩阵φnn可以表示如下:
φ nn = σ n 2 I
以及
φ nn = σ n 2 I
方程(5)
其中,I是单位阵(即沿对角线为一,其余为零)且σn 2是接收到信号的噪声方差。处理后噪声向量 n′的自相关矩阵φn′n′(即在匹配滤波和与矩阵R-1左乘后)可表达为: φ n ′ n ′ = E [ n ‾ ′ n ‾ ′ H ]
= σ n 2 R - 1
方程(6)
从等式(6),处理后噪声 n′的第i个元素的噪声方差σn′ 2等于########,其中,#########是R-1的第i个对角元素。对不使用OFDM的MIMO系统,第i个元素代表第i个接收天线。且如果使用OFDM,则下标“i”可分解为下标“jk”,其中,“j”代表第j个频率子信道,而“k”代表对应第k个接收天线的第k个空间子信道。
对CCMI技术,处理后接收到的码元向量的第i个元素(即 x′的第i个元素)的SNR可表示为:
φ n ′ n ′ = E [ n ‾ ′ n ‾ ′ H ]
= σ n 2 R - 1
方程(7)
如果第i个发射的码元|x′i|2的方差平均等于一(1.0),接收码元向量的SNR可表示为:
Figure A0280855800233
噪声方差可通过对接收到的码元向量的第i个元素缩放比例 而归一化。
从NR个接收天线来的经缩放的信号可能被加在一起以形成组合信号,这可能表示为:
Figure A0280855800235
方程(8)
组合信号的SNR,SNRtotal会有等于从NR个接收天线来的信号的SNR之和的最大组合SNR。组合SNR可能表示为:
Figure A0280855800236
方程(9)
图5示出RX MIMO处理器156a的实施例,它能实现上述的CCMI处理。在RX MIMO处理器156a内,从NR个接收天线来的调制码元有多路复用器512多路复用以形成接收调制码元向量 r的流。信道系数矩阵H可能根据类似于常规的导频辅助单一和多载波系统的导频信号而被估计,如在领域内已知的。矩阵R然后根据以上示出的R=HHH而经计算。接收到的调制码元向量 r然后经匹配滤波器514滤波,它将每个向量 r与共轭转置的信道系数矩阵HH左乘,如在等式(3)中所示。经滤波的向量还由乘法器516与逆方阵R-1左乘以得到发射的调制码元矩阵 x的估计x’,如在等式(4)中所示。
对一些通信模式,从所有用于信道数据流的传输的天线来的子信道码元流可能被提供给组合器518,它包括在时间、空间以及频率上的重复信息。组合的调制码元 x″然后提供给RX数据处理器158。对一些其它的通信模式,估计的调制码元x′可能直接被提供给RX数据处理器158(未在图5中示出)。
RX MIMO处理器156a因此生成多个独立对应在发射机系统处使用的传输信道数目的码元流。每个码元流包括处理后调制码元,这对应在发射机系统处全/部分-CSI处理前的调制码元。(处理后)码元流然后提供给RX数据处理器158。
在RX数据处理器158内,每个调制码元的处理后码元流提供给相应的实现解调方案(例如M-PSK、M-QAM)的解调元件,该方案与在发射机系统处使用的被处理的传输信道的调制方案互补。对于MIMO通信模式,从所有分配的解调器来的已调数据可能被独立解码或经多路复用为一个信道数据流然后再被解码,这取决于在发射机单元处使用的编码和调制方法。每个信道数据流然后可能提供给相应的实现与为信道数据流在发射机单元处使用的互补的解码方案的解码器。从每个解码器来的经解码的数据代表该信道数据流的经发射的数据的估计。
估计的调制码元 x′和/或组合的调制码元 x″还被提供给CSI处理器520,这确定了传输信道的全或部分CSI,并提供该全/部分CSI以被报告回发射机系统110。例如,CSI处理器520可能根据接收到的导频信号估计第i个传输信道的噪声协方差矩阵φnn,并根据等式(7)和(9)计算SNR。可能用类似的常规的导频辅助单一和多载波系统估计SNR,如在本领域内所知的。传输信道的SNR包括报告回发射机系统的部分CSI。调制码元还被提供给相应地估计信道系数矩阵H并导出方阵R的信道估计器522以及矩阵处理器524。控制器530耦合到RX MIMO处理器156a以及RX数据处理器158,并引导这些单元的操作。
                     利用UMMSE的MIMO接收机
对UMMSE技术,接收机系统实现将接收到的码元向量 r与矩阵M相乘以导出发射的码元向量 x的初始MMSE估计
Figure A0280855800241
可表示为:
x ‾ ^ = M r ‾
方程(10)
选择矩阵M使得初始MMSE估计 和发射码元向量 x间(即 e ‾ = x ‾ ^ - x ‾ )的误差向量 e的均方误差最小化。
为确定M,代价函数ε首先可表示为:
ε=E{ e H e}
  =E{[ r HMH- x H][M r- x]}
  =E{ r HMHM r-2Re[ x HM r]+ x H x}
为最小化代价函数ε,可以求出与M相关的代价函数的导数,且其结果可被设为零,如下:
∂ ∂ M ϵ = 2 ( HH H + φ nn ) M H - 2 H = 0
由E{ xx H}=I、E{ rr H}=HHHnn,且E{ rx H}=H,获得以下关系:
2(HHHnn)MH=2H
因此,矩阵M可表示为:
M=HH(HHHnn)-1            方程(11)
根据等式(10)和(11),发射码元向量 x的初始MMSE估计 可以确定为:
x ‾ ^ = M r ‾
= H H ( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 r ‾
方程(12)
为确定UMMSE技术的传输信道的SNR,信号分量可以首先根据给定 x的均
值而被确定,在加性噪声上取平均,这可以表示为:
E [ x ‾ ^ | x ‾ ] = E [ M r ‾ | x ‾ ]
= H H ( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 E [ r ‾ ]
= H H ( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 H x ‾
= V x ‾
其中矩阵V被定义为
V={vij}
 =MH
 =HH(HHHnn)-1H
使用等式
( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 = φ nn - 1 - φ nn - 1 H ( I + H H φ nn - 1 H ) - 1 H H φ nn - 1
矩阵V可被表示为:
V = H H φ nn - 1 H ( I + H H φ nn - 1 H ) - 1
初始MMSE估计
Figure A02808558002512
的第i个元素
Figure A02808558002513
可被表示为:
x ^ i = v i 1 x 1 + … + v ii x i + … + v iN R x N R
方程(13)
如果
Figure A02808558002515
的所有元素都不相关且均值为零,则 的第i个元素期望值可表示为:
E [ x ^ i | x ] = v ii x i
方程(14)
如在等式(14)中示出,
Figure A02808558002518
是xi的有偏估计。可以根据UMMSE技术除去有偏以获得改善的接收机性能。xi的无偏估计可以通过用vii
Figure A02808558002519
而获得。因此, x的无偏最小均方误差估计
Figure A0280855800261
可通过将有偏估计 乘以对角矩阵Dv -1而获得,如下:
x ‾ ~ = D v - 1 x ‾ ^
方程(15)
其中
D v - 1 = diag ( 1 / v 11 , 1 / v 22 , … , 1 / v N R N R )
为确定噪声加干扰,无偏估计
Figure A0280855800265
以及发射的码元向量 x之间的误差 ê可以表达为:
e ‾ ^ = x ‾ - D v - 1 x ‾ ^
= x ‾ - D v - 1 H H ( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 r ‾
误差向量
Figure A0280855800268
的自相关矩阵可表示为
φ e ^ e ^ ≅ U ≅ { u ij } = E [ e ^ e ^ H ]
= I - D v - 1 H H ( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 H ( 1 - 1 2 D v - 1 ) - ( 1 - 1 2 D v - 1 ) H H ( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 H D v - 1
误差向量 的第i个元素的方差等于uii。误差向量
Figure A02808558002612
的元素是相关的。然而,可能使用足够的交织使得可以忽略误差向量
Figure A02808558002613
的元素间的相关性,只有方差影响系统性能。
如果信道噪声的分量是不相关且iid,则信道噪声的相关矩阵可以表达为等式(5)。在该情况下,误差向量 的自相关矩阵可表示为:
φ e ^ e ^ = I - D x - 1 [ I - σ n 2 ( σ n 2 I + R ) - 1 ] ( I - 1 2 D x - 1 ) - ( I - 1 2 D x - 1 ) [ I - σ n 2 ( σ n 2 I + R ) - 1 ] D x - 1
= U = { u ij }
且如果信道噪声的分量是不相关的,则
U = I - D v - 1 H H ( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 H ( I - 1 2 D v - 1 ) - ( I - 1 2 D v - 1 ) H H ( HH H + φ nn ) - 1 HD v - 1
方程(17)
对应第i个发射码元的解调器输出的SNR可表示为:
SNR i = E [ | x i | 2 ‾ ] u ii
方程(18)
如果处理的接收到的码元xi的方差|xi|2平均值等于一(1.0),接收码元向量的SNR可能表达为:
SNR i = 1 u ii
图6示出RX MIMO处理器156b的实施例,它能实现上述的UMMSE处理。类似于CCMI方法,首先根据接收到的导频信号和/或数据传输估计矩阵H和φnn。然后根据等式(11)计算加权系数矩阵M。在RX MIMO处理器156b内,从NR个接收天线来的调制码元由多路复用器612多路复用形成接收到的调制码元向量 r流。接收到的调制码元向量 r然后由乘法器614左乘矩阵M以得到发射码元向量 x的估计
Figure A0280855800271
如等式(10)示出。估计 进一步由乘法器616左乘对角矩阵Dv -1得到发射码元向量x的无偏估计 如等式(15)示出。
同样地,根据特定的实现通信模式,从所有用于信道数据流传输的天线来的子信道码元流可能提供给组合器618,它将在时间、空间和频率上的冗余信息组合。经组合的调制码元
Figure A0280855800274
然后提供给RX数据处理器158。对一些其它的通信模式,估计的调制码元
Figure A0280855800275
可能直接提供给RX处理器158。
无偏估计的调制码元 和/或组合调制码元
Figure A0280855800277
还可以提供给CSI处理器620,它确定传输信道的全或部分CSI,并提供全/部分CSI以被报告回发射机系统110。例如,CSI处理器620可能根据等式(16)到(18)估计第i个传输信道的SNR。传输信道的SNR还包括报告回发射机系统的部分CSI。在等式(11)内计算的最优M应该已经最小化误差向量的范数。Dv是根据等式(16)计算的。
                   使用全CSI技术的MIMO接收机
对全CSI技术,在NR个接收天线的输出处接收到的信号可能表示为以上等式(2),即
r=H x+ n
由信道矩阵与其共轭转置的积形成的Hermitian矩阵的特征向量分解可表示为:
HHH=EΛEH
其中E是特征向量矩阵,Λ是特征值的对角矩阵,两个的维数均为NT×NT。发射机使用特征向量矩阵E对一组NT个调制码元 b进行预调节,如上述等式(1)示出。从NT个发射天线来的发射的(经预调节的)调制码元可表示为:
x=E b
由于HHH是Hermitian的,特征向量矩阵是酉矩阵。因此,如果 b的元素为等幂,则 x的元素也为等幂。接收到的信号可能表示为:
r=HE b+ n                    方程(19)
接收机实现信道匹配滤波操作,接着乘以右特征向量。信道匹配滤波和乘法操作的结果是向量 z,可表示为:
z=EHHHHE b+EHHH n=Λ b+ n′       方程(20)
其中,新噪声项的协方差可表示为:
E ( n ‾ ^ n ‾ ^ H ) = E ( E H H H nn ‾ H HE ) = E H H H HE = Λ
方程(21)
即,噪声项独立于由特征值给出的方差。 z的第i个分量的SNR是Λ的第i个对角线元素λi
全CSI处理在上述的美国专利申请序列号09532492内有进一步描述。
图5示出的接收机实施例可能还用于实现全CSI技术。接收到的调制码元向量 r由匹配滤波器514滤波,它将每个向量 r与共轭转置信道系数矩阵HH左乘,如上等式(20)示出。经滤波的向量还由乘法器516与右特征向量EH左乘以形成对调制码元向量 b的估计 z,如在等式(20)中所示。对全CSI技术,矩阵处理器524用于提供右特征向量EH。相继的处理(例如组合器518和RX数据处理器158进行的)可能按上述进行。
对全CSI技术,发射机单元能根据由特征值给出的SNR为特征向量的每个选择编码方案以及调制方案(即信号星座图)。如果信道条件在CSI在接收机处测量并被报告且用于对发射机处的传输预调节这段时间间隔不变,则通信系统的性能可能等效于一组带有已知SNRs的独立AWGN信道的性能。
                 将全或部分CSI报告回发射机系统
使用在此描述的部分CSI(例如CCMI或UMMSE)或全CSI技术,可能为接收到的信道获得每个传输信道的SNR。确定的传输信道的SNR可能通过反向信道报告回发射机系统。通过反馈传输信道的发射调制码元的SNR值(即对每个空间子信道,在使用OFDM时可能对每个频率子信道),可能实现自适应处理(例如自适应编码和调制)以改善MIMO信道的使用。对部分CSI反馈技术,自适应处理可能在没有完全的CSI情况下获得。对全CSI反馈技术,足够信息(不一定显式的特征值和特征模量)被返回到发射机以方便每个所使用的频率子信道的特征值和特征模式的计算。
对CCMI技术,接收到调制码元的SNR值(例如, SNR i = | x ′ i | 2 ‾ / σ n 2 , 或对在第i个传输信道上接收到的码元的 SNR i = 1 / σ n 2 r ii )被反馈回发射机。对UMMSE技术,接收到调制码元的SNR值(例如对在第i传输信道上接收到的码元SNRi=E[|xi|]2/uii或SNRi=1/uii,uii按等式(16)和(17)计算)被反馈回发射机。对全CSI技术,接收到调制码元的SNR值(例如对在第i传输信道上接收到的码元 SNR i = | z i | 2 / σ n 2 SNR i = λ ii / σ n 2 , 其中λii是方阵R的特征值)可被反馈回发射机。对全CSI技术,特征模量E可能被进一步确定并反馈回发射机。对部分和全CSI技术,SNR用于在发射机系统调整数据的处理。对全CSI技术,特征模E进一步用于在传输前对调制码元进行预调节。
报告回发射机的CSI可能或以完整的或以差别的或以上的组合送回。在一实施例中,全或部分CSI被周期性地报告,且根据先前发送的CSI送回不同的更新。作为全CSI的一例,更新可能是对报告的特征模量的纠正(根据误差信号)。特征值一般不及特征模量改变得那么快,所以能以较低速率更新。在另一实施例中,CSI只在有变化时才被发送(例如如果改变超过一特定阀值),这可能降低反馈信道的有效速率。作为部分CSI的例子,SNRs可能只在它们有所改变时才送回(例如有差别地)。对OFDM系统(有或没有MIMO),频域内的相关可能用于减少要反馈的CSI量。作为使用部分CSI的OFDM系统的一例,如果对应M频率子信道的特定空间子信道的SNR相同,则SNR和该条件为真的第一和最后频率子信道可能被汇报。还可能使用其它用于减少反馈回CSI数据量的压缩和反馈信道差错恢复技术,且在本发明范围内。
参考回图1,由RX MIMO处理器156确定的全或部分CSI(例如信道SNR)提供给TX数据处理器162,它处理CSI并提供被处理的数据给一个或多个调制器154。调制器154进一步对被处理的数据条件化并通过反信道将CSI发射回发射机系统。
在系统110处,发射的反馈信号由天线124接收,由解调器122解调,并提供给RX数据处理器132。RX数据处理器132实现与TX数据处理器162实现的互补的处理并恢复被报告的全/部分CSI,该CSI然后提供给TX数据处理器114以及TXMIMO处理器120用于调整由它们进行的处理。
发射机系统110可能根据从接收机系统150的全/部分CSI(即SNR信息)调整(即适应)其处理。例如,每个传输信道的编码可能被调整使得信息比特速率与信道SNR支持的传输能力匹配。另外,传输信道的调制方案可能根据信道SNR而选择。其它处理(例如交织)还可能被调整并在本发明的范围内。根据每个信道确定的SNR而调整每个传输信道的处理使得MIMO系统能获得高性能(即高吞吐量或特定性能级别的比特速率)。自适应处理能应用于单载波MIMO系统或基于多载波的MIMO系统(例如使用OFDM的MIMO系统)。
在发射机系统处的编码的调整和调制方案的选择可能根据许多技术而进行,其中一个在前述的美国专利申请序列号09776073内有描述。
部分(例如CCMI和UMMSE)以及全CSI技术为接收机处理技术,允许MIMO系统使用由使用多个发射和接收天线而建立的附加维数,这是对于使用MIMO的主要优点。CCMI和UMMSE技术可能如同使用全CSI的MIMO系统允许对每个时隙发射同样数目的调制码元,然而,其它接收机处理技术还可能连同在此描述的全/部分CSI反馈技术一起使用且在本发明范围内。可类比地,图5和图6代表能处理MIMO传输、确定传输信道的特性(即SNR)以及将全或部分CSI报告回发射机系统的接收机系统的两个实施例。可以考虑根据在此表出的技术的其它设计和其它接收机处理技术,且这是在本发明范围内的。
只有当总的接收到的信号SNR或根据SNR估计的能达到的总吞吐量被反馈回时,还可能直接使用部分CSI技术(例如CCMI和UMMSE技术)而不需要在发射机处的自适应处理。在一实施例中,调制格式根据接收到的SNR估计或估计的吞吐量而被确定,且同样的调制格式被用于所有的传输信道。该方法可能减少整个系统的吞吐量但可以大大减少在反向链路上送回的信息量。
可能使用本发明的全/部分CSI反馈技术实现系统性能的改善。带有部分CSI反馈的系统吞吐量可以被计算并与全CSI反馈的吞吐量相比。系统吞吐量可以定义为:
C = Σ i = 1 N C log 2 ( 1 + γ i )
其中,γi是部分CSI技术的每个接收到调制码元的SNR或全CSI技术的每个传输信道的SNR。不同处理器技术的SNR可归纳如下:
对CCMI技术:
Figure A0280855800302
对UMMSE技术: γ i = 1 u ii ,
对全CSI技术: γ i = λ ii σ n 2 ,
图7A和7B示出使用部分CSI和全CSI反馈技术的4×4 MIMO系统的性能。结果是由计算机仿真得到的。在仿真中,每个信道系统矩阵H的元素模型化为带有零均值和单位方差的独立的高斯随机变量。对每次计算,生成多个随机矩阵实现且为实现所计算的吞吐量经平均以生成平均吞吐量。
图7A示出对不同SNR值的全CSI、部分CSI CCMI以及部分CSI UMMSE技术的MIMO系统的吞吐量。可以从图7A看出,部分CSI UMMSE技术的吞吐量在高SNR值时大约是全SI输出的75%,在低SNR值时接近全CSI吞吐量。部分CSI CCMI技术的吞吐量在高SNR值时大约是部分CSI UMMSE技术的吞吐量的75%到90%,且在低SNR值处大约比UMMSE的吞吐量少了30%。
图7B根据数据直方图生成的三种技术的累加概率分布函数(CDF)。图7B示出每传输信道平均16dB的SNR时,对CCMI技术大约有5%的情况吞吐量小于2bps/Hz。另一方面,在同一SNR处,UMMSE技术的吞吐量在所有情况下均在7.5bps/Hz以上。因此,UMMSE技术比CCMI技术的中止概率低。
发射机和接收机系统的元件可能使用一个或多个数字信号处理器(DSP)、应用专用集成电路(ASIC)、处理器、微处理器、控制器、微控制器、现场可编程门阵列(FGPA)、可编程逻辑设备、其它电子单元或以上的任何组合。在此描述的一些函数和处理还可能用在处理器上执行的软件实现。
本发明的各方面可用软件和应用的组合实现。例如,对CCMI和UMMSE技术的码元估计的计算以及信道SNR的导出可能根据在处理器上(图5和图6相应的控制器530和650)执行的程序代码实现。
上述优选实施例的描述使本领域的技术人员能制造或使用本发明。这些实施例的各种修改对于本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的,这里定义的一般原理可以被应用于其它实施例中而不使用创造能力。因此,本发明并不限于这里示出的实施例,而要符合与这里揭示的原理和新颖特征一致的最宽泛的范围。

Claims (44)

1.在多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统内从发射机单元发射数据到接收机单元的方法,其特征在于包括:
在接收机单元,
通过多个接收天线接收多个信号,其中从每个接收天线接收到的信号包括从发射机单元发射的一个或多个信号的组合,
处理接收到的信号以导出信道状态信息(CSI),它指明用于数据传输的多个传输信道的特征,以及
将CSI发射回发射机单元;以及在发射机单元,
从接收机单元接收CSI,以及
根据接收到的CSI处理用于传输到接收机单元的数据。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于被报告的CSI包括对多个传输信道中每一个的信号对噪声加干扰比(SNR)的估计。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于发射机单元处的处理包括
根据传输信道的SNR估计对每个传输信道的数据编码。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,每个传输信道的数据是根据传输信道的SNR估计而被独立编码的。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,编码包括
用固定的基本码对传输信道的数据编码,以及
根据传输信道的SNR估计调整对经编码比特的截短。
6.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于发射机单元处的处理还包括
按照根据传输信道的SNR估计而选择的调制方案对每个传输信道的经编码数据进行调制。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于被报告的CSI包括多个传输信道的特征。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于被报告的CSI指明多个传输信道的特征模量和特征值。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于在发射机单元处的处理包括
根据特征值对传输信道的数据编码。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于每个传输信道的数据是独立被编码的。
11.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于发射机单元处的处理还包括
按照根据特征值选择的调制方案而对传输信道的经编码数据进行调制以提供调制码元。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于发射机单元处的处理还包括
根据特征模量在传输前对调制码元进行预调节。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于CSI从接收机单元被完全传输。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于CSI周期性地从接收机单元被完整发射,且其中对CSI的更新在完全传输间被发射。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于CSI在检测到信道特征的变化超过特定阀值时被发射。
16.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于指明特征模量和特征值的CSI以不同更新速率发射。
17.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于CSI是在接收机单元处根据相关矩阵逆(CCMI)处理而导出的。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于接收机单元处的CCMI处理包括
处理接收到的信号以导出接收到的调制码元;
根据第一矩阵滤波接收到的调制码元以提供经滤波的调制码元,其中第一矩阵代表用于数据传输的多个发射天线和多个接收天线间的信道特征的估计;
将经过滤波的调制码元与第二矩阵相乘以提供被发射的调制码元的估计;以及
估计用于数据传输的多个传输信道的特征。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于还包括:
根据特定解调方案对调制码元估计解调以提供已解调的码元。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于还包括:
根据特定解码方案对已调码元解码。
21.如权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于还包括:
组合冗余传输的调制码元估计以提供经组合的调制码元估计。
22.如权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于还包括:
根据接收到的调制码元导出信道系数矩阵,以及
其中第一矩阵是从信道系数矩阵导出的。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法,其特征在于信道系数矩阵是根据与导频数据对应的接收到的调制码元而导出的。
24.如权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于第二矩阵是根据第一矩阵导出的逆方阵。
25.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于CSI是根据无偏最小均方误差(UMMSE)处理在接收机单元处导出的。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法,其特征在于所述的UMMSE处理包括:
处理接收到的信号以导出接收到的调制码元;
将接收到的调制码元与第一矩阵M相乘以提供被对发射的调制码元的估计;以及
根据接收到的调制码元估计用于数据传输的多个传输信道的特征,且
其中选择第一矩阵M以最小化调制码元估计和发射的调制码元间的均方误差。
27.如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于还包括
将调制码元估计与第二矩阵相乘以提供对发射的调制码元的无偏估计,以及
其中传输信道的特征是根据无偏调制码元的估计而被估计。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于还包括
根据无偏调制码元估计导出第一矩阵M并最小化无偏调制码元估计和发射调制码元间的均方误差。
29.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于MIMO系统实现正交频分调制(OFDM)。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法,其特征在于在接收机单元和发射机单元的每一个处的处理是为多个频率子信道的每一个执行的。
31.一种在多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统内将数据从发射机单元发射到接收机单元的方法,其特征在于包括:
在接收机单元处,
通过多个接收天线接收多个信号,其中从每个接收天线接收到的信号包括从发射机单元发射来的一个或多个信号的组合,
处理多个接收到的信号以提供对从发射机单元来的调制码元的估计,
估计多个用于数据传输的传输信道的信号对噪声加干扰比(SNR),以及
将传输信道的SNR估计发送回发射机单元;以及
在发射机单元处,根据接收到的SNR估计处理要发射到接收机单元的数据。
32.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于,估计多个传输信道的每一个的SNR,且每个传输信道的SNR估计被发射回发射机单元。
33.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于还包括:
在接收机单元处,
导出用于数据传输的多个传输信道的特征,以及
将特征发送回发射机单元。
34.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于还包括:
在发射机单元处,根据多个传输信道的特征在传输到接收机单元前对调制码元进行预调节。
35.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于接收到的调整码元是根据信道相关矩阵逆(CCMI)方案被处理的。
36.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于接收到的调制码元是根据最小无偏均方误差(UMMSE)方案被处理的。
37.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于发射机单元处的处理包括
根据接收到的传输信道的SNR估计对每个传输信道的数据进行编码。
38.如权利要求37所述的方法,其特征在于发射机单元处的处理过程还包括
按照根据接收到的传输信道的SNR估计选择的调制方案而对每个传输信道的经编码数据进行调制。
39.多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统,其特征在于包括:
接收机单元,包括
多个前端处理器,用于通过多个接收天线接收多个信号并处理接收到的信号以提供接收到的调制码元,
至少一个接收MIMO处理器,耦合到前端处理器并用于接收并处理接收到的调制码元以导出信道状态信息(CSI),它指示用于数据传输的多个传输信道的特征,以及
发射数据处理器,操作上耦合到接收MIMO处理器并配置成处理CSI以将其发送回发射机单元;以及
发射机单元,包括
至少一个解调器,配置为接收并处理一个或多个从接收机单元来的信号以恢复发射的CSI,以及
发射数据处理器,配置为根据恢复的CSI对用于传输到接收机单元的数据处理。
40.多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统中的接收机单元,其特征在于包括
多个前端处理器,配置为通过多个接收天线接收多个发射的信号,并处理接收到的信号以提供接收到的调制码元;
滤波器,操作上耦合到多个前端处理器并配置为根据第一矩阵对接收到的调制码元滤波以提供经滤波调制码元,其中第一矩阵代表用于数据传输的多个发射天线和接收天线间的信道特征估计;
乘法器,耦合到滤波器并配置为将经滤波的调制码元与第二矩阵相乘以提供对发射的调制码元的估计;
信道质量估计器,耦合到乘法器并配置为估计用于数据传输的多个传输信道的特征,并提供指明被估计的信道特征的信道状态信息(CSI),以及
发射数据处理器,用于接收和处理从接收机单元来的用于传输的CSI。
41.如权利要求40所述的接收机单元,其特征在于还包括:
第二估计器,配置为根据调制码元估计导出信道系数矩阵,且其中第一矩阵是根据信道系数矩阵而被导出。
42.如权利要求40所述的接收机单元,其特征在于传输信道特征的估计包括信号对噪声加干扰(SNR)比的估计。
43.如权利要求40所述的接收机单元,其特征在于还包括
一个或多个解调元件,每个解调元件配置为接收并根据特定调制方案对相应的调制码元估计的流进行解调以提供经解调的码元流。
44.如权利要求43所述的接收机单元,其特征在于还包括
一个或多个解码器,每个解码器配置为接收并根据特定解码方案对已解调码元流解码以提供经解码的数据。
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