CN1441732A - 混合机车的控制装置 - Google Patents

混合机车的控制装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1441732A
CN1441732A CN01800603A CN01800603A CN1441732A CN 1441732 A CN1441732 A CN 1441732A CN 01800603 A CN01800603 A CN 01800603A CN 01800603 A CN01800603 A CN 01800603A CN 1441732 A CN1441732 A CN 1441732A
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China
Prior art keywords
poll
platform
parts
function
server
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Granted
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CN01800603A
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CN1265982C (zh
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久保麻巳
后藤健一
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Nissan Motor Co Ltd
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Nissan Motor Co Ltd
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    • B60L58/00Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
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Abstract

一种混合机车具有作为动力源的内燃机和电动机。该电动机用作对高压电池进行充电。根据电池的消耗可以进行高压电池的充电/放电控制和怠速-止动控制。为此,检测内电阻R作为在高压电池中的消耗程度。当内电阻R小于预定的电阻R1时,高压电池的电荷状态(SOC)的阈值SOCa(在其上设定允许的怠速-止动运行)符合初始状态,在该初始状态中高压电池没有被消耗。在另一方面,当内电阻R大于或等于预定值R1时,将阈值tSOCa改变到更高的值。此外,响应电池的消耗程度改变高压电池的目标SOC。为了在减速的过程中再生足够的惯性能量,将当机车没有减速时的高压电池的目标SOC设定为比在机车正减速时的目标电荷状态更低的值。

Description

混合机车的控制装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种包括作为驱动力源的发动机和电动机的混合机车的控制装置,该电动机用作发电机。
背景技术
最近,已经开发了包括发动机和电动机的混合机车,该发动机作为驱动机车的原动力源使用,而电动机具有作为电源的电池。日本专利局1998年出版的Tokkai Hei 10-201003中公开了具有发电机和电动机的混合机车,通常,当电池的电荷状态降低时,驱动该发电机以将电池的电荷状态(SOC)返回到满充电水平。
发明内容
然而,在这种类型的混合机车中,不能处理电池电荷降低的电池电荷。结果,当电池消耗电功率时,电荷状态基本增加到最初的满充电水平而不是实际的满充电水平。与处于没有消耗的初始状态中的电池(即,崭新的电池)不同的是,当应用上述的控制时可能对消耗的电池过充电。这是因为消耗的电池的满充电水平低于初始的满充电水平。
此外,当电池已经消耗时,如果在非减速驱动状态中目标电荷状态保持在较高的水平,则由于可充电的水平降低,导致不需要在机车正减速时的电池的可充电的容量。这就导致了效率较差的能量再生。
此外,需要提供在具有怠速-止动功能的混合机车中的电池消耗,这种怠速-止动功能是:在机车临时停车时能够自动地停止发动机以及在满足预定的条件时能够以电动机重新启动发动机。这是由于当电池消耗时,由于电池的内阻的增加导致电压降低,因此电动机不能保证足够的输出以启动发动机。
因此,本发明的目的是根据正消耗着的电池的实际的可充电容量通过控制充电的电池状态避免对电池过充电。
本发明的进一步目的是维持电池的可充电容量并在减速的过程中增加能量再生的效率。
本发明的进一步目的是确保稳定地重新启动机车并避免在怠速-止动运行之后重新启动发动机时电动机的输出不足。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供一种混合机车的控制装置,该机车具有作为运行机车的动力源的发动机(1)和马达/发电机(2),以及该控制装置包括作为马达/发电机(2)的动力源的高压电池(11)和用于机载电力负载的具有低于高压电池(11)的电压的低压电池(14)、控制马达/发电机(2)的变换器(12)、检测高压电池(11)的状态的传感器(18,19)以及微处理器(16)。
对微处理器进行编程以基于高压电池(11)的状态计算高压电池(11)的电荷状态(SOC)、基于高压电池(11)的状态计算高压电池(11)的消耗程度、控制马达/发电机(2)所产生的电流以使高压电池(11)的SOC与目标SOC一致;以及根据高压电池(11)的消耗程度改变目标SCO。
本发明的详细描述以及其他特征和优点将在下文阐述并在附图中示出。
附图说明
附图1所示为根据本发明混合机车的驱动系统的示意图。
附图2所示为根据本发明混合机车的控制装置的示意图。
附图3所示为根据本发明控制单元所执行的主控制程序的流程图。
附图4所示为描述在附图3中的用于计算电荷状态的阈值SOCa和目标电荷状态tSOC的子程序的流程图。
附图5所示为描述在附图4中所示的子程序的流程图。
附图6所示为描述根据本发明的控制单元所执行的充电/放电控制程序的流程图。
附图7所示为描述根据本发明的控制单元所执行的怠速-止动程序的流程图。
具体实施方式
参考附图1,实施本发明的混合机车包括发动机1、直接连接到发动机1的马达/发电机2、连接到马达/发电机2的变速器3、变速器3的输出轴4和驱动轴6,该驱动轴6通过差动齿轮5传递输出轴4的转动。
机车具有怠速-止动功能,例如当该机车临时停车时自动停止该发动机1。当发动机1启动时马达/发电机2发动发动机1。例如,在怠速-止动运行之后满足重新启动发动机的条件下马达/发电机2重新启动发动机1。相反,在减速的过程中驱动马达/发电机2作为发电机以回收运行的机车的惯性能。此外,马达/发电机2对电池进行充电并给其它的电力负载输送电流。
参考附图2,应用本发明的混合机车的电源系统包括高压电池11、变换器12、接线盒13、低压电池14和直流/直流变换器15。高压电池11作为充电12、电电源,且额定为42[V]。更准确地说,高压电池11是一种铅酸电池(一种具有氧化铅的铅栅电极(在充电和放电的过程中其组分变化)和稀硫酸电解液的铅蓄电池)。
参考附图2,根据本发明的混合机车的控制装置包括控制单元(C/U)16、第一电流传感器17、第二电流传感器18、电压传感器19、检测发动机1的转速Ne的转速传感器31、按键开关32、启动开关33、检测机车的速度VSP的机车速度传感器34、检测油门踏板的释放和压下的怠速开关35以及检测刹车踏板的释放的刹车开关36,该第一电流传感器17检测由马达/发电机2所产生的并由变换器12转换的产生电流IMG,该第二电流传感器18检测到高压电池11的充电电流(或放电电流)IH,该电压传感器19检测高压电池11的端电压VH。
当驱动马达/发电机2作为发电机时,通过变换器12将由马达/发电机2所产生的三相电流转换为直流电流并通过接线盒13输送到高压电池11。另一方面,在电流放电时当马达/发电机2作为马达运行时,通过变换器12和接线盒13将来自高压电池11的电功率转换为三相电流并输送到马达/发电机2。
作为安装在机车上的电力负载(包括发动机辅助负载)的电源的低压电池14是一种额定电压为14[V]的标准铅酸电池。在从马达/发电机2中所产生的一部分电流经过变换器12和接线盒13之后,通过直流直流变换器/15将它存储在低压电池14中。
控制单元(C/U)16包括定时器和微处理器,该微处理器具有中央处理单元(CPU)、随机存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)和输入/输出接口(I/O接口)(未示)。控制单元16通过变换器12控制马达/发电机2。此外,控制单元16控制发动机1。控制单元16执行怠速-止动控制和基于来自上述的传感器的信号控制电池的充电/放电控制。
控制单元16设定高压电池11的目标电荷状态tSOC和高压电池11的电荷状态的阈值SOCa。在此阈值SOCa是一种在确定是否允许怠速-止动运行时所使用的阈值。仅当充电的实际状态大于阈值SOCa时允许该怠速-止动运行。
下文基于附图3至7中的流程图描述由控制单元16所执行的控制。
参考附图3,描述根据本发明由控制单元16所执行的主控制程序。
当将发动机按键(下文称为按键)置于接通位置时,首先在步骤S1中,控制单元16确定启动开关是处于接通位置还是关闭位置。当启动开关处于接通位置时,程序继续到步骤S2,在该步骤中计算目标电荷状态tSOC和电荷状态的阈值SOCa。
然后在步骤S3中,它确定按键是否处于接通或关闭位置。当按键处于关闭位置时,在步骤S4中定时器复位。当按键处于接通位置时,在步骤S7和S8中分别执行由在附图6中的流程图所示的电池充电/放电控制程序和在附图7中的流程图所示的怠速-止动控制程序,直到按键处于关闭位置。
在步骤S4之后,程序继续进行到步骤S5。在步骤S5中,标志F1设置为零。当控制单元16确定是否允许怠速-止动运行时使用标志F1。当该标志的值为零时即F1=0时,允许怠速-止动运行,而当该标志的值为1时即F1=1时,禁止怠速-止动运行。在步骤S6中,终止主程序,将在接线盒13中的主继电器21放置在切断位置并打开高压电池11的端子。
参考在附图4中所示的流程图,描述在步骤S2中的计算目标电荷状态tSOC和电荷状态的阈值SOCa的子程序。首先,在步骤S11,确定在按键已经放置在关闭位置时已经复位的定时器的值是否大于或等于预定的定时器值。这就是说,在本步骤中,确定自按键已经放置在关闭位置上之后是否已经经过了预定的时间例如三小时。
当定时器值小于预定的定时器值时,该程序返回。在另一方面,当定时器值大于或等于预定的定时器值。该程序继续到步骤S12,在该步骤中测量高压电池11的开路电压OCV。因此,通过将主继电器放置在切断位置之后等待超过预定的时间,可以测量在高压电池11处于平衡状态之后的开路电压OCV。
在测量了开路电压OCV之后,在步骤S13中,控制单元16将主继电器放置在接通位置并应用马达/发电机2启动发动机1。然后在步骤S4中,测量在发动机启动时高压电池11的端电压VH。在步骤S15中计算高压电池11的内电阻R。
基于在平衡状态下的高压电池11的开路电压OCV和在启动发动机的大电流放电过程中的端电压VH计算内电阻R。这就允许以简单的方式计算内电阻R而不受电介质极化的影响。
基于开路电压OCV和端电压VH由公式(1)可以计算内电阻R。
R=(OCV-VH)/IH                 (1)
当大电流放电时,来自高压电池11的放电电流IH大致固定,而与电池消耗的程度无关。以上述的方式计算的电池的内电阻的特点在于它根据消耗程度变化。
在步骤S16中,基于从公式(1)中所计算的内电阻R设定目标电荷状态tSOC和电荷状态的阈值SOCa。
参考附图5,描述在步骤S16中所执行的子程序。在步骤S21中,当确定内电阻R小于第一预定电阻R1时,程序进行到步骤S22。在另一方面,当确定内电阻R大于或等于第一预定电阻R1时,程序进行到步骤S23。例如,第一预定电阻R1设定为在电池没有消耗的初始状态下(即崭新的电池)高压电池的内电阻的大约125%。
本发明适合于在当机车没有减速时的较低的目标电荷状态tSOCl和在机车处于减速时较高的目标电荷状态tSOCh之间切换目标电荷状态tSOC。
在步骤S22至S23中,根据内电阻R设定在非减速驱动状态下所使用的较低的目标电荷状态tSOCl和在减速驱动状态下所使用的较高的目标电荷状态tSOCh。较低的目标电荷状态tSOCl设定得小于较高的目标电荷状态tSOCh以便在机车开始减速时在电池中有可充电的容量。这就是说,设定tSOCl<tSOCh。这样在机车减速时增加了能量再生效率。
在步骤S22中,分别将较低的目标电荷状态tSOCl和较高的目标电荷状态tSOCh设定为tSOCli和tSOChi。tSOCli和tSOChi都是预设值,适合于高压电池的初始状态。
例如设定tSOCli的值为80%。当在该电荷状态下所检测的偏差为±e时,例如±5%,将tSOChi的值设定为100-e,例如95%。考虑该电荷状态SOC的所检测的偏差(或估计偏差)确定与满充电水平相对应的tSOChi的值以避免过充电。
在步骤S23中,根据在高压电池11中的消耗,将较低的目标电荷状态tSOCl降低第一预定值,例如5%。这就是说,将tSOCl设定为降低的值tSOCli-α,例如75%。
此外,当电池消耗了时,tSOCh可以设定为比tSOChi低第二预定值γ(例如5%)的值以避免过充电。此外,根据高压电池11的消耗程度还可以分别将tSOCl和tSOCh设定为较低的值。
在目标电荷状态改变之后,根据高压电池11的消耗程度确定电荷状态的阈值SOCa。
在步骤S21中,当确定内电阻R为比第一预定电阻R1更小时,程序从步骤S22进行到步骤S24。在步骤S22中,电荷状态的阈值SOCa设定为预定的电荷状态SOCai,该预定的电荷状态SOCai是一种适合于高压电池的初始状态的阈值。除了高压电池11的输出特性和电容量以外,还要考虑发动机部件的机械摩擦和惯性质量设定预定的电荷状态SOCai。
在另一方面,当内电阻R大于或等于第一预定的电阻R1时,程序从步骤S23进行到步骤S25。在步骤S25中,电荷状态的阈值SOCa设定为比SOCai大第三预定值β(例如5%)的值(SOCai+β)。这样,当在怠速-止动运行之后在机车重新启动时,可以避免马达/发电机2的输出不足并可以确保稳定地重新启动机车。
当内电阻R大于或等于第一预定电阻R1时,在进一步的步骤S26中,确定内电阻R是否大于或等于第二预定电阻R2。在此R2大于R1。例如,将第二预定电阻设定为大约在初始状态中的高压电池的内阻的大约150%。当内电阻R小于第二预定电阻R2时,该程序返回。
当内电阻R大于或等于第二预定电阻R2时,该程序进行到步骤S27。在步骤S27中在将标志F1的值设定为1之后,该程序返回。当按键处于关闭位置时标志F1设定为零。然而,在此后重新启动发动机之后,当确定电池的内电阻R大于或等于第二预定电阻R2时将标志F1的值设定为1。当将标志F1设定为值1时,禁止怠速-止动运行。
参考在附图6中的流程图,下文描述高压电池11的充电/放电控制程序。首先,在步骤S31中,计算高压电池11的实际的电荷状态SOC。控制单元16计算电荷状态SOC,例如通过对第二电流传感器18所检测的充电和放电电流IH进行时间积分来计算。
然后,步骤S32中,基于怠速开关信号、发动机速度Ne和机车速度VSP确定当前机车是否正处于减速。当Ne大于或等于预定发动机速度时,VSP大于或等于预定的机车速度,怠速开关处于接通位置(油门踏板释放),确定机车处于减速状态。因此程序进行到步骤S33。在步骤S33中,将目标电荷状态tSOC设定为较高的目标电荷状态tSOCh(例如95%)以再生足够的能量。在另一方面,当机车没有减速时,程序进行到步骤S34,将目标电荷状态tSOC设定为较低的目标电荷状态tSOCl(例如75%)以留下容量以便允许足够的能量再生。
在步骤S35中,将目标电荷状态tSOC(即tSOCh和tSOCl)与实际的电荷状态SOC进行比较。通过将基于比例积分控制的增益K乘以差(tSOC-SOC)来计算电荷状态的反馈控制量。将这种反馈控制量转换为到高压电池11的目标充电电流tlc。
在步骤S36中,以下述的方式估计在机车上所安装的电力负载的充电电流le。从马达/发电机2的所产生的电流IMG中减去到高压电池11的充电电流IH以计算到低压电池14中的充电电流。到低压电池14中的充电电流是一种电负载电流Ie(le=IMG-IH)。
在步骤S37中,将目标充电电流tlc和电负载电流Ie相加以计算马达/发电机2的目标产生电流tlg。(即,tlg=tlc+le)。在步骤S38中,确定高压电池11是否处于自放电状态。当该电池自放电时,该程序进行到步骤S39中。在步骤S39中,将目标产生电流tlg设定为大约1~2[A]的预定电流,然后该程序进行到步骤S40。马达/发电机2产生无效电流以防止在自放电的过程高压电池消耗。在另一方面,当高压电池没有自放电时,该程序直接进行到步骤S40。
在步骤S40中,控制输送到马达/发电机2的目标扭矩以使实际的马达产生电流等于目标产生电流tlg。
在机车没有减速时,上述的充电/放电控制允许根据电池的消耗程度将目标电荷状态tSOC设置为较低的值。(即,tSOC=tSOCl=tSOCli-α)。因此,能够确保在减速过程中电池的可充电容量,即使电池的消耗程度较高。因此,在这种方式下,应用相对较简单的程序能够有效地再生在减速过程中所消耗的能量。
参考在附图7中的流程图,下文描述怠速-止动控制程序。
首先,在步骤S51中,确定标志F1的值是否为1。当标志F1的值为1时,电池消耗程度较高。在这种情况下必需禁止怠速-止动运行以避免启动发动机所需的电动机的输出不足。因此,该程序返回。
在步骤S51中,当标志F1的值不为1时,即F1=0,该程序进行到步骤S52,确定是否满足怠速-止动条件。怠速-止动的条件定义为:机车临时地停车而发动机怠速运行。具体地说,怠速-止动的条件为刹车开关处于接通位置,怠速开关处于接通位置,发动机转速Ne处于怠速旋转速度附近,以及机车速度为零。
当满足怠速-止动条件时,该程序进行到步骤S53,读取实际的电荷状态SOC和电荷状态的阈值SOCa。
在步骤S54中,比较实际的电荷状态SOC和电荷状态的阈值SOCa。当电荷状态SOC小于阈值SOCa时禁止怠速-止动运行。当高压电池已经消耗了时,重新启动发动机所需的电荷状态SOC变得更高。在这种情况下,在步骤S25中,阈值SOCa已经设定为大于在初始状态SOCai中的阈值的值(SOCai+β)。这样,根据高压电池11的消耗程度禁止怠速-止动运行。
在另一方面,当电荷状态SOC大于或等于阈值SOCa,由于电荷状态足够重新启动发动机,所以允许怠速-止动。在这种情况下,该程序进行到步骤S55,控制单元16指令发动机1停止。
在怠速-止动运行之后,在步骤S56中,确定是否满足发动机重新启动条件。发动机重新启动条件例如有怠速开关处于关闭位置(压下油门踏板)并且刹车开关处于关闭位置。当满足发动机重新启动条件时,该程序进行到步骤S57,由马达/发电机2重新启动发动机1。
在本实施例中,根据内阻在两个值之间切换高压电池11的目标电荷状态tSOC和高压电池11的电荷状态的阈值SOCa。然而,通过参考映射图可以更详细地设定目标电荷状态tSOC和电荷状态的阈值SOCa。
在此以引用参考的方式将日本专利申请P2000-78462(2000年3月21日申请)的整个内容结合在本申请中。
虽然上文参考本发明的一定的实施例已经描述了本发明,但是本发明并不限于上文所描述的实施例。对于本领域熟练人员来说,根据上文的教导可以对上文所描述的实施例进行修改和变化。本发明的范围以下面的权利要求确定。

Claims (22)

1.一种用于连接到公共电话交换网络的语音处理系统,包括:
多个客户计算机,其含有语音处理程序;
多个平台,每个所述的平台含有多个语音处理资源,所述资源位于一个或多个电路板上;
一个或多个计算机电话服务器,每个服务器含有多个处理器,用于连接所述客户计算机和所述平台,以确定正在处理的特定电话呼叫需要什么资源组;
容纳在所述处理器中的多个功能部件,包括主功能部件和相应的备用功能部件,用于执行所述呼叫所请求的各种功能,在相应的主功能部件停止工作之前,每个所述的备用功能部件保持影射状态,以便于取代相应的主功能部件;
所述服务器中运行的轮询软件,用于从所述平台查询处理所述特定电话呼叫所需资源组的可用性信息;以及
在所述服务器中运行的分配软件,根据来自所述轮询软件的所述可用性信息,分配来自相同或不同平台的所述资源组;
其中,所述呼叫期间,当所述服务器上的新功能部件开始工作以执行所述呼叫所需要的功能时,运行服务器上的所述轮询软件以轮询所需资源的可用性信息。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述轮询软件从所述多个平台中的每一个轮询所有所需资源的可用性。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中,当寻找到包含所述呼叫所需要的所有资源的平台时,所述轮询软件停止轮询。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述轮询软件以如下顺序轮询平台:轮询第一个平台寻找所有所需资源的可用性,然后轮询第二个平台寻找所述第一个平台中没有的其余资源的可用性,如此等等,直到找到所有所需资源。
5.根据权利要求4所述的系统,其中至少有两个服务器,每个所述主功能部件及其相应的备用部件容纳于不同的服务器中。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中至少有两个服务器,每个所述主功能部件及其相应的备用部件容纳于不同的服务器中。
7.根据权利要求5所述的系统,其中,每个所述的服务器仅容纳所述主功能部件,或仅容纳所述备用功能部件。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,每个所述的服务器仅容纳所述主功能部件,或仅容纳所述备用功能部件。
9.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述服务器和平台使用S.300协议进行通信。
10.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,每个所述平台与其它所述平台互相连接。
11.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,平台通过ATM交换结构进行连接,所述ATM交换结构实现平台之间实时媒体流的交换。
12.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述新的功能部件是主功能部件或备用功能部件。
13.一种在呼叫处理系统中处理电话呼叫的方法,该方法包含下述步骤:
在多个含有多个呼叫处理资源的平台和运行呼叫处理程序的多个客户计算机之间连接一个或多个计算机电话服务器,所述服务器包含多个功能部件,包括主功能部件和相应的备用功能部件,用于执行所述呼叫所请求的各个功能,在相应的主功能部件停止工作之前,每个所述备用功能部件保持影射状态;
收到特定呼叫后,从所述呼叫处理程序向所述服务器发送指令,该指令关于处理所述呼叫需要什么资源组和处理所述呼叫需要什么功能部件组工作;
收到所述指令后,在容纳有所述所需功能部件的所述服务器上运行轮询软件,以从所述平台中轮询所述平台中所述资源组的可用性信息;以及
根据所述轮询软件轮询出的所述可用性信息,分配来自相同或不同平台的所述资源组;
其中,在所述呼叫期间,当新的功能部件开始工作时,容纳所述新功能部件的服务器中的所述轮询软件开始运行,以轮询所述可用性信息。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,执行所述轮询步骤以从所述多个平台中的每一个中轮询所有所需资源的可用性信息。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,寻找到一个含有处理所述呼叫所需的所有资源的平台时,所述轮询步骤停止。
16.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述轮询步骤包含以下步骤:轮询所述多个平台中的第一个平台寻找所有所需资源的可用性信息,然后轮询所述多个平台中的第二个平台寻找第一个平台中所没有的其余资源的可用性信息,如此等等,直到找到所有所需资源。
17.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,通过以优先方案运行所述服务器上的分配软件来执行所述分配步骤。
18.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,当所述服务器上的备用部件需要取代其主部件开始工作时,一个所述服务器上的所述轮询软件开始运行。
19.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述呼叫期间,当由于请求了新的服务而请求所述服务器中的主功能部件开始工作时,一个所述服务器上的所述轮询软件开始运行。
20.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述新功能部件是主功能部件,或者是备用功能部件。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中,所述新功能部件是所述呼叫期间主功能部件停止工作时开始工作的备用功能部件。
22.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中,在所述呼叫期间,当请求了新的服务时,所述新功能部件开始工作。
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