CN1355747A - 用于机动车辆的带可接合离合器的混合驱动系统 - Google Patents

用于机动车辆的带可接合离合器的混合驱动系统 Download PDF

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CN1355747A
CN1355747A CN00806383A CN00806383A CN1355747A CN 1355747 A CN1355747 A CN 1355747A CN 00806383 A CN00806383 A CN 00806383A CN 00806383 A CN00806383 A CN 00806383A CN 1355747 A CN1355747 A CN 1355747A
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motor
clutch
combustion engine
drive system
hybrid drive
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CN1200824C (zh
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汉斯·格洛纳
伯恩哈德·西奇
格哈德·贡波尔特斯博格
汉斯-约尔格·多米安
拉尔夫·德雷博尔茨
马库斯·卡因德尔
约尔格·迈克尔
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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ZF Friedrichshafen AG
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    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/442Series-parallel switching type
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/02Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B60W10/02Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches
    • B60W10/023Fluid clutches
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    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B60W10/04Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B60W10/04Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/08Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units, or advanced driver assistance systems for ensuring comfort, stability and safety or drive control systems for propelling or retarding the vehicle
    • B60W30/18Propelling the vehicle
    • B60W30/18009Propelling the vehicle related to particular drive situations
    • B60W30/18027Drive off, accelerating from standstill
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02NSTARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/003Starting of engines by means of electric motors said electric motor being also used as a drive for auxiliaries, e.g. for driving transmission pumps or fuel pumps during engine stop
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02NSTARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/006Starting of engines by means of electric motors using a plurality of electric motors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H61/00Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/0021Generation or control of line pressure
    • F16H61/0025Supply of control fluid; Pumps therefore
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H61/00Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/0021Generation or control of line pressure
    • F16H61/0025Supply of control fluid; Pumps therefore
    • F16H61/0028Supply of control fluid; Pumps therefore using a single pump driven by different power sources
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K1/00Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
    • B60K1/02Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units comprising more than one electric motor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B60K2006/268Electric drive motor starts the engine, i.e. used as starter motor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/44Drive Train control parameters related to combustion engines
    • B60L2240/441Speed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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    • B60L2240/486Operating parameters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2510/00Input parameters relating to a particular sub-units
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    • B60W2510/0638Engine speed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B60W2510/1015Input shaft speed, e.g. turbine speed
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62Hybrid vehicles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S903/00Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/946Characterized by control of driveline clutch

Abstract

一用于机动车辆的混合驱动系统,它在内燃机(2)与一多速车辆变速器(3)之间的驱动路线(1)中有一第一电机(4)和一与变速器的输入轴(5)永久连接的第二电机(6)。在各自可作为电动机和发电机运行的电机(4、6)与内燃机(2)之间各自布置一离合器(7、8)。

Description

用于机动车辆的带可接合离合器的混合驱动系统
本发明涉及按照权利要求1的前序部分详细规定的那样类型的用于机动车辆的混合驱动系统。
用于机动车辆的驱动系统通常至少有一电机,它可以例如本身是驱动设备。
用从一蓄电池或一车辆固有的燃料电池供给电能的电动机作为驱动电机,使之有可能做到无排放的和几乎无声的行驶,此时,它在结构上紧凑。其缺点为,由于所用的蓄电池的可供使用的蓄电容量有限,纯粹用电力驱动的车辆的行驶功率严重受到限制。因此,电动车辆至今只在特殊领域中使用。
除了纯粹的电力驱动系统,还知道有部分电力的车辆驱动系统,它在实际中也称为“混合驱动”。此部分电力驱动的系统有一内燃机作为主驱动设备,用它可以有大的有效功率和机动车辆的活动半径。在内燃机和变速器之间还补充设置至少一个电机,它与驱动路线串联或并联地布置并提供电力驱动的优点如制动能量回收和无排放的行驶。
在串联的混合系统中,在一个行驶范围中,用有限的功率纯电力地行驶,也就是说,内燃机与电机都停止工作,此时,全部所需的能量都从蓄电池供应。而在一个第二行驶范围中,则用内燃机行驶,该内燃机驱动作为发电机工作的第二电机,该电机又反过来供应用于按电力运行的行驶电动机的能量。这类串联的混合驱动系统在工作时不需要具有经常的力闭合的离合器。
在并联的混合系统中,用一与一变速器的输入轴连接的电动机纯电力地行驶。此时,内燃机停止,它通过一力闭合的离合器与变速器的输入轴分开。在需要大功率时,例如从某一预定的高行驶速度开始,内燃机将通过接通一离合器而起动,此时,内燃机将用作主驱动源。于是,电动机可用作辅助源或助力器或用作发电机,以向车辆蓄电池充电。
这类具有内燃机、自动变速器、蓄电池、直流交流变换器和永久励磁同步电机的并联的混合系统已例如在德国的出版物VDI报告1378(1998),M.Lehna的“奥迪双重,一种用于城市后勤的混合车辆”,623~647页中作了描述。
但是,这种已知的并联的混合系统、有这样的缺点,即在接通一离合器时,在输出装置上产生一可以感受到的牵引力扰动。
采用传统的起动机,可使内燃机到达一起动转速,即起动转矩将通过小齿轮传至发动机的飞轮上。此已知的起动机如此用法兰连至一发动机缸体上,以致在致动时,该小齿轮与从动盘的齿圈啮合,以便通过它使发动机旋转。
在这类起动机中,产生另一缺点,即其功率不够,其寿命非常有限。
有限的寿命使这种起动机不适合用于内燃机的接通或断开相关的“起动-停车-运行”,此时,具有一用于行驶的电动机的平行混合系统基本上适于这种明显地降低燃油消耗的运行方式,此时,内燃机在车辆停止时断开,并在实际上需要时才起动。
从1998年4月发行的出版物“欧洲汽车设计”的第24页上知道另一种起动单元,其中,装在内燃机与变速器之间的电动机直接与内燃机的曲轴连接,并且在起动机功能之外还附加有发电机功能。
但是,在这种方案中,同样在内燃机的曲轴与变速器的输入轴结合时必然有牵引力的扰动。
从实践中知道的另一种将内燃机加速至其起动转速或无载转速的方法为,在用电动机行驶时,在起动内燃机之后与变速器的输入轴结合。此处,只在速度差为零时才接通离合器。
对此,在所用的独特的电动机中,它首先必须在车辆停止时起动内燃机,此时,变速器处于中性位置,离合器被接通。此时,车辆未被驱动。一旦内燃机运行,内燃机与电机之间的离合器被切断,将变速器连接至第一档,接着就可开始行驶过程。
由此,其缺点为,行驶过程开始时有明显的时间滞后。
已知的混合驱动系统的另一缺点为,变速器的例如在其中做成一体的液压泵难于在行驶时达到接合元件的压力供应所需要的转速,这是因为,液压泵通常是由内燃机驱动的,但是内燃机在电力行驶时又是停止的。
在实践中,这一问题用一在外面布置的液压泵和一通过由自身的能源驱动的装置来解决,但是,这是非常昂贵和成本很高的。
本发明的目的在于,提供一用于机动车辆的混合驱动系统,其中,机动车辆与其机组的电流供应是高效的,同时,可以用结构上简单的方式在小的功率需求时实现纯电力驱动,而在大的功率要求时实现内燃机的接通,此时,可在转换时尽可能地避免牵引力降低。
按照本发明,此目的将用按照权利要求1的特征的混合驱动系统来实现。
采用按照本发明的混合驱动系统,使之有可能以有利的方式在起动或在低的车辆速度例如在“停止之后再行走”的运行或在停车过程或开动过程中采用纯电力的运行。通过在内燃机与电机之间连接以第二离合器,可以接通已经运行的内燃机,以便得到全部的车辆功率。
通过按照本发明的电机与离合器的布置,可以实现没有重大的牵引力损失的转换过程,这是因为,在小的转速差时实现内燃机与变速器的输入轴的结合,该转速差在最佳情况下为零。
通过在驱动路线中在内燃机与变速器的输入轴或第二电机之间的按照本发明的接入,则第一电机可以有利地履行多重的功能。它可以用作内燃机的起动机,或用作电力系统的发电机,也就是说,用于对蓄电池充电,或向其它使用场所输出电功率,以及作为车辆变速器的液压泵的驱动装置。和可能作为驱动装置驱动其它辅助设备如空调压缩机、转向机构的伺服变速器的泵、制动力放大器或水泵。
由此,本发明有这样的优点,即许多电构件如起动机、发电机或泵驱动装置成为多余的,而它们在传统的混合驱动系统中是重要的成本因素。
再有,采用本发明的方案,可以有改善的起动-停车-运行,这是因为,在用第一电机的纯电力行驶过程中,内燃机可以在较短的时间中起动,而不会对输出装置产生反作用。
另一优点为在用大的牵引力需求起动时改善了反应。当在电力行驶时突然需要有大的牵引力时,例如在山上或在加速运行时,内燃机必须自动起动。采用按照本发明的布置,可在反应时间上得到明显的收益,此时,可用第二电机行驶,并可同时通过第一电机起动内燃机和通过一摩擦离合器接合。
为此,可以以有利的方式得到大的牵引力供应,该牵引力供应为内燃机的转矩、第一电机的转矩和第二电机的转矩之和。
本发明特别适合于自动变速器,不过它也可以用于各种类型的变速器。
本发明的优点和改进可以以从属权利要求和下面参考附图按照原理描述的实施例得到。
在图中:
图1示出一用于机动车辆的混合驱动系统的示意图,它具有一电机,作为并联混合布置,以及
图2示出一用于机动车辆的混合驱动系统的示意图,它具有一电机,作为串联混合布置。
参考图1和2,它极其概略地示出一用于具有驱动路线1的机动车辆的混合驱动系统,该驱动路线在一内燃机2和一为可自动变速器的多速度车辆变速器3之间有一第一电机4和一与变速器的输入轴5直接并永久连接的第二电机6。在各自可作为电动机和作为发电机运行的电机4和6与内燃机2之间各自布置一离合器7和8。
在按照图1的实施例中,第一离合器7和第一电机4布置在一从内燃机2与第二离合器8之间的驱动路线1分枝的平行的侧翼路线9中,并形成一并联混合系统。由此,第一电机4可通过第一离合器7与内燃机2分开,而第二电机6则可通过第二离合器8与内燃机2分开。
与之相反,在按照图2示出一串联混合的实施例中,在驱动路线1中,在车辆变速器3的方向的下游按顺序布置第一离合器7和第一电机4,接着布置第二离合器8和第二电机6。
在两种实施例中,第一电机4都预定用于起动内燃机2,此时,第一离合器7接通或打滑。
但是,在原则上,起动功能可由两个电机4和6执行。当内燃机2例如为很冷时,就可以发生这样的情况,即按小于第二电机6设计的第一电机4不能产生足够的转矩以起动内燃机,以致在低于预定的温度时要接通略大的第二电机6。用这种方式,就可总是能产生充足的转矩以起动内燃机。
第二电机6主要在内燃机2断开时用于电力行驶。
但是也可以用第二电机6和接通的运行的内燃机2行驶,这是因为,在行驶过程中在所需要的牵引力超过一预定的极限值时,通过第一离合器7与第一电机4连接的内燃机2可与变速器的输入轴5和第二电机6结合。为此,第二离合器8接合进打滑状态。
采用这样的结合,可以达到一个转矩和,此时有一非常大的转矩,该转矩使之有一比例如具有附加的转矩提高的变矩器大的行驶功率。
在正常运行时,当内燃机2与变速器的输入轴5的转速差为零时,在所示的实施方案中,第二离合器8将内燃机2与变速器的输入轴5结合起来,此时,不会产生由内燃机2的起动引起的牵引力扰动。
自然,也有可能在小的转速差时实现结合。为了能如此进行,在本实施例中,离合器7、8要做成力闭合的离合器,此时,转速差首先通过摩擦消除。
在所示的每个实施例中,第一电机4都直接与自动变速器3的一个液压泵10连接。液压泵10布置在第一离合器7与第一电机4之间,它用电力由第一电机4驱动或机械地通过接通的第一离合器7由内燃机2驱动。
当液压泵10纯机械地被驱动,第一离合器7接通并在内燃机2与液压泵10之间产生力闭合时,一点也不产生电力上的转换损耗并且几乎不产生机械损耗。因此,与电力驱动相比,得到明显提高的效率。
此外,所示的液压泵10的布置有这样的优点,即它可以以一与内燃机2的主行驶范围对应的狭的转速范围工作。液压泵10可用电力调至较高的转速而不需要调节阀,因而它只输送所需的油量,从而可将尺寸做得小一些。
通过使液压泵10既可用电力驱动,也可机械地驱动,故有可能按小的转速范围设计泵,可以在此时得到具有较少的泵损耗的最佳运行。
如同从图1和2所看到的那样,电机4、6通过一大功率电子仪器11相互连接并与一个是蓄电池的电能源12连接。
第一电机4可用来自蓄电池12的电流运行或通过功率电子仪器11用来自第二电机6的电流运行。在后一种情况,第二电机6作为发电机工作,而第二离合器8则接合进切断的或打滑的状态。
对此,另一种方案为,第一电机4也可作为发电机工作,此时,第二离合器8则接合进接通的或打滑的状态。
                     参考标号
1.驱动路线                      2.内燃机
3.车辆变速器,自动变速器        4.第一电机
5.变速器的输入轴                6.第二电机
7.第一离合器                    8.第二离合器
9.侧翼路线                      10.车辆变速器的液压泵
11.大功率电子仪器               12.能源,蓄电池

Claims (18)

1.用于具有驱动路线(1)的机动车辆的混合驱动系统,该驱动路线在一内燃机(2)和一具有可变的速比的车辆变速器(3)之间有一第一电机(4)和一与变速器的输入轴(5)永久连接的第二电机(6),其中,在各自可作为电动机和作为发电机运行的电机(4、6)与内燃机(2)之间各自布置一离合器(7、8)。
2.如权利要求1的混合驱动系统,其特征为,在驱动路线(1)中,在下游顺序布置第一离合器(7)和第一电机(4),接着布置第二离合器(8)和第二电机(6)。
3.如权利要求1的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第一离合器(7)和第一电机(4)布置在一从内燃机(2)与第二离合器(8)之间的驱动路线(1)分枝的平行的侧翼路线(9)中,以及第一电机(4)可通过第一离合器(7)与内燃机(2)分开,而第二电机(6)则可通过第二离合器(8)与内燃机(2)分开。
4.如权利要求1至3的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第一电机(4)与车辆变速器(3)的一个液压泵(10)连接。
5.如权利要求4的混合驱动系统,其特征为,液压泵(10)布置在第一离合器(7)与第一电机(4)之间,其中,它可以机械地由内燃机(2)驱动,或电力地由第一电机(4)驱动。
6.如权利要求1至5的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第一电机(4)预定用于起动内燃机(2),其中,第一离合器(7)接通或打滑。
7.如权利要求1至6的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第二电机(6)规定用于一个电力行驶过程。
8.如权利要求1至7的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,当内燃机(2)与变速器的输入轴(5)的转速差小于预先给定的极限值时,第二离合器(8)就使内燃机(2)与变速器的输入轴(5)结合。
9.如权利要求8的混合驱动系统,其特征为,当内燃机(2)与变速器的输入轴的转速差至少接近于零时,第二离合器(8)就使内燃机与变速器的输入轴(5)结合。
10.如权利要求1至9的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,在所需要的牵引力超过一预定的极限值时,通过第一离合器(7)与第一电机(4)连接的内燃机(2)可与变速器的输入轴(5)和第二电机(6)结合,此时,第二离合器(8)接合进打滑状态。
11.如权利要求1至10的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第二电机(6)在低于内燃机(2)的规定的温度时可作为起动机接合。
12.如权利要求1至11的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,电机(4、6)通过一功率电子仪器(11)彼此连接和/或与一电能源(12)连接。
13.如权利要求12的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第一电机(4)可用来自是一蓄电池(12)的能源的电流运行,或通过功率电子仪器(11)用来自第二电机(6)的电流运行,此时,第二电机(6)作为发电机工作,而第二离合器(8)则切换到切断的或打滑的状态。
14.如权利要求12的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第一电机(4)作为发电机运行,此时,第二离合器(8)切换到接通或打滑的状态。
15.如权利要求1至14的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,分别预先设置一力闭合离合器以作为第一离合器(7)或/和第二离合器(8)。
16.如权利要求1至15的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第一电机(4)与一个或更多的辅助设备连接,以作为它们的驱动装置。
17.如权利要求1至16的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,第二电机(6)有一大于第一电机(4)的功率。
18.如权利要求1至17的任一项的混合驱动系统,其特征为,车辆变速器设计为自动变速器(3)。
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