CN1914056A - 混合式发动机 - Google Patents

混合式发动机 Download PDF

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CN1914056A
CN1914056A CNA2005800038686A CN200580003868A CN1914056A CN 1914056 A CN1914056 A CN 1914056A CN A2005800038686 A CNA2005800038686 A CN A2005800038686A CN 200580003868 A CN200580003868 A CN 200580003868A CN 1914056 A CN1914056 A CN 1914056A
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electrical motor
combustion engine
engine
gear
automatic transmission
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CN1914056B (zh
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彼得·詹森
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FEV Europe GmbH
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FEV Motorentechnik GmbH and Co KG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B60K6/365—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings with the gears having orbital motion
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B60K6/387—Actuated clutches, i.e. clutches engaged or disengaged by electric, hydraulic or mechanical actuating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B60K6/485—Motor-assist type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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    • B60K6/543—Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a continuously variable transmission
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种具有内燃机(E)和电动机(EM)的混合式发动机，该内燃机(E)和电动机(EM)通过行星齿轮变速器(2)相互连接，其中，离合器(5)如此配置，使得内燃机和电动机通过中心齿轮(5)以及行星齿轮架(6)相互连接。另外，还提出了一种用于操作这种混合式发动机的方法。

Description

混合式发动机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有内燃机和电动机的混合式发动机，该内燃机和电动机通过行星齿轮变速器相互连接。此外，还提出了一种用于操作这种混合式发动机的方法。
背景技术
迄今具有许多混合式概念，所有这些概念都具有其特殊的优缺点。这些系统与传统的传动系相比，大部分构造昂贵或者仅在某些操作点具有优点。这些概念常常仅对于消耗循环是最佳的。而在普通的道路行驶操作中，这些优点却少得多。在这些概念中已提出了自动的及自动化的变速器。
例如，DE 100 36 966 A1给出了一种混合式发动机的结构，该结构规定了一种具有多个连接件、变速器和离合器的行星齿轮变速器换挡机构，以使电动机和内燃机耦合。此外，DE 100 49 514 A1也给出了一种混合式发动机，该混合式发动机具有电动机和内燃机。在行星齿轮变速器中集成有两个离合器以及一个制动器，其中，可通过第一离合器和第二离合器使电动机与内燃机刚性耦合。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种紧凑型混合式发动机以及一种用于操作该混合式发动机的方法。
该目的是通过一种具有权利要求1的特征的混合式发动机以及一种具有权利要求19的特征的用于操作混合式发动机的方法来实现的。其他有利的构成和改进在各自的从属权利要求中进行说明。
提出了一种具有内燃机和电动机的混合式发动机，该内燃机和电动机通过行星齿轮变速器相互连接，其中，离合器被配置为使内燃机和电动机可以通过中心齿轮(sun wheel)和行星齿轮架相互连接。优选的是，离合器配置在特别是自动变速器的变速器输入端的联轴器与行星齿轮变速器之间。根据本发明的另一思想，提出了一种具有内燃机和电动机的混合式发动机，该内燃机和电动机借助于离合器是可锁定的，并通过行星齿轮变速器相互连接，其中，行星齿轮变速器具有双行星齿轮架。
根据一种改进，提出了一种具有内燃机和电动机的混合式发动机，该内燃机和电动机通过行星齿轮变速器相互连接，其中，内燃机和电动机通过中心齿轮和行星齿轮架在操纵该离合器时相互锁定。优选的是，离合器配置在自动变速器与行星齿轮变速器之间。
优选的是，离合器被集成在行星齿轮变速器内，其中，离合器由行星齿轮变速器的内齿轮所包围。根据一种构成，内齿轮被支撑在一轴上，该轴与自动变速器的变速器输入端直接连接。优选的是，该轴是变速器输入端。另一构成规定，离合器使中心齿轮和自动变速器的变速器输入端直接相互连接。
此外还规定，内燃机与中心齿轮连接，而电动机与行星齿轮架连接。根据另一构成，电动机与中心齿轮连接，并且内燃机与行星齿轮架连接。
所提出的解决方案使内燃机、电动机以及变速器与一种行星齿轮总成连接，该行星齿轮总成设置在自动变速器之前。该概念在以下根据具有CVT变速器的应用进行例示说明，然而也可用于其他变速器和发动机概念方面。该概念可用作具有高扭矩加强(换空挡概念)的启动元件，并可用作启动机、发电机、升压器、坡道停车防滑溜装置、倒挡和再生制动器。此外，该系统在启动过程的主要部分时处于尽可能无惯性的状态。
变速器具有行星齿轮总成，该行星齿轮总成优选地具有双行星齿轮。然而还可在中心齿轮与内齿轮之间设置一排行星齿轮。中心齿轮与内燃机连接，行星齿轮架与电动机连接，以及内齿轮与自动变速器的变速器连接。可选地，可变更内燃机和电动机的配置以及行星齿轮总成的实施。为了对特别是下述附图进行说明，选择了从中心齿轮到内齿轮的行星齿轮总成传动比-1。该传动比还可根据要求来调整。
优选的是，自动变速器与离合器的轴直接连接，无变矩器的中间换挡。此外还规定，任选使用电动油泵用于给自动变速器供油。电动机特别是至少用作启动机和升压器。优选的是，电动机能够用作发电机。特别是，电动机被设计成四象限机。这可使得电动机能在不同方向旋转，并可分别用作发电机或传动装置。
根据另一构成，混合式发动机具有无倒挡的自动变速器。更确切地说，使电动机、内燃机、行星齿轮变速器、离合器以及联轴器与变速器输入端的连接可使得通过变更电动机的转速，能实现变速器输入端的转向变更。这样，特别是通过调整电动机，仅借助于电动机就能进行倒车。优选的是，该混合式发动机具有设有自由轮的内燃机的曲轴。这可使得电动机在不同于内燃机的方向旋转。这可例如在汽车倒车时使用。例如可进行一种纯电动行驶。
一种改进规定，设置有对蓄电池的操作状态的监控。例如，该监控如此设计，使得蓄电池随时具有用于倒车或大量启动过程的最低限度的蓄积能量。特别是，可对是蓄电池的蓄积容量的特征值例如电压或电容的最小值进行监控。此时可预先给定一个或多个值，以便再次及时地至少部分地给蓄电池充电。而且，还可将两个或多个蓄能器并联或串联，以便一方面能使电动机的充分的能量供应可供使用，另一方面能使充分的蓄积容量可供使用。此外，在监控蓄电池状态时，环境温度也会产生影响。因此存在以下可能性：在冬季操作时预先给定不同于夏季操作时的值。
优选的是，混合式发动机在汽车中使用，特别是在陆用汽车中使用。在该情况下，混合式发动机优选地具有：作为启动机的电动机，作为发电机的蓄能器(例如蓄电池)，以及对离合器起作用的电子停车锁止器或制动器。
根据本发明的另一思想，提出了一种用于操作具有内燃机和电动机的混合式发动机的方法，该内燃机和电动机通过行星齿轮变速器相互耦合，其中，当与行星齿轮变速器连接的自动变速器被锁定时，使用电动机启动内燃机。根据另一思想，提出了一种用于在内燃机的启动过程期间操作混合式发动机的方法，通过使处于关闭状态的离合器换挡来启动内燃机。为此，混合式发动机具有一种使电动机、内燃机、行星齿轮变速器、离合器以及联轴器与变速器输入端的连接。根据一种构成规定，在通过使处于关闭状态的离合器换挡进行的电动行驶期间，内燃机启动。根据另一构成规定，在启动过程时，使用一种所释放的惯性能量，该惯性能量使内燃机在最大程度上不介入扭矩来启动。优选的是，在启动过程时，电动机的转速依赖于传动比下降，特别是下降一半。
另外还提出了附加的混合式发动机的操作方式，这些操作方式分别还可不依赖于混合式发动机的启动过程来实施。此外，例如还规定，通过调整电动机的转速来变更内燃机的转速。而且还可规定，通过调整电动机的转速来变更自动变速器的变速器输入端的转速。另一构成规定，在电动机的转速被变更，优选的是被提高，特别是被提高到如此程度，使得该转速至少接近内燃机的转速之后，配置在自动变速器的变速器输入端与行星齿轮变速器之间的离合器被关闭。优选的是，在所有应用的情况下规定，电动机也用作发电机。对此，规定了一种控制或调整，该控制或调整可例如根据内燃机的负荷状态来确定，不管是从发电机操作转换到电动机操作，还是反过来。然而，还可考虑用于这种操作转换的其他参数，例如蓄电池状态、节气门踏板和/或制动踏板的操纵以及其他。
混合式发动机的另一操作方式规定，为了进行再生制动，自动变速器退回，并且电动机的转速提高。这样可减少有效力矩，该有效力矩可通过较高转速借助于电动机被接收。另一操作方式规定，为了进行在自动变速器的变速器输入端的转向变更，使电动机的转速变更到如此程度，直到变速器输入端经受转向变更。
其他有利的构成和改进将在附图中进一步说明。然而，图中所示的特征在设计上不受限制。更确切地说，这些特征可相互间以及还可与上述特征结合起来形成其他构成。
附图说明
图1是混合式发动机的第一构成；
图2是第一操作方式中的行星齿轮变速器；
图3是第二操作方式中的图2的行星齿轮变速器；
图4是第三操作方式中的图3的行星齿轮变速器；
图5是混合式发动机的第二构成；
图6是电动机、内燃机以及变速器输入端的转速依赖性的第一图例；
图7是电动机、内燃机以及变速器输入端的转速依赖性的第二图例；
图8是电动机、内燃机以及变速器输入端的转速依赖性的第三图例；
图9是第四操作方式中的图1的行星齿轮变速器；
图10是电动机、内燃机以及变速器输入端的转速依赖性的第四图例；
图11是电动机、内燃机以及变速器输入端的转速依赖性的第五图例；以及
图12是第五操作方式中的图1的行星齿轮变速器。
具体实施方式
图1示出了一种具有内燃机E和电动机EM的混合式发动机1。相对于电动机EM和内燃机E配置的是自动变速器AT。为自动变速器提供了电动油泵EP，用于给自动变速器供油。行星齿轮变速器具有一种行星齿轮总成，该行星齿轮总成具有双行星齿轮3、4。中心齿轮5与内燃机E连接，行星齿轮架6与电动机EM连接，内齿轮7与作为变速器输入端8的自动变速器AT的轴相连接，特别是与AT的变换器相连接。内齿轮7包围离合器C，该离合器C建立从变速器输入端8到中心齿轮5的连接。如果离合器C关闭，则内燃机E和电动机相互锁定。离合器C可以是干式离合器，也可以是湿式离合器。可选地，可变更内燃机E和电动机EM的配置以及行星齿轮总成的实现。为了进行以下说明，选择了从中心齿轮5到内齿轮7的传动比为-1的行星齿轮总成。然而，该传动比可根据要求来调整。系统的各个操作状态在下图中进行说明。
图2示出了行星齿轮变速器2的俯视图，该行星齿轮变速器2具有例如六个行星齿轮3、4。不过也可以更多。该俯视图示出一种操作状态，该操作状态例如在汽车的停车状态中和/或在混合式发动机启动时产生。内齿轮7的旋转以及因而变速器输入端的旋转具有零值。中心齿轮5以及因而内燃机具有一转速，该转速具有n值。行星齿轮3、4具有一种这样的转速，该转速使得电动机的转速和内燃机的转速相同，只不过具有相反的符号。因此，在设计混合式发动机时，至少可近似地取得用于变速器输入端的扭矩，该扭矩由电动机的扭矩分量和内燃机的扭矩分量组成，这两个分量相等。
图3示出了在汽车启动时的状态。这里，内齿轮以一种非零的速度旋转。
图4示出了行驶时的操作状态。电动机和内燃机优选地具有相同转速。优选地不存在滑转。
图5示出了第二混合式发动机9的示意视图。与图1相同的部件附有相同的附图标记。自动变速器AT不具有前置变矩器，并且不具有倒挡。优选地形成为CVT变速器。此外，第二混合式发动机还具有自由轮10。该自由轮可使得内燃机仅朝一个方向旋转，特别是向右旋转。此外，第二混合式发动机还具有电动停车锁止器或制动器，其被表示为箭头11。优选的是，电动停车锁止器被集成在自动变速器AT内或者至少与该自动变速器AT耦合。
图6是示出了电动机EM、内燃机E以及变速器输入端8的转速依赖性的第一图例，也就是说，是在停车状态下以及在停车状态下发动机启动时的图例。在汽车停车状态时，电动停车锁止器(制动器)自动投入使用。因此，变速器的传动被锁定(blockiert)。如果电动机这时向左旋转，则内燃机必然强制性地向右旋转，并从而可进行启动。在发动机启动后，还可进行蓄电池的正极或负极充电，这是因为，力矩可被支撑在停车锁止器/制动器上。
图7是示出了电动机EM、内燃机E以及变速器输入端8的转速依赖性的第二图例，也就是说，在启动时和在稳定行驶时的图例。如果电动机内的电流这时被向下调整到0，则在制动器松开时，汽车停车。任选地，还可施加一种蠕变倾斜。在启动时，电动机转速首先转到0。因此，变速器输入端8根据传动比例如以发动机转速的一半旋转。传动力矩由发动机力矩和电动机力矩相加而得。在电动机转速下降时释放的惯性能量可直接用于内燃机的高加速。在惯性几乎相同时，系统在该阶段处于向外无惯性的状态(零惯性传动系)，因此迄今为止的启动问题由所谓的“geared neutral：换空挡”系统得到解决。
转速比在此阶段下降到2，依赖于各自所选择的传动比。这里要注意的是，在该操作点，电动机的力矩和内燃机的力矩相同。传动力矩此时下降到两个传动源的总力矩。
在启动过程的第二阶段，通过电动升压把电动机转速带到接近发动机转速。这时，分接离合器C在几乎0rpm滑转时关闭。在离合器关闭后，整个系统被锁定。这时，电动机可选择性地作为发电机或者此外作为升压器来操作。在该操作状态中，该功能与传统的启动机/发电机系统是可媲美的，特别是在把曲轴用作启动机的情况下。
图8是示出了电动机EM、内燃机E以及变速器输入端8的转速依赖性的第三图例，也就是说，在倒车时的图例。如果电动机转速在启动时进一步下降，变速器输入端的极移动到0rpm以下，而不是转到0，因此，变速器输入端反转，并且汽车可倒车。因此，往常在CVT变速器中常用的具有正转离合器和倒转离合器的行星齿轮总成可完全取消。当随后转到另一变速器概念时，取消变速器中的倒车元件也是可行的。该概念规定，在倒挡时换高挡，或者换较高挡启动，这是因为，由于总传动比低，因而倒车一般只需有限的倒车速度就能做到。
图9示出一种操作方式中的图1的行星齿轮变速器，在该操作方式时，例如可进行倒车。
图10是示出了电动机EM、内燃机E以及变速器输入端8的转速依赖性的第四图例，也就是说，在再生制动时的图例。一旦汽车滑移，分接离合器就能打开。这样，内燃机下降到怠速转速。因此，电动机转速上升。另外，如果从自动变速器换倒挡，则电动机的转速还可进一步提高。因此，可消耗(abgreifen)较少扭矩。电动机的可消耗扭矩受内燃机的滑移力矩限制。
图11是示出了电动机EM、内燃机E以及变速器输入端8的转速依赖性的第五图例，也就是说，在电动行驶时以及在行驶期间发动机启动时的图例。该概念是内燃机在曲轴上任选地配备有自由轮。这时，使用该附加装置，通过向电动机施加正转速，也能进行纯电动行驶。如果在电动行驶期间内燃机必须换挡，则仅分接离合器必须关闭。在关闭过程期间，电动机转速下降一半。此时被释放的惯性能量可极为有效地加以使用，以使内燃机尽可能不消耗扭矩(相对于传动力矩)地来启动。
图12示出第五操作方式中的图1的行星齿轮变速器，特别是再生制动。
通过将上述操作对策组合起来，可进行内燃机的自由的接通和断开。在给定的汽车前提(电动助力转向，…)的情况下，还可在行驶期间断开发动机。
本发明提出了一种具有几乎所有自由度的简单的混合式概念，如3下所述。表1示出在CVT应用例中的传动系中的取消部件和新增部件。
  新增部件   取消部件
  电动机   启动机
  蓄能器(例如蓄电池)   发电机
  功率电子装置   具有分接的变矩器
  电子停车锁止器/制动器   正转离合器
  倒转离合器
  汽车蓄电池
        表1：混合式系统与传统系统的比较
行星齿轮总成通常用于倒车，而在新的概念中作不同处理，在此作为启动元件执行功能。
该比较表明，该概念能尽可能地不消耗重量和成本地得到具体化，这是因为，不再需要几个较昂贵且较笨重的部件(变矩器、离合器、蓄电池)。

Claims (30)

1.一种具有内燃机和电动机的混合式发动机，该内燃机和电动机通过行星齿轮变速器相互连接，其中，将离合器配置为使内燃机和电动机可以通过中心齿轮以及行星齿轮架相互连接。
2.一种具有内燃机和电动机的混合式发动机，该内燃机和电动机可借助于离合器锁定，并通过行星齿轮变速器相互连接，其中，行星齿轮变速器具有双行星齿轮架。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，将离合器配置为使得内燃机和电动机通过中心齿轮和行星齿轮架在操纵该离合器时相互锁定。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，离合器配置在特别是自动变速器的变速器输入端的联轴器与行星齿轮变速器之间。
5.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，离合器配置在自动变速器与行星齿轮变速器之间。
6.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，离合器被集成在行星齿轮变速器内。
7.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，行星齿轮总成设置在自动变速器之前。
8.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，离合器使中心齿轮和自动变速器的变速器输入端直接相互连接。
9.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，电动机与中心齿轮连接，并且内燃机与行星齿轮架连接。
10.根据上述权利要求1中的任一项所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，自动变速器是CVT变速器。
11.根据权利要求1所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，行星齿轮变速器具有双行星齿轮架。
12.根据权利要求1所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，自动变速器与离合器的轴直接连接，无变矩器的中间换挡。
13.根据权利要求1所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，使用电动油泵用于给自动变速器供油。
14.根据权利要求1所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，电动机至少用作启动机和升压器。
15.根据权利要求1所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，自动变速器设计成无倒挡。
16.根据权利要求1所述的混合式发动机，其特征在于，设置有具有自由轮的内燃机的曲轴。
17.一种具有根据权利要求1所述的混合式发动机的汽车，其特征在于，设置有：作为启动机的电动机，作为发电机的蓄能器，以及对离合器起作用的电子停车锁止器或制动器。
18.一种具有根据权利要求1或2所述的混合式发动机的汽车，该混合式发动机具有一种使电动机、内燃机、行星齿轮变速器、离合器以及联轴器与变速器输入端相连接的连接，其中，通过变更电动机的转速，可引起变速器输入端的转向变更，其中，仅通过调整电动机就能进行倒车。
19.一种用于操作特别是根据权利要求1所述的具有内燃机和电动机的混合式发动机的方法，该内燃机和电动机通过行星齿轮变速器相互耦合，其中，当与行星齿轮变速器连接的自动变速器被锁定时，使用电动机启动内燃机。
20.一种用于在内燃机的启动过程中操作特别是根据权利要求19所述的混合式发动机的方法，其中该混合式发动机具有一种使电动机、内燃机、行星齿轮变速器、离合器以及联轴器与变速器输入端相连接的连接，其中，内燃机通过使处于关闭状态的离合器换挡来启动。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法，其特征在于，在通过使处于关闭状态的离合器换挡进行的电动行驶期间，内燃机启动。
22.根据权利要求20或21所述的方法，其特征在于，在启动过程时使用所释放的惯性能量，该惯性能量使内燃机在最大程度上不介入扭矩来启动。
23.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在启动过程时，电动机的转速依赖于传动比下降，特别是下降一半。
24.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，通过调整电动机的转速来变更内燃机的转速。
25.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，通过调整电动机的转速来变更自动变速器的变速器输入端的转速。
26.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在电动机的转速被变更，优选的是被提高，特别是被提高到如此程度，使得该转数至少接近内燃机的转速之后，配置在自动变速器的变速器输入端与行星齿轮变速器之间的离合器被关闭。
27.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使用电动机作为发电机。
28.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，为了进行再生制动，自动变速器退回，并且电动机的转速提高。
29.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，为了进行在自动变速器的变速器输入端的转向变更，使电动机的转速变更到如此程度，直到变速器输入端经受转向变更。
30.根据上述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，混合式发动机在汽车，特别是陆用汽车中使用。
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