CN1204356C - 使用固态光源的高输出径向散射灯具 - Google Patents

使用固态光源的高输出径向散射灯具 Download PDF

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CN1204356C
CN1204356C CNB008185654A CN00818565A CN1204356C CN 1204356 C CN1204356 C CN 1204356C CN B008185654 A CNB008185654 A CN B008185654A CN 00818565 A CN00818565 A CN 00818565A CN 1204356 C CN1204356 C CN 1204356C
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light
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light source
emitting diode
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E·J·塔沙
B·希贝欧特
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Wolfspeed Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
    • F21K9/60—Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction
    • F21K9/61—Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction using light guides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
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    • F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
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    • F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
    • F21K9/60—Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction
    • F21K9/64—Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction using wavelength conversion means distinct or spaced from the light-generating element, e.g. a remote phosphor layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
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    • F21K9/68—Details of reflectors forming part of the light source
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
    • F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
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    • F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
    • F21V29/75—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with fins or blades having different shapes, thicknesses or spacing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
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    • F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
    • F21V29/76—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical parallel planar fins or blades, e.g. with comb-like cross-section
    • F21V29/767—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical parallel planar fins or blades, e.g. with comb-like cross-section the planes containing the fins or blades having directions perpendicular to the light emitting axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/0091—Reflectors for light sources using total internal reflection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F21V9/00—Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters
    • F21V9/20—Dichroic filters, i.e. devices operating on the principle of wave interference to pass specific ranges of wavelengths while cancelling others
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0005—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being of the fibre type
    • G02B6/0008—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being of the fibre type the light being emitted at the end of the fibre
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
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    • F21K9/23—Retrofit light sources for lighting devices with a single fitting for each light source, e.g. for substitution of incandescent lamps with bayonet or threaded fittings
    • F21K9/232—Retrofit light sources for lighting devices with a single fitting for each light source, e.g. for substitution of incandescent lamps with bayonet or threaded fittings specially adapted for generating an essentially omnidirectional light distribution, e.g. with a glass bulb
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种新型的固态灯具(10)，用于发射供室内照明和其它用途的光。灯具包括发光的固态光源(12)，光通过分隔器(14)传播到散射器(16)，散射器按所需的模式散射光，和/或改变其颜色。在一实施例中，光源(12)是蓝色发光二极管，它以足以进行室内照明的高电流工作。分隔器(14)是一光管或光纤装置。散射器(16)径向散射所述光，并将部分蓝光转换成黄光，以产生白光混合物。分隔器(14)使光源与散射器(16)隔开一足够的距离，以致于当光源(12)载有室内照明所需的高电流时，光源(12)的热量不会传送至散射器(16)。

Description

使用固态光源的高输出径向散射灯具
本申请主张Tarsa等人于1999年12月3日申请的美国临时申请案第60/168,818号之利益。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种灯具，特别是涉及将固态装置用作一光源的灯具。
背景技术
传统的钨丝灯具和指示灯通过对灯丝施加电流，使灯丝发光，从而将电流转换成光。灯丝通常被悬吊在两个刚性电线之间，位于玻璃灯泡中心附近，这使得光呈径向分布，对室内照明特别有用。还可以对灯泡表面磨砂，使光发生额外散射。白炽灯的寿命相当短，通常受灯丝寿命或玻璃灯泡寿命的限制。此外，灯丝通常被悬吊得足够接近灯泡表面，致使灯丝发出的热量会导致灯泡发烫，以致于触摸时会受伤，或者与之接触的物体会有燃烧的危险。
发光二极管(LED)是一类重要的固态装置，它们也能将电能转换成光。发光二极管通常包括一个夹在二个相对的掺杂层之间的半导体材料活动层。当对两个掺杂层施加一偏压时，空穴和电子会被注入所述活动层，并在活动层中重新组合而产生光。光从活动层和发光二极管的所有表面全向射出。
大多数传统发光二极管将电流转换成光的效率低于白炽灯，但是最近在基于氮的发光二极管方面所取得的进步已导致高效率的蓝色与绿色光源。这些发光二极管的效率已超越灯丝光源的效率，并且就其输入功率而言，提供了具有相等或更大亮度的光。
照明用的传统发光二极管的一个缺点是其活动层不能产生白光。传统发光二极管产生白光的一种方法是合成来自不同发光二极管的不同颜色的光。例如，白光可以通过合成红色、绿色及蓝色发光二极管、或蓝色及黄色发光二极管发出的光而获得。该方法的一个缺点是需使用多个发光二极管来产生一单色光，这增加了总成本及复杂性。此外，不同颜色的光通常由不同类型的发光二极管产生，而在一个装置上组合不同类型的发光二极管则需要复杂的装配。因为不同的二极管类型需要不同的控制电压，所以成品装置还需要复杂的控制电子学。长期的波长及稳定性也要受不同发光二极管之不同老化行为的影响，并且多个发光二极管的小型化也受到限制。
最近，通过用一种黄色的磷光粉、聚合物或染料包裹一发出单色蓝光的发光二极管，可以将单色蓝光转换为白光。[参见Nichia公司，件号NSPW300BS，NSPW312BS等的白发光二极管；以及颁予Hayden的美国专利U.S.5959316″Multiple Encapsulation of Phosphor-LED Devices″]。包裹用的材料对发光二极管发出的至少一些光的波长″下变频″，改变其颜色。例如，如果用黄色磷光粉包裹一个基于氮的蓝色发光二极管，那么部分蓝光将通过黄色磷光粉但不变色，而其余的蓝光则会被下变频成为黄光。该发光二极管会同时发射蓝光及黄光，二者合成可以提供白光。
然而，对于目前使用基于灯丝的灯具或指示灯的照明应用而言，传统的蓝色发光二极管太暗，而且当用来发射白光时，部分发射的光会被下变频材料吸收。为了使蓝色发光二极管发射足以作室内照明的输出光通量，必须增加施加给该发光二极管的电流。发光二极管通常在20-60微安的电流范围内操作，而对于室内照明用的发光二极管，这一范围必须增加至大于1安培。在此电流电平下，发光二极管会很热，并且损坏其它物体以及有着火或伤人的危险。所述热量也会伤及发光二极管本身的芯片，或者使附近的诸如磷光粉、荧光聚合物或荧光染料等下变频媒质退化。这会降低发光二极管的下变频能力，并缩知其使用寿命。
大多数传统发光二极管的另一个缺点是它们被设置在一″金属杯″中，使得n-型层典型地处于杯子的底部，而p-型表面直立方式，整个装置被包裹在纯环氧树脂中。当用一发蓝光的发光二极管产生白光时，在将其包裹于纯环氧树脂中之前，先用下变频材料将其包裹。所述杯子具有二条导电通路，以便跨越p-型及n-型表面上的接触点来施加一偏压，进而致使发光二极管发光。所述杯子还可以将发光二极管底部n-型表面或侧表面出射的光沿p-型上表面的方向反射返回，并入由发光二极管所发射的光。但是，此反射也会使光源呈现高度定向，从而当直接从发光二极管发光表面上方观看时，光为最亮。另外，当从不同角度观看时，传统发光二极管发出的光会呈现不同的颜色。这是由于不同颜色的光线未完全混合以及它们具有不规则分布。此类型光不适合用于室内照明或者其它需要散射光源或均匀颜色照明的场合。
为了克服此限制，开发了各种LED灯具，这些灯具使用多个定向发光二极管，通过布置，提供一径向型光源。[参见颁予Abolfazl等人的美国专利U.S.5,688,042，颁予Byrne的美国专利U.S.5,561,346，颁予Kanbar的美国专利U.S.5,850,126以及颁予Uchida的美国专利U.S.4,727,289]。但是，因为这些灯具依赖于多个发光二极管，所以其成本和复杂性都要增加。同时，它们只能提供一种光散射的模式。颁予Yamura的美国专利U.S.5,931,570披露了一种发光二极管灯具，在该灯具中，发光二极管被嵌入一环氧树脂灯泡形本体的一端，发光二极管的电线自灯泡的所述端部伸出。所述本体具有一凸顶，凸顶经磨砂用于散射发光二极管发出的光。该发光二极管灯具的一个缺点是如果不与具有不同颜色的其它发光二极管合成，则不能产生白光。此外，如果对这种发光二极管施加电流以便作室内照明，那么发光二极管会烫得有危险，并可能被损坏。同时，灯具最好也只能以一半球形的模式散射光。如果从所述灯具后方观看，只能看到极少的光。
固态半导体激光器以与发光二极管相同的方式将电能转变为光。其结构类似于发光二极管，但在两个相对的表面上装有镜面，其中一个镜面为部分透射型。在此情况下或在边缘发射的激光器中，镜面位于侧表面；这些镜面提供光学回馈，从而产生受激发射。受激发射提供一高度准直的/相干的光源。垂直空腔激光器的工作方式与边缘发射的激光器一样，但其镜面位于上部和下部。从其上表面可提供一相似的准直输出。
固态激光器能够比发光二极管更有效地将电流转变为光，但其相干光的输出对灯具无用，原因是其只能照明一小块面积。同时，它们不能有效地产生绿光或蓝光，并且相当小的光束面积使得它们无法与多种不同颜色激光器的输出合成。
发明内容
本发明提供了一新型的固态灯具，该灯具可以按多种模式散射光，但特别适用于供室内照明用的白光径向散射。所述新型灯具包括一分隔器/光传送媒质(″分隔器″)，其中光源位于一端，光散射/频率转换组件(″散射器″)位于另一端。所述新型灯具还具有一外罩，用以保护所述三个主要组件，及/或提供额外的散射或转换能力。
所述光源包括至少一个固态发光装置，诸如固态发光二极管或固态半导体激光器，一部分光或所有光被引至所述分隔器。当使用不止一个发光二极管或激光器时，所述装置可以发射具有相似或不同波长的光。例如，可以一起使用蓝光和黄光发光二极管，来产生白光。所述光源可包括辅助组件，以协助热学控制和电子电源控制，还可以包括光反射或光聚焦组件。光源可包含在一外罩中，诸如钨丝灯泡的传统螺丝灯座，以便向外界环境提供热量和/或电力传送。
所述分隔器使所述光源与散射器在空间上隔开，还将光从光源引导到散射器。如需要，所述分隔器可以对来自光源的光积极整形、准直、散射，和/或积极地将光引导到散射器。所述分隔器可包括对部分光或全部光之波长进行转换的材料，或者将光散射或聚焦为特定模式。它还可以包含固体、液体或气体，以便进一步与光相互作用。
所述分隔器使所述散射器与光源隔开，散射器主要用于便光源发出的光散射。散射器还可以包含一种或多种转换材料，用于吸收部分或全部入射光并重新发射不同波长的光，从而修正光源发出的光的波长。在一实施例中，散射器为分隔器的半球形端部，它具有一粗糙表面，用于光散射。散射器还可以拆卸，以便允许使用不同的散射器，并且散射器可以包括各种使光成形的光学组件，诸如透镜、反射器、颗粒、全息组件或微球。可使用一屏蔽或反射器，以提供一更加定向或受控制的光分布，或者诸如公司标识或标志等图案化的照明。
所述光源与散射器间的分隔使所述新型灯具具有许多优点，并使得将光源发出的光转换成室内照明用的光更具有灵活性。散射器可以具有不同的形状，以便提供不同的光散射模式，诸如均匀径向分布。当以高电流电平工作时，光源产生的大部分热量会在抵达所述散射器之前散逸。这可以防止散射器过热，以及损坏其所包括的转换材料。所述分隔允许在光源附近放置诸如散热器或散热风扇等热组件以及电子组件，或者将这些组件直接与光源固定，同时不会干扰光的分布。因此，所述分隔可使在高电流电平下工作的固态光源安全而有效地提供室内照明用的光。
与白炽灯相比，所述新型灯具更坚固、耐用，并且当发生故障或损坏时，可更换灯具的一部分，不需要更换整个灯具。例如，包含诸如荧光染料、磷光粉或聚合物等下变频材料的散射器的寿命通常短于光源，而更换所述散射器可以有效节省成本。
本领域的技术人员通过以下详细描述并结合附图，可以明白本发明的这些和其它特性与优点。其中，附图有：
附图说明
图1所示为根据本发明的一具有灯罩的新型固态灯具的透视图；
图2所示为沿图1中线段2-2截取的新型固态灯具截面图；
图3a至图3g所示为可用于本新型固态灯具的不同光源的截面图；
图4所示为本新型固态灯具另一实施例的截面图，其中多个杆使光源和散射器隔开；
图5a至图5e所示为可用于本新型固态灯具的散射器的不同实施例截面图；及
图6a及图6b所示为具有二个不同灯罩的本新型灯具的截面图。
具体实施方式
图1所示为根据本发明构造的固态灯具的一个实施例。灯具10包括光源12、分隔器14、散射器16，还可以具有一灯罩18。光源12安装在分隔器14的一端，致使至少一部分光沿着分隔器14被引导至散射器16。新型灯具10特别适于与诸如发光二极管或固态半导体激光器等固态光源一起使用，但也可以使用诸如有机发光组件、荧光聚合物、荧光染料和磷光粉等其它光源。分隔器14为狭长形，主要用于将光源12与散射器16隔开。分隔器可以是光管、光纤、透镜(单一组件，多组件，或渐变折射率)，或者是自由空间，作为光传送媒质将光引导至散射器16。散射器16可以按一预定模式(诸如，径向均匀)对光进行成形或分布，它还可以包括诸如磷光粉、荧光聚合物和/或染料等组件，用于改变至少一部分入射光的波长。分隔器还可以包括光散射或波长转换组件。例如，分隔器可以是涂有磷光粉、荧光聚合物或染料的光管，使得在光抵达散射器之前对至少一部分光进行转换。灯罩18可以具有一反射型内表面，用于反射来自散射器的光，以提供一定向光输出。或者，灯罩可以是透明或半透明的，并且灯罩完全围住各灯具组件，以提供保护。灯罩的内表面还可以包含诸如磷光粉或荧光聚合物等散射或下变频材料的涂层，用于下变频或散射来自散射器的光。
图2所示为新型灯具10(无灯罩)的一实施例的截面图，该灯具将发光二极管22用作光源。发光二极管安装在分隔器23的一端，致使至少一部分光被引导至位于另一端的散射器26。二根电线24a和24b与发光二极管连接，用于供电，电流激励发光二极管的活动层并产生光。分隔器23包括一光管或一光波导，用于将光从发光二极管引导到散射器26。抵达散射器26的光可直接或者通过反射离开分隔器表面而传播通过分隔器。散射器26最好呈球形或半球形，可以与分隔器形成一整体，也可以作为一分立组件固定在分隔器的一端。散射器表面经粗糙或磨砂，使光散射成为一特定模式，例如呈径向分布，以供室内照明。还可以包括一种或多种波长转换媒质，以便转换至少一部分光的波长，从而改变光的颜色。
图3a至图3f所示为根据本发明构造的各种光源实施例，当然其它光源也可使用。在图3a中，光源为生长在一透明基板32上的发光二极管31，比如生长在蓝宝石或碳化硅基板上的基于氮的p-n结发光二极管(或半导体激光器)。发光二极管的p-型(或n-型导电)层33与基板32隔离，其n-型(或p-型导电)层34与基板34邻接，而活动层35夹在p-型层与n-型层之间。基板32通常被视为发光二极管的“底部”，它直接与分隔器23的一端结合。活动层35发射的一部分光直接通过基板32至分隔器23。因基板是透明的，所以不会吸收任何通过的光。该实施例通过将基板直接安装在分隔器上，简化了制造，并且当p-型层和n-型层的电接触点暴露时允许直接接入电接触点。可以包括一金属杯37，使其与p-型层33的表面邻接，以便将p-型层33的表面和侧表面出射的光反射回分隔器23。另一种方法是，在p-型层表面直接形成一金属层或反射层，使光反射回分隔器23。
根据所用分隔器的类型，可用很多不同的方法使发光二极管31与分隔器粘结。如果分隔器为固体光管或光纤，那么可以用一种环氧树脂来粘结发光二极管31，其中环氧树脂的特性，诸如折射率、热传导性、电阻率等，与其它组件兼容。环氧树脂可以限制在发光二极管31与分隔器23之间的区域，或者将发光二极管31包裹在环氧树脂中，并固定于分隔器23的端部。就机械连接而言，可包括一流体或固态组件，以便将发光二极管发射的光更好地耦合到分隔器内，或者提供一热传导化合物，将热量传送出发光二极管31。所用的安装方法必须允许与光二极管电力接触。将所述装置与一散热器倒装焊接可以获得发光二极管的电接触和散热。为便于制造，可以在制作了发光二极管的电接触和热接触之后，再连接分隔器。
在图3b中，发光二极管31(或半导体激光器)被封装在分隔器23的一端部内，并且使金属杯37与分隔器23的端部邻接，使得从分隔器23之端部出射的光返回。基板32被图示为底层，但灯具也能如在上述图3a中所描述的那样与基板安装在上方的装置一同工作。当基板安装在上方时，金属杯37将LED其它层出射的光反射回分隔器23。当基板安装在发光二极管31的下方时，通过发光二极管侧表面的基板溢出的任何光将由金属杯37反射回分隔器23。另一种方法是，根据p-型层或基板表面中哪一个位于LED31下方，将一反射涂层表面直接设置在该表面上。
图3c图示了LED31，透镜38位于发光二极管与分隔器23之间，用于将发光二极管发射的光聚焦或引导到分隔器，为简便起见，省略了发光二极管和透镜的安装机构。通过聚焦，可以将更多的光引导到分隔器，而少量的光会在发光二极管与分隔器23之间损失。还可以在发光二极管与分隔器之间设置折射率匹配层，以提高进入分隔器23的光耦合。还可以在发光二极管与分隔器之间包括波长修正材料或滤波材料，用于使发光二极管发射的光在其进入分隔器23之前被转换成一不同波长的光。
可以将具有相似或不同波长的多个发光装置用作所述光源。在图3d中，光源包括两个发光二极管31a及31b，它们安装在分隔器23的端部，并且至少一部分LED光被引导至分隔器23。在通过分隔器传播期间，来自两个LED的光混合，然后从散射器出射。可以使蓝光及黄光发光二极管，两者合成，并在其从散射器出射时产生一白光。如果使用红、绿及蓝三种不同的发光二极管，则也能合成产生白光。
图3e及图3f所示的发光二极管31和分隔器23具有用于热量控制的散热器。如上所述，发射输出光通量供室内照明的发光二极管或固态激光器必须承载高电流，而高电流会产生更多的热量。图3e及图3f所示的散热器包括″热鳍片″39，热鳍片由诸如金属等导热材料制造，当然也可以使用其它导热材料。热鳍片从发光二极管31和分隔器23吸取热量，并增加了一表面面积，提高了辐射或对流冷却。这允许更安全地进行高电流操作，也增加了发光二极管及灯具的使用寿命。图3e所示的散热器仅围住发光二极管；而图3f中散热器的热鳍片39围住了新型灯具的其它零件，诸如分隔器23的一部分。这有助于消散从发光二极管31传播到分隔器23的热量，特别是对于发光二极管31被安装在分隔器上或靠近分隔器的那些应用中。散热器还可包括一金属层或其它导热层40，该层可以是单独的，或者与热鳍片39连接，以便热量从发光二极管31传出。例如，可以将一厚的铜块或铝块放置在光源下面，以便传递热量，使其脱离光源和分隔器。将光管安装在光源上也可以吸收热量，使其脱离光源。还可以使用任何其它的用于增加散热器之辐射表面面积的装置。
在最佳实施例中，将散射或波长转换材料配置在散射器中，并与发光二极管相隔一距离。此不仅能保护波长转换材料不受发光二极管所发热量的影响，而且也允许在光源附近配置其它组件。例如，可以在光源内包括电路或电气组件，用于进行电力控制(例如，AC至DC之转换，脉冲状态工作，或者功率转换)。还可以将光源封装在一灯座或灯罩内，以便将新型灯具与电源连接的，和/或将光源装配到如前所述的热量控制组件内。
还可以将两个或多个单独的灯具与单个多组件灯具或灯泡并联，以增加出射光之模式和颜色的灵活性。图3g示出了一多组件灯具41，它包括彼此并行的黄光发射灯具43和蓝光发射灯具42。黄光是在散射器45中使用磷光粉、聚合物或染料，将紫外线灯44发出的几乎所有的光转换成为黄光而产生的(下述将详细说明)。灯具42和43发出的黄光和蓝光将混合，产生灯具41的白光。本实施例为蓝光与黄光的比例提供了灵活性，进而提供了一较宽范围的白光照明。该实施例还可以具有三个单独的灯具，每一灯具皆具有一紫外光源，当光分别通过各自的散射器后，紫外光被转换成红光、绿光或蓝光。同时，如果将红光和绿光的单独灯具组合在多组件灯具或灯泡中，那么通过调节每个单独灯具的输入功率可以操作光的颜色和色彩。例如，通过增加提供给红灯的功率，提高其发光强度，可以发射“更暖”的白光。进一步推广，通过控制构成一个灯或灯泡的个体灯具的输入功率，可以获得由该灯或灯泡发出的全范围的颜色。该方法还可以按相同的方式用于一个或多个光源(以不同波长产生光)，光源的光被引导通过一分隔器，达到一散射器。通过操纵输入不同光源的功率可以改变光的颜色。
分隔器23主要用于使光源与散射器26隔开。它可以是具有各种几何形状的、光可以从中通过的、狭长的中空或透明组件或管子。分隔器可以是无源的，并且不影响光从光源传播到散射器。无源分隔器包括但不仅限于中空管，或者仅提供物理分隔的偏置杆。
另一种方法是，分隔器是一光管或光纤，它可以主动地对光源与散射器之间的部分光或所有光实行成形、准直、波长转换、色散、散射、重新定向和/或引导。在使用发光二极管光源的一个有源分隔器实施例中，分隔器转换至少部分光的波长，转换量随分隔器的长度增加。它还可以包括诸如镜面、小镜面或分段镜面等光学组件，它们具有不同的折射率，用于对光实行聚焦、成形、散射或重新定向。
分隔器的长度范围为数微米至一米以上，但用于室内照明的较佳长度为5至10厘米。分隔器的宽度范围为1微米至1厘米以上。
图4所示为新型灯具46的另一实施例，该新型灯具可用于许多光源，但特别适用于诸如固态半导体激光器47等相干/准直光源。因为激光器的光是相干的，所以可以在光源端用一简单的光学组件使光准直，而分隔器仅需在光源与散射器之间具有一空间上的分隔。所述分隔通过一条或多条平行的偏置杆48a及48b来获得，激光器47安装在偏置杆的一端，而散射器49安装在其另一端。对杆48a及48b进行偏置，所以当光从光源传向散射器时它们不会干扰光。激光器47可以直接安装在杆上，或者可以将激光器47固定在一透明的固定器50上，然后将透明固定器安装在杆上。还可以使用一中空管，将激光器安装在其一端，将散射器安装在其另一端。为同时提供透镜和高数值分隔器，可以将具有渐变折射率的杆或光管用作分隔器。
在操作中，相干光在大气中从激光器47传播到散射器49，所述光按所需的颜色和模式分布。对于某些激光器，光可能过于准直而不能有效地散射，这里分隔器可以包括光学组件或光栅，使在光抵达散射器之前被扩展。这种扩束系统的一个例子是双透镜光束扩展器。
新型灯具46的一个优点是它能够改变光源发射的光的颜色，并且能够混合由一个或更多个激光器或者由发射不同颜色光的其它源所发射的光。例如，可以将红光、绿光及蓝光激光器安装在偏置杆(或其它分隔器)的一端，将激光器的准直光束引向散射器，所述光进行混合，并作为白光从散射器出射。另一种方式是，使用一紫外光激光器，并且为散射器提供红色、蓝色和绿色(或黄色)的磷光粉、聚合物或染料，以便将部分紫外光转换为蓝光和红光，而将部分紫外光转换为绿光(或黄光)。另一种方法是，使用蓝光激光器，将黄色的磷光粉、聚合物或染料散布在散射器上或之内，并且包括一些干净区域供蓝光通行于磷光粉之间，由此可获得蓝光和黄光的最佳部分，并将其合成为一白光输出。通过使用不同的分隔器，可以按相同的方式用发光二极管产生白光。
新型灯具46还特别适用于交通信号。新型交通信号可包括三个紫外线激光器，每个激光器具有各自的分隔器和散射器。每个散射器包括不同的下变频材料，用于将紫外光下变频为不同的波长，一个激光器用于将其下变频为绿光，一个用于下变频为黄光，一个用于下变频为红光。散射器还用于散射来自各激光器的准直光，致使光以类似于标准交通信号的方式散射。另一种方式是，散射器聚光并引导光，使其主要对于适当的车道来说是可见的。用于新型交通信号的光源必须更坚固、可靠且持久，与钨丝灯具或复杂的发光二极管阵列不同，该光源包括三个紫外线激光器。
图5a至图5e示出了散射器的各种实施例，当然其它设计也可使用。图5a示出一散射器51，它与分隔器52的一端构成一体。在此实施例中，分隔器包括一固态光纤或光管，而散射器51形成为分隔器52的研磨端或抛光端。散射器51也可经粗糙或磨砂，使通过的光散射。为更具灵活性，散射器可将光聚焦为光束或者其它所需的模式。散射器可以是一个经磨砂或粗糙的半球体，以便类似于标准钨丝灯泡，提供一径向的、接近球体的光分布。另一种方式为，散射器51为固定在分隔器52一端的独立光学组件。所述独立光学组件可拆卸，可将不同的散射器用于同一个灯具，并且当散射器在灯具的其它部件之前发生故障时允许更换散射器。
散射器可以包括诸如荧光磷光粉、矿物、聚合物、染料、晶体或薄膜等材料，这些材料将入射光部分或全部转换为不同的波长。散射器还可以包括由透明或半透明材料制成的中空罩，所述材料有石英、玻璃等，它们含有固态或液态形式的下变频材料。另一种方式为，散射器包括一固体本体，本体中含有下变频材料溶液或悬浮液。例如，散射器为一模制的环氧树脂，在固化之前将磷光粉粒子均匀地散布在其中，或者使荧光染料溶解于其中。另一种方式为，散射器包括一固体本体，本体的外表面或内表面涂覆了一种下变频材料。
在图5b中，光源产生波长为420至500纳米(nm)的蓝光，分隔器52为光纤或光管，用于将大部分蓝光传输至散射器53。散射器53包括一种或多种诸如黄色磷光粉的波长转换材料，该材料允许部分蓝色入射光通过，同时吸收剩余的蓝色入射光，下变频其波长，然后使其作为中心波长为560至580纳米的黄光出射。当蓝光和黄光从散射器出射时两者合成，产生白光。根据散射器53的细节结构(形状、光学组件等)，白光将以球状、接近球状、半球状或其它特定的分布模式出射。同样地，在一个紫外线发光二极管或激光器与出射红光、绿光和蓝光的磷光粉、聚合物或染料结合使用的情况下，还可以将散射器53设计成将光源发射的大部分或全部入射光转换为多种颜色并以及均匀出射。
图5c中的散射器54包括一较低部分55，用于将部分光散射成所需的形状或模式。另一种方式为，散射器54包括诸如透镜、小镜面、菲涅耳透镜、全息组件、反射器、部分反射器、屏蔽和颗粒等其它光学组件，它们将光成形为特定的模式。屏蔽或反射器还可以为诸如公司图案或标志等预定照明模式提供更加定向或受控的光分布。在某些情况中，特意需要一种不均匀的光分布，因此从不同角度观看时，灯具表现为发射不同的颜色。这可以用于一种新式灯，或者用于将一特定模式的照明和颜色投影到一表面上或周围环境中。
图5d示出一锥形散射器56，用于将光散射成球形或接近球形的预定模式。与半球形散射器相比，锥形形状可以将较多的散射或下变频材料堆置在光通路中。
图5e所示的散射器57相似于图5b的散射器，有一反射器58围绕散射器57，反射器58反射并重新引导从散射器58出射的部分光。本实施例可用于需要定向光的应用，诸如指示灯和闪光灯。反射器向外反射从散射器58横向或后向射向光源的光。此可以获得一定向光束，同时仍保持波长转换材料与光源分离，并防止对转换材料的热损坏。
可以用一个灯罩全部或部分地罩住新型灯具。灯罩可以是透明或半透明的，并且还可以包括附加额外组件，用于修正其发射光的强度、分布或波长。还可以包括与灯具电接触和或热接触的组件(例如，传统式灯座)，以增强灯具组件的散热能力。
图6a和图6b示出了灯罩的两个实施例。图6a中的灯罩60类似于图5e描述的情况，是一个内反射表面61。散射器62出射的光，撞击反射表面，然后作为一定向光束射出。灯罩60还各种灯具组件提供了保护。图6b所示的灯罩63围绕新型灯具的组件，以作保护，灯罩为透明或半透明，允许光通过。灯罩可以用诸如玻璃或塑料等许多不同的材料制成，并且可以包括用于修正或下变频光的材料。例如，灯具可以发射蓝光，而灯罩62包含黄色磷光粉，黄色磷光粉将一部分蓝光转换为黄光，并允许部分蓝光从中通过，然后两种颜色的光合成为白光。可以对灯罩填充一种液体、气体或固体，用于在光从散射器出射之后改变出射光的波长或特性。
虽然参照某些最佳构型详细说明了本发明，但其它变型也是可行的。因此，所附权利要求书的精神和范围并不局限于说明书所包含的最佳构型。

Claims (10)

1.一种灯具，其特征在于，包括：
光源(12)；
散射器(16)，用于散射、聚焦或引导从所述散射器通过的光；和
狭长的分隔器(14)，所述分隔器具有两端，光源(12)位于所述两端中的一端，散射器(16)位于所述两端中的另一端，至少一部分由所述光源(12)发出的光沿着所述分隔器(14)传播并通过所述散射器(16)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的灯具，其特征在于，所述散射器(16)包含一种材料，所述材料能够改变至少一部分从中通过的光的波长。
3.根据权利要求1所述的灯具，其特征在于，所述光源(12)是至少一个发光二极管，或者是至少一个激光器(31)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的灯具，其特征在于，还包括一个至少部分透明的灯罩(63)，该灯罩包围所述光源(12)、所述分隔器(14)和所述散射器(16)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的灯具，其特征在于，所述灯罩(63)改变从所述光源(12)发出的至少一部分光的波长。
6.根据权利要求1所述的灯具，其特征在于，还包括一反射型灯罩(61)，所述散射器(62)位于所述灯罩(61)内，致使来自所述散射器(62)的至少一部分光经反射，作为一定向光束离开所述灯罩(61)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的灯具，其特征在于，所述光源(31a，31b)包括至少两个发光二极管，来自所述发光二极管(31a，31b)的光在所述分隔器(23)和所述散射器(16)中混合，致使所述灯具发出由发光二极管的光形成的合成光。
8.根据权利要求1所述的灯具，其特征在于，所述分隔器(14)使所述光源与散射器(16)分隔开一足够距离，以防止大量的热量从所述光源(12)传送到所述散射器(16)。
9.一种多组件的灯具，其特征在于，包括：
至少两个单独的灯具(42，43)，它们发出的光经经混合，产生所述多组件灯具的光，每个所述单独灯具包括：
光源(12)；
散射器(16)，用于散射、聚焦或引导从所述散射器通过的光；和
狭长的分隔器(14)，所述分隔器具有两端，光源(12)位于所述两端中的一端，散射器(16)位于所述两端中的另一端，所述分隔器将所述光源与所述散射器隔开，至少一部分由所述光源(12)发出的光沿着所述分隔器(14)传播并通过所述散射器(16)。
10.一种产生散射光的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
在第一位置(12)产生光；
将至少一部分光(14)传送到另一位置(16)，所述另一位置与所述第一位置没有大量的热量传递；及
在所述另一位置(16)处，散射或转换一部分光的波长，并输出经散射或经转换的光。
CNB008185654A 1999-12-03 2000-11-08 使用固态光源的高输出径向散射灯具 Expired - Lifetime CN1204356C (zh)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN102844895A (zh) * 2010-04-16 2012-12-26 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 照明设备
CN102844895B (zh) * 2010-04-16 2016-03-02 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 照明设备
CN103620298A (zh) * 2011-07-01 2014-03-05 皇家飞利浦有限公司 光导

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ATE423293T1 (de) 2009-03-15
EP1234139B1 (en) 2009-02-18
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JP2003515899A (ja) 2003-05-07
CA2395402A1 (en) 2001-06-07
JP5478575B2 (ja) 2014-04-23
AU1586901A (en) 2001-06-12
CA2395402C (en) 2011-04-05
MY124220A (en) 2006-06-30
HK1048655B (zh) 2009-10-23
DE60041591D1 (de) 2009-04-02
KR20020071875A (ko) 2002-09-13
JP2011249348A (ja) 2011-12-08
US6350041B1 (en) 2002-02-26
WO2001040702A1 (en) 2001-06-07
EP1234139A1 (en) 2002-08-28
EP2166580A1 (en) 2010-03-24
KR100757762B1 (ko) 2007-09-12
CN1425117A (zh) 2003-06-18

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