CN109765690A - 紧凑的头戴显示系统 - Google Patents

紧凑的头戴显示系统 Download PDF

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CN109765690A
CN109765690A CN201910122572.XA CN201910122572A CN109765690A CN 109765690 A CN109765690 A CN 109765690A CN 201910122572 A CN201910122572 A CN 201910122572A CN 109765690 A CN109765690 A CN 109765690A
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Y·阿米泰
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Lumus Ltd
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    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
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    • G02B27/0176—Head mounted characterised by mechanical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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    • G02B27/283—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising used for beam splitting or combining
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    • G02B27/4272—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having plural diffractive elements positioned sequentially along the optical path
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    • G02—OPTICS
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    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0132—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising binocular systems
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    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
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    • G02B27/0081—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. enlarging, the entrance or exit pupil

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Abstract

本公开涉及紧凑的头戴显示系统。本公开提供了一种光学系统，包括：具有至少两个主表面(26)和边缘的光传输基底(20)；具有至少第一(58)、第二(56)和第三(60)表面的光学棱镜(54)，用于将具有给定视场的光波通过全内反射耦合入基底中；至少一个位于基底中的部分反射表面，该部分反射表面被相对于基底的主表面不平行地取向，用于将光波从该基底耦合出来；基底的边缘(50)中的至少一个以相对于主表面的倾斜角倾斜；棱镜的第二表面定位为相邻于基底的倾斜边缘；和基底的紧挨着倾斜边缘定位的部分基本上是透明的，其中光波穿过棱镜的第一表面进入棱镜，在不经过任何反射的情况下横穿棱镜，并且穿过倾斜边缘进入基底。

Description

紧凑的头戴显示系统
本申请是中国专利申请号为201580028030.6、申请日为2015年04月21日的PCT申请PCT/IL2015/050422的、名称为“紧凑的头戴显示系统”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及基底导光光学装置，尤其涉及包括由常见的光传输基底所承载的多个反射表面的装置(也被称作光导元件)、头戴显示系统。
本发明可被实施以有利于大量的成像应用，诸如便携式DVD、移动电话、移动电视接收器、视频游戏、便携式媒体播放器或任何其他移动显示装置。
背景技术
紧凑的光学元件的一个应用涉及头戴显示器(HMD)，其中光学模块用作成像透镜和组合器，其中二维图像源被成像至无穷远，并且被反射进观看者的眼睛中。显示源可以是直接地或者是通过中继透镜、光纤束或类似设备的方式不直接地来源于空间光调制器(SLM)，诸如阴极射线管(CRT)、液晶显示器(LCD)、有机发光二极管阵列(OLED)、扫描光源或类似的装置，。显示源包括通过准直透镜成像至无穷远，并且通过反射或部分反射的表面(用作用于非透视和透视应用的组合器)传输到观看者的眼睛里的元件(像素)阵列。通常，常见的自由空间光学模块被用于这些目的。随着系统的期望的视场(FOV)增加，然而，这种常见的光学模块变得更大、更重和更笨重，因此，即使对于中等性能的装置也是不现实的。这对于所有类型的显示器都是一个主要的缺点，尤其是在系统需要尽可能地轻和紧凑的头戴式应用中。
为了紧凑化所作的努力导致了一些不同的复杂的光学方案，所有的这些方案，一方面，对于大多数实际应用仍然不够紧凑，而另一方面，遇到了关于可制造性的主要缺点。此外，由这些设计造成的光学观看角的眼睛运动箱(eye-motion-box)(EMB)通常非常小，通常小于8mm。因此，即使是光学系统相对于观看者眼睛很小的运动，光学系统的性能也非常敏感，并且也不允许瞳孔充分的运动以从这种显示器舒适地阅读文本。
以本申请人的名义申请的公开号WO01/95027、WO03/081320、WO2005/024485、WO2005/024491、WO2005/024969、WO2005/124427、WO2006/013565、WO2006/085309、WO2006/085310、WO2006/087709、WO2007/054928、WO2007/093983、WO2008/023367、WO2008/129539、WO2008/149339和WO2013/175465中包括了的教导在此处通过引用的方式被结合。
发明内容
本发明促进了非常紧凑的光导光学元件(LOE)用于HMD和其他应用。本发明允许相对较宽的FOV和相对较大的EMB值。得到的光学系统提供了大的、高质量的图像，这样也容许了眼睛的较大的运动。本发明所公开的光学系统是特别有利的，因为它基本上比现有技术的实施方式更紧凑，因而它可被容易地结合在甚至是具有特殊构造的光学系统中。
因此本发明的广泛的目标是减少现有技术的紧凑的光学显示装置的缺点，并根据特定需求提供其他具有提高了的性能的其他光学组件和系统。
根据本发明，提供了一种光学系统，包括：具有至少两个主表面和边缘的光传输基底；光学棱镜，具有至少第一、第二和第三表面，用于将具有给定视场的光波通过全内反射耦合入基底中；位于基底中的至少一个部分反射表面，该部分反射表面被相对于基底的主表面不平行地取向，用于将光波从该基底耦合出来；基底的边缘中的至少一个以相对于主表面的倾斜角倾斜；棱镜的第二表面定位为相邻于基底的倾斜边缘；和基底的紧挨着倾斜边缘定位的部分基本上是透明的，其特征在于光波穿过棱镜的第一表面进入棱镜，在不经过任何反射的情况下横穿棱镜并且穿过倾斜边缘进入基底。
附图说明
将参照下面示出的附图，结合特定的优选实施例来说明本发明，便于更完整地了解本发明。
对专门详细参照的附图，应当强调，具体画出的附图是以举例方式并且只为说明本发明优选实施例的示意性讨论为目的，并且提供被认为是最有用的内容和容易了解本发明原理及概念的说明。就此而言，除对本发明的基本理解必需之外，不试图更详尽表明本发明的结构细节。结合附图所作的说明，作用是引导本领域技术人员来了解本发明的若干种形式可以如何实际实施。
在附图中：
图1示出了根据本发明的被耦合进入LOE中的光线的跨度(span)；
图2示出了照明LOE的入射孔径的光线的跨度；
图3示出了包括光学地附连在LOE的主表面之一上的棱镜的示例性的耦合进入机构的现有技术的侧视图；
图4是示出了包括光学地附连在LOE的主表面之一上的棱镜的示例性的耦合进入机构的现有技术的侧视图的另一个示意图；
图5示出了照明LOE的入射孔径的光线的跨度，其中LOE的边缘之一以倾斜角相对于主表面倾斜；
图6是示出了另一个系统的示意图，该系统具有照明LOE的入射孔径的光线的跨度，其中，LOE的边缘之一相对于主表面以倾斜角倾斜；
图7是示出了根据本发明的光学系统的实施例的示意图，该光学系统将从显示光源发出的输入光波耦合进入至基底中，具有附在LOE的倾斜边缘上的中间棱镜；
图8示出了根据本发明的光学系统的另一个实施例的光学系统，该光学系统将从显示光源发出的入射光波耦合进入至基底中，具有附在LOE的倾斜边缘上的中间棱镜；
图9是示出了根据本发明的用于通过利用偏振分束器准直来自于显示光源的输入光波的装置的示意图；
图10是示出了根据本发明的用于准直来自硅基液晶(LCOS)光源的输入光波的装置的示意图；以及
图11A和图11B是示出了根据本发明的眼镜的顶视图的两个实施例。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及基底导光光学装置，特别是紧凑的HMD光学系统。通常，具有有限的FOV的准直图像被耦合入基底中。如图1所示，LOE或在下文中的基底20中的图像包含具有中间波14以及边缘波16和18的平面波的跨度。图像的中间波14和主表面26、32的平面的法线之间的夹角为αin。基底20内的FOV被定义为2·△α。因此，图像的边缘波16和18与主表面的平面的法线之间的夹角分别为αin+△α和αin-△α。在数次从基底20的表面26、32反射后，捕获的波到达选择性反射表面22的阵列处，其将光波从基底耦合出来进入观看者的眼睛24中。为了简单起见，仅仅将中间波14的光线标绘成从基底耦合出来。
本发明的目的在于找到不同于现有技术的耦合进入机构且具有更紧凑的尺寸的光波耦合进入机构。在图2中，示出了必须以最小需要入射孔径21被耦合进入基底20中的光线的跨度。为了避免图像上有间隙或条纹，在入射孔径21的边缘和基底20的下表面26之间的边界线25上的点应该对于每个输入光波被从两个不同位置进入基底的两个不同的光线照亮：直接照亮边界线25的一个光线30，以及首先被基底的上表面32反射之后再照亮边界线25的另一个光线31。入射孔径21的尺寸通常由两个边缘光线确定：FOV的最大角的最右边的光线34，和FOV的最小角的最左边的光线36。
用于将边缘光线耦合入基底20中的一个可能的实施例如图3所示。此处，输入光波源38以及准直模块40(例如，准直透镜)以相较于基底20的主表面26、32的所需离轴角度定向。中继棱镜44位于准直模块40和基底20之间，且被光学粘接至基底20的下表面26，使得来自显示源38的光线以大于临界角的角度照射到主表面26上，以便在基底内部发生全内反射。因此，图像的所有的光学光波都通过从主表面26和32的全内反射而在基底内部被捕获。尽管此处所示的光学系统是简单的，这仍然不是最紧凑的耦合进入机构。对于光学系统来说，应该与眼镜以及手持或其他显示装置的外部形状一致是很重要的一点。
为了最小化准直模块40的尺寸，耦合进入棱镜44的输入表面46孔径DT应该尽可能地小。因此，耦合进入棱镜的尺寸也应当相应地最小化，而整个FOV的耦合光线将穿过耦合进入棱镜44。
如图4所示，为了使FOV的最大角的最右边的光线34穿过该棱镜44，棱镜44的输出表面21的孔径DL必须满足关系式：
DL≥2d·tan(αin+△α) (1)
其中，d是基底20的厚度。
此外，为了使FOV的最小角的最左边的光线36穿过棱镜44，棱镜44的左表面48和基底20的主表面26的法线之间的夹角αsur1必须满足关系式：
αsur1≤αin-△α (2)
为了最小化穿过棱镜44的光波的色差，将耦合进入棱镜44的输入表面46取向为基本正交于图像的中间波14是有利的。因此，棱镜44的进入表面46和基底20的主表面26的法线之间的夹角αsur2是：
αsur2＝90°-αin (3)
为了最小化棱镜44的尺寸，将式2的不等式取极限值得到棱镜的如下内角：表面46和21之间的夹角为αin；表面48和21之间的夹角为90°-αin+△α。相应地，表面46和48之间的夹角为90°-△α。利用这些数值得到：
将式1的不等式取极限值并插入式4中可得：
尽管图3和图4所示的光学系统看似简单，其仍然不是最紧凑的耦合进入机构，由于对于这种光学系统来说，与显示器(例如眼镜或手持显示器)的外部形状一致是很重要的。
图5示出了穿过基底的一个边缘将光波耦合入基底的一个可选的实施例。此处，光波传输基底20具有两个主要的平行表面26和32以及边缘，其中至少一个边缘50以相对于主表面的倾斜角取向，并且其中αsur3是边缘50和基底的主表面的法线之间的夹角。通常，入射的准直光波是从空气直接耦合的，或者可替代地，准直模块40(图3)可被附接在基底20上。因此，将正交于倾斜表面50的中间波14耦合以最小化色差是有利的。不幸地，通过直接穿过表面50耦合光不能满足这个条件。通常，即使是对于具有适度的FOV的耦合图像，图像的中间波14和主表面的平面的法线之间的夹角αin(图3)必须满足条件αin≥50°。因此，如果中间波14确实正交于倾斜表面50，则必须满足关系式αsur3≤40°。从而，结果是将在系统中满足关系式αsur3<αin，并且，对于相对较宽的FOV，甚至满足关系式αsur3<<αin+△α。
图6示出了复杂情形，其中捕获的光线和主表面26、32之间的最大夹角大于输入表面50和主表面之间的夹角。如图所示，在输入孔径50的边缘和基底20的下表面26之间边界线25上的点仅通过直接照亮边界线25的光波的最左边的光线35照亮。入射到输入表面50的边缘51上的另一边缘光线34在位于离边界线25距离△x的不同的线52处照亮下表面之前，首先被上表面32反射。如图所示，间隙△x完全没有被边缘光波34的捕获光线照亮。因此，将会出现黑条纹，并且耦合出来的光波和图像质量将明显变差。
这种情况通过图7所示的实施例解决。中间棱镜54被插入准直模块40(图3)和基底的倾斜边缘50之间。棱镜的表面56之一定位为相邻于基底20的倾斜边缘50。在大多数情况下，中间棱镜的折射率应当类似于基底20的折射率。然而，还有这样的情况，其中可为棱镜选择不同的折射率，以补偿系统中的色差。入射光波直接从空气耦合，或可选地，准直模块40可被附接至中间棱镜54。在许多情况下，准直模块40的折射率与基底20的折射率基本上不同，并且因此，与棱镜54的折射率不同。从而，为了最小化色差，棱镜54的输入表面58应当以与入射光线的中间光波基本上正交地取向。此外，FOV的最小角的最左侧的光线应当穿过棱镜54。因此，图7的结构也应当满足式(2)和(3)的条件。为了消除参考图6所描述的不希望有的暗条纹的现象，关系式：
αsur3≥αin+△α (6)
必须被满足，也就是说，基底的倾斜边缘和基底的主表面的法线之间的夹角大于FOV的最大角。因此，棱镜54的输出表面56的孔径DS必须满足关系式：
显然，由于光波穿过棱镜的进入表面58进入棱镜54，在不经受任何反射直接穿过棱镜，并且穿过倾斜边缘50进入基底，所以入射表面58的有效区域DP相对于出射表面56的孔径Ds的扩大是最小的。此外，如上所述，为了使FOV的最小角的最左侧光线36(图4)穿过棱镜54，棱镜54的左表面60和基底的主表面26的法线之间的夹角αsur1也必须满足式(2)的关系，也就是说，棱镜54的表面60和基底的主表面的法线之间的夹角小于FOV的最小角。从而，当式(2)、(6)和(7)的关系被满足时，来自整个FOV的耦合进入光波将完全覆盖基底的主表面而不存在任何条纹或间隙。
如图8所示，通过将式(2)、(6)和(7)的不等式取极限值，棱镜54的内角为：表面56和58之间的夹角为2αin-90°+△α，而表面56和60之间的夹角为180°-2αin。因此，表面58和60之间的夹角为90°-△α。利用这些值可得：
其中DP是中间棱镜54的入射表面58的有效区域。
从而，通过比较式(5)和(8)，图4的现有技术系统的棱镜54和44的输入表面的各自的有效面积DP和DT之间的关系为：
显然，对于窄的FOV，即，△α<<αin，改进是可以忽略的。然而，对于相对宽的FOV，棱镜54的有效区域DP和棱镜44的有效区域DT相比需要被显著减少。例如，对于△α＝12°和αin＝52°，式(9)的缩小比具有DP/DT≈0.7的有效值。
在图3所示的实施例中，准直模块40作为简单的传输透镜被示出，然而，可采用使用反射透镜、偏振分束器和延迟片的更加紧凑的结构。在这种结构中，有以下事实：如图9所示，在大多数微显示器光源(例如LCD或LCOS光源)中，线性偏振的光被光学部件61使用。如图所示，来自显示器光源64的s偏振输入光波62通过光导66的下表面68被耦合入光导66，其通常由光波传输材料组成。在从偏振分束器70反射之后，光波穿过光导66的表面72从基底耦合出去。光波随后穿过四分之一波长延迟片74，被反射光学元件76(例如，平面镜)反射，返回以再次穿过延迟片74，并穿过表面72再次进入光导66。现在的p偏振光波穿过偏振分束器70并且穿过光导66的表面78从光导耦合出去。然后，光波穿过第二四分之一波长延迟片80，被组件82(例如，透镜)在其反射表面84准直，返回以再次穿过延迟片80，并且穿过表面78再次进入光导66。现在的s偏振光波从偏振分束器70反射，并且穿过附接至中间棱镜54的出射表面86离开光导。反射表面76和84可通过金属或电介质的涂层实现。
在图9所示的实施例中，显示源可以是LCD面板，然而，存在光学系统，尤其是其中需要高亮度成像特性的光学系统，优选使用LCOS光源装置作为显示器光源。类似于LCD面板，LCOS光源面板包含由响应于控制电压扭曲和配向的液晶填充的单元的二维阵列。然而，使用LCOS光源，单元被直接移植(graft)于反射硅芯片上。当液晶扭曲时，光的偏振在下面的镜面表面的反射之后而被改变或不改变。这与偏振分束器一起引起了对光波的调制并产生图像。反射技术意味着照明和成像光束共享相同的空间。这两个因素需要向模块增加特殊分光光学元件，以便使得能够同时操作照明和成像功能。增加这样的元件通常会使模块复杂化，并且当使用LCOS光源作为显示光源时，一些使用前部耦合进入元件或折叠棱镜的模块将会变得更大。例如，图9的实施例可被修改以通过在显示源64和分束器66之间插入另一个分束器来适应LCOS光源。然而，这种修改版本对于具有相对宽的FOV的系统可能是有问题的，其中准直模块的焦距短于穿过双分束器结构的光线的光程。
为了解决这个问题，如图10所示，提供了修改的光学器件90，其中仅有一个反射表面84被定位为相邻于光导66的表面78。因此，穿过这个光导66的光程大为缩短。如图所示，从光源94发出的s偏振光波92进入棱镜96，从偏振分束器98反射并照亮LCOS光源100的前表面。来自于“亮”像素的反射光波的偏振被旋转成p偏振，且该光波随后穿过分束器98，并且因此，穿过位于棱镜96和66之间的偏振器102，并且偏振器102阻止从LCOS光源100的“暗”像素反射的s偏振光。光波随后进入棱镜66并穿过第二分束器70，穿过棱镜66的表面78从棱镜耦合出来，穿过四分之一波长延迟片80，被准直透镜82在其反射表面84处准直，返回以再次穿过延迟片80，并穿过表面78再次进入棱镜66。现在的s偏振光波从偏振分束器70反射并穿过附接至中间棱镜54的出射表面86从棱镜66出射。
现在回到图9，其中观看者的眼睛24与光学棱镜66位于倾斜边缘50的同侧，光学棱镜66的尺寸主要在基底20的下侧主表面26上延伸，且仅在上表面32上略微延伸。这种略微的延伸通过适当的设计(例如，通过略微地增加倾斜边缘50的角度αsur3)可以被完全消除。
然而，对于图10所示的实施例，光学元件90主要在基底20的下表面26上以及上表面32上延伸。
如图11A所示，对于其中的准直模块是由图10的具有棱镜66和96的光学组件90组成的光学系统，这种独特的结构可以是优选的。光学组件90被安装于眼镜框104和基底20之间。在这种情况下，观看者的眼睛24位于基底20的倾斜边缘50的相反侧。光波穿过倾斜边缘50朝向主表面32被耦合入基底20中，光波从该表面32朝向部分反射表面22反弹，并且从部分反射表面22穿过主表面32朝向观看者的眼睛24离开基底。虽然存在光学组件90的朝向眼镜的前部的向前延伸部106，棱镜96的向后延伸部108是最小的，并且整个光学组件90可被很容易地集成于眼镜的框104内。
图11B所示为基于图9所示的光学组件的修改例，其中观看者的眼睛24位于基底20的倾斜边缘50同侧。从光学组件90发出的光波穿过倾斜边缘50被耦合入基底20中，朝向主表面26进入基底20，光波从该表面26朝向主表面32反弹，并且从主表面32继续朝向部分反射表面22，并且穿过主表面32朝向观看者的眼睛24离开基底。
对于本技术领域的技术人员而言，显然本发明并不局限于前面所列举的实施例的细节，并且本发明可以以其他具体的形式实施而无需脱离本发明的精神或本质属性。因此，这里的实施例在所有方面被视作是示例性的而非限制性的，本发明的范围由附加的权利要求而非前述说明所指明的，并且因此与属于权利要求的等价物的含义和范围之内的所有变化都被包含在权利要求中。

Claims (7)

1.一种头戴显示HMD系统，用于安装到观看者的头部上并且向观看者的至少一只眼睛提供增强现实显示，该系统包括：
(a)光传输基底，具有多个表面，所述多个表面包括第一主表面和与所述第一主表面平行的第二主表面，所述第一主表面和所述第二主表面通过内反射在所述基底内引导图像光；
(b)耦合出射布置，与所述基底相关联并且被配置为将所述图像光朝向与所述第一主表面呈面向关系的所述观看者的眼睛从所述基底耦合出来；
(c)图像投影仪，包括显示源和准直光学元件，所述图像投影仪限定了图像光输出方向，
其中，所述图像投影仪被光学地集成到所述基底，使得所述图像光沿着所述图像光输出方向射入所述基底，以便在离开所述图像投影仪之后在所述基底的所述第一主表面处经受第一反射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的HMD系统，其中，所述图像投影仪经由结合到耦合进入表面而被光学地集成到所述基底，该耦合进入表面相对于所述第一主表面倾斜地成角度并且基本垂直于所述图像投影仪的所述图像光输出方向。
3.根据权利要求2所述的HMD系统，其中，所述耦合进入表面是与所述基底光学地集成的耦合进入棱镜的表面，所述耦合进入棱镜和所述基底一同形成具有比所述基底的厚度更大的厚度的耦合进入区域。
4.根据权利要求3所述的HMD系统，其中，通过将所述耦合进入棱镜与所述基底在所述基底的倾斜边缘处结合而将所述耦合进入棱镜与所述基底光学地集成，该倾斜边缘背向所述第一主表面。
5.根据权利要求1所述的HMD系统，还包括支持结构，该支持结构用于在所述第一主表面面向观看者的眼睛的状态下支持所述基底。
6.根据权利要求5所述的HMD系统，其中，所述支持结构被形成为眼镜框。
7.根据权利要求1所述的HMD系统，其中，所述耦合出射布置包括布置在所述基底内的多个部分反射表面，所述部分反射表面彼此平行并且相对于所述第一主表面倾斜地成角度。
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