CN106258766B - The facility cultivation method of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry - Google Patents
The facility cultivation method of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry Download PDFInfo
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- CN106258766B CN106258766B CN201610838128.4A CN201610838128A CN106258766B CN 106258766 B CN106258766 B CN 106258766B CN 201610838128 A CN201610838128 A CN 201610838128A CN 106258766 B CN106258766 B CN 106258766B
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of facility cultivation method of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry, is to cultivate to complete in Greenhouse.Select fast large cherry bud differentiation, continuous result and the strong early-maturing variety of disease resistance and the treelet by cultivating 4 years；Through trimming and finishing management in definite value 1~4 year, enter fruiting period within the 5th year, by rich water and flower and fruit management, humiture control, cultivation results branch group is trimmed, to complete first time result；As a result the summer pruning after accelerates tree body storage by aggravating fertilizer and water management and plant growth substance again through the suspend mode that cools down, and cooperates branch pinching, inspires fruitful branch generation, accelerate the integrated management of bud differentiation, complete second of result；Cultivation mode and tree management of the invention solves greenhouse luminous energy effect；Ground temperature can be quickly improved, the weak factor of cherry root system Flood resistance is avoided；It is long to change large cherry facility cultivation growth time, the low situation of land utilization ratio realizes the maximization of land increment and cherry economic benefit.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to large cherry facility culture technical fields, especially the facility cultivation side of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry
Method.
Background technique
Large cherry is the earliest fruit tree species of fruit maturation after northern China deciduous fruit tree relaying cherry.Therefore,
Early there is the good reputation of " spring fruit first ".Adjust fresh fruit dull season, balanced year-round supply and meet people's lives need aspect, have
Special effect.Large cherry fruit contains more rich nutriment.There is certain nutritive value to the body of people.Traditional Chinese medicine
Think that big cherry, which is chosen, has tonifying Qi in tune, the function of wind-damp dispelling.Large cherry management recruitment is few, and production cost is low, economic benefit
Height is suitable for cultivating on Shandong, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei and other places.Earliest large cherry be 1991 Yantai by pair
It is successfully invented after small cherry is grafting improved, single fruit body increases 3~5 times than small cherry, the upper high upper decades of times of nutritive value.Afterwards
More and more to improve the breed, cultivated area is also increasing, is gradually planted by various regions orchard worker.Since large cherry is mature early,
There is 8 months or more time idle not as a result, most of the time facility is idle in Greenhouse cultivation, considerably reduces facility fruit
Set the economic benefit of cultivation；Therefore the feature mature early according to large cherry, using Greenhouse by large cherry growth and development, result
Orderly physiological regulating control is carried out, promotes large cherry under Protected Cultivation, realizes 1 year two inferior fruit of knot, it is big to improve facility cultivation
The economic benefit of cherry realizes that improving facility land utilization ratio and increment maximizes, all the time and professional technician institute
Expect.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, a kind of grown large cherry using Greenhouse is provided and is sent out
It educates, result carries out orderly physiological regulating control, the facility cultivation method of completion 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry.
The purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: the facility cultivation side of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry
Method is to cultivate to complete in Greenhouse, it is characterised in that: selection large cherry bud differentiation is fast, stable high yield, continuous result
And the strong early-maturing variety of disease resistance and the treelet by cultivating 4 years；Regulate and control lower progress summer pruning, rich water pipe by temperature
Management and cultivation after reason, flower and fruit management, harvesting cooperates branch pinching, inspires fruitful branch generation, improves bud differentiation and accelerates tree body
The comprehensive management technology measure of storage reaches large cherry 1 year two inferior fruit of knot in Greenhouse, specifically includes following cultivation side
Method:
(1) the trimming culture of treelet before Greenhouse Construction and large cherry are cultivated 4 years:
50~60cm higher than normal greenhouse greenhouse using canopy body height, intelligent control greenhouse need not be increased, and select
Ridge is high, wide row dense planting planting system；Large cherry branch group angle is opened by summer, winter pruning, cultivation results branch group passes through
Trimming adjustment tree management, builds all kinds of fruit branch skeletons after cherry fallen leaves；
(2) greenhouse production manages the time: trimming culture by 4 years treelets, enters within the 5th year the fruit tree of result, facility
Greenhouse is started to warm up from the mid-January, is terminated in the harvesting of three first time at the end of month fruits；By the growth and development bud point of two half a months
Change terminates, and finishes in mid-June fallen leaves and starts the suspend mode that cools down, and mid-June to mid-July is dormancy time；Mid-July opens
The heating of beginning breaking dormancy, and pass through growth and development in two and half months, the harvesting of second inferior fruit of September Mo terminates；After fruit harvesting again
By the growth and development of two half a months, starts cooling in mid-December and carry out suspend mode, mid-January mid-December to next year
For dormancy time, mid-January next year starts to warm up production second year fruit again；
(3) first time result: the large cherry of Greenhouse cultivation passes through 1~4 year trimming and finishing of definite value, manages, the 5th
Year, large cherry entered fruiting period, and by fertilizer and water management, micro- fertilizer is utilized, flower and fruit management, temperature humidity regulation, while carrying out large cherry
Summer pruning, cultivation results branch group control tree vigo(u)r using plant growth regulator, lay the foundation for second of result production, the
The cultivation management of primary result:
(1) fertilizer and water management
Spend preceding top dressing: this phase imposes urea or fruit-specific fertilizer or N P and K ternary compound fertilizer class quick-acting containing polynary
Fertilizer；Fruit-specific fertilizer or 1.2~1.5Kg/ plants of ternary compound fertilizer, 0.5~1Kg/ plants of urea, calcium superphosphate amount of application is the same as urinating
Element；
Radial canal fertilising: when ditching, 4~6 radial furrows are excavated outward centered on trunk, long ditch is more than outside tree crown
Edge, 10~15cm of ditch depth；Little tree can be applied fertilizer using bar ditch, the ditching-fertilizing under the corresponding tree crown both sides outer rim of tree body, ditch
Deep 15~20cm；
Florescence top dressing: soil imposes quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, or sprays 0.3% urea of weight+weight, 0.2% borax in full-bloom stage
+ 600 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solutions；
After Fruit based on phosphorus, potash fertilizer, carries out filling fertilising material in fruit growth period, fill within 7~10 days and apply primary, palpus
Fill when ground temperature reaches 8~15 DEG C applying, foliage-spray weight is photosynthetic micro- fertilizer sea of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.3%
Green element or the green one of which protected in them；In growth cycle in large cherry year, dormant period is the period for needing water less, and fruit is raw
Long and young sprout growth period is to need water peak period, and Hua Qianshui, stone water, Cai Houshui, base manure water, overwintering water need to have been poured after fertilising；
(2) temperature controls in greenhouse
Greenhouse heating: northern area starts greenhouse with the mid-January and heats up, and it is 50% that weight is sprayed before greenhouse heating
70~80 times of dilutions of flourish bud or early 70~80 times of dilutions of bud, next day start to draw curtain heating；
Temperature before germinateing: just heating period temperature, greenhouse temperature, which should control, in 1 week is no more than 15 DEG C on daytime, night control
System is at 0~5 DEG C, and day temperature control is at 18~25 DEG C before germinateing, and night is not less than 5~7 DEG C, and ground temperature is maintained at 10 DEG C, humidity
Keep 80%；
Bloom temperature: when in canopy cherry see first it is colored when, spray 80~100 times of dilutions of PBO, day temperature control
System is at 16~20 DEG C, and nocturnal temperature control is at 8~10 DEG C, 15~17 DEG C of ground temperature, humidity 40~50%；When cherry bud shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally
Bee pollination, the flowers are in blossom 30% when carry out artificial pollination, the flowers are in blossom 50%~60% when, carry out spray plant growth mediator agent promote sit
Fruit, when cherry petal falls off and interval sprayed a plant growth mediator agent after 15 days respectively again；
Fruit expanding period: at 23~28 DEG C, 12~15 DEG C of nocturnal temperature, ground temperature is controlled 20~22 for day temperature control
DEG C, humidity is no more than 60%；
Fructescence: at 20~26 DEG C, 16~18 DEG C of nocturnal temperature, ground temperature is controlled 20~22 for day temperature control
DEG C, humidity is no more than 50%；
After harvesting: day temperature is maintained at 20~25 DEG C, and 18~20 DEG C of nocturnal temperature, humidity is no more than 60%；
(3) greenhouse large cherry flower and fruit management
Artificial pollination: in flowering stage acquisition small bell flower, removing anther, be dried 12~24 hours under the conditions of 24 DEG C,
Anther can give out pollen, and collection is spare, preferable with the pollen effect that multi items mix；Pollinating method has artificial point to award and spray
Mist pollination, spraying pollination pollen 2 ‰, sucrose 10%, borax 1 ‰；1 pollen suspension is sprayed in full-bloom stage；
Florescence bee pollination: honeybee and wall bee are the common Pollinating Insects of two classes, and large cherry is preferably pollinated using Osmia. excavataAlfken；
Dehiscent fruit prevention: the amino acid calcium after cherry blossom 2 weeks every 300~500 times of 10 days or so sprayings one time is dilute
Liquid is released, sprays 2~3 times altogether, mitigates dehiscent fruit by replenishing the calcium；
(4) second of results: by aggravating fertilizer and water management, the application of quick-acting fertilizer, micro- fertilizer, plant growth substance accelerates tree body
Storage, reasonable summer pruning remove invalid branch, and closed branch draws branch, realize that ventilation and penetrating light accelerates large cherry bud differentiation, drop
Temperature guarantees second of result of tree body suspend mode and large cherry:
(1) fill organic fertilizer: large cherry begins to bud differentiation after first time fruit picking, need to impose to fruit tree in the period
Every plant of organic fertilizer no less than 30kg fills fertilising material in regrowth hair fruit growth period, fills within 7~10 days and apply once, must reach 8 in ground temperature
Fill at~15 DEG C applying；
(2) summer pruning: the summer pruning of large cherry mainly carries out during vigorous growth, by branch pulling and angle opening, slight,
The tip is turned round in moderate and severe pinching, bud picking, and band girdle, girdling are grown in vain to reduce young sprout, is increased branches and leaves amount, is made tree body precocity
Shape, Cheng Hua, result；
(3) application of plant growth regulator: 200~400 times of foliage-spray of PBO controls treelet prosperous growth after trimming, promotees
Into flower_bud formation, applied using 5 times of paclobutrazol dilutions dry；
(4) fallen leaves, suspend mode: to annual three the end of month large cherry will growth time by two half a months and bud differentiation,
400 times of ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid dilutions of weight 40%, the growth of control young sprout and young sprout fallen leaves are first sprayed before suspend mode, are sprayed again after 3~4 days
5% penta sodium pentachlorophenate of lime sulfur or weight that Baume degrees is 3~5, forces whole leaf abscissions；Temperature in Greenhouse is reduced,
Mid-June starts to be transferred to suspend mode, and temperature dormancy time under the conditions of 2.4~5 DEG C is one month；
(5) mid-July starts to take off and be heated up for the second time: after large cherry suspend mode, greenhouse is started to warm up, in greenhouse liter
50% flourish 70~80 times of dilutions of bud or early 70~80 times of dilutions of bud are sprayed before temperature to break the suspend mode of bud, spraying next day opens
Begin draw curtain heating, germinate before temperature, bloom temperature, fruit expanding period temperature, fructescence temperature and harvesting after temperature
It controls identical with the temperature control in large cherry first time results management；
(6) fertilizer and water management: fertilizer and water management is identical with large cherry first time result fertilizer and water management；
Large cherry grows two after half a month in Greenhouse, i.e., annual September end the beginning of October greenhouse regrowth hair large cherry will be whole
Mature and harvesting is completed.
Cultivation results branch group of the present invention is divided into larger result branch group, medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster and small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster；
Large and medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster cultural method is: cutting back in first carrying out when cutting in the winter can generally be sprouted in 3~4, long shoot, summer pair
Back branch turns round the tip, and brachyplast is slow to put, the continuous moderate pinching of every growth 40cm of the golden mean of the Confucian school branch of flat sideways growth or so, the next winter pair
In, brachyplast is slow puts, to strong, prosperous branch continue in cutting back, each large and medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster is by several small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster groups
At；The cultural method of compact small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster is: carrying out turning round the tip or severe in the season of growth to major branch top and back branch
Then continuous pinching is delayed and is put；To summer untreated branch, in winter after extremely heavy cutting back, second year, which is dredged, removes strong prosperous vertical branch, slow to put
In, the mediocre branch of brachymedial can form small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster；The young sprout of opposite side branch all one's life every growth 15cm or so since May is continuous light
Small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster can be formed by spending pinching or delaying to put when cutting in the winter.
The tree management of the large cherry is elongated spindle-like, and crown width is small and thin and tall after forming, entirely tree-like to be in
Elongated spindle-like, 1~1.5 meter of even crown diameter, tree is 3.0~3.5 meters high, and trunk is 0.8~0.9 meter high；On central trunk raw 30
The small provisional major branch of~50 helical arrangements, fruitful branch directly it is raw on small major branch, small major branch average length is 0.5~0.8
Meter, it is 90~110 ° with the dry average angle in center, central trunk is shaped with the ratio between major branch base portion rugosity at position 5~7: 1
Fusiform large cherry tree mu stays branch amount 8~120,000, long, medium and short branch ratio 1: 1: 8 afterwards.
Described is as follows to the main trimming measure before 4 years in treelet trimming culture in raw treelet trimming in 3~4 years:
(1) based on summer pruning, supplemented by winter pruning；Tree body has not been reached yet the treelet of design height, size,
By center is dry and each major branch extend branch used when cutting in the winter in cutting back, clip bud stays full outer bud；The season of growth carries out continuous
Moderate pinching, major branch are equipped with incomplete person and are sprouted using bud rush is carved, and cultivate new major branch；
(2) when Growth status to design height, after tree crown shapes substantially, center is dry no longer short with the extension branch of each major branch
Cut, center do top it is slow put it is slowly happy again after result, center do grown on top it is excessively prosperous when, tiltedly raw weak branch is taken the lead for choosing, is removed
Caulody is happy, while reinforcing summer pruning, and 5~July of summer removed prosperous, vertical growth and excessive young sprout in time,
2~3 weak branch growths are only stayed, oblique branch is put down under each major branch extension branch use back and changes head；
(3) to retain more prosperous annual shoot, it should extremely weigh to delay again after cutting back and put, severe can also be taken to pluck in the season of growth
After the heart, take the circumstances into consideration to be trained all kinds of fruit-bearing shoot clusters depending on inserted part, the golden mean of the Confucian school branch of flat sideways growth, which continuously delays, to be put；
(4) to handle in the season of growth the more wooden fork branches in periphery: the branch of vertical growth is removed or is turned round and sends, except extension branch
Outside, it only stays the branch of 1~2 side life sideways growth to carry out continuous slight pinching, is trained small fruit-bearing shoot cluster, is removed when the winter cuts
Extend the competitive branch of branch and the branch that periphery is excessive；
(5) soil fertilizer and water management and insect pest preventing and controlling；The sapling up-growth phase, in addition to setting upper shaping, cultivation results branch, annual spring is chased after
Fertilizer, Growing season according to the top dressing of large cherry tree vigo(u)r, pour water；Autumn applies high-quality farmyard manure, is controlled and is set using plant growth regulator PBO
Gesture prevents disease pest, and large cherry is made to rapidly enter fruiting period.
Large cherry growth and development, result are carried out orderly physiological regulating control using Greenhouse by the present invention, are planted by facility
Training can accelerate bud differentiation, improve the bud quality, accelerate large cherry young sprout mature and fallen leaves suspend mode, by aggravate fertilizer and water management and
Plant growth substance accelerates tree body to store, cooperation temperature regulation, summer pruning, branch pinching, inspires fruitful branch and generates etc.
Large cherry growth and development, result are carried out orderly physiological regulating control using Greenhouse, realize large cherry and setting by integrated management
1 year two inferior fruit of knot in greenhouse is applied, is only needed to fruit maturation 60 days from blooming.More seedlings wide space planting mode proposed by the present invention and
Excellent tree management solves greenhouse luminous energy effect；Root growth mode outstanding, can quickly improve ground temperature, avoid big cherry
The weak unfavorable factor of peach root system Flood resistance, promotes large cherry fast-ripenin.
The test site of cultural method of the present invention is selected in the county Ka Zuo, Jianping County, Lingyuan City, the southern exposure Longcheng District of West Liaoning
It carries out, two, every place Greenhouse greenhouse, by optimizing and combining for tests in 3 years and conventional cultivation technology, forms the whole series and set
Apply the technical regulation that large cherry cultivates 1 year two inferior fruit of knot.By the test statistics cultivated in Greenhouse, the first inferior fruit is average
Strain produces 2.52kg, and 160 yuan of per kilogram price, every plant 403 yuan of economic benefit average, mu benefit reaches 10.7 ten thousand yuan~8.9 ten thousand yuan；
Second inferior fruit be averaged strain produce 2.07kg, by 100 yuan of per kilogram price, be averaged every plant 207 yuan of economic benefit, mu benefit reaches 5.5
Ten thousand yuan~4.6 ten thousand yuan；Result more primary than greenhouse large cherry additional income 4.6~5.5 ten thousand yuan per acre greatly improve facility soil
Ground utilization rate can be realized the maximization of land increment and cherry economic benefit.
Specific embodiment
It elaborates below by way of specific embodiment to the present invention.
One, the foundation in Greenhouse large cherry garden and large cherry treelet are cultivated
(1) foundation in Greenhouse large cherry garden
Large cherry is the very high fruit tree of economic value, and the best fruiting period can maintain for 6~8 years, in order to obtain good warp
Ji benefit, it is desirable that since selecting garden location, that is, want high standard, tight requirement ground orchard establishment, be generally divided to two kinds.
1, cherry Greenhouse: for the ease of daylighting, Greenhouse foundation should select the south open, and no shading is flat, keeps away
Wind, soil layer be deep, establishes convenient for the place in irrigation and drainage, weather is pollution-free source, with local climate condition and cultivate economic benefit
It considers as a whole, it is best with 5 degree of positive south by west simultaneously for consideration land occupation condition.
In Northwest Liaoning area, 1.5~1.8 meters of rear wall of greenhouse width, lower 0.5 meter sleeping, external corner is according to lower sleeping ground 3.85 in canopy
Rice, 135 degree of the elevation angle Hou Qiang, 30 degree of lighting surface angle, lighting roof level not less than 8.0 meters, adverse grade floor projection length 1~
1.2 meters of ceiling shelves are welded using 12 or more reinforcing bar of diameter or iron pipe, 1 meter empty between each, no drop plastic foil covering, iron wire pressure
It is real.It is more for precipitation area, to prevent Greenhouse internal water accumulation, does not use lower crouch to build canopy, can be built with straight connect in ground one
Canopy pads native superelevation ground Jian Peng, but external corner apart from lower sleeping ground will reach 3.85 meters in canopy.The canopy body height in greenhouse is than general
Greenhouse wants high 50cm, may not necessarily increase if it is intelligent control greenhouse.
2, intelligent greenhouse controls greenhouse: it is equipped with automatic rich water in intelligent Greenhouse and supplies, temperature and humidity auto-control, illumination
Auto-control and supply etc. facilities intelligent control.
(2), the selection and configuration of cherry variety
1, large cherry early-maturing variety:
(1) red light is early-maturing and large type breeding.Fruit kidney shape, neatly, 9.6 grams of single fruit weight, pericarp crimson~purplish red
Color has bright-coloured gloss.Pulp plumpness succulence is softer.Local flavor sour-sweet is agreeable to the taste, contains soluble solid 17.1%, compared with storage tolerance, fruit
38~45 days real puberties.3~4 year beginning fruit after field planting.Continuous yielding ability is good.Not firm from spending, pollinated variety has Bob Lanier, big
It is purple, red gorgeous etc..It is best one kind of Comprehensive Cultural character in early-maturing variety, is at present one of the main breed in China.
(2) Molly, also known as Italy are early red.The after ripening before the May 10 of Zhengzhou area.Fruit kidney shape, mean fruit weight
6-7 grams, solid content 12.5%, pericarp crimson is aubergine when complete ripeness, glossy.Pulp is red, and meat is harder, plump
Succulence, local flavor sour-sweet.Drought resisting, winter resistance are strong.
(3) dragon hat, 6.8 grams of mean fruit weight, fruit be in feel relieved shape, pericarp be in comprehensively it is ruby red, it is sparkling and crystal-clear glossy, it is gorgeous to lure
People.Pulp and juice aubergine, more, sweet and sour palatability in juice, soluble solid is up to 13%~16%.Pulp is harder, storage tolerance,
Compared with cracking resistance fruit.Fruit development 40~45 days or so, self-flowering fruiting, high and stable yield.Pioneer is its preferable pollinated variety.
(4) early big fruit, fruit is larger, neatly, 8~10 grams of single fruit weight, heart-shaped, the aubergine of circle, pulp delicacy succulence, juice
Liquid aubergine, semihard meat is sour-sweet tasty and refreshing, and pericarp is thin easily peelable, 40 days fruit maturations after spending.
2, pollinated variety is configured
Sweet cherry category cross-pollination kind, self-pollination cannot solid or ability it is very poor.At present in the world with emphasis on
The kind for having self-flowering fruiting ability is cultivated in research, and research successfully has Rabin Si, Si Tanle etc., but ratio is also seldom, even if from
Flower can be solid, but also high not as good as cross-pollination fruit-setting rate.Configuration pollinizers are had to when so developing orchard in production.Sweet cherry
Pollen amount be not it is very big, so the ratio of pollinizers should be larger, only configure enough pollinizers, just can guarantee satisfaction
The requirement of Pollination Fertilization.In sheet of cherry orchard, pollinated variety is no less than 1/4, if pollinated variety is fewer, it is required that by
Pollinated variety kind is in the ranks, because usually direct motion is flown when honeybee flight, pollinates in same a line than advantageous.
(3) planting density and mode
1,1 meter × 2.5 meters or 1 meter × 3 meters, per acre 266~222 planting density: are used in facility.Main breed accounts for
3/4, pollinated variety accounts for 1/4 field arrangement.
2, planting system: the advantages of planting system uses rectangle, and line-spacing is wide, and spacing in the rows is narrow, wide row dense planting is illumination condition
It is good, it can in the ranks drive Insecticide sprayer and small transporting vehicle into, be convenient for mechanized operation, and less manpower.In addition after being colonized fruit tree
First 1~3 year, some intercultures can be planted, in the ranks the wider growth conducive to interrow crop, it later can also be with intercropping green manure.Plant
Capable direction requires north-south, such morning and afternoon, can make full use of sunlight, illumination is enable to shine lower part of a tree, noon
Light is too strong, some can by the ranks crop or green manure utilize.
(4) planting generation and method
1, planting generation: spring planting, late March is to transplant the suitable phase after spring temperature rise.
2, site preparation ditching, apply fertilizer to the subsoil: level land before plant, by determining row to digging deep 80~100cm, when ditching pays attention to
Surface soil and new native pile up separately；Base fertilizer applies 4000~5000kg of well-rotted farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer 100kg per acre, and clay fertilizer is filled out in conjunction with mixing
Enter planting furrow, then repaired 30cm platform, large cherry is planted on the platform of ridge.
3, high ridge culture: big sweet cherry is especially afraid of flood, manually site preparation, forms 2~3 meters of wide ridges, ridge is higher than ditch by 20~
30 centimetres, according to determining spacing in the rows 1m, 2.5~3m of line-spacing digs planting hole on the platform of ridge, by sapling kind in the center on ridge and vertical
It is put into planting hole, makes root system full extension, having peace of mind of banketing sprinkles profoundly water.This method is not only advantageous to drain flooded fields, and guarantees at root system not
Ponding, while surface soil thickens, and is conducive to the growth of treelet.
4, conventional plant: biggish field planting hole is dug at ridging before plant, is preferably dug in the previous year, it is desirable that hole
It is 1 meter of diameter, 80~100 centimetres deep.After again mixing broken leaf, crop crushing straw, weeds etc. with the surface soil of surrounding, backfill into hole
It is interior, and it to be mixed into a certain amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, hole is filled and led up.The fertile deep area of plain soils, site preparation is at high ridge
Afterwards, hollow place need not be generally dug, 50 centimetres of diameter can be dug, deep 50 centimetres of cave is filled out after applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer with surface soil
It is flat, in case spring plants.The center that Miao Shi has digged pit is planted in spring, digs the vesicle being adapted with root system size, sapling
It is placed in cave, then fills out loose surface soil, carry young plant after burying soil, touch root system surrounding and upper earth, while stretch root system
Exhibition is steady and sure again, it is desirable that the depth of planting of sapling is identical with depth of the sapling in nursery after steady and sure, never transplants too deep.Then exist
Sapling surrounding erects the low bank of earth between fields, whole to set disk well, waters immediately, covering with ground sheeting.
(5) it is managed after transplanting
Pruning
The tree-like of large cherry mostly uses slender spindle like, sometimes because of the limitation of the needs of facility cultivation or cultivation condition,
There is, these different tree-like only shape, heading height, major branch tree-like using cylindrical, small crown, happy shape, clump branch shape etc.
The technical method of the difference of quantity, shaping is substantially similar, and the present invention is repaired with producing using the shaping of most slender spindle likes
Cut technology.
1, tree management
According to spindle shaped training, it is in high slender spindle-shaped shape or cylindric, crown width after forming that spindle is integrally tree-like
It is small and thin and tall, it is entire tree-like in elongated spindle-like.1~1.5 meter of even crown diameter, tree is 3.0~3.5 meters high, and trunk is high by 0.8~0.9
Rice；On central trunk the raw small provisional major branch of 30~50 helical arrangements, fruitful branch directly raw on small major branch, small major branch
Average length is 0.5~0.8 meter, and dry average angle is about 90--110 ° with center, central trunk and the major branch base with position
The ratio between portion's rugosity 5~7: 1, fusiform large cherry tree mu stays branch amount 8~120,000, long, medium and short branch ratio 1: 1: 8 after forming.
The characteristics of spindle tree management: first is that structure is simple, technology is easily mastered, it is fast shape, in do it is strong and directly, in
Dry upper culture differs in size, is different in size, 30~50 in picturesque disorder branches；Second is that convenient for management, saving labour,
Spindle shaping and its corresponding cultivation mode are the optimal selections carried out Machinery for orchard, significantly save labour；Third is that preceding
Phase yield is high, and management is proper, can complete within general 3~4 years tree-like shaping and early bearing, just have higher yield within the 5th year, can contract
2 years short treelet phases or more.
2, treelet pruning
(1) it winter pruning: after seedling planting after the field planting of First Year summer pruning finished product seedling, faces upward 80~120cm on ground
Left and right place is fixed dry, and thick fixed of nursery stock does higher, and nursery stock doing surely carefully is lower.It erases and does the high position 40cm bud below and trunk top
The bud of portion about 15cm, and from doing high 60cm or so, it is primary every 15cm or so girdling.Spring current year, which does, low can sprout 3~5
A branch, doing high can send out 5~9 branches.Select the upward vertical growth of topmost robust growth branch bondage, centered on do.Center
Do every growth 60cm or so moderate pinching.It is reasonably distributed from doing the position below high 80cm and selecting 3, the strong branch of growth potential is decided
Branch.Trunk is clamped with wood clamp when each major branch grows to 15cm or so and pushes down branch angle of release, or with open-angle device angle of release to 70 degree or so,
Later every growth 40cm or so moderate pinching, mitogenetic 2~3 young sprouts out of general energy, select topmost eugonic one after pinching
Branch makees the dry extension branch in center, in the raw branch in other sides done make or fruitful branch culture.Branch growth is given birth to 15cm or so angle of release in side
To 80~90 degree, the slight pinching of every growth 20cm or so.After all kinds of branch pinching, the back branch of sending is carried out taking branch, draws branch,
Make its horizontal or sagging growth, the tip can also be turned round or removed.First layer major branch is had been equipped with by the annual tree that the summer cuts.Center is dry
1m or more can generally be grown.To prevent the dry inclination in center, juvenile stage is in the dry auxiliary shaping in trunk side standing tree bar bondage center.If
It is colonized sprout, the First Year spring, moderate pinching (cutting off the young sprout of 20cm or so) was calmly dry when young sprout length to the left and right 75cm high, inspired
Young sproutLater shaping methods are same as above.
(2) trimming in First Year winter after elongated spindle-like tree body is planted: to cutting back in the extension branch of each major branch when the winter cuts；It dredges
Except the dry upper branch growing with the dry competition in center of back vertical branch and center；The cutting back at the hair upward 80cm in branch position is done at center,
Erase the bud of the dry top (about 15cm long) in center；The small extremely heavy cutting back of other branch crotch angles；The branch of flat sideways growth is long slow to be put；
There is the branch of verticillate terminal bud to pinch.When the dry upper branch amount deficiency in center, alliance's sprouting stage every 15cm girdling or carves bud rush on center is dry
It sets out branch.If major branch amount is inadequate, branch is inspired with quarter bud method.Continue branch pulling and angle opening after germination.
(3) the next summer is trimmed: the young sprout that each major branch extends branch continues pinching with First Year pinching method, to back branch
The tip is turned round when growing into semi-lignified May, continuously slightly pluck when to raw branch growth in the side of flat sideways growth to 20cm or so
The heart promotes into flower.The young sprout newly issued on center is dry will angle of release to level.
(4) the second year winter cuts: when the second year winter cuts, extending branch to each major branch and trims depending on growing space, seeding row spacing is big
When, to extend branch continue in cutting back expand tree crown, when no space, selects weak branch to take the lead, slow to put.Center dry finishing cuts same First Year winter,
But after when center, dry growing height reaches the height of setting, no longer cutting back carries out slow put.Dredge branch, the back gone with the dry competition in center
Upper vertical branch.The branch of the branch of other flat sideways growths and sagging growth, the branch for not forming bud, which continues to delay, to be put, and has formed flower
The branch view inserted part of bud and space carry out cutting back, are trained large, medium and small type fruit-bearing shoot cluster.Generally in the side of major branch and
Lower part can cultivate large and medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster, and major branch back only cultivates small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
3, fruit-bearing shoot cluster culture
Fruit-bearing shoot cluster is the raw non-permanent result unit on skeleton branch, and existing fruitful branch also has growth branch, from
It is relatively independent at nutrition result system.The treelet phase retains some boughs in the gap of skeleton branch, takes up space, can turn later
It is melted into large, medium and small all kinds of fruit-bearing shoot clusters.Fruit-bearing shoot cluster is main setting fruit position, is purposefully cultivated by trimming.Root
Larger result branch group, medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster and small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster can be divided into according to its amount and the size to be taken up space.
(1) large and medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster culture: cutting back in first carrying out when cutting in the winter can generally be sprouted in 3~4, long shoot,
Summer turns round the tip to back branch, and brachyplast is slow to put, the continuous moderate pinching of every growth 40cm of the golden mean of the Confucian school branch of flat sideways growth or so, the second year winter
Season centering, brachyplast, which are delayed, puts, to cutting back in strong, prosperous branch continuation.Each large and medium-sized branch group is made of several small branch groups.
(2) culture of the small fruit-bearing shoot cluster of compact: when the branch for wanting cultivation results branch group, locating space is smaller or in major branch
When top and back, fruit-bearing shoot cluster will be trained the small fruit-bearing shoot cluster of compact, and method is: exist to major branch top and back branch
The season of growth carries out turning round the tip or the continuous pinching of severe, then delays and puts；To summer untreated branch, in winter after extremely heavy cutting back, the
It dredges within 2 years and removes strong prosperous vertical branch, delay in putting, the mediocre branch of brachymedial can form small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster；The young sprout of opposite side branch all one's life is from May
Start the continuous slight pinching of every growth 15cm or so or delay to put when cutting in the winter that small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster can be formed.
4, raw tree-pruning in 3~4 years after planting
This phase, mainly the task of trimming was culture tree management, expands tree crown as early as possible, increases branches and leaves amount, as far as possible shortening young age
Phase, cultivation results branch group increase setting fruit position.Its main trimming measure is as follows:
(1) based on summer pruning, supplemented by winter pruning.The tree of design height, size, centering has not been reached yet in tree body
The heart is dry and each major branch extend branch used when cutting in the winter in cutting back, clip bud stays full outer bud；The season of growth carries out continuous moderate
Pinching.The incomplete person of major branch outfit can be used quarter bud rush and sprout, and cultivate new major branch.
(2) when Growth status to the height of design, after tree crown shapes substantially, center is done with the extension branch of each major branch no longer
Cutting back.Center do top it is slow put it is slowly happy again after result, center do grown on top it is excessively prosperous when, tiltedly raw weak branch is taken the lead for choosing, is dredged
Except caulody is happy, while reinforcing summer pruning, month summer 5-7 removed prosperous, vertical growth and excessive young sprout in time,
Only stay 2-3 weak branch growths.Oblique branch, which is put down, under each major branch extension branch use back changes head.
(3) to retain more prosperous annual shoot, it should extremely weigh to delay again after cutting back and put, severe can also be taken to pluck in the season of growth
After the heart, take the circumstances into consideration to be trained all kinds of fruit-bearing shoot clusters depending on inserted part, the golden mean of the Confucian school branch of flat sideways growth, which continuously delays, to be put.
(4) to handle in the season of growth the more wooden fork branches in periphery: the branch of vertical growth is removed or is turned round and sends, except extension branch
Outside, it only stays the branch of 1-2 side life sideways growth to carry out continuous slight pinching, is trained small fruit-bearing shoot cluster.It is removed when winter cuts
Extend the competitive branch of branch and the branch that periphery is excessive.
(5) soil fertilizer and water management and insect pest preventing and controlling；The sapling up-growth phase in addition to setting upper shaping, cultivation results branch, while will be reinforced
The integrated management of rich water, pest and disease damage on underground.It wants spring top dressing, Growing season according to the top dressing of large cherry tree vigo(u)r every year, pour water；Autumn applies
High-quality farmyard manure；Tree vigo(u)r is controlled using plant growth regulator PBO；Prevent disease pest；Large cherry is set to rapidly enter fruiting period.
Two, the cultural method of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry facility cultivation
Treelet shaping, management of the large cherry of Greenhouse cultivation by definite value 1~4 year, large cherry enters knot within the 5th year
Fruiting period, average strain produce in 2.5kg or so, terminate in the harvesting of three first time at the end of month fruits；It is real since when large cherry enters fruiting period
The technical measures of two inferior fruit of Shi Yinian knot.
1, the heating of Greenhouse greenhouse and large cherry first time result
Logical test in a few years was repaired in West Liaoning with the heating of beginning facility on January 15 by 4 years treelets
Culture is cut, enters within the 5th year the fruit tree of result, is started to warm up in Greenhouse from the mid-January, in order to break the suspend mode of bud,
The consistency for reaching bud sprouting, in greenhouse increased temperature head day, spray 70~80 times of flourish bud (cyanamide) dilutions that weight is 50% in the afternoon
Liquid or early 70~80 times of dilutions of bud, start to draw curtain heating for second day.
(1) Greenhouse large cherry fertilizer and water management
Spend preceding top dressing: this phase top dressing can impose urea or fruit-specific fertilizer, or impose N P and K ternary compound fertilizer constant speed
Chemical fertilizer of the effect property containing multielement.Fruit-specific fertilizer or 1.5Kg/ plants of ternary compound fertilizer；0.5~1Kg/ plants of urea；Calcium superphosphate is applied
The same urea of dosage.
Radial canal fertilising: this fertilizing method is suitable for the biggish best fruiting period orchard top dressing of seeding row spacing.When ditching, with trunk
Centered on, 4~6 radial furrows are excavated outward from trunk 0.5m.Long ditch is more than tree crown outer rim.10~15cm of ditch depth.Little tree can
To be applied fertilizer using bar ditch, the ditching-fertilizing under the corresponding tree crown both sides outer rim of tree body.15~20cm of ditch depth, it is long according to crown width
Depending on.The orchard of covering mulch and grass can use point to apply.
Florescence top dressing: soil imposes quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, or full-bloom stage spray weight be+0.2% borax of 0.3% urea+
600 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solutions.
Fruit expanding period top dressing: after Fruit based on phosphorus, potash fertilizer.Flushing and spreading fertilizer can be carried out in fruit growth period,
Punching in general 7~10 days apply it is primary, but must ground temperature can carry out when reaching 8~15 DEG C, foliage-spray weight is 0.3% phosphoric acid
Potassium dihydrogen, or photosynthetic micro- fertilizer that weight is 0.3% is sprayed, such as sea green element, green shield.
(2) watering and draining of the large cherry in Annual growth cycle
In growth cycle in large cherry year, dormant period is the period for needing water less, and fruit growth and young sprout growth period are to need
Water peak period.Following 5 water: Hua Qianshui, stone water, Cai Houshui, base manure water, overwintering water are generally poured；Generally with fertilising after
It pours water.
(3) Greenhouse temperature
Temperature before germinateing: just heating period temperature, temperature should control on daytime no more than 15 DEG C in 1 week, and night control 0~
5℃.Before germination, daytime temperature is controlled at 18~20 DEG C, and not more than 25 DEG C, night is not less than 5~7 DEG C, and ground temperature keeps 10
DEG C, humidity keeps 80%.Note: humidity being increased to trunk or ground water spray when humidity is too low in canopy, only keep certain wet
Degree, blooming could be neat.
Bloom temperature: when in canopy cherry see first it is colored when, it is (strong depending on tree vigo(u)r to spray " PBO " 80~100 times of dilutions
It is weak)；Day temperature control is 16~18 DEG C (pollen germination temperature is 15 DEG C), and not more than 20 DEG C, nocturnal temperature is controlled 8
~10 DEG C, 15~17 DEG C of ground temperature, humidity 40%~50% (the excessive easy generation blossom rot of humidity) can be put when cherry bud shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally
Bee pollination, the flowers are in blossom 30% when can carry out artificial pollination, the flowers are in blossom 50%~60% when, can spray plant growth mediator agent promote to sit
Fruit sprays a plant growth mediator agent again when cherry petal falls off, interval is sprayed once again after 15 days, can also repeatedly be sprayed, and infuses
Meaning: will avoid being sprayed onto blade when spraying and newly take with you, and temperature is excessively high or mistake is used for multiple times and will appear excessive growth, malformed fruit, blade fertilizer
It is big Alternate bearing phenomenon even occur.Spraying time is preferably selected at dusk, and temperature is unsuitable excessively high, makes the moisture in medical fluid will not
It evaporates quickly.Otherwise excessive unabsorbed medical fluid deposits leaf surface, to tree body nocuousness.The dew of rear the next morning is sprayed at dusk
Water facilitates the absorption of medical fluid.
Fruit expanding period: daytime temperature is controlled at 23~25 DEG C, and not more than 28 DEG C, nocturnal temperature is controlled at 15 DEG C,
Ground temperature is no more than 20~22 DEG C, humidity 60%.
Fructescence: day temperature control is at 20~26 DEG C, and at 17 DEG C or so, ground temperature is controlled 20 for nocturnal temperature control
~22 DEG C, humidity is no more than 50%.
After harvesting: daytime temperature is maintained at 20~25 DEG C, and 18~20 DEG C of night, humidity 60%.
(4) Greenhouse large cherry flower and fruit management
Large cherry flower and fruit management be improve large cherry yield and quality key measure, it mainly include pollination, flower thinning dredge
Fruit and prevent dehiscent fruit, artificial pollination is the important measures for improving fruit-setting rate, increasing yield, and artificial pollination mainly has following step
It is rapid:
It acquires pollen: in flowering stage acquisition small bell flower, removing anther, be dried 12~24 hours under the conditions of 24 DEG C,
Anther can give out pollen, and collection is spare, preferable with the pollen effect that multi items mix.
Pollinating method: artificial point mainly awards and pollinate by spraying.Artificial point, which is awarded, usually dips pollen with writing brush or rubber tip,
Point is awarded on pistil stigma.Still an alternative is that on the top of waddy or bamboo pole, bondage foam plastic pellet, clean gauze
Equal soft objects, gently roll between different cultivars flower, achieve the purpose that adopt powder, pollination.Recruitment is few, effect for pollination by spraying
Good, technical requirements are high.Spraying pollination it is noted that pollen, sucrose, borax and water weight proportion, spraying pollination pollen is 2 ‰, sugarcane
Sugar 10%, borax 1 ‰；The suspension being made into wants ready-to-use, generally sprays 1 pollen suspension in full-bloom stage, can obtain
Satisfied Pollination Effect.
Florescence bee pollination method: honeybee and wall bee are the common Pollinating Insects of two classes；Honeybee just comes into play at 18 DEG C,
20 DEG C or more just start to pollinate；12 DEG C of Osmia. excavataAlfken start nest out and visit flower pollination, smaller by overcast and rainy low temperature effect, so large cherry
It is pollinated using Osmia. excavataAlfken more particularly suitable, is avoided that the adverse effect of early spring low temperature.
Dehiscent fruit and its precautionary measures: before large cherry harvesting, soil moisture is excessive, and flesh cell water suction is expanded rapidly, but fruit
Chrotoplast physiological activity is slow, will when fruit turgescence increases above the pressure that pericarp and flesh cell wall can bear
Causing dehiscent fruit, Preharvest dehiscent fruit is also often closely related with fruit calcium deficiency, so supplement calcium is the important measures for preventing large cherry dehiscent fruit,
The method of replenishing the calcium is:, totally 2~3 times, can every 300~500 times of 10 days or so sprayings one time of amino acid calcium since spending latter 2 weeks
Mitigate dehiscent fruit.
(5) Greenhouse large cherry fruit harvesting
Since the management heating on greenhouse January 15 to 30 75 day time of March, fruit enters maturation,
Three the end of month, all harvesting terminated, i.e., annual the beginning of April is exactly greenhouse large cherry listing period.
2, second of result of Greenhouse greenhouse large cherry
(1) it fills organic fertilizer: beginning to bud differentiation after large cherry fruit picking, fruit tree should be carried out immediately in this period and applied
Fertilizer will use the organic fertilizer of abundant fermenting-ripening, every plant of no less than 30kg；It is used cooperatively quick-acting fertilizer and chemical fertilizer again.Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, potassium, preferably compound fertilizer, the quick action fertilizer complete containing element such as compound fertilizer.Dose and fertilizing method are the same as first time result
Top dressing is identical before spending.Calcium, magnesium, sulphur, zinc, iron etc. are applied with imposing or fill, foliage-spray；After Fruit based on phosphorus, potash fertilizer,
Fertilising material can be carried out filling in regrowth hair fruit growth period, fill within general 7~10 days apply it is primary, but must ground temperature when reaching 8~15 DEG C
Can fill applying, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate of foliage-spray weight, the photosynthetic micro- fertilizer of weight 0.3%, such as sea green element, green shield, have
Conducive to large cherry bud differentiation and raising large cherry the bud quality is accelerated, lay a solid foundation for lower annual bearing.
(2) large cherry summer pruning: trimming is carried out to tree body in the growth and development season of large cherry and claims summer pruning.Big cherry
The summer pruning of peach mainly carries out during vigorous growth.The purpose is to reduce young sprouts to grow in vain, increases branches and leaves amount, stunted tree
Body improves illumination condition, shapes tree body early, precocity flower, precocity fruiting.Main pruning method has: branch pulling and angle opening, pinching, turn round the tip,
The methods of bud picking, band girdle, girdling.
(2.1) branch pulling and angle opening: refer mainly to be grown directly upon center it is dry on branch, generally with center it is dry between angle to reach
To 70 degree or more, be just conducive to yield positive results.Branch pulling and angle opening will be carried out early, and the age of tree is small, and branch is thinner, draw branch effect good.From calmly
Start the branch on dry to center the May of plant current year to carry out drawing branch, take branch, pendant branch, support branch, other branch, to the first transaction of a day's business switch-horn degree
Effect is best；Or before starting to grow to young sprout after annual spring tree body rudiment this period carry out drawing branch, be not easy to cleave, it is whole
A season of growth can all carry out drawing branch.Spray or withe open-angle device angle of release.When branch is thicker, branch need to be tied down with rope or iron wire
Place, causes gummosis in impetus with the objects such as old cloth pad with antisitic defect cortex.The other end of rope ties up on timber wedge, wood
Wedge is fixed into the soil in 45 degree of angles with ground.Before drawing branch, drawn again after can first being softened it with the hand base portion for shaking branch.Each master
Branch generally needs 70~80 degree of branch pulling and angle opening.When branch pulling and angle opening, pays attention to adjusting major branch in the orientation in tree crown space, keep each major branch uniform
Distribution.
(2.2) pinching: pinching is to extract the young tender part of apex, referred to as pinching before young sprout not yet lignifying.It is
Using a kind of most methods in large cherry summer pruning.Pinching is carried out to treelet, can promote to sprout more branches, is promoted
Flower_bud formation.To first fruiting period and trees in richful production period pinching, the effects of saving nutrition can be played, improve percentage of fertile fruit and fruit quality.It plucks
The heart can be divided into slight pinching, moderate pinching and severe pinching.Slight pinching: it is only to pluck top 5cm or so, can only be sprouted after pinching
Send out 1~2 young sprout and elongation growth.Increment is controlled in 10~20cm, continuous slight pinching can form fruitful branch；Moderate is plucked
The heart: purpose is must to pluck 15cm or more in order to inspire multi-branched when young sprout grows into 40cm or more, can generally sprout 3~4
A branch；Severe pinching: when branch development to 40cm or more, 15cm or so pinching is stayed, can not only inspire branch, moreover it is possible to make lower part
Bud sprouting grow up to brachyplast or leafage branch, form small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster.Pinching stays length should be according to the raw space of branch and branch
Different purposes depending on.As skeleton branch, stay branch longer, it should be in 40cm or more.When young sprout grows longer, and stays branch shorter, pluck
Center portion position semi-lignified when, scissors trimming need to be used to claim top clipping, the effect of top clipping is stronger than pinching.
(2.3) bud picking: in the season of growth, excessive useless rudiment is erased in time.The upright life generally sprouted in branch back
Long bud, interior to rudiment, the kryptoblast generated after sparse branching, which is sprouted, etc. is an impediment to excessive rudiment and the butt of major branches growths at different levels
The stock bud that portion is sprouted, should all erase in time in the budding period.But the bud on the branches at different levels of large cherry is substantially all in addition to kryptoblast
It can sprout, these buds generally can be only formed leafage branch, and increment is few, and blade is big and more, can manufacture a large amount of nutrient, work as tree body
Strong shape, when light transmission condition is good, can be converted to boundray branch, can not erase.
(2.4) it turns round the tip: being exactly to pinch the middle and lower part reverse twist 180 degree of young sprout with hand in young sprout semi-lignified, make new
The tip is horizontal or sagging, injures wooden and cortex but does not fracture.The tip, which is turned round, in 5~June advantageously forms bud.To back branch, interior
The torsion tip is carried out to branch, can effectively weaken growth potential, increases sprig quantity.
(2.5) band girdle, girdling: using scraper girdling one week on annual or perennial branch or a few weeks, as deep as xylem
But cortex is not peelled off, girdling is claimed；In the biennial above branch base portion, claim the technology that bast peels off a circle to band girdle.Method
It is to cut a circle along branch base portion with two-edged Girding cutter, cortex is torn, general 3mm of band girdle width sprig or so, thicker branch 5-
6mm.The girdling edge of a knife wants smooth, is conducive to wound healing.The upper girdling of large cherry tree is mostly used in the budding period in spring, when center is dry or
Girdling when a part lacks branch on major branch can promote leafage branch to develop into middle long shoot.The band girdle time mostly as needed depending on, be
Percentage of fertile fruit and fruit quality are improved, can be used before the physiological fallen fruit phase；To promote flower_bud formation, can be carried out in late May.Large cherry
There is the physiological reaction of gummosis, has to be used with caution.First, only being used in the auxiliary support branch of Wang Shu；Second, the band girdle time can not mistake
In evening, wound is not easy healing and easy gummosis too late；Third, band girdle wound fungicide liquid medicine painting, plastic adhesive tape wrap up, can subtract
Few gummosis.
(3) application of plant growth regulator
PBO: the plant growth regulator PBO of 200~400 times of weight of foliage-spray is prosperous to control treelet after summer pruning
It is long, promote flower_bud formation, improve early yield, is applied using the paclobutrazol dilution of 5 times of weight dry.
(4) control fallen leaves and suspend mode
After the harvesting of the first inferior fruit of annual three the end of month large cherry, need to growth time by two half a months and bud differentiation, arrive
June 15, large cherry row suspend mode again after the growth and bud differentiation of two half a months, about in the first tenday period of a month in June before suspend mode
It first sprays 400 times of ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid dilutions that weight is 40% and controls young sprout growth and young sprout fallen leaves, after 3~4 days, spray Baume degrees
3~5 degree of lime sulfurs or weight are 5% penta sodium pentachlorophenate, force whole leaf abscissions, reduce temperature in Greenhouse, June ten
Start within 5th to be transferred to suspend mode, temperature dormancy time under the conditions of 2.4~5 DEG C is one month, and suspend mode on July 15 terminates.
(5) it trims
The main task of phase trimming is to adjust illumination and the culture of fruit-bearing shoot cluster, update, rejuvenation, keeps golden mean of the Confucian school stalwartness
Tree vigo(u)r removes strong prosperous annual shoot and influences the branch of cella illumination, and the middle brachyplast of the golden mean of the Confucian school is mostly slow to put, and tree vigo(u)r is balanced, no part
Prosperous growth or weak phenomenon.
(6) large cherry dormant period temperature regulates and controls
Intelligent greenhouse: temperature is regulated and controled at 2.4~5 DEG C, and daytime covers tightly insulation quilt, and appropriate radix saposhnikoviae, continues at night
One month.
Ordinary greenhouse: can be cooled down using human assistance, be covered tightly insulation quilt daytime, and appropriate radix saposhnikoviae, cooling have at night
Efficacious prescriptions method is first is that refrigeration machine；Temperature is regulated and controled at 2.4~5 DEG C using refrigeration machine, continues one month；Second is that dry ice adds wind
Fan, fritter dry ice is put in small metal bucket, is suspended on top of greenhouse, and every 10 square metres are hung one, and every 10 meters add a fan to blow
Wind is cooled to 2.4~5 DEG C of temperature of large cherry suspend mode requirement, continues (dormant period) one month.By test, West Liaoning hangs 2
~3 dry ice.
(7) started July 15 to take off by second of heating breaking dormancy
After large cherry suspend mode one month, greenhouse is started to warm up, i.e., started July 15 to take off and be broken not by second of heating
It sleeps, in order to break the suspend mode of bud, reaches the consistency of bud sprouting, it is (single to spray the flourish bud of weight 50% in the afternoon in greenhouse increased temperature head day
Cyanamide) 70~80 times of dilutions or early 70~80 times of dilutions of 50% bud, start within second day to draw curtain heating, actual temp regulating tube
Reason are as follows:
Temperature before germinateing: just heating period temperature, temperature should control on daytime no more than 15 DEG C in 1 week, and night control 0~
5℃.Before germination, day temperature is controlled at 18~20 DEG C, and not more than 25 DEG C, night is not less than 5~7 DEG C, and ground temperature is maintained at
10 DEG C, humidity keeps 80%.Note: humidity being increased to trunk or ground water spray when humidity is too low in canopy, only keep certain
Humidity, blooming could be neat.
Bloom temperature: when in canopy cherry see first it is colored when, 80~100 times of spray plant growth regulator PBO dilution
Liquid (depending on tree vigo(u)r power)；Day temperature control is 16~18 DEG C (pollen germination temperature be 15 DEG C), and not more than 20 DEG C, night
Temperature is controlled at 8~10 DEG C, 15~17 DEG C of ground temperature, and humidity 40%~50% (the excessive easy generation blossom rot of humidity) works as cherry blossom
Flower bud when showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally can bee pollination, the flowers are in blossom 30% when can carry out artificial pollination, when the flowers are in blossom 50%~60% when, it is raw to carry out spray on plants
Long mediator agent promotion is beared fruit, and sprays a plant growth mediator agent when petal falls off again, and interval sprays once again after 15 days, can also
Repeatedly spray.Note: avoiding being sprayed on blade and young sprout when spraying, temperature is excessively high or mistake is used for multiple times and will appear excessive growth, abnormal
Shape fruit, blade is loose even to there is Alternate bearing phenomenon.Spraying time is preferably selected at dusk, and temperature is unsuitable excessively high, makes medical fluid
In moisture will not evaporate quickly.Otherwise excessive unabsorbed medical fluid deposits leaf surface, to tree body nocuousness.The after spraying at dusk
The dew in two day morning facilitates the absorption of medical fluid.
Fruit expanding period: daytime temperature is controlled at 23~25 DEG C, and not more than 28 DEG C, nocturnal temperature is controlled at 15 DEG C,
Ground temperature is no more than 20~22 DEG C, humidity 60%.
Fructescence: daytime temperature control is at 20~26 DEG C, and at 17 DEG C or so, ground temperature is no more than 20 for nocturnal temperature control
~22 DEG C, humidity is no more than 50%.
Fertilizer and water management: fertilizer and water management is identical with the fertilizer and water management method in large cherry first time result.
Flower and fruit management and harvesting: in large cherry first time result flower and fruit management and collecting method it is identical.
After large cherry grows 75 days in Greenhouse, i.e., maturation on September 30, annual October 1 start
Greenhouse large cherry will all mature and harvesting listing.
3, the cherry tree management after fruit harvesting
(1) temperature: fruit tree daytime temperature is maintained at 20~25 DEG C after fruit harvesting, and 18~20 DEG C of night, humidity 60%.
(2) top dressing: beginning to bud differentiation after large cherry fruit picking, should impose base manure to fruit tree immediately in this period,
Using every plant of organic fertilizer no less than 30kg of abundant fermenting-ripening；It is used cooperatively again with the quick-acting fertilizer complete containing element, chemical fertilizer
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, preferably compound fertilizer.
(3) it trims: trimming of the large cherry in this period, it is therefore an objective to reduce young sprout and grow in vain, increase branches and leaves amount, downgrade
Tree body improves illumination condition, shapes tree body early, precocity flower, precocity fruiting；Main pruning method has: branch pulling and angle opening, pinching, torsion
The methods of tip.
(4) application of plant growth regulator PBO: 200~400 times of foliage-spray of PBO dilution, and using 5 times of amounts
Paclobutrazol dilution apply dry, can preferably control treelet prosperous growth, promote flower_bud formation, improve early yield.
Since, to December 15, the management of two half a months, large cherry bud differentiation has been completed September 30.
This period management is improper, will affect large cherry yield next year.December 15 started to cool down, and large cherry carries out suspend mode, when suspend mode
Between be one month, temperature control at 2~5 DEG C.Suspend mode on January 15 next year terminates to start to warm up into second year as a result, management
Ibid.
4, the integrated management of large cherry pest and disease damage
For large cherry during entire cultivation management, the integrated management of Greenhouse large cherry insect pest preventing and controlling is as follows:
Clear garden: the trench diggings such as weeds, the fallen leaves on ground are embedded to underground, eliminate overwintering disease pest bacterium source.
Spray: tree body uniformly sprays 2000 times+48% of 25% nitrile bacterium azoles missible oil, 1000 times of chlorpyrifos ec before sprout sprouts,
Thoroughly disease pest source in bark is killed in infiltration, significantly reduces later period pest and disease damage radix.
Soft rot, gray mold, anthracnose: cherry take off the library phase spray 24% narrow 4000 times of benzene azoles (deserved Dow) or
1000 times of 20% 1000 times of safe and sound life (Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH) or 70% thiophanate-methyl, it is primary every spray in 7~10 days, continuous 2~3
It is secondary, while simultaneous controlling early defoliation disease.
Early defoliation disease: spraying equivalent formula Bordeaux mixture 2~3 times after harvesting or 80% 5000 times of Tebuconazole, 10% benzene rice
1000 times of methyl cyclic-azole.
Shothole disease: in combination with gray mold, Disease-Control for Soft-Rotting sprays 20% 2000 times of match azoles zinc or melon peach is 1500 times refreshing.
Tetranychid: (Tetranychus urticae), according to tetranychid, a situation arises, can spray 2000 times of 1.8% avermectin mixed 25% 3
1200 times of azoles tin, interval is sprayed primary for 7 days again.It can reach splendid control efficiency.
Caterpillar, leaf folder: 2000 times of 1200~1500 times of 4.5% cypermethrin of spray or 1% High-chlorine emamectin benzoate (pay attention to children
Fruiting period cannot use Tebuconazole, Belmark, this happy benzene etc.).
Scale insect: endangering cherry trunk pest is mainly theatre scale insect, Sang Bai scale insect etc..It can the spray before heating is germinateed
5 degree of sulphur waters are applied, a mu Wang Te (spiral shell worm second rouge) 4000 times of (Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH) or 1200 times of 4.5% cypermethrins are sprayed after harvesting,
Add exhibition thoroughly, silk profit, 4000 times of emerging agriculture.
Crown gall: diging up or wipes out disease tumor, is sterilized with K8420~30 times pouring root.
Claims (4)
1. the facility cultivation method of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry is to cultivate to complete in Greenhouse, it is characterised in that: choosing
Select fast large cherry bud differentiation, stable high yield, continuous result and the strong early-maturing variety of disease resistance and by the children of culture 4 years
Tree；By management and cultivation after temperature regulation progress summer pruning, fertilizer and water management, flower and fruit management, harvesting, cooperates branch pinching, promote
It sends out fruitful branch to generate, improve bud differentiation and accelerates the comprehensive management technology measure of tree body storage, reach large cherry in facility temperature
1 year two inferior fruit of knot in room, specifically includes following cultural method:
(1) the trimming culture of treelet before Greenhouse Construction and large cherry are cultivated 4 years:
50~60cm higher than normal greenhouse greenhouse using canopy body height, intelligent control greenhouse need not be increased, selection ridging height,
The planting system of wide row dense planting；Large cherry branch group angle is opened by summer, winter pruning, cultivation results branch group passes through cherry
Trimming adjustment tree management, builds all kinds of fruit branch skeletons after fallen leaves；
(2) greenhouse production manages the time: trimming culture by 4 years treelets, enters within the 5th year the fruit tree of result, Greenhouse
It starts to warm up from the mid-January, terminates in the harvesting of three first time at the end of month fruits；By the growth and development bud differentiation knot of two half a months
Beam finishes in mid-June fallen leaves and starts the suspend mode that cools down, and mid-June to mid-July is dormancy time；Mid-July starts to beat
Broken suspend mode heating, and pass through growth and development in two and half months, the harvesting of second inferior fruit of September Mo terminates；After fruit harvesting using
The growth and development of two half a months starts cooling in mid-December and carries out suspend mode, and mid-January mid-December to next year is to stop
It sleeps the time, mid-January next year starts to warm up production second year fruit again；
(3) first time result: the large cherry of Greenhouse cultivation is the 5th year big by 1~4 year trimming and finishing of definite value, management
Cherry enters fruiting period, and by fertilizer and water management, micro- fertilizer is utilized, flower and fruit management, temperature humidity regulation, while carrying out large cherry summer
Trimming, cultivation results branch group control tree vigo(u)r using plant growth regulator, lay the foundation for second of result production, for the first time
As a result cultivation management:
(1) fertilizer and water management
Spend preceding top dressing: this phase imposes urea or fruit-specific fertilizer or N P and K ternary compound fertilizer class quick-acting containing multielement
Fertilizer；Fruit-specific fertilizer or 1.2~1.5Kg/ plants of ternary compound fertilizer, 0.5~1Kg/ plants of urea, the same urea of calcium superphosphate amount of application；
Radial canal fertilising: when ditching, 4~6 radial furrows are excavated outward centered on trunk, long ditch is more than tree crown outer rim, ditch
Deep 10~15cm；Little tree can be applied fertilizer using bar ditch, the ditching-fertilizing under the corresponding tree crown both sides outer rim of tree body, and ditch depth 15~
20cm；
Florescence top dressing: soil imposes quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, or sprays 0.3% urea of weight+weight, 0.2% borax+600 in full-bloom stage
Times potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution；
After Fruit based on phosphorus, potash fertilizer, carries out filling fertilising material in fruit growth period, fill within 7~10 days and apply once, it must be on ground
Fill when temperature reaches 8~15 DEG C applying, foliage-spray weight is photosynthetic micro- sea green element of fertilizer of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.3%
Or the green one of which protected in them；
In growth cycle in large cherry year, dormant period is the period for needing water less, and fruit growth and young sprout growth period are to need water height
The peak phase need to pour Hua Qianshui, stone water, Cai Houshui, base manure water, overwintering water after fertilising；
(2) temperature controls in greenhouse
Greenhouse heating: northern area starts greenhouse with the mid-January and heats up, and it is 50% flourish bud that weight is sprayed before greenhouse heating
70~80 times of dilutions or early 70~80 times of dilutions of bud, next day start to draw curtain heating；
Temperature before germinateing: just heating period temperature, greenhouse temperature, which should control, in 1 week is no more than 15 DEG C on daytime, and night controls 0
~5 DEG C, day temperature control is at 18~25 DEG C before germinateing, and night is not less than 5~7 DEG C, and ground temperature is maintained at 10 DEG C, and humidity is kept
80%；
Bloom temperature: when in canopy cherry see first it is colored when, spray 80~100 times of dilutions of PBO, day temperature control exists
16~20 DEG C, nocturnal temperature control is at 8~10 DEG C, 15~17 DEG C of ground temperature, humidity 40~50%；Bee is put when cherry bud shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally
Pollination, the flowers are in blossom 30% when carry out artificial pollination, the flowers are in blossom 50%~60% when, carry out spray plant growth mediator agent promotion bear fruit,
When cherry petal falls off and interval sprayed a plant growth mediator agent after 15 days respectively again；
Fruit expanding period: at 23~28 DEG C, 12~15 DEG C of nocturnal temperature, ground temperature is controlled at 20~22 DEG C, wet for day temperature control
Degree is no more than 60%；
Fructescence: at 20~26 DEG C, 16~18 DEG C of nocturnal temperature, ground temperature is controlled at 20~22 DEG C, wet for day temperature control
Degree is no more than 50%；
After harvesting: day temperature is maintained at 20~25 DEG C, and 18~20 DEG C of nocturnal temperature, humidity is no more than 60%；
(3) greenhouse large cherry flower and fruit management
Artificial pollination: in flowering stage acquisition small bell flower, anther is removed, is dried 12~24 hours under the conditions of 24 DEG C, anther
Pollen can be given out, collection is spare, preferable with the pollen effect that multi items mix；Pollinating method has artificial point to award and award by spraying
Powder, spraying pollination pollen 2 ‰, sucrose 10%, borax 1 ‰；1 pollen suspension is sprayed in full-bloom stage；
Florescence bee pollination: honeybee and wall bee are the common Pollinating Insects of two classes, and large cherry is preferably pollinated using Osmia. excavataAlfken；
Dehiscent fruit prevention: the amino acid calcium dilution after cherry blossom 2 weeks every 300~500 times of 10 days or so sprayings one time,
It sprays 2~3 times altogether, mitigates dehiscent fruit by replenishing the calcium；
(4) second of results: by aggravating fertilizer and water management, the application of quick-acting fertilizer, micro- fertilizer, plant growth substance accelerates tree body storage,
Reasonable summer pruning removes invalid branch, and closed branch draws branch, realizes that ventilation and penetrating light accelerates large cherry bud differentiation, cooling guarantees
Second of result of tree body suspend mode and large cherry:
(1) fill organic fertilizer: large cherry begins to bud differentiation after first time fruit picking, need to impose to fruit tree in the period organic
Every plant of fertilizer no less than 30kg fills fertilising material in regrowth hair fruit growth period, fills within 7~10 days and apply once, must reach 8~15 in ground temperature
DEG C when fill applying；
(2) summer pruning: the summer pruning of large cherry mainly carries out during vigorous growth, passes through branch pulling and angle opening, slight, moderate
Or the tip is turned round in severe pinching, bud picking, band girdle, girdling grow in vain to reduce young sprout, increases branches and leaves amount, make tree body early forming, at
Flower, result；
(3) application of plant growth regulator: 200~400 times of foliage-spray of PBO controls treelet prosperous growth after trimming, promotes flower
Bud is formed, and is applied using 5 times of paclobutrazol dilutions dry；
(4) fallen leaves, suspend mode: to annual three the end of month large cherry will growth time by two half a months and bud differentiation, in suspend mode
Preceding 400 times of ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid dilutions for first spraying weight 40%, the growth of control young sprout and young sprout fallen leaves, sprayed Baume after 3~4 days again
5% penta sodium pentachlorophenate of lime sulfur or weight that degree is 3~5, forces whole leaf abscissions；Reduce temperature in Greenhouse, June
The middle ten days starts to be transferred to suspend mode, and temperature dormancy time under the conditions of 2.4~5 DEG C is one month；
(5) mid-July starts to take off and be heated up for the second time: after large cherry suspend mode, greenhouse is started to warm up, and heats up it in greenhouse
Before spray 50% flourish 70~80 times of dilutions of bud or early 70~80 times of dilutions of bud to break the suspend mode of bud, spraying next day starts to draw
Temperature controls after curtain heating, temperature before germinateing, bloom temperature, fruit expanding period temperature, fructescence temperature and harvesting
It is identical with the temperature control in large cherry first time results management；
(6) fertilizer and water management: fertilizer and water management is identical with large cherry first time result fertilizer and water management；
Large cherry grows two after half a month in Greenhouse, i.e., annual September end the beginning of October greenhouse regrowth hair large cherry will be all mature
It is completed with harvesting.
2. the facility cultivation method of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the training
Feeding fruit-bearing shoot cluster is divided into larger result branch group, medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster and small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster；Large and medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster cultural method
Be: cutting back in first carrying out when cutting in the winter can generally be sprouted in 3~4, long shoot, and summer turns round the tip to back branch, and brachyplast is slow to put, and put down
The continuous moderate pinching of every growth 40cm of the golden mean of the Confucian school branch of sideways growth or so, the next winter centering, brachyplast is slow puts, to strong, prosperous branch after
Cutting back in continuous, each large and medium-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster are made of several small-sized fruit-bearing shoot clusters；The training of compact small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster
Feeding method is: carrying out turning round the tip or the continuous pinching of severe in the season of growth to major branch top and back branch, then delays and put；Not to summer
The branch of processing, in winter after extremely heavy cutting back, second year, which is dredged, removes strong prosperous vertical branch, delays in putting, the mediocre branch of brachymedial can form small-sized result
Branch group；The continuous slight pinching of the young sprout of opposite side branch all one's life every growth 15cm or so since May or delay when cutting in the winter is put can shape
At small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
3. the facility cultivation method of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described is big
The tree management of cherry is elongated spindle-like, and crown width is small and thin and tall after forming, entire tree-like in elongated spindle-like, average to be preced with
1~1.5 meter, set 3.0~3.5 meters high, trunk is 0.8~0.9 meter high；On central trunk raw 30~50 helical arrangements are small faces
When property major branch, fruitful branch directly it is raw on small major branch, small major branch average length is 0.5~0.8 meter, the dry average folder with center
Angle be 90~110 °, central trunk with the ratio between major branch base portion rugosity at position 5~7: 1, fusiform large cherry tree after forming
Mu stays branch amount 8~120,000, long, medium and short branch ratio 1: 1: 8.
4. the facility cultivation method of 1 year two inferior fruit of knot of large cherry according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: pair
Main trimming measure before 4 years in treelet trimming culture in raw treelet trimming in 3~4 years is as follows:
(1) based on summer pruning, supplemented by winter pruning；Tree body has not been reached yet the treelet of design height, size, will in
The heart is dry and each major branch extend branch used when cutting in the winter in cutting back, clip bud stays full outer bud；The season of growth carries out continuous moderate
Pinching, major branch are equipped with incomplete person and are sprouted using bud rush is carved, and cultivate new major branch；
(2) when Growth status to design height, after tree crown shapes substantially, the dry extension branch no longer cutting back with each major branch in center,
Center do top it is slow put it is slowly happy again after result, center do grown on top it is excessively prosperous when, tiltedly raw weak branch is taken the lead for choosing, removes caulody
Happily, while reinforcing summer pruning, 5~July of summer removed prosperous, vertical growth and excessive young sprout in time, and only stayed 2
~3 weak branch growths, each major branch extension branch use put down oblique branch under carrying on the back and change head；
(3) to retain more prosperous annual shoot, it should extremely weigh to delay again after cutting back and put, severe pinching can also be taken in the season of growth
Afterwards, take the circumstances into consideration to be trained all kinds of fruit-bearing shoot clusters depending on inserted part, the golden mean of the Confucian school branch of flat sideways growth, which continuously delays, to be put；(4) to the more wooden fork branches in periphery
To be handled in the season of growth: the branch of vertical growth is removed or is turned round and sends, and in addition to extending branch, only stays 1~2 side life sideways growth
Branch carry out continuous slight pinching, be trained small fruit-bearing shoot cluster, the competitive branch for extending branch removed when the winter cuts and periphery is excessive
Branch；
(5) soil fertilizer and water management and insect pest preventing and controlling；The sapling up-growth phase, in addition to setting upper shaping, cultivation results branch, annual spring top dressing,
Growing season according to the top dressing of large cherry tree vigo(u)r, pour water；Autumn applies high-quality farmyard manure, controls tree vigo(u)r using plant growth regulator PBO, prevents
Only disease pest makes large cherry rapidly enter fruiting period.
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