CN105494001A

CN105494001A - Gingko planting method

Info

Publication number: CN105494001A
Application number: CN201510905323.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 蒋勇; 张雪
Original assignee: SICHUAN XIYA ANIMAL PHARMACEUTICAL CO Ltd
Current assignee: SICHUAN XIYA ANIMAL PHARMACEUTICAL CO Ltd
Priority date: 2015-12-10
Filing date: 2015-12-10
Publication date: 2016-04-20

Abstract

The invention discloses a gingko planting method and relates to the technical field of forest planting. The gingko planting method comprises three stages including seedling culture, transplantation as well as rapid production and abundant fruit processing; the seedling culture period is shortened to be within one year through sowing and seedling culture in a greenhouse; problems of long gingko fruit growth period and slow fruit bearing are effectively solved by means of grafting, shaping and pruning; the high and fixed gingko yield is guaranteed through artificial pollination, and alternate bearing is effectively avoided.

Description

A kind of ginkgo cultivation method

Technical field

The present invention relates to Forest tree seed planting technology field, relate to a kind of ginkgo cultivation method in particular.

Background technology

Ginkgo is the distinctive rare tree of China, collection kind with, Ye Yong, material be used for one: ginkgo kernel is commonly called as " gingko ", nutritious, dietotherapeutic, is exactly the first-class dry fruit that health is prolonged life from ancient times, the 4th, residence in China dry fruit is produced; Ginkgo leaf has very high medical value, the multiple medicine compositions such as glycosides displayed, ginkgolide and terpene can be extracted from ginkgo leaf, pharmacological research shows the effect that gingko leaf preparation has hemangiectasis, promotes microcirculation, reduces cholesterol, the good medicine for the treatment of hypertension, cerebral arteriovenous malformation and angiocardiopathy, water content is that the ginkgo leaf of 12% 100 kilograms even can obtain 1 kilogram of extract, can also do the additive of food, beverage, cosmetics except medicinal; Ginkgo timber is excellent, have the laudatory title of " silver-colored incense wood ", is the desirable timber of craft articles, mould, musical instrument and furniture.

But presently, ginkgo is still less, how as ornamental plant, present stage the quantity of ginkgo still can not meet the demand of people, and ginkgo nut grows directly from seeds at present, and long period is long, to produce fruit slow, and nursery stage is just up to 2-3.

Summary of the invention

The invention provides a kind of ginkgo cultivation method, with solve ginkgo nut grow directly from seeds long period long, produce the slow problem of fruit, and expand ginkgo planting range further.

For solving above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention by the following technical solutions:

A kind of ginkgo cultivation method, comprises nursery, plants, speed produces rich fruitization process three phases:

(1) nursery: 1. collect seed, late September is to early October, growth selection is fast, result early, output is high, product are of fine quality healthy and strong elite stand collects seed, bank up in the subset after adopting 1 week, stepping on to step on makes seed be separated rear elutriation with pulp, then spreads out airing 0.5-1h in plaque by thin for seed, treats that kind of a shell transfers white to, be placed in again in square-bottomed bamboo basket, keep the storage of ventilation and penetrating light condition; 2. greenhouse vernalization, put half wet sand of one deck 5 cm thick at greenhouse bottom, then spread the seed of one deck 1-2 cm thick, repave one deck 2-3 cm thick half wet husky, lay successively, lay half meter high, running check, prevents temperature too low; 3. greenhouse seeding and seedling raising, whole good seedbed, 30 cm of deep ploughing, use sufficient base manure, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields 3 kilograms, chlorophos powder and ferrous sulfate 5-10 kilogram, eliminate soil insect and prevention soil germ, sowing ditch depth about 3cm, puts the plumule point of the seed of vernalization downwards, the dark 2-3 centimetre of earthing, on seed bed, covering film is to heat moisturizing, scratch mulch film after coming up, every mu of seeding quantity is 60-70 kilogram, about the strain of every mu of output of seedling 20,000, height of seedling 1 year Nei Keda 1-1.5m, gets final product transplanting;

(2) plant: 1. selection of land, select leeward on the sunny side, fertile soil, well-drained place; 2. planting density is 150-180 strain/m ²; 3. plant the time, be planted in autumn and carry out for 10-November, plant before being planted in germination spring;

(3) speed produces rich fruitization process: 1. grafting, the ginkgo of life in 5 to six years is selected to carry out grafting, grafting time is between the Spring Equinox to lucid interval, select lifes in ten to three ten years of result, the elite stand of robust growth, on the branch of outside, Chaoyang, clip three as scion, carries out grafting in the method for height of tree 1.5-2m place crown grafting to quadrennial branch; 2. shaping and pruning, will suitably remove overstocked branch in 4-9 after grafting, timely scraper strikes off bark coarse for projection, avoid ponding between grafting part fork and cause rotten, late March draws 1-2 bar ordinate to mid-June on trunk, deeply reaches formation layer, stimulates it to grow; 3. rich water quality management, based on Chemical Mixed Fertilizer, is auxiliary with compost or muck, avoids ash, and ring-type fertilization method is used in time of the year when autumn changes into winter fertilising, and execute vernalization respectively in mid-March and July fertile and long really fertile, employing is spreaded manuer in holes; The ginkgo garden of field planting in blocks, a large amount of green manuring of woodland, fresh grass is buried green grass or young crops just, deep-cuts drain ditch and be drowned to avoid ginkgo; During Continuous Drought, suitably pouring in time; 4. artificial pollination, before female plant is bloomed, the male inflorescence of collection is preserved, when needing pollination, the male inflorescence of storage is placed in sieve, put a blank sheet of paper respectively up and down, move to airing about 2h under sunlight, then take out pollen flower, when female flower is by disgusting property water, pollen clear water is fully blended into yellow suspension, with the Hua Zhushang of clean atomizers spray in each portion of elite stand female plant, if the female flower on elite stand is too much, award pollen 1 ~ 2 time, if the female flower on elite stand is very few, suitably increases and award pollen number of times, to avoid the generation of biennial bearing.

Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:

(1) nursery stage subtracts end greatly, is reduced within 1 year by original 2-3, is convenient to the extension plantation of ginkgo;

(2) by grafting, shaping and the means of pruning, efficiently solve ginkgo nut grow directly from seeds long period long, produce the slow problem of fruit;

(3) bear fruit soon, reduce growth cycle, money collecting is fast;

(4) ensure that Ginkgo Nut Yield is high and fixing by artificial pollination, effectively prevent the generation of biennial bearing.

Embodiment

Application principle of the present invention, effect and effect, be explained by following embodiment.

Embodiment 1

The first step, nursery:

Collect seed, late September is to early October, growth selection is fast, result early, output is high, product are of fine quality healthy and strong elite stand collects seed, ginkgo is divided into the large type of horse bell class, Buddha's hand class, plum core class, eldest son's class, dumpling made of glutinous rice flour class five according to drupe and seed character, show through introduction and Experiment for many years: behave oneself best with horse bell class, secondly be Buddha's hand class, plum core class, bank up in the subset after adopting 1 week, stepping on to step on makes seed be separated rear elutriation with pulp, airing 0.5-1h in plaque is spread out again by thin for seed, treat that kind of a shell transfers white to, then be placed in square-bottomed bamboo basket, keep the storage of ventilation and penetrating light condition;

Greenhouse vernalization, put half wet sand of one deck 5 cm thick at greenhouse bottom, then spread the seed of one deck 1-2 cm thick, repave one deck 2-3 cm thick half wet husky, lay successively, lay half meter high, running check, prevents temperature too low;

Greenhouse seeding and seedling raising, whole good seedbed, 30 cm of deep ploughing, use sufficient base manure, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields 3 kilograms, chlorophos powder and ferrous sulfate 5-10 kilogram, eliminate soil insect and prevention soil germ, sowing ditch depth about 3cm, puts the plumule point of the seed of vernalization downwards, the dark 2-3 centimetre of earthing, on seed bed, covering film is to heat moisturizing, scratch mulch film after coming up, every mu of seeding quantity is 60-70 kilogram, about the strain of every mu of output of seedling 20,000, height of seedling 1 year Nei Keda 1-1.5m, gets final product transplanting.

Wholely, make bed, trench digging, soil disinfection method are identical with conventional seedbed system, before sowing, ginkgo radicle 0.3 centimeters below collar is cut off, program request immediately, seed base-root is downward, plant rib parallel to the ground, thickness of earth-fill cover for degree, and sprinkles wheat bran with drowning seed on sowing row, with good conditionsi can laying plastic or take shed.

Before and after coming up, keep seedbed moistening, shed and covering remove after hardening by the first tenday period of a month in May, topdress to execute carbon ammonium worthwhile, effect is also better, at the beginning of 5 months, early June, early July respectively execute once, and fertilizing amount is 20 kilograms every mu, and trench digging applies, cover immediately after executing, water, meanwhile, every 10 days foliage-sprays 0.3% urea liquid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, connect spray 3-6 time.

In management according to actual needs, carry out intertill and clean tillage in conjunction with fertilising, suitably shade.

The technical essential of cultivating annual strong sprout mainly contains and selects large seed, intensification vernalization, excised roots, uses sufficient base manure four point.

Facts have proved that ginkgo kind grain is larger under all the other measure the same terms, seedling growth amount is larger, and ginkgo root system plasticity is large, and excised roots is sowed, and can not only promote that root system is mitogenetic, and can accelerate seedling growth.Use sufficient base manure dominate in all measures in annual strong sprout of cultivation ginkgo.

Second step, plant:

Selection of land, select leeward on the sunny side, fertile soil, well-drained place; Planting density is 150-180 strain/m ²; Plant the time, be planted in autumn and carry out for 10-November, plant before being planted in germination spring.

The straight circular groove of a circle is dug in ginkgo seedling tree root surrounding, tree root is cut off with sharp utensil, make smooth cut, after digging, water brush of taking root is applied in incision, promote plant wound heeling, inspire new root, and insert compacting with being mixed with loosening the soil of organic manure, then water, select cloudy and without rain or fine and weather that is few wind is transplanted, tree crown blade face is sprayed moisture transpiration inhibitor, blade face moisture evaporation effectively or can be reduced, trees can not be affected simultaneously and breathe and photosynthesis, simultaneously when excavating, reduce the damage of fibrous root as far as possible.

Adopt and excavate packing method reliably: the surface dust first rooting out root, excavating slightly at a distance from cutting outside root circular groove, adopting double-layer network method to wrap up native ball, as soil drought, then should pour water, in order to avoid native ball is loose before excavation a couple of days.

Dig darker than native ball 20 centimetres, the plant pit that width is large 60 centimetres, in plant pit, inserting the Nutrition Soil (organic manure containing becoming thoroughly decomposed) being about 20 cm thicks ensureing that around root system, nutrient is sufficient.

Adopt branch thinning method, cut off flat the going of overlapping branch, sick branch, deadwood, intersection branch and weakly stay strong, make tree crown well arranged, tree crown is well-balanced, but notices that pruning can not be overlapping.

By ginkgo sapling being placed into early in off-the-shelf plantation cave gently, removing the rope of seizing at tree crown, and with hand fit's machinery, righting will be erected to trunk, and tentatively support; After trees erect, carefully to examine relation that is tree-like and environment closely, rotate and the direction of adjustment tree crown, tree performance and surrounding environment are matched, and should meet as best one can original towards; Then, rope bag or boxboard that native ball dresses outside is removed; Layered backfill, reality is built in layering, and native ball is imbedded underground entirely; Ground around trunk to be made and block water cofferdam; Finally, fill with permeable, generally water weekly once, irrigate at every turn, envelope of loosening the soil again after even watering three times weir.

Must maintenance work be carried out after field planting, should following measures be taked:

Support trunk: the sapling just planted especially easily curved fall, support being set up, firmly supporting setting, guarantee that tree can not curving;

Water: in curing period, note watering, in summer, multipair ground and tree crown to spray clear water, increase the humidity of environment, reduce transpiration;

Fertilising: in First Year autumn after transplanting, just once should topdress, Second Year early spring and autumn, also at least will apply fertilizer 2-3 times;

Growth hormone process: in order to impel root growth, can add the growth hormone of 0.02% in the water of pouring, makes root system growth ahead of time sound;

Parcel: midsummer, for reducing transpiration rate, also can take shading shed or hang straw screen or mat around tree crown; With the straw rope soaked from tree base up thickly winding trunk, trunk top can be wrapped up in when wrapping up in dry always, then, then by the trunk that full for paste thick for the clay mortar of modulation straw rope is wrapped up in, after, can be the moisturizing of trunk water spray through conventional sprayer.

3rd step, speed produces rich fruitization process:

Grafting, plants then, then grafting.Namely the spring plant the autumn connect, the winter plant the spring connect, adopt two whip graft, heading height about 1 meter, more slightly, can a grafting 2-3 scion on higher stock, cultivates tree crown, the ginkgo of life in 5 to six years is selected to carry out grafting, grafting time is between the Spring Equinox to lucid interval, selects lifes in ten to three ten years of result, the elite stand of robust growth, on the branch of outside, Chaoyang, clip three as scion, carries out grafting in the method for height of tree 1.5-2m place crown grafting to quadrennial branch; 2. shaping and pruning, will suitably remove overstocked branch in 4-9 after grafting, timely scraper strikes off bark coarse for projection, avoid ponding between grafting part fork and cause rotten, late March draws 1-2 bar ordinate to mid-June on trunk, deeply reaches formation layer, stimulates it to grow.

Rich water quality management, based on Chemical Mixed Fertilizer, is auxiliary with compost or muck, avoids ash, and ring-type fertilization method is used in time of the year when autumn changes into winter fertilising, and execute vernalization respectively in mid-March and July fertile and long really fertile, employing is spreaded manuer in holes; The ginkgo garden of field planting in blocks, a large amount of green manuring of woodland, fresh grass is buried green grass or young crops just, deep-cuts drain ditch and be drowned to avoid ginkgo; During Continuous Drought, suitably pouring in time.

Ginkgo root system has two summit of growth phases every year: first appears at the 5-7 month, continues 70 days, and amount of growth is comparatively large, and aerial growth peak period is synchronous with it; Second summit of growth phase, amount of growth was less in the 10-11 month; According to above-mentioned biological property, topdress the whole year and be no less than three times, first time, after bud is sprouted, second time was in early June, and third time is in mid-October in early April; Three times fertilizing amount accounts for 1/4,1/2,1/4 of total fertilizing amount respectively.Ginkgo root system has 76.4% to be distributed in the soil layer of 20-70 centimetre, and fertilising should concentrate deep placement, and fertilizing amount there is no unified standard, should depending on the age of tree, the amount of producing seeds, soil condition.Experience is that the whole year is executed 1.5 kilograms, cake fertilizer, composite fertilizer 0.6 kilogram, 0.5 kilogram, urea, potassium sulfate 0.15 kilogram in every strain, the whole year also can carry out 5-6 top dressing, urea with 0.3% or potassium dihydrogen phosphate alternately spray, after rudiment to spraying 1% boric acid before blooming, full-bloom stage spray 0.1-0.3% boric acid can improve percentage of fertile fruit.

Artificial pollination, before female plant is bloomed, the male inflorescence of collection is preserved, when needing pollination, the male inflorescence of storage is placed in sieve, put a blank sheet of paper respectively up and down, move to airing about 2h under sunlight, then take out pollen flower, when female flower is by disgusting property water, pollen clear water is fully blended into yellow suspension, with the Hua Zhushang of clean atomizers spray in each portion of elite stand female plant, if the female flower on elite stand is too much, pollen can be awarded 1 ~ 2 time, if the female flower on elite stand is very few, suitably can increases and award pollen number of times, to avoid the generation of biennial bearing.

Late March is to mid-April, when the female tree Ovule Development of ginkgo is ripe, the liquid of pollination room secretion also increases thereupon, and the aperture that spues, when the diameter of this globule outside aperture is greater than aperture opening width, become a full circular globule, be ovule full maturity, when tree has during the ovule full maturity of 50-80% and can pollinate; As met result off year, pollination time can evening, has during the ovule full maturity of 70-80% and pollinate on setting.

In good time collection pollen is the key of pollination, the gingko pollen maturing stage is about by the end of March to mid-April, special messenger is sent meticulously to observe before gathering, during as found that male inflorescence changes into faint yellow by cyan, namely 1-2 days before pollen sac cracking, organizes assault to gather immediately, male flower is gathered without damage by disease and insect tree from robust growth, selection inflorescence is large, and pollen sac is full, the male flower faint yellow, nothing is rotten.

The male flower dryness in the sun method collected or lime seasoning process by we, make it the pollen that sheds, the pollen clean-keeping paper shed is placed on shady and cool dry place after wrapping for subsequent use, dryness in the sun method: the male flower inflorescence of removing impurity is spread out in the plaque being lined with white light paper (light faces up) thinly, be stamped white light paper (light faces down) above equally, shine under being placed in sunlight, stirred 1 time every 1-2 hour, whole pollen sac is shed pollen; Lime seasoning: deimpurity male inflorescence will be removed, every 50-100 gram paper using is bundled into a parcel, is placed on and fills in the closed container of quicklime, bibulous clean-keeping paper is covered above lime block, isolate with pollen bag, by the hygroscopic effect of quicklime, pollen sac is shed pollen.

Pollen spraying consumption, 24-30 kilogram of clear water is converted by often producing 50 kilograms of gingkoes pollen that 0.15 kilogram of male inflorescence sheds, what calculate every strain uses pollen amount and water consumption, and add the granulated sugar of 5%-10%, the boric acid of 0.2-0.5%, the vigor of pollen can be kept and strengthen the adhesion of pollen, promoting setting; Select fine day during pollination, carry out after dew is dry, if 2 hours after pollination rains will carry out benefit pollination; Pollinate that apparatus used and water all will clean, nontoxic, alkali-free, without harmful substances such as agricultural chemicals, pollen liquid will with joining with spray, the pollen liquid prepared can not require during spraying that cloud point is thin, spray even more than 2 hours, speed is fast, based on the middle and lower part of ginkgo tree crown.

From field planting Second Year, within continuous 3 years, expand cave, can carry out every certain year number later, before fall foliage in 1-1.5 month, at tree dish peripheral cyclic trench digging, in conjunction with fertilising, plough deeply 50-70 centimetre, use the barnyard manure 1000 kilograms that becomes thoroughly decomposed, superphosphate 50 kilograms for every mu, the happy shape of the many employings in Zao Feng garden, dry high 0.7-1.5 rice, becomes skeleton, branch spreading angle 50-60 degree by three the major branch pines be evenly distributed, all the other more than 60 degree, auxiliary branches, during winter pruning, cutting back annotinous branch, promotes pumping long shoot; Remove thin and delicate branch, water sprout, verticillate branch.

To the field planting garden of ginkgo grafting 4-5, except normal management technology, carrying out band girdle is control major branch, long shoot to proceed to reproductive growth by nourishing and growing, impel the key of Early blooming and fruiting, reasonable application girdling technology, carrying out appropriate band girdle to crossing thick excessively prosperous branch, can receive good effect.

The band girdle time be late June to early July, will select fine day during band girdle, fortune cutter wants fast, firmly want suitably, the degree of depth just reaches layer of wood and does not hinder wooden, and often enclosing edge of a knife line will align, can not mismatch, the upper circle edge of a knife will to declivity, and the lower circle edge of a knife is upward, wound is caused to go rotten in case rain, band girdle width is generally 1/10 of trunk diameter, and after stripping, the phloem tissue at the upper and lower two ends of the edge of a knife should be close to wooden, can not tilt dew seam, bast must be peeled off by stripping mid portion, staying of a line can not be had; During band girdle, the cortex peelled off is turned around to stick to cry again and lose money instead of making money skin.Stick rear maintenance wound clean, and tie with plastic film, avoid rainwater or damage by disease and insect to infect; The plastic film of wrapping can be removed, in order to healing and the normal growth of trees after the early September of peeling healing.

Be embodiments of the invention as mentioned above.The present invention is not limited to above-mentioned embodiment, and anyone should learn the structure change made under enlightenment of the present invention, and every have identical or close technical scheme with the present invention, all falls within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. a ginkgo cultivation method, is characterized in that, comprise nursery, plant, speed produce rich fruitization process three phases:

Nursery: 1. collect seed, late September is to early October, growth selection is fast, result early, output is high, product are of fine quality healthy and strong elite stand collects seed, bank up in the subset after adopting 1 week, stepping on to step on makes seed be separated rear elutriation with pulp, spread out airing 0.5-1h in plaque by thin for seed again, treat that kind of a shell transfers white to and is placed in square-bottomed bamboo basket again, keep the storage of ventilation and penetrating light condition; 2. greenhouse vernalization, keeps temperature of shed 18-30 DEG C, puts half wet sand of one deck 5 cm thick at greenhouse bottom, then spread the seed of one deck 1-2 cm thick, repave one deck 2-3 cm thick half wet husky, lay successively, lay half meter high, running check, prevents temperature too low; 3. greenhouse seeding and seedling raising, keep temperature of shed 18-30 DEG C, whole good seedbed, to deep plough 30 cm, use sufficient base manure, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields 3 kilograms, chlorophos powder and ferrous sulfate 5-10 kilogram, eliminate soil insect and prevention soil germ, sowing ditch depth about 3cm, the plumule point of the seed of vernalization is put downwards, the dark 2-3 centimetre of earthing, on seed bed, covering film is to heat moisturizing, scratches mulch film after coming up, every mu of seeding quantity is 60-70 kilogram, about the strain of every mu of output of seedling 20,000, height of seedling reaches 1-1.5m, gets final product transplanting;

Plant: 1. selection of land, select leeward on the sunny side, fertile soil, well-drained place; 2. planting density is 150-180 strain/m ²; 3. plant the time, be planted in autumn and carry out for 10-November, plant before being planted in germination spring;

Speed produces rich fruitization process: 1. grafting, the ginkgo of life in 5 to six years is selected to carry out grafting, grafting time is between the Spring Equinox to lucid interval, select lifes in ten to three ten years of result, the elite stand of robust growth, on the branch of outside, Chaoyang, clip three as scion, carries out grafting in the method for height of tree 1.5-2m place crown grafting to quadrennial branch; 2. shaping and pruning, will suitably remove overstocked branch in 4-9 after grafting, timely scraper strikes off bark coarse for projection, and late March draws 1-2 bar ordinate to mid-June on trunk, deeply reaches formation layer, stimulates it to grow; 3. rich water quality management, based on Chemical Mixed Fertilizer, is auxiliary with compost or muck, avoids ash, and ring-type fertilization method is used in time of the year when autumn changes into winter fertilising, and execute vernalization respectively in mid-March and July fertile and long really fertile, employing is spreaded manuer in holes; The ginkgo garden of field planting in blocks, a large amount of green manuring of woodland, fresh grass is buried green grass or young crops just, deep-cuts drain ditch; During Continuous Drought, suitably pouring in time; 4. artificial pollination, before female plant is bloomed, the male inflorescence of collection is preserved, when needing pollination, the male inflorescence of storage is placed in sieve, put a blank sheet of paper respectively up and down, move to airing about 2h under sunlight, then take out pollen flower, when female flower is by disgusting property water, pollen clear water is fully blended into yellow suspension, with the Hua Zhushang of clean atomizers spray in each portion of elite stand female plant, if the female flower on elite stand is too much, award pollen 1 ~ 2 time, if the female flower on elite stand is very few, suitably increases and award pollen number of times.