CN106067734B - 用于功率转换器的不对称功率流控制器及其操作方法 - Google Patents

用于功率转换器的不对称功率流控制器及其操作方法 Download PDF

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CN106067734B
CN106067734B CN201610246312.XA CN201610246312A CN106067734B CN 106067734 B CN106067734 B CN 106067734B CN 201610246312 A CN201610246312 A CN 201610246312A CN 106067734 B CN106067734 B CN 106067734B
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converter
power
controller
stages
power converter
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CN106067734A (zh
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严文广
L·P·谭
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Altera Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • H02M3/1586—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel switched with a phase shift, i.e. interleaved

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Ac-Ac Conversion (AREA)

Abstract

本申请涉及一种用于由多个转换器级形成的功率转换器的控制器及其操作方法。在一个实施例中，该控制器包括功率系统控制器，该功率系统控制器被配置为基于功率转换器的操作确定多个转换器级之间的不等电流分配。该控制器也包括转换器级控制器，该转换器级控制器被配置为响应于电流分配来控制由多个转换器级中的每个转换器级产生的输出电流。

Description

用于功率转换器的不对称功率流控制器及其操作方法
技术领域
本发明总体涉及电子器件，并且具体涉及用于由多个转换器级形成的功率转换器的控制器及其操作方法。
背景技术
现代电子系统一般由提供特定的负载输入电压(诸如经调节的直流(“dc”)输入电压)的电压源供电。负载输入电压一般由专用功率转换器提供。在此种专用功率转换器的设计中重要的考量是从诸如交流(“ac”)干线的输入功率源产生特定的负载输入电压的功率转换效率。功率转换效率被理解为功率转换器的输出功率与输入功率的比率。
常规的功率转换器一般可以由非线性效率函数表征，所述非线性效率函数将其功率转换效率与一个或多个操作参数(诸如输入电压和输出电流)关联。还已知诸如操作温度的其它操作参数对效率产生影响，一般是影响程度较小。效率函数可以从对特定功率转换器设计的实验室测量中确定。
功率转换器通常被设计为具有多个并联功率处理级(被称为多级功率转换器的“转换器级”)，这些并联功率处理级中的每个功率处理级产生总输出电流的等分比例部分。由多个转换器级产生的输出电流的若干等分比例部分在电路节点处被累加，以产生来自功率转换器的总输出电流。在常规实践中，转换器级被共同调节以控制功率转换器的输出特性(诸如输出电压)，并且转换器级中的每个转换器级产生其相等的总输出电流份额。结果是，功率转换器的效率基本上等于各转换器级的效率，其所有效率对于它们的总输出电流的等分比例部分都是基本上相等的。
在本领域中所需要的是利用由多个转换器级形成的功率转换器设计来产生改进的功率转换效率的技术。鉴于当前市场趋势，利用多个转换器级来改进总体功率转换效率而不显著增加功率转换器成本的技术将解决工业需求。
发明内容
通过本发明的有利实施例，一般解决或规避这些和其它问题，并且一般实现技术优点，所述实施例包括用于由多个转换器级形成的功率转换器的控制器及其操作方法。在一个实施例中，该控制器包括功率系统控制器，该功率系统控制器被配置为基于功率转换器的操作确定多个转换器级之间的不等电流分配。该控制器也包括转换器级控制器，该转换器级控制器被配置为响应于电流分配来控制由多个转换器级中的每个转换器级产生的输出电流。
前述内容已经相当宽泛地概述了本发明的特征和技术优点，以便以下本发明的详细描述可以被更好的理解。形成本发明权利要求主题的本发明的额外特征和优点将在下文中描述。本领域技术人员应该清楚的是，所公开的概念和具体实施例可以容易地用作修改或设计用于实施本发明相同目地的其它结构或处理的基础。本领域技术人员也应该意识到，此类等效构造不背离如所附权利要求中阐述的本发明的精神和范围。
附图说明
为了更透彻地理解本发明，现在结合附图参考以下描述，其中
图1示出包括功率转换电路的功率转换器的实施例的示意图；
图2示出说明功率转换器的功率转换器效率的图形表示；
图3和图4示出功率转换器的实施例的框图；
图5示出操作功率转换器的方法的实施例的流程图；
图6至图10示出转换器级控制器可采用的控制过程的一部分的实施例的框图；
图11示出说明功率转换器的功率转换器效率的图形表示；以及
图12示出操作功率转换器的方法的实施例的流程图。
在不同附图中对应的数字和符号一般指的是对应的部件，除非另有指明。绘制附图以清晰地示出优选实施例的相关方面并且附图不必按比例绘制。
具体实施方式
当前优选的实施例的制备和使用在以下详细讨论。然而，应该清楚的是，实施例提供可以在多种具体背景下实施的许多可应用的发明概念。所讨论的具体实施例仅说明制备和使用本发明的具体方式，并不限制本发明的范围。
实施例将在具体背景下描述，即用于由多个转换器级构造的功率转换器(也被称为“多级功率转换器”)并且控制多个转换器级的输出电流以改进总体功率转换效率的控制器及其操作方法。尽管本发明的原理将在由多个并联转换器级形成的功率转换器的环境中描述，但是可受益于多个功率转换器级的个体(individual)控制(例如，但是不等控制)的任何应用或相关半导体技术(诸如由多个功率转换器级形成的功率放大器或马达控制器)也在本发明的宽泛范围内。
首先参考图1，其示出包括功率转换电路的功率转换器的实施例的示意图。尽管图1中示出的功率转换器包括单个转换器级，但是该功率转换电路可以重复以形成多级功率转换器。功率转换器包括传动系110、控制器120以及包含控制电路元件的驱动器130，并将功率提供给诸如微处理器的功率系统。尽管在示出的实施例中传动系110采用降压转换器拓扑，但本领域技术人员应该理解，诸如正向转换器拓扑的其它转换器拓扑也在本发明的宽泛范围内。
传动系110在其输入端处接收来自电功率源(由电池表示)的输入电压Vin，并在其输出端处提供经调节的输出电压Vout以对例如微处理器供电。与降压转换器拓扑的原则一致，输出电压Vout通常小于输入电压Vin，以使功率转换器的开关操作能够调节输出电压Vout。诸如功率半导体开关(例如，主功率半导体开关Qmn)的有源元件被启用以在主要间隔(一般与主功率半导体开关Qmn的主要占空比“D”共同存在)内导通，并将输入电压Vin耦合到输出滤波电感器Lout。在主要间隔期间，随着电流从传动系110的输入端流向输出端，流经输出滤波电感器Lout的电感器电流ILout增大。电感器电流ILout的一部分由输出电容器Cout进行滤波。
在互补间隔期间(一般与主功率半导体开关Qmn的互补占空比“1-D”共同存在)，主功率半导体开关Qmn转变至非导通状态，并且诸如另一个功率半导体开关(例如，辅助功率半导体开关Qaux)的另一个有源元件被启用以导通。辅助功率半导体开关Qaux提供路径以维持流经输出滤波电感器Lout的电感器电流ILout的连续性。在互补间隔期间，经过输出滤波电感器Lout的电感器电流ILout降低。一般来说，可以调整主功率半导体开关Qmn和辅助功率半导体开关Qaux的占空比以维持功率转换器的输出电压Vout的调节。然而，本领域技术人员应该理解，主功率半导体开关Qmn和辅助功率半导体开关Qaux的导通周期可以由小的时间间隔分开以避免两者间的交叉导通，并且有益地减少与功率转换器相关联的开关损耗。可以相对于由可在控制器120内部的振荡器产生的周期性时钟信号tclock的相位角控制占空比。图1中示出的符号VDRAIN和VGND分别标识功率半导体开关Qmn的漏极端子和功率转换器的接地端子。
控制器120接收来自与微处理器相关联的内部/外部源的期望特性(诸如期望的1.2伏特功率系统偏压Vsystem)，并且接收功率转换器的输出电压Vout。控制器120也耦合至功率转换器的输入电压Vin和电功率源的回路导线(同样由电池表示)以提供其接地连接。去耦电容器Cdec耦合至从输入电压Vin至控制器120的路径。去耦电容器Cdec被配置为吸收与电功率源相关联的高频噪音信号以保护控制器120。可替代地，控制器120可以接收分配级电流Istage以控制多级功率转换器的转换器级的输出电流。
根据前述特性，控制器120提供信号(例如，脉冲宽度调制信号SPWM)以控制传动系110的主功率半导体开关Qmn和辅助功率半导体开关Qaux的占空比和频率，从而调节输出电压Vout或其分配级电流Istage。控制器120也可以根据前述特性提供信号的补码(例如，互补脉冲宽度调制信号S1-PWM)。适于控制功率转换器的至少一个功率半导体开关的任何控制器也在本发明的宽泛范围内。作为一个示例，采用数字电路的控制器被公开于Dwarakanath等人的标题为“Controller for a Power Converter and a Method of Controlling a SwitchThereof”的美国专利US7,038,438以及Dwarakanath等人的标题为“Digital Controllerfor a Power Converter Employing Selectable Stages of a Clock Signal”的美国专利US7,019,505中，以上专利均通过引用并入本文。
功率转换器也包括驱动器130，其被配置为基于由控制器120提供的信号SPWM、S1-PWM将驱动信号SDRV1、SDRV2分别提供至主功率半导体开关Qmn和辅助功率半导体开关Qaux。存在许多可行的替代方案来实施驱动器130，包括在控制功率转换器中的多个功率半导体开关时提供足够的信号延迟以防止串流(crosscurrent)的技术。驱动器130通常包括诸如含有多个驱动器开关的开关电路系统的有源元件，所述驱动器开关进行协作以将驱动信号SDRV1、SDRV2提供给主功率半导体开关Qmn和辅助功率半导体开关Qaux。当然，能够提供驱动信号SDRV1、SDRV2以控制功率半导体开关的任何驱动器130也在本发明的宽泛范围内。作为一个示例，驱动器被公开于Dwarakanath等人的标题为“Driver for a Power Converter andMethod ofDriving a Switch Thereof”的美国专利US7,330,017中，所述专利通过引用并入本文。另外，可实施为功率转换电路系统的一些部分的半导体器件的实施例被公开于Lotfi等人的标题为“Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor Device andMethod of Forming the Same”的美国专利US7,230,302和Lotfi等人的标题为“Semiconductor Device including Alternating Source and Drain Regions，andRespective Source and Drain Metallic Strips”美国专利申请序列号14/091,739中，所述专利文献通过引用并入本文中，并且实施为功率转换电路系统或其一些部分的集成电路的实施例被公开于Lotfi等人的标题为“Integrated Circuit Employable with a PowerConverter”的美国专利US7,015,544中，所述专利通过引用并入本文。另外，实施为功率转换器和控制器的封装集成电路的实施例被公开于标题为“Packaged Integrated CircuitIncluding a Switch-Mode Regulator and Method of Forming the Same”的美国专利申请序列号14/632,641中，所述专利文献通过引用并入本文。
现在转向图2，其示出说明功率转换器的功率转换器效率的波形图。该波形图显示在特定输入电压Vin下的功率转换器的功率转换器效率η与功率转换器的负载电流Iload的关系。如图2中的曲线所示，最大功率转换器效率ηmax在大致小于功率转换器的最大额定输出电流Imax的最佳输出电流水平Iopt下获得。功率转换器的设计者一般考虑到用于特定应用的预期操作电流水平，以便使在预期操作电流水平和预期操作输入电压下的功率转换器效率η最大化。然而，在许多功率系统应用中，功率转换器在一个输入电压范围和一个输出电流范围内操作。因此，功率转换器频繁地提供充分低于其最大值的功率转换效率。
图2中示出的功率转换器效率曲线显示出相对高的功率转换器效率ηhigh可以在介于电流水平Ia、Ib之间的有限电流范围内获得，其可以反映功率转换器的总输出电流或反映由对称尺寸的转换器级(即用于基本上同等构造的转换器级)产生的个体电流。
用于多级功率转换器的控制器可以控制由相等分配部分中的对称转换器级产生的电流(即每个转换器级被控制以产生对总输出电流的相同贡献)。在此情况下，多级功率转换器不独立地调节每个转换器级中的功率流。转换器级之间的相等的电流/功率份额通过使用基本上等同的部件来构造转换器级而获得。
如本文所介绍，功率转换器用耦合至共同输入节点和共同输出节点的多个转换器级形成。控制器的一部分(在本文中被称为功率系统控制器)调节在输出节点处的特性，诸如输出电压。此外，功率系统控制器确定并调节由个体转换器级产生并供应至共同输出节点的电流的分配，以改进功率转换器的总体功率转换效率。在一个实施例中，除了总体功率转换效率之外，考虑到诸如输出纹波电压电平的另一个功率系统特性，功率系统控制器还分配并调节由个体转换器级产生的电流的划分。在一个实施例中，每个转换器级的占空比相位角可以被不同地控制以减少例如输出电压或纹波电流。
转换器级控制器调节相应转换器级的个体输出电流以使其等于由功率系统控制器确定的电流分配。在一个实施例中，个体转换器级被对称地构造以在特定的输出电流水平下表现出基本上相等的功率转换效率。在一个实施例中，个体转换器级被不对称地构造以在特定的输出电流水平下表现出不同的功率转换效率。
因此，设置输出特性(诸如功率转换器输出电压和在多个转换器级之间的电流分配)的控制以便获得功率转换效率的总体改进，而不折损输出特性的控制。该功率转换器控制构架可应用于用多个转换器级形成的对称和不对称功率转换器构架两者。应该注意的是，由每个转换器级处理的功率与由每个转换器级产生的电流成比例，因为每个转换器级产生基本相同的输出电压。已经发现，相比于用各自被等同控制以贡献相同输出电流水平的对称级所构造的功率转换器，用多个转换器级(特别是不对称构造的转换器级)构造的功率转换器在一些环境中表现出高达30％的效率改进。
现在转向图3，其示出功率转换器的实施例的框图。该功率转换器包括共同控制多个N个(其中N＞1)转换器级DC/DC1，…，DC/DCN的功率系统控制器310和转换器级控制器320。功率系统控制器310产生耦合至转换器级控制器320的系统输出电压Vsystem。此外，功率系统控制器310产生用于转换器级控制器320的电流分配314以控制它们对由转换器级DC/DC1，…，DC/DCN产生的负载电流Iload的个体贡献。功率系统控制器310接收功率转换器测量值，诸如在电路节点355处产生的输入电压Vin和输出电压Vout。功率系统控制器310被构造成具有功率转换器效率曲线，该曲线表示作为输入电压、输出电压以及个体转换器级输出电流的函数的个体转换器级的效率。此外，功率系统控制器310包括最佳算法以减少操作/性能/补偿函数，诸如在约束条件下(诸如用于特定转换器级的最大输出电流)最小化或以其他方式减小功率转换器的总体功率损耗。最小化或以其他方式减小总体功率损耗基本上等效于最大化或改善总体功率转换效率。增强或优化操作函数的过程在本领域是众所周知的，并且为了简洁起见本文中将不再描述。
转换器级控制器320也接收测量值，诸如由转换器级DC/DC1，…，DC/DCN产生的转换器级负载电流I1，…，IN的测量值。对应的驱动器电路DRV1，…，DRVN产生用于相应转换器级DC/DC1，…，DC/DCN中的功率开关(未显示)的驱动信号，从而产生如由功率系统控制器310发出信号通知的负载电流Iload的分配部分。在一个实施例中，一个转换器级控制输出电压Vout以使其等于系统电压Vsystem，而剩余N-1个转换器级控制它们对负载电流Iload的个体贡献。
由功率系统控制器310采用的效率曲线可以通过(但不限于)查询表或解析函数来表示。减小补偿函数的最佳算法可以用(但不限于)软件代码或状态机来构造。最佳算法可以驻留于现场可编程门阵列(“FPGA”)中和/或独立的dc-dc控制器中。由转换器级控制器320采用的电压和电流控制过程可以是线性或非线性的，可以在电压模式或电流模式中操作，并且可以连续操作或者可以以离散时间步骤操作。转换器级控制器320的实施方式可以用模拟或数字电路构造。
在操作中，针对N个转换器级中的每个转换器级获得并存储作为个体转换器级电流的函数的功率转换器效率函数η1(I1)，η2(I2)，…，ηN(IN)。依赖于个体转换器级电流I1，…，IN的示例操作/性能/补偿函数J由以下方程(1)表示：
Figure BSA0000129027950000071
其中操作/性能/补偿函数J与等效的总体功率转换器输入电流成比例，所述等效的总体功率转换器输入电流被构造为通过将个体转换器级电流除以它们相应的功率转换器效率而形成的各项的总和。将函数J最小化基本上等效于将总体功率转换器效率最大化。预期可以采用其它补偿函数替代以上由方程(1)示出的函数。对个体转换器级电流的约束条件是它们累加为如由以下方程(2)示出的负载电流Iload：
Iload＝I1+I2+…+IN (2)
最佳算法选择个体分配转换器级电流，以使操作/性能/补偿函数J在方程(2)的约束条件下被最小化或以其他方式减小。由功率系统控制器所分配的个体转换器级电流由转换器级控制器使用，以控制由个体控制器级所产生的电流的成比例份额。
现在转向图4，其示出功率转换器的实施例的框图。该功率转换器包括用产生系统电压(例如，基准电压Vref)的基准发生器RG形成的功率系统控制器，以控制功率转换器的输出电压Vout。此外，功率系统控制器包括执行诸如以上先前描述的性能/补偿函数(performance/penalty function)J的操作/性能/补偿函数的最小化(或减小)的估计器EST。功率系统控制器产生用于功率转换器的两个转换器级CS1、CS2中的每个转换器级的期望比例电流水平Iout1_est、Iout2_est。为了执行必要的控制功能，供应至负载LD的负载电流(例如，输出电流Iout)的测量值(经由电流测量器件CMD)以及输出电压Vout被测量并供应至功率系统控制器。功率系统控制器也可以测量功率转换器的输入电压(未显示)。功率系统控制器也可以提供用于转换器级CS2的期望电流Iref2、两个转换器级CS1、CS2之间的电流比Iratio以及转换器级CS2的负载估计值load2est给转换器级控制器。
用于两个转换器级CS1、CS2的所分配的成比例电流水平Iout1_est、Iout2_est耦合至转换器级控制器，所述转换器级控制器产生用于转换器级CS1、CS2中的功率开关的控制信号“高1(也标示为“H1”)”、“低1(也标示为“L1”)”、“高2(也标示为“H2”)”、“低2(也标示为“L2”)”。这些控制信号产生优化(或以其他方式减小)性能/补偿函数J的相应转换器级电流的成比例份额。所测得的电感器电流I_inductor1、I_inductor2将来自转换器级CS1、CS2的电流水平的指示分别提供给功率系统控制器。
现在转向图5，其示出操作功率转换器的方法的实施例的流程图。该方法描述用于计算个体转换器级电流的过程，所述个体转换器级电流产生性能/补偿函数J的最小值或改进值。该方法开始于步骤或模块510，其中用于执行该方法的各种参数诸如功率转换器电压Vin，Vout、效率曲线等被初始化。在步骤或模块520中，定义搜索序列以找到个体转换器级电流I1，…，IN的一组期望值，这些值减小或以其他方式改进性能/补偿函数J。例如，可以通过在横跨N个个体转换器级电流的N维空间中的随机搜索过程来选择个体转换器级电流I1，…，IN的测试值或递增改变，但不局限于此。每个转换器级电流被限制在范围[0，Ii_max]中，其中Ii_max是第i个转换器级的最大额定电流。在另一个替代方案中，针对每个转换器级电流，一次一个地对选定的个体转换器级电流进行小变化，并且对性能/补偿函数J是增加还是降低进行评估。然后通过性能/补偿函数J的变化的符号来确定个体转换器级电流的变化方向。
在步骤或模块530中，针对个体转换器级电流I1，…，IN的下一个组合计算性能/补偿函数J。在步骤或模块540中，将性能/补偿函数J的值与先前步骤中计算的先前值Jmin进行比较。如果性能/补偿函数J的值小于先前值Jmin，则该方法继续至步骤或模块550中，其中数值Jmin被更新并且对应的个体转换器级电流I1，…，IN被存储。如果性能/补偿函数J的值不小于先前值Jmin，则该方法继续至步骤或模块560中。
最小化或以其他方式改进性能/补偿函数J的特定搜索过程的选择一般将取决于表示个体控制器级的功率转换效率的函数的性质。性能/补偿函数J中存在或缺乏不连续性可能影响搜索过程的选择。在一个实施例中，可以采用搜索技术的组合来确定期望的个体转换器级电流I1，…，IN。
在步骤或模块560中，进行评估以确定是否已经测试足够数目的个体转换器级电流组合。例如，如果性能/补偿函数J的计算值少量地小于先前的最佳数值，则可以判定已经测试足够数目的个体转换器级电流的组合。另一种可能的终止测试是对已测试的个体转换器级电流组合的数目进行计数，并且如果该计数达到预定数目便终止方法。可以采用终止标准的组合。
如果还未测试足够的个体转换器级电流组合，则该方法返回至步骤或模块530。如果已经测试足够的个体转换器级电流组合，则优化过程被认为是已经完成，并且在步骤或模块570处，对应的个体转换器级电流I1，…，IN被输出至转换器级控制器(参见例如关于图3描述的转换器级控制器320)。
对于转换器级控制器，用于个体转换器级的期望电流值可以由功率系统控制器给出。此外，系统电压Vsystem和输出电压Vout也被供应至转换器级控制器。转换器级控制器可以采用一个转换器级以控制输出电压Vout等于期望的系统电压Vsystem。作为示例，可以采用比例积分微分控制器或非线性控制器用于转换器级控制器。采用剩余的N-1个控制器级以控制个体级电流I2，…，IN等于从功率系统控制器获得的值。通过Kirchoff电流定律，从以上示出的方程(2)确定用于第一转换器级的个体级电流I1。结果是，每个相应转换器级中的输出电压Vout和电流I1，…，IN被同时控制。对于可以在用于转换器级控制器的反馈过程中使用的模拟或数字电压模式控制过程，可以采用若干种控制结构，但不局限于此。
现在转向图6，其示出可由转换器级控制器采用的电压模式控制过程的一部分的实施例的框图。系统电压Vsystem和等效的负载电阻导数1/Rload耦合至产生电流估计值Iest的倍增器，所述电流估计值Iest将由转换器级产生。以符号改变的方式使电流估计值Iest和来自输出滤波电感器的在转换器级中的测得电流Iinductor相减，以产生可以用于控制转换器级的电流的误差信号Ierr。
现在转向图7，其示出可由转换器级控制器采用的电压模式控制过程的一部分的实施例的框图。使由功率转换器产生的系统电压Vsystem和输出电压Vout相减，并且将电压差耦合至比例积分微分(“PID”)控制级。将PID控制级的输出供给至脉冲宽度调制器(“PWM”)，该脉冲宽度调制器产生用于控制器级中的功率开关的控制终端的控制信号SPWM。
现在转向图8，其示出可由转换器级控制器采用的电压模式控制过程的一部分的实施例的框图。使由功率转换器产生的系统电压Vsystem和输出电压Vout相减，并且将电压差呈现给比例函数(G)和积分增益函数。以符号改变的方式使得因此产生的结果和来自输出滤波电感器的在转换器级中的测得电流Iinductor的测量值相减，以产生可用于控制转换器级的电流的误差信号Ierr。如本文中所阐述，对于可以在用于转换器级控制器的反馈方法中使用的模拟或数字电流模式控制方法，可以采用若干控制过程，但不局限于此。
现在转向图9，其示出可由转换器级控制器采用的电流模式控制过程的一部分的实施例的框图。以改变符号的方式使输入参考电流Iref和来自输出滤波电感器的在转换器级中的瞬时测得电流Iinductor相减，以产生用于控制器级中的功率开关的控制终端的控制信号SPWM。
现在转向图10，其示出可由转换器级控制器采用的电流模式控制过程的一部分的实施例的框图。使输入参考电流Iref和来自输出滤波电感器的在转换器级中的瞬时测得电流Iinductor相减，并且将差值呈现给PID控制级。将PID控制级的输出耦合至脉冲宽度调制器，该脉冲宽度调制器产生用于控制器级中的功率开关的控制终端的控制信号SPWM。
现在转向图11，其示出说明功率转换器的功率转换器效率的图形表示。该图形表示示出第一转换器级的第一功率转换器效率η1和第二转换器级的第二功率转换器效率η1作为转换器级输出电流Istage的函数。如由相应的最大电流水平Imax1、Imax2所示，第一转化器级和第二转换器级分别是用不等额定输出电流不对称地构造的。通过控制两个转换器级之间的电流分配比并且同时控制输出电压Vout，可以获得提供增强的功率转换效率的改进电流分配比。此过程允许用于个体转换器级的灵活尺寸设定和控制，使得在如由箭头1110所示的宽高效率操作面积上可以获得基本较高的功率转换效率。尽管图11的图形表示展现尺寸不对称的转换器级，但是也可以针对尺寸对称的转换器级获得高效率操作面积的改进。
现在转向图12，其示出操作包括多个转换器级(例如，并联耦合)的功率转换器的方法的实施例的流程图。该方法开始于步骤或模块1210。在步骤或模块1220处，该方法执行搜索过程以确定功率转换器的操作。功率转换器的操作可以包括与功率转换器的输入电流成比例的函数。功率转换器的操作可以取决于到功率转换器的输入电压或输出电压以及多个转换器级中的每个转换器级的输出电流。功率转换器的操作可以包括用于多个转换器级中的每个转换器级的输出电流极限。多个转换器级可以以不同的占空比相位角来操作。功率转换器的操作可以包括各项的总和，一些项包括由转换器级的输出电流除以转换器级的级效率所得的比率。
在步骤或模块1230处，该方法基于功率转换器的操作确定多个转换器级之间的不等电流分配。在步骤或模块1240处，该方法响应于电流分配来控制由多个转换器级中的每个转换器级产生的输出电流。可以确定电流分配以控制功率转换器的输出特性(例如，输出电压)。据此，多个转换器级中的一个转换器级控制功率转换器的输出特性，并且多个转换器级中的剩余转换器级用电流分配进行控制，以改进在步骤或模块1250处的功率转换器的操作。多个转换器级可以包括具有与另一个转换器级不同的最大额定电流的至少一个转换器级。该方法在步骤或模块1260处结束。
因此，已经介绍了用于由多个转换器级形成的功率转换器的控制器以及其操作方法，其具有容易获得且可量化的优点。在一个实施例中，该控制器包括功率系统控制器和转换器级控制器。功率系统控制器被配置为基于功率转换器的操作确定多个转换器级之间的不等电流分配，并且转换器级控制器被配置为响应于电流分配来控制由多个转换器级中的每个转换器级产生的输出电流。功率转换器级的操作可以是但不限于与功率转换器的输入电流成比例的函数，或者可以被表示为各项的总和，一些项包括由转换器级的输出电流除以转换器级的级效率所得的比率。
在一个实施例中，功率系统控制器被配置为确定电流分配以控制功率转换器的输出特性，诸如输出电压。电流分配可以通过采用用于功率转换器操作的搜索过程而获得。功率转换器的操作可以取决于功率转换器的输入电压或输出电压以及多个转换器级中的每个转换器级的输出电流。功率转换器的操作可以包括用于多个转换器级中的每个转换器级的输出电流极限。
在一个实施例中，控制多个转换器级中的一个转换器级控制器以控制输出特性，并且多个转换器级中的剩余转换器级用电流分配进行控制，以改进功率转换器的操作。多个转换器级可以包括具有与另一个转换器级不同的最大额定电流的至少一个转换器级，以使得能够针对功率转换器获得较高的功率转换效率。
多个转换器级可以并联耦合以产生功率转换器的输出电流。多个转换器级可以用不同的占空比相位角进行操作，例如用以减小输出电压或纹波电流。另外，功率系统控制器和转换器级控制器中的至少一个可以包括现场可编程门阵列或其它集成电路技术。
本领域技术人员应该理解，提交先前描述的用于功率转换器的控制器的实施例及其相关操作方法仅用于示例性目的。此外，能够产生可由其它功率转换布置采用的控制器的其它实施例也在本发明的宽泛范围内。尽管已经在功率转换器的环境中描述了控制器，但是控制器也可以应用于其它功率系统中，诸如但不限于功率放大器、电机控制器以及根据步进电机或其它机电器件控制致动器的功率系统。
为了更好地理解集成电路，半导体器件及其制造方法参见R.F.Pierret的“Semiconductor Device Fundamentals”，Addison-Wesley(1996)以及K.Wasa与S.Hayakawa的“Handbook of Sputter Deposition Technology”，Noyes Publications(1992)。为了更好地理解功率转换器，参见Rudolph P的“Modern DC-to-DC SwitchmodePower Converter Circuits”，Severns and Gordon Bloom，Van Nostrand ReinholdCompany，New York，New York(1985)以及J.G.Kassakian，M.F.Schlecht，andG.C.Verghese的“Principles of Power Electronics”，Addison-Wesley(1991)。前述参考文献的全部内容通过引用并入本文中。
另外，尽管已经详细描述本发明及其优点，但是应该理解，在不背离如由对实施例的权利要求所限定的本发明精神和范围前提下，本文中可以进行各种改变、取代以及变化。例如，以上讨论的许多过程可以以不同的方法实施并由其它过程取代或它们的组合。
此外，本申请的范围不旨在局限于说明书中描述的过程、机械、制造、物质组成、手段、方法以及步骤的具体实施例。如本领域普通技术人员将从本发明公开中容易地理解，可以根据本发明使用执行与本文所述对应实施例基本上相同的功能或获得与其基本上相同的结果的现有或随后开发的过程、机械、制造、物质组成、手段、方法或步骤。因此，对实施例的权利要求旨在包括其范围内的此类过程、机械、制造、物质组成、手段、方法或步骤。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于由多个转换器级形成的功率转换器的控制器，包括：
功率系统控制器，其被配置为基于所述功率转换器的操作确定所述多个转换器级之间的不等电流分配以控制所述功率转换器的输出特性；以及
转换器级控制器，其被配置为响应于所述不等电流分配来调整由所述多个转换器级中的每个转换器级产生的输出电流，其中由所述多个转换器级产生的所述输出电流被调整以产生所述多个转换器级之间的所述不等电流分配，从而改进所述功率转换器的所述操作，并且其中所述转换器级控制器被配置为基于所述不等电流分配来控制所述输出特性以改进所述功率转换器的所述操作。
2.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述输出特性是输出电压。
3.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述不等电流分配通过采用用于所述功率转换器的所述操作的搜索过程来确定。
4.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述多个转换器级包括具有与另一个转换器级不同的最大额定电流的至少一个转换器级。
5.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述功率转换器的所述操作包括与所述功率转换器的输入电流成比例的函数。
6.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述功率转换器的所述操作取决于所述功率转换器的输入电压以及所述多个转换器级中的每个转换器级的所述输出电流。
7.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述功率转换器的所述操作取决于所述功率转换器的输出电压以及所述多个转换器级中的每个转换器级的所述输出电流。
8.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述功率转换器的所述操作包括用于所述多个转换器级中的每个转换器级的输出电流极限。
9.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述多个转换器级并联耦合以组合由所述多个转换器级中的每个转换器级产生的所述输出电流。
10.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述多个转换器级以不同的占空比相位角操作。
11.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述功率转换器的所述操作包括每个转换器级的所述输出电流除以相应的转换器级的级效率的比率的总和。
12.根据权利要求1所述的控制器，其中所述功率系统控制器或所述转换器级控制器包括现场可编程门阵列。
13.一种操作以多个转换器级形成的功率转换器的方法，包括：
基于所述功率转换器的操作确定所述多个转换器级之间的不等电流分配；以及
响应于所述不等电流分配来调整由所述多个转换器级中的每个转换器级产生的输出电流，其中调整由所述多个转换器级产生的所述输出电流包括产生所述多个转换器级之间的所述不等电流分配，并且其中与所述多个转换器级相关联的转换器级被配置为基于所述不等电流分配来控制所述功率转换器的输出特性，以改进所述功率转换器的所述操作。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中确定所述不等电流分配以控制所述功率转换器的输出特性。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中所述功率转换器的所述操作取决于所述功率转换器的输入电压和所述多个转换器级中的每个转换器级的所述输出电流。
16.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其包括采用用于所述功率转换器的所述操作的搜索过程来确定所述不等电流分配。
17.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中所述多个转换器级包括具有与另一个转换器级不同的最大额定电流的至少一个转换器级。
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US20170077814A1 (en) 2017-03-16
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