CN104953175A - 一种锂离子电池固体电解质及其制备方法和锂离子电池 - Google Patents

一种锂离子电池固体电解质及其制备方法和锂离子电池 Download PDF

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CN104953175A
CN104953175A CN201410123184.0A CN201410123184A CN104953175A CN 104953175 A CN104953175 A CN 104953175A CN 201410123184 A CN201410123184 A CN 201410123184A CN 104953175 A CN104953175 A CN 104953175A
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solid electrolyte
lithium ion
ion battery
powder
sheathing material
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易观贵
马永军
郭姿珠
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BYD Co Ltd
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BYD Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201410123184.0A priority Critical patent/CN104953175A/zh
Priority to JP2017501454A priority patent/JP6340133B2/ja
Priority to KR1020167022897A priority patent/KR101889350B1/ko
Priority to EP15768430.9A priority patent/EP3080860B1/en
Priority to PCT/CN2015/075148 priority patent/WO2015144074A1/en
Publication of CN104953175A publication Critical patent/CN104953175A/zh
Priority to US15/242,228 priority patent/US9893379B2/en
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种锂离子电池固体电解质及其制备方法和锂离子电池,所述固体电解质包括内核材料及包覆在内核材料表面的外壳材料;所述内核材料为Li1+xMxZr2-x(PO4)3,所述外壳材料是塑性变形材料,所述外壳材料的电导率为10-7-10-5S/cm,塑性变形;其中,M为Al、La、Cr、Ga、Y和In中的至少一种,0.05≤x≤0.4。锂离子电池固体电解质晶粒间电阻低,锂离子电导率高。本发明的锂离子固体电解质电化学窗口>5V,具有很广泛的应用。

Description

一种锂离子电池固体电解质及其制备方法和锂离子电池
技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池领域,尤其涉及一种锂离子电池固体电解质及其制备方法和锂离子电池。 
背景技术
锂离子电池由于能效密度高、再充性能好、使用损耗小等优点,普遍用于消费电子领域和电动汽车。目前高能效、高密度的化学电池一般是靠有机液态电解质来实现,而液态电解质存在易挥发、易燃及漏液腐蚀等问题,需要给电池附加多重安全防护措施,这就使得大型电池系统既复杂又昂贵。虽然凝胶聚合物电解质结合了固体电解质的高安全性和液态电解质的高电导率及倍率性能,在一定程度上解决了锂离子电池安全性问题,但是仍然使用液态有机溶剂作为增塑剂,不能从源头上解决安全性问题。锂离子无机固体电解质又称锂快离子导体(Super ionic conductor),这类材料具有较高的Li+电导率和Li+迁移数,电导的活化能低,耐高温性能好,在高比能量的大型动力锂离子电池中有很好的应用前景。用锂离子无机固体电解质代替有机液态电解质,可以克服电池内部短路及漏液的缺点,提高锂离子电池使用的安全性。因而,对锂离子固体电解质的研究始终是锂离子电池材料研究领域的热点问题之一。 
目前的锂离子无机固体电解质的研究主要集中在具有LISICON(锗酸锌锂)结构、NASICON(Na Superionic CONductor,钠超离子导体)结构、钙钛矿型结构、类石榴石结构的晶态锂离子固体电解质以及氧化物、硫化物、氧化物与硫化物混合型玻璃态锂离子固体电解质,他们不仅从源头上解决了安全性问题,而且可以在高温环境下工作,这是其它电解质体系所不具备的。特别是具有NASICON结构的化合物是能够以高速传导锂离子的锂离子无机固体电解质,因此研究者们正在进行将该化合物用于固体电解质的全固体二次电池的开发。 
目前研究者们已经对NASICON型电解质进行离子掺杂改性并获得了较高的室温离子电导率(>10-4 s/cm)。但是NASICON型固体电解质存在着固体颗粒之间的晶界电阻偏高、与电极材料的相容性差等问题,这大大限制了它们在全固态锂离子电池上的应用。 
公开号为CN101894972A的中国专利公开了一种NASICON型的固体锂离子电解质,其化学通式为Li1+2(X1+X2)+2y+2ZAlX1ZnyM2-(X1+X2)-ySiX2P3-(X1+X2)O12-ZSZ,其中M为Ti、Ge或Zr,0.1≤X1≤0.5,0.1≤X2≤0.5,0.01≤y≤0.1,0.5≤Z≤3.6。该专利虽然能够使锂离子电导率大于>10-4 s/cm,但是其固体颗粒之间的晶界电阻偏高、与电极材料的相容性差。 
发明内容
本发明为解决现有的锂离子电池固体电解质存在固体颗粒之间的晶界电阻偏高、与电极材料的相容性差的技术问题,提供一种能够有效提高固体电解质界面层的离子传输能力,优化改善电极与电解质之间的界面接触,提升全固态锂离子电池的性能的锂离子电池固体电解质及其制备方法和锂离子电池。 
本发明提供了一种锂离子电池固体电解质,所述固体电解质包括内核材料及包覆在内核材料表面的外壳材料;所述内核材料为Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3,所述外壳材料是塑性变形材料,所述外壳材料的电导率为10-7-10-5S/cm;其中, M为Al、La、Cr、Ga、Y和In中的至少一种,0.05≤x≤0.4。本发明还提供所述的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,该方法包括以下步骤: 
S1、制备Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3,将ZrO2、M2O3、NH4H2PO4和锂源化合物球磨混合均匀后进行第一次煅烧,冷却后得到Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体;
S2、将外壳材料的原料溶于水中,然后加入到Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体中,搅拌并调节体系的pH值为8-11,使外壳材料形成凝胶包覆在Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体颗粒上,干燥后得到具有核壳结构的复合材料;
S3、将步骤S2得到的复合材料压制成型,然后进行第二次煅烧,冷却后得到锂离子电解质固体电解质。
本发明还提供了一种锂离子电池,所述锂离子电池包括正极、负极和设置在正极和负极之间的固体电解质;其中,所述固体电解质为本发明所述的锂离子电池固体电解质。 
本发明通过在Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3表面包覆一层可发生塑性变形的外壳材料,能够降低核层材料的晶粒间电阻,因此具有较高的室温离子电导率(>10-4 S·cm-1)和电化学稳定性(电化学窗口>5V),可用于制备锂离子电池固体电解质;且包覆层增强了核层材料的结构稳定性,有效提高了固体电解质界面层的离子传输能力,可以优化改善电极与电解质之间的界面接触,有望提升全固态锂离子电池的性能表现,具有广阔的应用前景。 
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例4制备的锂离子固体电解质的TEM图; 
图2为本发明对比例1制备的锂离子固体电解质的TEM图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所解决的技术问题、技术方案及有益效果更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。 
本发明提供了一种锂离子电池固体电解质,所述固体电解质包括内核材料及包覆在内核材料表面的外壳材料;所述内核材料为Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3,所述外壳材料是塑性变形材料,所述外壳材料的电导率为10-7-10-5S/cm;其中, M为Al、La、Cr、Ga、Y和In中的至少一种,0.05≤x≤0.4。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质,为了进一步提高外壳材料的降低核层材料的晶粒间电阻的能力,优选地,所述外壳材料为Li3-3yByPO4;其中,0≤y<1。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质,优选地,所述外壳材料为Li3PO4、Li0.18B0.94PO4、Li0.15B0.95PO4、Li0.12B0.96PO4、Li0.09B0.97PO4和Li0.06B0.98PO4中的至少一种,进一步优选为Li0.15B0.95PO4。这几种外壳材料具有良好的锂离子传导性,可塑变形,包覆在内核表面可以提高材料的电化学性能。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质,优选地,以所述固体电解质的总重量为基准,所述外壳材料的含量为0.5-10wt%。所述外壳材料的含量过低起不到很好的包覆效果;所述外壳材料的含量过高的话会对锂离子的传导带来影响,导致复合材料电导率的降低。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质,优选地,所述内核材料为Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3、Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3、Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3、Li1.1Al0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3、Li1.3Al0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3 、Li1.05La0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3、Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3、Li1.1Ga0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3和Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3中的至少一种。在类似NASICON型固体电解质当中,上述的内核材料的电导率较高,且化学性质稳定,不与空气及水分起反应,也对单质锂稳定。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质,优选地,所述内核材料的平均粒径为0.5-10μm,所述外壳材料的平均粒径为10-30nm。 
本发明还提供了所述的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,该方法包括以下步骤: 
S1、制备Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3,将ZrO2、M2O3、NH4H2PO4和锂源化合物球磨混合均匀后进行第一次煅烧,冷却后得到Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体;
S2、将外壳材料的原料溶于水中,然后加入到Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体中,搅拌并调节体系的pH值为8-11,使外壳材料形成凝胶包覆在Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体颗粒上,干燥后得到具有核壳结构的复合材料;
S3、将步骤S2得到的复合材料压制成型,然后进行第二次煅烧,冷却后得到锂离子电解质固体电解质。
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,优选地,所述第一次煅烧的温度为750-950℃,时间为4-16小时。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,优选地,所述第二次煅烧的条件为:以2℃/min的升温速度升温到900-1200℃并保温8-24小时。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,为了补充在高温加热过程中锂源化合物的锂离子损失,在步骤S1 中,所述锂源化合物的实际加入量大于需要量,即在粉末研磨前加入过量的锂源化合物一起研磨。优选地,所述步骤S1中的锂源化合物的加入量为该反应需要的锂源化合物的总质量105%-120%。这样的含量范围的锂源化合物,既能弥补在高温加热过程中损失的锂源化合物,又不会产生其他副产物。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,所述锂源化合物是指含有锂元素的化合物,优选为碳酸锂、氢氧化锂、一水合氢氧化锂、硝酸锂、醋酸锂的其中一种或几种的混合物。 
根据本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,所述步骤S3压制成型可压制成薄片、柱体等任意形状和厚度的成型体,具体视固体电解质的设计需求而定。 
本发明所提供的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,充分结合了液相法和固相法的优点,使Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体颗粒的表面被外壳材料均匀包覆,最后得到核壳结构的锂离子复合固体电解质;此外,该制备方法工艺简单,易于产业化生产。 
本发明还提供了一种锂离子电池,所述锂离子电池包括正极、负极和设置在正极和负极之间的固体电解质;其中,所述固体电解质为本发明所述的锂离子电池固体电解质。 
本发明所提供的锂离子电池,所述正极材料包括钴酸锂、锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂或镍钴锰三元材料中的至少一种;所述负极材料包括金属锂、石墨、中间相碳微球、中间相碳纤维、软碳、硬碳、钛酸锂中的至少一种。制备方法为:将固体电解质、正极和负极一起装配成全固态锂离子电池。 
本发明通过在Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3表面包覆一层可发生塑性变形的外壳材料,能够降低核层材料的晶粒间电阻,因此具有较高的室温离子电导率(>10-4 S·cm-1)和电化学稳定性(电化学窗口>5V),可用于制备锂离子电池固体电解质;且包覆层增强了核层材料的结构稳定性,有效提高了固体电解质界面层的离子传输能力,可以优化改善电极与电解质之间的界面接触,有望提升全固态锂离子电池的性能表现,具有广阔的应用前景。 
 下面通过具体实施例对本发明进行进一步的详细说明。 
实施例1 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Y2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在800℃煅烧6小时,冷却后得到Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li0.15B0.95PO4占固体电解质总质量2wt%,称取所需要的LiOH,H3BO3和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li0.15B0.95PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1000℃并保温24小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A1。
 实施例2 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.1Al0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Al2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)按实施例1 步骤(2)~(4)相同的处理方法,得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A2。
 实施例3 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.1 Ga0.1 Zr1.9(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Ga2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)按实施例1 步骤(2)~(4)相同的处理方法,得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A3。
 实施例4 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Y2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在850℃煅烧12小时,冷却后得到Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li0.15B0.95PO4占固体电解质总质量5wt%,称取所需要的LiOH,H3BO3和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li0.15B0.95PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1100℃并保温20小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A4。
 实施例5 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Y2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在850℃煅烧12小时,冷却后得到Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li0.15B0.95PO4占固体电解质总质量10wt%,称取所需要的LiOH,H3BO3和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li0.15B0.95PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1100℃并保温20小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A5。
 实施例6 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.3Al0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Al2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)按实施例4 步骤(2)~(4)相同的处理方法,得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A6。
 实施例7 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Y2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在850℃煅烧12小时,冷却后得到Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li3PO4占固体电解质总质量5wt%,称取所需要的LiOH和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li3PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1100℃并保温20小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A7。
 实施例8 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Y2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在950℃煅烧10小时,冷却后得到Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li0.06B0.98PO4占固体电解质总质量0.5wt%,称取所需要的LiOH,H3BO3和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li0.06B0.98PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1050℃并保温12小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A8。
 实施例9 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Y2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在900℃煅烧8小时,冷却后得到Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li0.09B0.97PO4占固体电解质总质量8wt%,称取所需要的LiOH,H3BO3和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li0.09B0.97PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1150℃并保温8小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A9。
 实施例10 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.05La0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,La2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在750℃煅烧16小时,冷却后得到Li1.05La0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li0.12B0.96PO4占固体电解质总质量5wt%,称取所需要的LiOH,H3BO3和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.05La0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li0.12B0.96PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.05La0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.0.5La0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.05Y0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1200℃并保温8小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A10。
 实施例11 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Cr2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在950℃煅烧4小时,冷却后得到Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li0.18B0.94PO4占固体电解质总质量6wt%,称取所需要的LiOH,H3BO3和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li0.18B0.94PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到900℃并保温24小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A11。
 实施例12 
(1)按照核壳结构材料的内核成分为Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,In2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在900℃煅烧8小时,冷却后得到Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体;
(3)按照外壳成分Li3PO4占固体电解质总质量8wt%,称取所需要的LiOH和NH4H2PO4溶于去离子水中,加入对应质量的Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体,强力搅拌均匀,并调节体系的pH值,使Li3PO4形成均匀凝胶包覆在Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3粉体颗粒上,该混合粉体经干燥后得到具有核壳结构的Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3复合材料;
(4)将所得的核壳结构的Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3复合材料压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1150℃并保温8小时,冷却后便得到所需的锂离子固体电解质薄片A12。
 对比例1 
(1)按照Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3的化学计量比,分别称取Li2CO3 粉末,Y2O3粉末,ZrO2粉末和NH4H2PO4,球磨混合均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)混合均匀的粉末装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中在850℃煅烧12小时,冷却后得到Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体;
(3)将Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3粉体压片成型,装入氧化铝坩埚中,再置于马弗炉中以2℃/min 的升温速度升温到1100℃并保温20小时,冷却后便得到Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3电解质薄片CA1。
 对比例2 
按照CN101894972A实施例1中的方法制备得到Li2.42Al0.1Zn0.01Zr1.79Si0.1P2.8O11.5S0.5电解质薄片CA2。
 性能测试
1、粉末透射电镜(TEM)
将实施例4的电解质薄片A4及对比例1电解质薄片CA1分别进行粉末透射电镜(TEM),得到如图1和图2所示的附图;
2、离子电导率,将实施例1-12及对比例1-2制备得到的固体电解质A1-A12及CA1-CA2的两面分别溅射上一层金膜作为导电电极(阻塞电极),然后在电化学工作站上测定样品的室温交流阻抗,交流阻抗的测试是从高频105Hz 到低频1Hz,然后得出电解质的总总阻抗值R(包括本体电阻和晶界电阻),谱图中圆弧右边对应的实部(X 轴)的值即为该电解质的总阻抗值。根据固体电解质离子电导率的计算公式:σ=L/A·R(其中L为固体电解质薄片的厚度,A为金膜的面积,R为固体电解质总电阻值,L的值是0.2cm,A的值是1.76cm2。),
计算得到对应的离子电导率。结果见表1。
3、电化学窗口,将实施例1-12及对比例1-2制备得到的固体电解质A1-A12及CA1-CA2两面分别压制上锂片和铂片,在电化学工作站上测定该半电池的循环伏安曲线,从而测定所制备样品的电化学窗口,结果见表1。 
表1 
从表1中可以看出,对照例1制备得到的Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3电解质的室温总离子电导率为σ=6.25×10-5S·cm-1;实施例4制备得到的核壳结构Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3(外壳为5wt%的Li0.15B0.95PO4)电解质的室温总离子电导率为σ=2.58×10-4S·cm-1;实施例5制备得到的核壳结构Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3 (外壳为10wt%的Li0.15B0.95PO4)电解质的室温总离子电导率为σ=1.62×10-4S·cm-1;实施例6制备得到的核壳结构Li1.3Al0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3 (外壳为5wt%的Li0.15B0.95PO4)电解质的室温总离子电导率为σ=1.36×10-4S·cm-1。可见,在Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3表面上设置了一层可发生塑性变形的Li0.15B0.95PO4锂离子导体修饰膜,能够降低核层材料的晶粒间电阻,提高材料的锂离子电导率。本发明的锂离子固体电解质电化学窗口>5V,具有很广泛的应用。 
从图1-2的对比可以看出,本发明的固体电解质的表面明显具有与内核不同的物质,从而证明了Li0.15B0.95PO4的包覆效果。表明制备得到的锂离子固体电解质具有核壳结构。 
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。 

Claims (12)

1.一种锂离子电池固体电解质,其特征在于,所述固体电解质包括内核材料及包覆在内核材料表面的外壳材料;所述内核材料为Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3,所述外壳材料是塑性变形材料,所述外壳材料的电导率为10-7-10-5S/cm;其中, M为Al、La、Cr、Ga、Y和In中的至少一种,0.05≤x≤0.4。
2.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池固体电解质,其特征在于,所述外壳材料为Li3-3yByPO4;其中,0≤y<1。
3.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池固体电解质,其特征在于,所述外壳材料为Li3PO4、Li0.18B0.94PO4、Li0.15B0.95PO4、Li0.12B0.96PO4、Li0.09B0.97PO4和Li0.06B0.98PO4中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求3所述的锂离子电池固体电解质,其特征在于,所述外壳材料为Li0.15B0.95PO4
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的锂离子电池固体电解质,其特征在于,以所述固体电解质的总重量为基准,所述外壳材料的含量为0.5-10wt%。
6.根据权利要求5所述的锂离子电池固体电解质,其特征在于,所述内核材料为Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3、Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3、Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3、Li1.1Al0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3、Li1.3Al0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3 、Li1.05La0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3、Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3、Li1.1Ga0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3和Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求6所述的锂离子电池固体电解质,其特征在于,所述内核材料的平均粒径为0.5-10μm,所述外壳材料的平均粒径为10-30nm。
8.一种权利要求1-7任意一项所述的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:
S1、制备Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3,将ZrO2、M2O3、NH4H2PO4和锂源化合物球磨混合均匀后进行第一次煅烧,冷却后得到Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体;
S2、将外壳材料的原料溶于水中,然后加入到Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体中,搅拌并调节体系的pH值为8-11,使外壳材料形成凝胶包覆在Li1+x M x Zr2-x (PO4)3粉体颗粒上,干燥后得到具有核壳结构的复合材料;
S3、将步骤S2得到的复合材料压制成型,然后进行第二次煅烧,冷却后得到锂离子电解质固体电解质。
9.根据权利要求8所述的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第一次煅烧的温度为750-950℃,时间为4-16小时。
10.根据权利要求8所述的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第二次煅烧的条件为:以2-10℃/min的升温速度升温到900-1200℃并保温8-24小时。
11.根据权利要求8所述的锂离子电池固体电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S1中的锂源化合物的加入量为该反应需要的锂源化合物的总质量105%-120%。
12.一种锂离子电池,其特征在于,所述锂离子电池包括正极、负极和设置在正极和负极之间的固体电解质;其中,所述固体电解质为权利要求1-7任意一项所述的锂离子电池固体电解质。
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