CN104541908A - High-yield oil-tea camellia cultivation method - Google Patents
High-yield oil-tea camellia cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
Disclosed is a high-yield oil-tea camellia cultivation method. The method include selecting a mountain area or low hilly terrain of a southern oil-tea camellia planting region, dividing a plurality of oil-tea camellia planting regions in the vertical direction of the mountain area or low hilly terrain along the contour, excavating horizontal ladder bands used for planting oil-tea trees into the mountains of each oil-tea camellia planting region, planting biological fences preventing water and soil erosion on slopes between the adjacent oil-tea camellia planting regions, and planting green manure or commercial crops between the lines of the biological fences and the lines of the oil-tea trees of the oil-tea camellia planting regions. By means of fertilizing, loosening the soil, increasing the nutrition storage of oil-tea camellia growth soil layers, improving soil physicochemical property and preventing water and soil erosion, the purposes of promoting the early flowering and more fruiting of the oil-tea camellia, increasing the oil tea yield, improving the oil tea quality and reducing fertilizer and labor force investment can be achieved, and the method can be applied to domestic and international oil-tea production and practice widely.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the high-yield cultivating method of a kind of oil tea.
Background technology
Oil tea is south China main woody oil plant seeds, generally plants in mountain region, mountain area and low mountains and hills area.The tea oil that Property of Tea oil Tree Fruit squeezes is a kind of fully natural green edible health-care oil, and local flavor is good, oil good, be of high nutritive value, and often the edible cholesterol that can reduce in blood, is called as " king in oil ".In recent years, country and governments at all levels pay much attention to the development of camellia oleiferaindustry, using development camellia oleiferaindustry as the strategic measure improving people's edible oil structure and the national oil plant safety of maintenance, therefore develop oil tea plantation and have broad prospects.
Oil tea wide adaptability, if shallow at soil layer, fertility is lower, extensive management on the soil of severe water and soil erosion, though oil tea can grow, but can extend primiparity to abounding with transition time, cause oil tea early ageing low yield and biennial bearing remarkable.And well-grown on deep at soil layer, loose fertile, well-drained sandy soil, solid plentiful, output and oil yield are all high.The mountain region low mountains and hills soil of south plantation oil tea is based on red soil, red earth or yellow-red soil, and comparatively the usual consolidation of Bao ， Of-thin soil layer soil is sticky heavy to be rich in organic topsoil, easily harden, ventilation water flowing condition is bad, and fertility is poor, and weathering and eluviation are strong, fertilizer-preserving ability is weak; In addition, claying of soil effect ubiquity, the bulk density of soil is large, and porosity is little, and granular structure is poor, easily hardens during arid, severe water and soil erosion of raining.
China oil tea area is in continuous expansion in recent years, about more than 5,000 ten thousand mu, the existing oil tea of China, wherein, the ratio of middle low yield camellia oleifera lam accounts for over half, low production forest is huge through improved productive potential, and therefore, expanding cultivated area is not improve the unique channel of tea-oil tree yield.In the plantation of existing oil tea, severe water and soil erosion, soil layer " thin, Ban, Of-thin ", poor management, soil fertility decline, and cause that tea-oil tree yield is low, deficiency in economic performance.Soil management and the rational application of fertilizer and intercropping are that oil tea grows into forest the important measures that large area gets bumper crops.Oil tea fruit bearing shoot is the spring tip mainly, and minority is summer shoot, and July is the cone volume growth peak phase.Therefore, carry out chesson in good time, by long-period of management fertilizing soil, improve soil moisture and nutrition condition, have very large effect to raising fruit quality.The present invention will loosen the soil, whole combine with green manure intercropping, make full use of Green manuring and will turn over and loosen the soil, realize the matching of organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, reach fertilizing soil, thicken and the object of loose soil layer; Plant plant and biology hedge simultaneously, reduce nutrient loss, self-restraint water and soil, increase soil fertility and the preserve moisture and fertility performance of soil, the nutrient in soil can be met needed for Growth of Camellia oleifera grows.By the application of this technology, the nitrogen preserved in soil, phosphorus, potassium significantly increase, and can reach more than 50%, and biennial bearing are not obvious, in high-yield tea-oil plant development, have important promotional value than the camellia oleifera lam volume increase of low level management.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to a kind of nutrient stock by getting fat and chesson, increase Growth of Camellia oleifera soil layer is provided for the deficiencies in the prior art, improve soil physico-chemical property, prevention soil and water loss, reach and promote oil tea prematurity, many results, raising tea-oil tree yield and quality, reduce the input amount of chemical fertilizer, reduce the high-yield cultivating method of object oil tea that labour drops into, this method can extensive use in the production practices of at home and abroad oil tea.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions above-mentioned purpose:
The high-yield cultivating method of a kind of oil tea, select mountain region, mountain area or the low mountains and hills area of southern oil tea growing area, in the vertical direction of mountain region, mountain area or low mountains and hills, multiple oil tea growing area is marked off along contour, each oil tea growing area excavates the horizontal ladder band had for planting tea oil tree in massif, side slope is planted the biological hedge of prevention soil and water loss between adjacent oil tea growing area, biological hedge in the ranks with the tea oil tree of oil tea growing area green manuring or plant economic crops in the ranks.
The tread width of described horizontal ladder band is 1.0-3.0m.
The tread of described horizontal ladder band is high outside and low outside, and the outer rim of horizontal ladder band makes the low bank of earth between fields, the inside trench digging of horizontal ladder band.
Spacing between adjacent described oil tea growing area is determined according to the width of biological hedge, and it is capable that 2-3 planted by described biological hedge in side slope, and the width of biological hedge of often going is 20-60cm.
Described biological hedge selects the crop of plantation to be that No. one, vetiver or Chinese alpine rush are herded in osmanthus.
Biological hedge adopts bunch planting or bar broadcasting method, regularly cuts green grass or young crops large season in rainy season and evaporation discharge to biological hedge, by the improving straw mulching of harvesting between oil tea growing area and adjacent oil tea growing area in side slope.
Described green manure is Chinese milk vetch, sweet potato or Radish.
Described trench digging is as follows with intercropping concrete grammar: at the tea oil tree of oil tea growing area, in the ranks along ladder band, direction is parallel digs 2-6 bar horizontal ditch, dark wide each 20-40cm, then weeds, shrub and/or dry branches and fallen leaves are imbedded in ditch, then cover table soil to ditch depth distance 30%-50% place, ground, and in ditch interplanting green manure, carry out the 2nd earthing, after green manure is grown up, then green manure is embedded in ditch, during next year green manuring, between ditch, repeat aforesaid operations, circulate successively.
Select the camellia oleifera lam of newly-ploughed, childhood in the mountain region, mountain area of southern oil tea growing area or low mountains and hills area or the more robust years of one's life as oil tea growing area.
Adopt said method, tool of the present invention has the following advantages:
1, the method for the plantation of tea oil tree is standardized, contour is adopted to divide planting area, make tea oil tree on mountain region, mountain area or low mountains and hills area, form the standardization oil tea growing area of terraced fields form, plant and biology hedge is planted between every layer of oil tea growing area, conserve water and soil, prevent water and soil nutrient loss, thus the nutrient in guarantee soil, improve the yield and quality of oil tea.
2, by tea oil tree in the ranks, biological hedge intercropping green manure in the ranks, play fertilizing soil, increase organic and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, thicken root growth soil layer, thus reach the object of raising tea-oil tree yield.
3, by planting and turn over green manure scarifying soil, play chesson, improve soil physical properties, improvement soil structure, improves soil water storage ability and aeration status, improves soil porosity, promote that oil tea on the ground and the growing of under ground portion, strengthen the vigor of oil tea root system, increase young leaves, young sprout and flower bud number, improve the seed output and quality of tea seed.
4, increase covering by intercropping green manure and biological hedge, improve soil structure, strengthen gas permeability and the water penetration of soil, increase soil moisture content, improve soil moisture content.Owing to adding a large amount of organic material in soil in ditch, oil tea Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry all living creatures can be induced to grow in ditch, promote that Growth of Camellia oleifera is grown.The annual trench digging of such process cultivate multiple with intercropping green manure, turn over green manure and combine, both cultivated and answered soil, turn increased the soil organic matter, and can prevent erosion preferably.In the summer of high temperature, the direct radiation can reflecting the sun reduces the temperature of soil in summer, makes Growth of Camellia oleifera in suitable temperature, also can reduce the evaporation of moisture, the arid that control Summer High Temperature brings.At low temperature season, regulate soil moisture, air and temperature, facilitate soil microbial activity and organic matter decomposition, significantly improve the water and fertilizer condition of soil.
5, combined by green manure and chemical fertilizer, increase root growth soil layer nutrient stock, optimize Fertilizer Combination in oil tea plantation, reach the object improving tea-oil tree yield and quality.
6, utilize to plough and loosen the soil and intercropping green manure, turn over green manure and combine, reduce labour and drop into, adapt to the development trend of modern plant husbandry.
7, blue or green biological hedge crop and biological hedge green manure is in the ranks cut, by turning over green manure on the spot, by the improving straw mulching of harvesting between oil tea growing area and adjacent oil tea growing area in side slope, reduce camellia oleifera lam management cost and improve tea-oil tree yield, for Growth of Camellia oleifera provides nutrient, improve moisture stock, anti-sealing, soil, fertile loss, be conducive to the overall efficiency improving oil tea production; Optimize the overall pattern of farming of camellia oleifera lam, extend the time limit in the full bearing period of camellia oleifera lam, improve plantation economic benefit.
8, improve camellia oleifera lam open country coverage rate, increase camellia oleifera lam view and the ecological value.
In sum, the problems such as the tea fruit output that the present invention will solve severe water and soil erosion in southern oil tea plant development, soil layer " shallow, Ban, Of-thin " causes is lower, improve tea-oil tree yield and quality, direct impetus will be played to south China oil tea plant production development.
Embodiment
Further describe the embodiment of this patent below.
The first step, in conjunction with terraced belt of reclaiming wholely
Ladder belt is wholely: the horizontal ladder band of about 1.0-3.0m is excavated out in gesture and tea oil tree distribution along contour near the mountain, makes tea oil tree be positioned on tread, forms contour cultivation.Tread is high outside and low outside, and outer rim makes the low bank of earth between fields, opens ring ditch, slow down rainwash in ladder, reaches water conservation, fertilizer conservation, soil conservation.
Second step, terrace land side slope equal altitudes kind plant and biology hedge
According to gradient size and the vertical discrepancy in elevation for according to determining contour interval, at terrace land side slope equal altitudes kind plant and biology hedge, the often wide 20-60cm of row hedge.Biological hedge long-term cropping selects strong stress resistance, it is vigorous to grow, the effective crop doublely can making fertilizer of solid soil, as plant osmanthus herd No. one, vetiver, Chinese alpine rush etc., form biological hedge.And regularly cut green grass or young crops large season in rainy season and evaporation discharge, carry out improving straw mulching, the evaporation of control moisture and water and soil loss.
Make hedge and can adopt bunch planting or bar broadcasting method, timely intertill and clean tillage after insemination and emergence, reseed and fill the gaps with seedlings, guarantee that biological hedge does not occur breach.
3rd step, biological hedge is intercropping green manure in the ranks
At biological hedge green manuring in the ranks, as Chinese milk vetch, sweet potato and Radish etc., fertilizing soil, increases covered ground rate, keeps ground moistening degree.
4th step, opens parallel ditch, oil tea alternating forest land cultivation green manure
In the ranks plant economic crops or green manure at tea oil tree, as Chinese milk vetch, sweet potato, mung bean, peanut, soya bean etc., increase covered ground rate, keep ground moistening.Trench digging and intercropping method: dig 2-6 bar horizontal ditch along ladder band parallel direction in the ranks in oil tea, dark wide each 20-40cm, then gather materials on the spot, weeds, shrub and dry branches and fallen leaves etc. are imbedded in ditch, cover table soil again to ditch depth distance 30%-5% place, ground, and in ditch interplanting green manure, carry out the 2nd earthing.Green manure is embedded in green manure in ditch after growing up.During next year green manuring, carry out same operation with opening space between parallel ditch in the first year, carry out same operation every year later.Owing to adding a large amount of organic material in soil in ditch, oil tea can be induced to absorb root mass in ditch, promote that Growth of Camellia oleifera is grown.The annual trench digging of such process cultivate multiple with intercropping green manure, turn over green manure and combine, both cultivated and answered soil, turn increased the soil organic matter, and can prevent erosion preferably.To notice during intercropping that around treelet, leave certain distance does not plant, in order to avoid green manure and oil tea fight for nutrient.
5th step, improving straw mulching
Optimum period (the 8-10 dry season month), cuts blue or green biological hedge crop and biological hedge green manure in the ranks, covers on the spot on ladder band tread and side slope soil, forms improving straw mulching, for Growth of Camellia oleifera provides nutrient, improves moisture stock, and anti-sealing, soil, fertilizer run off.
Embodiment 1
Within 2012, select oil tea growing area-Jing Zi town, Shuangfeng County, about 50 mu.This camellia oleifera lam is afforested 25 years, extensive management.2012 are as follows to the operation of this camellia oleifera lam farming:
1, terraced belt wholely: the horizontal ladder band of about 1.0-3.0m is excavated out in gesture and tea oil tree distribution along contour near the mountain, makes tea oil tree be positioned on tread, forms contour cultivation.Tread is high outside and low outside, and outer rim makes the low bank of earth between fields, opens ring ditch in ladder.
2, according to gradient size and the vertical discrepancy in elevation for according to determining contour interval, at terrace land side slope equal altitudes kind plant and biology hedge, the often wide 20-60cm of row hedge.Biological hedge long-term cropping selects strong stress resistance, it is vigorous to grow, and the solid native effective osmanthus doublely can making fertilizer herds No. one, forms biological hedge.And cut green grass or young crops respectively once August 10 and September 18, carry out improving straw mulching, the evaporation of control moisture and water and soil loss.
3, September 29 is at biological hedge green manuring crop sweet potato and Radish in the ranks, fertilizing soil, increases covered ground rate, keeps ground moistening.
4, horizontal parallel ditch is dug along ladder band parallel direction in the ranks in oil tea, then weeds, shrub and dry branches and fallen leaves etc. are imbedded in ditch by dark wide each 20-40cm on the spot, then cover 15% place of table soil to ditch depth distance ground, September 29 interplanted sweet potato and Radish in ditch, carried out the 2nd earthing.Green manure is embedded in green manure in ditch after growing up.During next year green manuring, carry out same operation with opening space between parallel ditch in the first year.
5, optimum period, cuts blue or green biological hedge crop and biological hedge green manure in the ranks, covers on the spot on ladder band tread and side slope soil, forms improving straw mulching, for Growth of Camellia oleifera provides nutrient, prevent erosion.
By the application of 2012-2014 years these technology, 2013 and this camellia oleifera lam fruit yield in 2014 increase substantially, and completely filled fruit degree, fruit-setting rate, oil production are all significantly increased, and biennial bearing phenomenon is weakened.Oil tea on average every mu of fruit yield 75kg, per mu yield oil mass 3.9kg before this technology application in 2012, after adopting this technology, oil tea on average every mu of fruit yield 90kg, per mu yield oil mass 4.9kg in 2013,2014 annual every mu fruit yield 125kg, per mu yield oil mass 6.6kg.Estimate can also there be volume increase space after 2014.
Embodiment 2
Within 2011, select oil tea growing area-Cha Xi town, Xinhua County, about 65 mu.This camellia oleifera lam is afforested 15 years, per mu yield oil tea 3-10 kilogram, " off year " old oil tea per mu yield tea oil only about 3-5 kilogram.This camellia oleifera lam is in the initial stage of abounding with, and managerial skills are general.Within 2011, start the operation of this camellia oleifera lam farming as follows:
1, terraced belt wholely: the horizontal ladder band of about 1.0-2.0m is excavated out in gesture and tea oil tree distribution along contour near the mountain, makes tea oil tree be positioned on tread, forms contour cultivation.Tread is high outside and low outside, and outer rim makes the low bank of earth between fields, opens ring ditch in ladder.
2, according to gradient size and the vertical discrepancy in elevation for according to determining contour interval, at terrace land side slope equal altitudes kind plant and biology hedge, the often wide 20-60cm of row hedge.Biological hedge long-term cropping selects strong stress resistance, it is vigorous to grow, and the solid native effective vetiver doublely can making fertilizer forms biological hedge.And cut green grass or young crops respectively once, improving straw mulching August 15 and September 25, the evaporation of control moisture and water and soil loss.
3, September 28 is biological hedge green manuring crop Chinese milk vetch and sweet potato in the ranks, fertilizing soil, increases covered ground rate, keeps ground moistening.
4, horizontal parallel ditch is dug along ladder band parallel direction in the ranks in oil tea, then weeds, shrub and dry branches and fallen leaves etc. are imbedded in ditch by dark wide each 20-40cm on the spot, then cover 10% place of table soil to ditch depth distance ground, September 28, interplanting green manure in ditch, carried out the 2nd earthing.Green manure is embedded in green manure in ditch after growing up.During next year green manuring, carry out same operation with opening space between parallel ditch in the first year.Within 2011, carried out same operation to 2014.
5, optimum period, cuts blue or green biological hedge crop and biological hedge green manure in the ranks, covers on the spot on ladder band tread and side slope soil, forms improving straw mulching, for Growth of Camellia oleifera provides nutrient, prevent erosion.
Utilization by this technology in 2012-2014 years, this camellia oleifera lam fruit yield increases substantially, and completely filled fruit degree, fruit-setting rate, oil production are all significantly increased, and biennial bearing phenomenon is weakened.Oil tea on average every mu of fruit yield 80kg before this technology application in 2011, per mu yield oil mass 4.1kg, after adopting this technology, oil tea on average every mu of fruit yield 95kg in 2012, per mu yield oil mass 5.2kg, 2013 annual every mu fruit yield 120kg, per mu yield oil mass 6.7kg, 2014 annual every mu fruit yield 150kg, per mu yield oil mass 8.0kg.Estimate can also there be volume increase space after 2014.
Claims (9)
1. the high-yield cultivating method of an oil tea, it is characterized in that, select mountain region, mountain area or the low mountains and hills area of southern oil tea growing area, in the vertical direction of mountain region, mountain area or low mountains and hills, multiple oil tea growing area is marked off along contour, each oil tea growing area excavates the horizontal ladder band had for planting tea oil tree in massif, side slope is planted the biological hedge of prevention soil and water loss between adjacent oil tea growing area, biological hedge in the ranks with the tea oil tree of oil tea growing area green manuring or plant economic crops in the ranks.
2. the high-yield cultivating method of oil tea according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the tread width of described horizontal ladder band is 1.0-3.0m.
3. the high-yield cultivating method of oil tea according to claim 2, is characterized in that, the tread of described horizontal ladder band is high outside and low outside, and the outer rim of horizontal ladder band makes the low bank of earth between fields, and the interior parallel of horizontal ladder band opens parallel ditch in tea oil tree is capable.
4. the high-yield cultivating method of oil tea according to claim 3, is characterized in that, the spacing between adjacent described oil tea growing area is determined according to the width of biological hedge, and it is capable that 2-3 planted by described biological hedge in side slope, and the width of biological hedge of often going is 20-60cm.
5. the high-yield cultivating method of oil tea according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described biological hedge selects the crop of plantation to be that No. one, vetiver or Chinese alpine rush are herded in osmanthus.
6. the high-yield cultivating method of oil tea according to claim 5, it is characterized in that, biological hedge adopts bunch planting or bar broadcasting method, regularly cuts green grass or young crops large season in rainy season and evaporation discharge to biological hedge, by the improving straw mulching of harvesting between oil tea growing area and adjacent oil tea growing area in side slope.
7. the high-yield cultivating method of oil tea according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described green manure is Chinese milk vetch, sweet potato or Radish.
8. the high-yield cultivating method of oil tea according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, described trench digging is as follows with intercropping concrete grammar: at the tea oil tree of oil tea growing area, in the ranks along ladder band, direction is parallel digs 2-6 bar horizontal ditch, dark wide each 20-40cm, then weeds, shrub and/or dry branches and fallen leaves are imbedded in ditch, cover table soil again to ditch depth distance 30%-50% place, ground, and in ditch interplanting green manure, carry out the 2nd earthing, after green manure is grown up, then green manure is embedded in ditch, during next year green manuring, between ditch, repeat aforesaid operations, circulate successively.
9. the high-yield cultivating method of oil tea according to claim 1, is characterized in that, selects the camellia oleifera lam of newly-ploughed, childhood in the mountain region, mountain area of southern oil tea growing area or low mountains and hills area or the more robust years of one's life as oil tea growing area.
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