CN103477035B - 平行循环热发动机 - Google Patents
平行循环热发动机 Download PDFInfo
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- F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
- F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
- F01K23/10—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
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- F01K23/04—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled condensation heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
- F22B35/06—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers of forced-flow type
- F22B35/08—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers of forced-flow type of forced-circulation type
- F22B35/083—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers of forced-flow type of forced-circulation type without drum, i.e. without hot water storage in the boiler
- F22B35/086—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers of forced-flow type of forced-circulation type without drum, i.e. without hot water storage in the boiler operating at critical or supercritical pressure
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Abstract
废热能转换循环、系统和设备,使用在废热流中串联设置的多个热交换器,和与废热交换器平行运行的多个热力学循环,以使通过工作流体从废热流提取的热能最大。该平行循环在不同温度范围内操作,使用输出的功驱动工作流体泵。将工作流体质量管理系统整合入循环中或与循环连接。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2011年8月18日申请的美国专利申请序列号13/212,631的优先权,该专利要求2010年11月29日申请的美国临时专利申请序列号61/417,789的优先权,通过引用将两者的内容以它们的全部并入本申请中。
技术背景
热通常作为工业过程的副产品而产生,在工业过程中需将含热的液体、固体或气体的流动物流排空到环境中,或者,否则的话,需努力地从过程中除去以维持工业过程装置的操作温度。有时工业过程可使用热交换设备捕集热并且通过其它工艺物流使它循环回到该过程中。其它时候,捕集并循环该热是不可行的,因为或者温度太低,或者没有易于获得的设备来直接使用热。这种类型的热通常称作“废”热,并且通常通过,例如,排出管(stack)直接排出到环境中,或间接地通过冷却介质例如水而排出。在其它装置(setting)中,这样的热是易于从可再生热能来源,例如来自太阳的(其可被浓缩或另外地处理)或地热来源的热获得。意欲将这些和另外的热能源落在本文中使用的该术语“废热”的定义内。
通过采用热力学方法,如兰金循环(Rankine cycle)的涡轮机发电机系统可利用废热,以将热转换成功。典型地,该方法是蒸汽-基的,其中使用废热使锅炉中的蒸汽升压以驱动涡轮机。然而,蒸汽-基的兰金循环的至少一个主要缺点是它的高温要求,这并不总是实际的,因为它通常需要相对高温(例如600℉或更高)的废热流或非常大的总热含量。另外,当热源物流冷却时,在多个压力/温度下使水沸腾以捕集在多个温度水平的热的复杂性使装置成本和操作劳动力的成本高。此 外,对于小流速和/或低温的物流来讲,蒸汽-基的兰金循环不是现实的选择。
通过用较低沸点的流体,例如像丙烷或丁烷,或HCFC(如R245fa)流体的轻质烃代替水,有机兰金循环(ORC)解决了蒸汽-基的兰金循环的缺点。然而,沸腾热传递的限制依然存在,并添加了新的问题,例如流体的热不稳定性、毒性或可燃性。
为了解决这些缺点,已经使用超临界CO2动力循环。超临界状态的CO2提供与多个热源的改进的热耦合。例如,通过使用超临界流体,可以更容易地匹配工艺热交换器的温度滑移(glide)。然而,单循环超临界CO2动力循环在有限的压力比下操作,从而限制了通过能量转换设备(通常是涡轮机或正位移膨胀器)的温度降低的量,即,能量提取。压力比受到限制主要是因为在典型的可获得的冷凝温度(例如常温)下,流体的高蒸气压。因此,限制了可从单一膨胀级获得的最大输出动力(功率),并且膨胀的流体保留了大量潜在的可使用的能量。尽管该残余能量的一部分可以通过使用作为蓄热器的热交换器在该循环内回收,并因此对泵和废热交换器之间的流体进行预热,但该方法限制了在单一循环中可从废热源提取的热的量。
因此,本领域中存在对可以有效率地且有效地不仅从废热而且从宽范围的热源产生动力(功率)的系统的需要。
发明内容
概述
本公开内容的实施方案可提供用于将热能转换为功的系统。该系统可以包括:泵,配置其以使工作流体遍及工作流体回路循环,将工作流体在泵的下游分离成第一质量流和第二质量流;和第一热交换器,与泵流体地连接并与热源热连通,配置第一热交换器以接收第一质量流并将来自热源的热转移到第一质量流。该系统也可包括第一涡轮机,与第一热交换器流体地连接并配置以使第一质量流膨胀;和第一蓄热器,与第一涡轮机流体地连接并配置以将来自从第一涡轮机排出的第一质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流。该系统 还可包括第二热交换器,与泵流体地连接并与热源热连通,配置第二热交换器以接收第二质量流并将来自热源的热转移到第二质量流;和第二涡轮机,与第二热交换器流体地连接并配置以使第二质量流膨胀。
本公开内容的实施方案还提供用于将热转换成功的另一系统。该另外的系统可以包括:泵,配置其以使工作流体遍及工作流体回路循环,将工作流体在泵的下游分离成第一质量流和第二质量流;第一热交换器,与泵流体地连接并与热源热连通,配置第一热交换器以接收第一质量流并将来自热源的热转移到第一质量流;和第一涡轮机,与第一热交换器流体地连接并配置以使第一质量流膨胀。该系统也可包括第一蓄热器,与第一涡轮机流体地连接并配置以将来自从第一涡轮机排出的第一质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流;第二热交换器,与泵流体地连接并与热源热连通,配置第二热交换器以接收第二质量流并将来自热源的热转移到第二质量流;和第二涡轮机,与第二热交换器流体地连接并配置以使第二质量流膨胀,第二质量流从第二涡轮机排出并与第一质量流再-组合以产生组合的质量流。该系统还可包括第二蓄热器,与第二涡轮机流体地连接并配置以将来自组合的质量流的残余热能转移到导向第二热交换器的第二质量流;和第三热交换器,与热源热连通并设置在泵和第一热交换器之间,配置第三热交换器以在通过第一热交换器之前接收并转移热到第一质量流。
本公开内容的实施方案还提供用于将热能转换为功的方法。该方法包括用泵使工作流体遍及工作流体回路循环;将工作流体回路中的工作流体分离成第一质量流和第二质量流;和在第一热交换器中将来自热源的热能转移到第一质量流,第一热交换器与热源热连通。该方法也可包括在与第一热交换器流体地连接的第一涡轮机中使第一质量流膨胀;在第一蓄热器中将来自从第一涡轮机排出的第一质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流,第一蓄热器与第一涡轮机流体地连接;和在第二热交换器中将来自热源的热能转移到第二质量流,第二热交换器与热源热连通。该方法还可包括在与第二热交换器流体地连接的第二涡轮机中使第二质量流膨胀。
附图说明
当与所附的附图一起阅读时,从下面的详细描述可以最好地理解本公开内容。它强调的是,按照工业中的标准实践,各种特征没有按比例绘制。事实上,为了清楚地讨论,各种特征的尺寸可任意增加或减少。
图1根据一个或多个公开的实施方案,示意性说明平行热发动机循环的示例性实施方案。
图2根据一个或多个公开的实施方案,示意性说明另一平行热发动机循环的示例性实施方案。
图3根据一个或多个公开的实施方案,示意性说明另一平行热发动机循环的示例性实施方案。
图4根据一个或多个公开的实施方案,示意性说明另一平行热发动机循环的示例性实施方案。
图5根据一个或多个公开的实施方案,示意性说明另一平行热发动机循环的示例性实施方案。
图6根据一个或多个公开的实施方案,示意性说明另一平行热发动机循环的示例性实施方案。
图7根据一个或多个公开的实施方案,示意性说明可用平行热发动机循环实施的质量管理系统(MMS)的示例性实施方案。
图8根据一个或多个公开的实施方案,示意性说明可用平行热发动机循环实施的MMS的示例性实施方案。
图9和图10示意性地说明通过利用可在本文公开的平行热发动机循环中使用的工作流体,用于单独的流体物流(例如空气)的入口急冷(chilling)的不同系统配置。
具体实施方式
详细说明
应当理解的是,下面的公开内容描述了数个用于实施本发明的不 同的特征、结构或功能的示例性实施方案。以下描述组件、设置和配置的示例性实施方案以简化本公开内容;然而,提供这些示例性实施方案仅是作为实例,而不意欲限制本发明的范围。此外,本公开内容可在本文提供的多个示例性实施方案和整个图中重复参考数字和/或字母。该重复是为了简单和清楚的目的,且本身并不说明在多个图中讨论的多个示例性实施方案和/或配置之间的关系。此外,相对于下面说明书中的第二特征或在下面说明书中的第二特征之上形成的第一特征可以包括其中第一和第二特征直接接触形成的实施方案,且也可以包括其中可形成插入在第一和第二特征之间的另外的特征,使得第一和第二特征可以并不直接接触的实施方案。最后,下面呈现的示例性实施方案可以以任何组合方式组合,即,来自一个示例性实施方案中的任何元件可用于任何另外的示例性实施方案中,而不偏离本公开内容的范围。
此外,使用遍及下面的说明书和权利要求书中的某些术语以指特定组件。如本领域技术人员将意识到的,不同实体可以通过不同的名称指相同的组件,且因此,对于本文中所述的元件,不意欲使命名约定限制本发明的范围,除非本文中另有特定限定。此外,不意欲使本文所用的命名约定区分名称而非功能不同的组件。此外,在下面的讨论和权利要求书中,术语“包括”和“包含”是无限制形式的,且因此应解释为意思是“包括,但不限于”。除非特定声明,所有在该公开内容中的数值可以是精确或近似的值。因此,本公开内容的不同实施方案可偏离本文公开的数目、值和范围但不偏离意欲的范围。此外,如在权利要求书或说明书中使用,术语“或”意欲同时包括独占(exclusive)和非独占(inclusive)的情况,即,“A或B”意欲为与“A和B中的至少一个”同义,除非本文另有明确说明。
图1说明示例性的热力学循环100,其根据本公开内容的一个或多个实施方案,可用于通过工作流体的热膨胀将热能转换为功。循环100的特征是兰金循环,并且可以在热发动机设备中实施,该设备包括多个与废热源流体连通的热交换器,多个用于动力(功率)生产和/ 或泵驱动动力(功率)的涡轮机,以及位于(多个)涡轮机下游的多个蓄热器。
特别地,热力学循环100可包括工作流体回路110,通过串联设置的第一热交换器102和第二热交换器104与热源106热连通。将意识到,可以利用任何数目的换热器与一个或多个热源连接。在一个示例性实施方案中,第一和第二热交换器102、104可以是废热交换器。在另外的示例性实施方案中,第一和第二热交换器102、104可以分别包括单一的或组合的废热交换器的第一和第二级。
热源106可以得自多个高温来源的热能。例如,热源106可以是废热流,例如,但不限于,燃气涡轮排气,工艺物流排气,或另外的燃烧产物排气物流,例如炉或锅炉的排气物流。因此,可以配置热力学循环100以将废热变换为电能,该电能的应用范围从燃气涡轮中的底部循环,固定式柴油发动机发电机组(genset),工业废热回收(例如,在炼制厂和压缩站),和混合选择到内燃机。在另外的示例性实施方案中,热源106可得自可再生热能源来源的热能,例如,但不限于,太阳热和地热来源。
虽然热源106可以是本身是高温来源的流体物流,在另外的示例性实施方案中,热源106可以是与高温来源接触的热流体。该热流体可将热能传输(deliver)至废热交换器102、104,以将该能量转移到回路100中的工作流体。
如所示,第一热交换器102可作为高温或相对较高温的热交换器,其适于接收热源106的初始或初级流。在本公开内容的多个示例性实施方案中,进入循环100的热源106的初始温度的范围可以从约400℉至大于约1,200℉(约204℃至大于约650℃)。在所示的示例性实施方案中,热源106的初始流可具有约500℃或更高的温度。然后第二热交换器104可通过第一热交换器102下游的串连连接108接收热源106。在一个示例性实施方案中,提供到第二热交换器104的热源106的温度可以是约250-300℃。应当指出,在图中所示的代表性的操作温度、压力和流速是通过实例的方式,并且认为不以任何方式限制本 公开内容的范围。
可意识到,将来自热源106的更大量的热能通过串连设置的第一和第二热交换器102、104转移,与第二热交换器104相比,第一热交换器102在废热流106中以相对较高的温度范围转移热。因此,如将在下面更详细描述,从联合的涡轮机或膨胀设备得到更大的动力(功率)产生。
在工作流体回路110,和本文下面公开的另外的示例性回路中循环的工作流体可以是二氧化碳(CO2)。二氧化碳作为用于动力(功率)产生循环的工作流体具有很多优点。它是一种温室友好和中性的工作流体,从而提供例如无毒、非可燃性、易获得性、低价格和无需回收的好处。部分由于它的相对高的工作压力,可以建造CO2系统,它比使用另外的工作流体的系统更紧凑(compact)。相对于另外的工作流体,CO2的高密度和体积热容使它更“能量密集(energy dense)”,这意味着所有系统组件的尺寸可以显著减少而不损失性能。应当指出,本文所用的术语“二氧化碳”不意欲限制任何特定类型、纯度或等级的CO2。例如,在至少一个示例性实施方案中,可以使用工业等级CO2,而不偏离本公开内容范围。
在另外的示例性实施方案中,回路110中的工作流体可以是二元,三元或另外的工作流体共混物。如本文所述,为了在热回收系统内流体组合具有的独特属性,可以选择工作流体的共混或组合。例如,一种这样的流体组合包括液体吸收剂和CO2混合物,从而使得使用比压缩CO2所需的更少的能量输入将组合的流体在液体状态泵送到高压。在另一示例性实施方案中,工作流体可以是CO2或超临界二氧化碳(ScCO2)与一种或多种另外的可混流体或化合物的组合。仍在另外的示例性实施例中,工作流体可以是CO2和丙烷,或CO2和氨的组合,而不偏离本公开内容范围。
使用的术语“工作流体”不意欲限制工作流体所在的物质状态或相。换句话说,工作流体可以是在流体相、气相、超临界相、亚临界状态或在流体循环内的任何一个或多个位置的任何另外的相或状态。 工作流体在回路110的某些部分(“高压侧”)可以处于超临界状态,而在回路110的另外部分(“低压侧”)处于亚临界状态。在另外的示例性实施方案中,可以操作和控制整个工作流体回路110,使得在整个回路110执行器件,工作流体处于超临界或亚临界状态。
在热源106中热交换器102、104串联设置,而在工作流体回路110中平行设置。第一热交换器102可以与第一涡轮机112流体地连接,而第二热交换器104可与第二涡轮机114流体地连接。进而,第一涡轮机112可流体地连接到第一蓄热器116,而第二涡轮机114可流体地连接到第二蓄热器118。涡轮机112、114之一或两者可以是动力涡轮机,配置其以向辅助系统或工艺提供动力(功率)。在回路110的低温侧蓄热器116、118可串联设置,而在回路110的高温侧平行设置。蓄热器116、118将回路110划分成高温侧和低温侧。例如,回路110的高温侧包括设置在其中将工作流体导向热交换器102、104的各蓄热器116、118下游的部分回路110。回路110的低温侧包括设置在其中引导工作流体远离热交换器102、104的各蓄热器116、118下游的部分回路110。
工作流体回路110还可以包括与流体回路110的组件流体连通的第一泵120和第二泵122,配置它们以使工作流体循环。第一和第二泵120、122可以是涡轮泵,或由一个或多个外部机器或设备,诸如马达独立地驱动。在一个示例性实施方案中,可使用第一泵120以在循环100的正常操作期间使工作流体循环,而只有用于开始循环100时,名义上驱动和使用第二泵122。在至少一个示例性实施方案中,可以使用第二涡轮机114以驱动第一泵120,但在另外的示例性实施方案中,可以使用第一涡轮机112以驱动第一泵120,或该第一泵120可以由马达(未示出)名义地驱动。
第一涡轮机112可以比第二涡轮机114在较高的相对温度(例如,较高的涡轮机入口温度)下操作,因为经历过第一热交换器102的热源106的温度下降。然而,在一个或多个示例性实施方案中,可配置各涡轮机112、114以在相同或基本上相同的入口压力下操作。这可以通 过设计和控制回路110来实现,这包括,但不限于,控制第一和第二泵120、122和/或使用多级泵以优化用于回路110的入口温度对应的各涡轮机12、114的入口压力。
在一个或多个示例性实施方案中,第一泵120的入口压力可超过工作流体蒸气压足够的限度(margin),以防止在低压和/或高速度的局部区域工作流体的蒸发。对于高速泵,例如可用于本文所公开的各种示例性实施方案中的涡轮泵,这尤其重要。因此,传统的被动(passive)增压系统,例如采用只提供相对于流体蒸气压,重力增加的压力的稳压罐,可以证明对于本文所公开的示例性实施方案是不足够的。
工作流体回路110可还包括冷凝器124,它与第一和第二蓄热器116、118之一或两者流体连通。可将离开各蓄热器116、118的低压排出工作流体流导向通过冷凝器124以进行冷却,用于返回到回路110的低温侧和到第一泵120或第二泵122。
在操作中,在工作流体回路110的点126处,将工作流体分离为第一质量流m1和第二质量流m2。将第一质量流量m1导向通过第一热交换器102,并随后在第一涡轮机112中膨胀。在第一涡轮机112之后,第一质量流m1通过第一蓄热器116,以在将它导向第一热交换器102时,将残余热转移回到第一质量流m1。可将第二质量流m2导向通过第二热交换器104,并随后在第二涡轮机114中膨胀。在第二涡轮机114之后,第二质量流m2通过第二蓄热器118,以在将它导向第二热交换器104时,将残余热转移回到第二质量流m2。然后在工作流体回路110的点128处,将第二质量流m2与第一质量流m1再组合,以产生组合的质量流m1+m2。可将该组合的质量流m1+m2导向通过冷凝器124并且回到泵120以再次开始该回路(loop)。在至少一个实施方案中,在泵120的入口处工作流体是超临界的。
可意识到,与热源106进行热交换的每级可以并入其中在完全的热力学循环100内最有效地利用它的工作流体回路110。例如,通过将热交换分成多级,或使用分离的热交换器(例如,第一和第二热交换器102、104)或具有多级的单一或多个热交换器,可以从热源106提 取另外的热量,以在膨胀中更有效地使用,并且主要地以从热源106获得多级膨胀。
另外,通过在相似的或基本上相似的压力比下使用多个涡轮机112、114,可以有效地利用更大部分的可获得的热源106,这是通过经蓄热器116、118使用来自各涡轮机112、114的残余热,使得该残余热没有丢失或受到损害。可以优化工作流体回路110中蓄热器116、118与热源106之间的设置,以使涡轮机112、114中多个温度膨胀的功率输出最大。通过选择性地组合平行的工作流体流,例如,通过匹配热容量率,C=m·cp,其中C是热容量率,m是工作流体的质量流率,且cp为恒压比热,任一蓄热器116、118的两侧可以平衡。
图2说明了根据一个或多个公开内容的实施方案,热力学循环200的另一示例性实施方案。在一些方面,循环200可以与以上关于图1所述的热力循环100相似。因此,参考图1可以最好地理解热力循环200,其中,相同的数字对应于相同的元件,且因此将不再次详细描述。循环200也包括串联设置的第一和第二热交换器102、104,与热源106热连通,但在工作流体回路210中平行。第一和第二蓄热器116和118在回路210的低温侧串联设置而在回路210的高温侧平行。
在回路210中,将工作流体在点202处分离为第一质量流m1和第二质量流m2。将第一质量流量m1最终导向通过第一热交换器102,并随后在第一涡轮机112中膨胀。然后第一质量流m1通过第一蓄热器116,以将残余热转移回到第一质量流m1(其流过过去状态25并且进入第一蓄热器116)。可将第二质量流m2导向通过第二热交换器104,并随后在第二涡轮机114中膨胀。在第二涡轮机114之后,在点204处将第二质量流m2与第一质量流m1再组合,以产生组合的质量流m1+m2。可将该组合的质量流导向通过第二蓄热器118,以将残余热转移到通过第二蓄热器118的第一质量流m1。
蓄热器116、118的设置为组合的质量流m1+m2在到达冷凝器124之前提供第二蓄热器118。可意识到,如上所定义,通过提供更好的热容量率匹配,这可增加工作流体回路210的热效率。
如所说明,可以使用第二涡轮机114以驱动第一或主要工作流体泵120。然而,在另外的示例性实施方案中,可以使用第一涡轮机112以驱动泵120,而不偏离本公开内容的范围。如将在下面更详细地讨论的,通过在对应的状态41和42管理各自的质量流率,可以在常规的涡轮机入口压力或不同的涡轮机入口压力下操作第一和第二涡轮机112、114。
图3说明了根据本公开内容的一个或多个实施方案,热力学循环300的另一示例性实施方案。在一些方面,循环300可以与热力学循环100和/或200相似,因此,参考图1和2可以最好地理解循环300,其中,相同的数字对应相同的元件,和因此将不再次详细描述。热力学循环300可以包括工作流体回路310,其使用与热源106热连通的第三热交换器302。第三热交换器302可以是与如前所述的第一和第二热交换器102、104相似的热交换器类别。
热交换器102、104、302在与热源106物流热连通时可以串联设置,且在工作流体回路310中平行设置。对应的第一和第二蓄热器116、118与冷凝器124在回路310的低温侧串联设置,且在回路310的高温侧平行。在点304处将工作流体分离成第一和第二质量流m1、m2后,可配置第三热交换器302以接收第一质量流m1,并且在其到达用于膨胀的第一涡轮机112前,将来自热源106的热转移到第一质量流m1。在第一涡轮机112膨胀之后,将第一质量流m1导向通过第一蓄热器116,以将残余热转移到从第三热交换器302排出的第一质量流m1。
将第二质量流m2导向通过第二热交换器104,且随后在第二涡轮机114中膨胀。在第二涡轮机114之后,在点306处将第二质量流m2与第一质量流m1再组合以产生组合的质量流m1+m2,其为在第二蓄热器118中的第二质量流m2提供残余热。
也可以使用第二涡轮机114驱动第一或初级泵120,或者它可以通过如本文所述的其它方式驱动。可以在回路310的低温侧提供第二或起动泵122,并提供通过平行的热交换器路径(包括第二和第三热交换器104/302)的循环工作流体。在一个示例性实施方案中,在循环300 的起动期间,第一和第三热交换器102、302的流量可以基本上为零。工作流体回路310还可以包括节流阀308,例如泵驱动节流阀,和截止阀312以管理工作流体的流量。
图4说明了根据一个或多个公开内容的示例性实施方案,热力学循环的400的另一示例性实施方案。在一些方面,循环400可以与热力学循环100、200和/或300相似,且因此,参考图1-3可以最好地理解循环400,其中,相同的数字对应相同的元件,因此将不再次详细描述。热力学循环400可以包括工作流体回路410,其中将第一和第二蓄热器116、118组合成单一的蓄热器402或否则的话,用单一的蓄热器402替换。该蓄热器402可以是与本文所述的蓄热器116、118相似的类型,或可以是对本领域技术人员已知的另外类型的蓄热器或热交换器。
如所示,可以配置蓄热器402以当第一质量流m1进入第一热交换器102时将热转移给它,并且当第一质量流m1离开第一涡轮机112时接收来自它的热。蓄热器402也可以在第二质量流m2进入第二热交换器104时将热转移给它,并且当第二质量流m2离开第二涡轮机114时接收来自它的热。组合的质量流m1+m2流出蓄热器402,并至冷凝器124。
在另外的示例性实施方案中,可以将蓄热器402放大,如通过图4中所示的虚线延伸线所指示的,或否则的话,使其适合于接收进入和离开第三热交换器302的第一质量流m1。因此,可从蓄热器304提取另外的热能,并且导向第三热交换器302,以增加第一质量流m1的温度。
图5说明了根据本公开内容的热力学循环500的另一示例性实施方案。在一些方面,循环500可以与热力学循环100相似,和因此可以参考上面的图1最好地理解,其中相同的数字对应相同的元件,将不再描述。热力学循环500可以具有与图1的工作流体回路110基本上相似的工作流体回路510,但第一和第二泵120、122的设置不同。如图1中所示,每个平行循环具有一个独立的泵(分别地,泵120用于 高温循环和泵122用于低温循环)以在正常操作期间供给工作流体流。相反,图5中的热力学循环500使用主泵120,其可以由第二涡轮机114驱动,以同时为两个平行循环提供工作流体流。图5中的起动泵122只在热发动机的起动过程期间操作,因此在正常操作期间不需要马达驱动的泵。
图6说明根据本公开内容的热力学循环600的另一示例性实施方案。在一些方面,循环600可以与热力学循环300相似,且因此可以参考上面的图3最好地理解,其中相同的数字对应相同的元件,且将不再详细描述。热力学循环600可以具有与图3的工作流体回路310基本上相似的工作流体回路610,但添加了第三蓄热器602,其从从第二蓄热器118排出的组合的质量流m1+m2中提取另外的热能。因此,在接收从热源106转移的残余热之前,可以增加进入第三热交换器302的第一质量流m1的温度。
如所示,蓄热器116、118、602可以作为单独的热交换设备操作。然而,在另外的示例性实施方案中,可以将蓄热器116、118、602组合为单一的蓄热器,类似于上述参考图4描述的蓄热器406。
如由本文所述的每个示例性的热力学循环100-600(意思是循环100、200、300、400、500和600)所示,并入每个工作流体回路110-610(意思是回路110、210、310、410、510和610)中的平行热交换循环和设置,通过将动力涡轮机入口温度提高至在单一循环中不可达到的水平,使得来自给定的热源106的更多的动力(功率)产生,从而导致每个示例性循环100-600更高的热效率。经第二和第三热交换器104、302添加较低温度的热交换循环,使得从热源106回收更高部分的可获得的能量。此外,为了热效率的另外改善,可以优化每个单独的热交换循环的压力比。
在任何公开的示例性实施方案中可实施的另外的变化,包括但不限于,使用两级或多级泵120、122以优化涡轮机112、114的入口压力,用于任何特别对应的任一涡轮机112、114的入口温度。在另外的示例性实施方案中,可以例如通过使用在共享的动力涡轮机轴上的平 行的另外的涡轮机级将涡轮机112、114耦合在一起。本文预期另外的变化是,但不限于,使用在涡轮机驱动泵轴上平行的另外的涡轮机级、通过齿轮箱(gear box)耦合涡轮机、使用不同的蓄热器设置以优化总体效率,和使用往复式膨胀器和泵替代涡轮机组(turbomachinery)。也可以将第二涡轮机114的输出与发电机或由第一涡轮机112驱动的动力(功率)-生产设备连接,甚至可以将第一和第二涡轮机112、114整合成为单件的涡轮机组,例如使用在共有轴上的单独的叶片/叶片盘(disk)的多级涡轮机,或例如使用用于每个径流式涡轮机的单独小齿轮(pinion)驱动大齿轮的单独级的径流式涡轮机。也仍预期另外的示例性变化,其中将第一和/或第二涡轮机112、114耦合至主泵120和电动发电机(未示出)从而同时作为起动马达和发电机。
每个所述循环100-600可以在多种物理实施方案中实施,包括,但不限于固定的或整合的装备,或作为自含的设备例如轻便式废热发动机或“块装(skid)”。该示例性废热发动机块装可以设置每个工作流体回路110-610,和相关组件,例如涡轮机112、114,蓄热器116、118,冷凝器124,泵120、122,阀,工作流体供给和控制系统以及机械和电子控制可作为单一单元而合并。在2009年12月9日申请的共同未决的美国专利申请序列号12/631,412,名称为“Thermal Energy Cnversion Device”中描述和说明了示例性废热发动机块装,将其内容通过引入至与本公开内容一致的程度而并入本文。
本文公开的示例性实施方案还可以包括并入和使用质量管理系统(MMS),其连接到所述的热力学循环100-600或与所述的热力学循环100-600整合。可以提供MMS以通过向工作流体回路100-600中加入或移除质量(即工作流体)从而控制第一泵120的入口压力,从而提高循环100-600的效率。在一个示例性实施方案中,MMS与工作循环100-600半被动地操作并使用传感器以监测回路110-610的高压侧(从泵120出口至膨胀器116、118入口)和低压侧(从膨胀器112、114出口至泵120入口)的压力和温度。MMS也可以包括阀,罐加热器或另外的装置以促进工作流体进入或离开工作流体回路110-610,和用于储 存工作流体的质量控制罐。MMS的示例性实施方案在下列专利中说明和描述:共同未决的美国专利申请序列号12/631,412,12/631,400,和12/631,379,每个都在2009年12月4日申请;美国专利申请序列号12/880,428,2010年9月13日申请,和PCT申请号US2011/29486,2011年3月22日申请。将上述每个案例的内容通过引入至与本公开内容一致的程度而并入本文。
现参照图7和8,分别说明示例性质量管理系统700和800,其可与本文在一个或多个示例性实施方案中所述的热力学循环100-600结合使用。图7和8中所示的系统接入点A、B和C(图8仅显示点A和C)对应于图1-6中所示的系统接入点A、B和C。因此,MMS700和800每个可以与图1-6的热力学循环100-600在对应的系统接入点A、B和C流体地连接(如果适用的话)。该示例性的MMS800储存低温(低于环境温度)和从而低压的工作流体,且示例性的MMS700储存在环境温度或接近环境温度的工作流体。如上面所讨论的,工作流体可以是CO2,但也可以是另外的工作流体而不偏离本公开内容的范围。
在示例性MMS700的操作中,通过在接入点A经过第一阀704从(多个)工作流体回路110-610放入(tap)工作流体从而对工作流体储存罐702加压。当需要时,通过打开设置在储存罐702底部附近的第二阀706向(多个)工作流体回路110-610中加入另外的工作流体,以允许另外的工作流体流过设置在泵120(图1-6)上游的接入点C。在接入点C将工作流体加入到(多个)回路110-610可以用于提高第一泵120的入口压力。为了从(多个)工作流体回路110-610中提取流体,并因而降低第一泵120的入口压力,可以打开第三阀708,以允许冷的、加压的流体经过接入点B进入储存罐。尽管在每个应用中未必需要,但是MMS700还可包括传送泵710,配置其以从罐702移除工作流体并将它注射到(多个)工作流体回路110-610中。
图8的MMS800只使用两个系统接入点或交接点A和C。在控制级(例如,单元正常运行)不使用阀-控制接口A,且提供阀-控制接口A只为了用蒸气使(多个)工作流体回路110-610预加压,使得在填充期 间(多个)回路110-610的温度保持在最低阈值。可以包括蒸发器以利用环境的热将液相工作流体转换成近似环境温度蒸气-相的工作流体。没有蒸发器,在填充期间系统的温度可急剧地下降。蒸发器也提供回到储存罐702的蒸气以弥补提取所损失的液体体积,且因而担当压力建造器(builder)。在至少一个实施方案中,该蒸发器可以是电加热的或由次级流体加热。在操作中,当期望增加第一泵120(图1-6)的抽吸压力时,通过用在接入点C处或附近提供的传送泵802泵送它,从而可选择性地将工作流体加入到(多个)工作流体回路110-610中。当期望降低泵120的抽吸压力时,可以在接口C选择性地从系统中提取工作流体,并通过一个或多个阀804和806膨胀下降到储存罐702的相对低的储存压力。
在大多数情况下,阀804、806之后的膨胀后的流体将是两相(即,蒸气+液体)。为防止储存罐702中的压力超过其正常的操作限度,可以提供小的蒸气压缩制冷循环,包括蒸气压缩机808和附加的冷凝器810。在另外的实施方案中,冷凝器可以用作蒸发器,其中将冷凝器的水用作热源,而不是吸热器(heat sink)。可以配置制冷循环以降低工作流体的温度且充分地冷凝蒸气,以维持储存罐702的压力在其设计条件。可意识到,可将蒸气压缩制冷循环整合进MMS800内,或者可以是具有独立的制冷剂回路的独立的蒸气压缩循环。
含在储存罐702内的工作流体将趋向于分层,密度较高的工作流体在罐702的底部,而密度较低的工作流体在罐702顶部。工作流体可以是在液相中,蒸气相中或两者中,或超临界;如果工作流体同时在蒸气相和液相中,将存在将工作流体的一相与另一相分离的相边界,稠密的工作流体在储存罐702的底部。以这种方式,MMS700、800可以能向回路110-610传输储存罐702内最稠密的工作流体。
对于遍及工作流体回路110-610的工作流体环境和状态,包括温度、压力、流动方向和速率,和组件操作,例如泵120、122和涡轮机112、114,所有的各种所述的控制或改变可以通过通常在图7和图8中所示的控制系统712进行监测和/或控制。与本公开内容的实施方案 相容的示例性控制系统在2010年9月13日申请的共同未决的美国专利序列号12/880,428,名称为“Heat Engine and Heat to Electricity Systems and Methods withWorking Fluid Fill System”中描述和说明,如上所示,通过引用将其并入本文。
在一个示例性实施方案中,控制系统712可以包括一个或多个比例-积分-微分(PID)控制器作为控制回路反馈系统。在另一示例性实施方案中,控制系统712可以是任何微处理器-基系统,其能存储控制程序和执行控制程序以接收传感器输入,并根据预定的算法或表产生控制信号。例如,控制系统712可以是微处理器-基计算机,其运行存储在计算机-可读介质上的控制软件程序。可以配置该软件程序以接收来自不同的压力、温度、流率等的传感器输入。传感器位于遍及工作流体回路110-610,并从那里产生控制信号,其中配置控制信号以优化和/或选择性地控制回路110-610的操作。
每个MMS700、800可以通信地耦合到这样的控制系统712,使得本文所述的各种阀及另外的装置的控制是自动化或半自动化的,且对经过位于遍及回路110-610的多个传感器获得的系统性能数据做出反应,并且也对周围和环境条件做出反应。也就是说,控制系统712可以与MMS700、800的每个组件进行通信,并且配置其以控制它们的操作,以更有效地来完成(多个)热力学循环100-600的功能。例如,控制系统712可以与系统中的每个阀、泵、传感器等进行通信(通过电线,RF信号等),并配置以根据控制软件、算法、或另外的预定的控制机制从而控制每个组件的操作。这可以证明控制第一泵120入口处的工作流体的温度和压力,以通过降低工作流体的可压缩性积极地增加第一泵120的抽吸压力是有利的。这样做可以避免对第一泵120的损害,也增加了(多个)热力学循环100-600的总压力比,从而改善了效率和功率输出。
在一个或多个示例性实施方案中,可以证明维持泵120的抽吸压力高于泵120入口处工作流体的沸腾压力是有利的。一种控制(多个)工作流体回路110-610的低温侧中的工作流体压力的方法是通过控制 图7的储存罐702中工作流体的温度。这可以通过维持储存罐702的温度比泵120入口处的温度在更高水平来实现。为完成这个,MMS700可以包括在罐702内使用加热器和/或盘管714。可以配置加热器/盘管714以添加或移除罐702内的流体/蒸气的热。在一个示例性实施方案中,可以使用直接电加热控制储存罐702的温度。然而,在另外的示例性实施方案中,储存罐702的温度可以使用另外的设备控制,例如,但不限于,使用泵排出流体(其在高于泵入口温度的温度)的热交换器盘管,使用来自冷却器/冷凝器(也在高于泵入口温度的温度)的废冷却水的热交换器盘管,或它们的组合。
现参照图9和10,分别为急冷系统900和1000,也可以与任何上述的循环连接使用,以为工业过程的其它区域提供冷却,包括,但不限于,燃气涡轮机或其它吸气式发动机的入口空气的预冷却,从而提供更高的发动机功率输出。在图9和10中的系统接入点B和D或C和D对应于在图1-6中的系统接入点B、C和D。因此,在对应的系统接入点A、B、C和/或D(如果适用的话),每个冷却系统900、1000可以与图1-6中的一个或多个工作流体回路110-610流体地连接。
在图9的急冷系统900中,在系统接入点C处可以从(多个)工作流体回路110-610中提取部分工作流体。通过膨胀设备902降低该部分流体的压力,膨胀设备902可以是阀、孔板(orifice)或流体膨胀器例如涡轮机或正位移膨胀器。该膨胀过程降低工作流体的温度。然后在蒸发器热交换器904中将热加入工作流体,从而降低了外部工艺流体(例如,空气,水等)的温度。然后,通过使用压缩机906使工作流体压力再-增加,之后经过系统接入点D将它再引入到(多个)工作流体回路110-610中。
压缩机906可以是马达驱动或者是涡轮机-驱动,或是专用涡轮机或是加入到系统的主涡轮机的附加轮。在另外的示例性实施方案中,可将压缩机906与(多个)主工作流体回路110-610整合。仍在另外的示例性实施方案中,压缩机906可采用流体喷射器的形式,移动流体从系统接入点A供给,并排出至在冷凝器124(图1-6)的上游的系统接 入点D。
图10的急冷系统1000还可以包括压缩机1002,基本上与如上所述的压缩机906类似。压缩机1002采用流体喷射器的形式,移动流体经过接入点A(未示出,但对应于图1-6中的点A)从(多个)工作流体循环110-610供给,并经接入点D排出至(多个)循环110–610。在所示的示例性实施方案中,在膨胀设备1006中膨胀之前,经接入点B从(多个)回路110-610中提取工作流体,并通过热交换器1004预冷却,膨胀设备1006与上述的膨胀设备902相似。在一个示例性实施方案中,热交换器1004可以包括水-CO2或空气-CO2热交换器。可以意识到,加入的热交换器1004可以提供另外的冷却能力,在其上,具有如图9中所示的急冷系统900的能力。
本文使用的术语“上游”和“下游”意欲更清楚地描述本公开内容的各种示例性实施方案和配置。例如,“上游”通常的意思是朝向或逆着正常操作期间的工作流体的流动方向,而“下游”通常的意思是在正常操作期间,具有工作流体的流动方向或在工作流体的流动方向。
上面概述了数个实施方案的特征,使得本领域技术人员可以更好地理解本公开内容。那些本领域技术人员应意识到,他们可以容易地使用本公开内容,作为用于设计或修改其它工艺的基础和用于执行相同的目的和/或达到本文所介绍的实施方案的相同的优点的结构。本领域技术人员也应该认识到,这样的等效配置不偏离本公开内容的精神和范围,并且,它们可作出本发明的各种改变、替代和改动而不偏离本发明的精神和范围。
Claims (43)
1.一种将热能转换为功的系统,包括:
泵,配置其以使工作流体遍及工作流体回路循环,将工作流体在泵的下游分离成第一质量流和第二质量流,其中工作流体包括二氧化碳且在至少部分工作流体回路上工作流体处于超临界状态;
第一热交换器,与泵流体地连接并与热流体热连通,配置第一热交换器以接收第一质量流并将来自热流体的热转移到第一质量流;
第一涡轮机,与第一热交换器流体地连接并配置以使第一质量流膨胀;
第一蓄热器,与第一涡轮机流体地连接并配置以将来自从第一涡轮机排出的第一质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流;
第二热交换器,与泵流体地连接并与热流体热连通,配置第二热交换器以接收第二质量流并将来自热流体的热转移到第二质量流;和
第二涡轮机,与第二热交换器流体地连接并配置以使第二质量流膨胀。
2.权利要求1的系统,其中热流体是废热流并且操作和控制整个工作流体回路使得工作流体处于超临界状态。
3.权利要求1的系统,其中工作流体在工作流体回路的高压侧处于超临界状态,且在工作流体回路的低压侧处于亚临界状态。
4.权利要求1的系统,其中在泵的入口处工作流体处于超临界状态。
5.权利要求1的系统,其中第一和第二热交换器在热流体中串联设置。
6.权利要求1的系统,其中第一质量流与第二质量流平行循环。
7.权利要求1的系统,还包括第二蓄热器,其与第二涡轮机流体地连接并且配置以将来自从第二涡轮机排出的第二质量流的残余热能转移到导向第二热交换器的第二质量流。
8.权利要求1的系统,还包括第二蓄热器,其与第二涡轮机流体地连接并且配置以将来自组合的第一和第二质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流。
9.权利要求1的系统,其中第一涡轮机的入口压力与第二涡轮机的入口压力基本上相等。
10.权利要求9的系统,其中第一涡轮机的排出压力与第二涡轮机的排出压力不同。
11.权利要求1的系统,还包括质量管理系统,通过至少两个接入点可操作地连接到工作流体回路,配置质量管理系统以控制工作流体回路内的工作流体的量。
12.一种将热能转换为功的系统,包括:
泵,配置其以使工作流体遍及工作流体回路循环,将工作流体在泵的下游分离成第一质量流和第二质量流,其中工作流体包括二氧化碳且在至少部分工作流体回路上工作流体处于超临界状态;
第一热交换器,与泵流体地连接并与热流体热连通,配置第一热交换器以接收第一质量流并将来自热流体的热转移到第一质量流;
第一涡轮机,与第一热交换器流体地连接并配置以使第一质量流膨胀;
第一蓄热器,与第一涡轮机流体地连接并配置以将来自从第一涡轮机排出的第一质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流;
第二热交换器,与泵流体地连接并与热流体热连通,配置第二热交换器以接收第二质量流并将来自热流体的热转移到第二质量流;
第二涡轮机,与第二热交换器流体地连接并配置以使第二质量流膨胀,第二质量流从第二涡轮机排出并与第一质量流再-组合以产生组合的质量流;
第二蓄热器,与第二涡轮机流体地连接并配置以将来自组合的质量流的残余热能转移到导向第二热交换器的第二质量流;和
第三热交换器,与热流体热连通并设置在泵和第一热交换器之间,配置第三热交换器以在通过第一热交换器之前接收并转移热到第一质量流。
13.权利要求12的系统,其中热流体是废热流并且操作和控制整个工作流体回路使得工作流体处于超临界状态。
14.权利要求13的系统,其中工作流体在工作流体回路的高压侧处于超临界状态,且在工作流体回路的低压侧处于亚临界状态。
15.权利要求12的系统,其中在泵的入口处工作流体处于超临界状态。
16.权利要求12的系统,其中热流体是废热流,且第一、第二和第三热交换器在废热流中串联设置,并且第一质量流与第二质量流平行循环。
17.权利要求12的系统,其中第一和第二蓄热器包含单一蓄热器组件。
18.权利要求12的系统,还包括设置在泵和第三热交换器之间的第三蓄热器。
19.权利要求18的系统,其中在将第一质量流引入到第三热交换器之前,配置第三蓄热器以将来自从第二蓄热器排出的组合的质量流的残余热转移到第一质量流。
20.权利要求18的系统,其中第一、第二和第三蓄热器包含单一蓄热器组件。
21.权利要求20的系统,其中配置单一蓄热器组件以接收从第三热交换器排出的第一质量流,以在第一质量流通过第一热交换器之前,将来自组合的质量流的另外的残余热能转移到第一质量流。
22.权利要求12的系统,其中第一涡轮机的入口压力与第二涡轮机的入口压力基本上相等。
23.权利要求22的系统,其中第一涡轮机的排出压力与第二涡轮机的排出压力不同。
24.一种将热能转换为功的方法,包括:
用泵使工作流体遍及工作流体回路循环,其中工作流体包括二氧化碳且在至少部分工作流体回路上工作流体处于超临界状态;
将工作流体回路中的工作流体分离成第一质量流和第二质量流;
在第一热交换器中将来自热流体的热能转移到第一质量流,第一热交换器与热流体热连通;
在与第一热交换器流体地连接的第一涡轮机中使第一质量流膨胀;
在第一蓄热器中将来自从第一涡轮机排出的第一质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流,第一蓄热器与第一涡轮机流体地连接;
在第二热交换器中将来自热流体的热能转移到第二质量流,第二热交换器与热流体热连通;和
在与第二热交换器流体地连接的第二涡轮机中使第二质量流膨胀。
25.权利要求24的方法,还包括在第二蓄热器中将来自从第二涡轮机排出的第二质量流的残余热能转移到导向第二热交换器的第二质量流,第二蓄热器与第二涡轮机流体地连接。
26.权利要求25的方法,还包括在通过第一热交换器之前,在第三热交换器中将来自热流体的热能转移到第一质量流,第三热交换器与热流体热连通并且设置在泵和第一热交换器之间。
27.权利要求26的方法,还包括在将第一质量流引入到第三热交换器之前,在第三蓄热器中将来自从第二蓄热器排出的组合的第一和第二质量流的残余热转移到第一质量流,第三蓄热器设置在泵和第三热交换器之间。
28.权利要求24的方法,还包括在第二蓄热器中将来自组合的第一和第二质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流,第二蓄热器与第二涡轮机流体地连接。
29.权利要求3-11或14-23任一项的系统或权利要求24-28任一项的方法,其中热流体是废热流并且操作和控制整个工作流体回路使得工作流体处于超临界状态。
30.权利要求2、4-11、13或15-23任一项的系统或权利要求24-28任一项的方法,其中工作流体在工作流体回路的高压侧处于超临界状态,且在工作流体回路的低压侧处于亚临界状态。
31.权利要求2、3、5-11、13-14或16-23任一项的系统或权利要求24-28任一项的方法,其中在泵的入口处工作流体处于超临界状态。
32.权利要求2-4、6-15或17-23任一项的系统或权利要求24-28任一项的方法,其中第一和第二热交换器在热流体中串联设置。
33.权利要求2-6、7-15、或17-23任一项的系统或权利要求24-28任一项的方法,其中第一质量流与第二质量流平行循环。
34.权利要求2-6或9-11任一项的系统或权利要求24的方法,还包括第二蓄热器,其与第二涡轮机流体地连接,并且配置以将来自从第二涡轮机排出的第二质量流的残余热能转移到导向第二热交换器的第二质量流。
35.权利要求2-6或9-11任一项的系统或权利要求24的方法,还包括第二蓄热器,其与第二涡轮机流体地连接,并且配置以将来自组合的第一和第二质量流的残余热能转移到导向第一热交换器的第一质量流。
36.权利要求2-8、10、11、13-21或23任一项的系统或权利要求24-28任一项的方法,其中第一涡轮机的入口压力与第二涡轮机的入口压力基本上相等。
37.权利要求1-8或11-21任一项的系统或权利要求24-28任一项的方法,其中第一涡轮机的排出压力与第二涡轮机的排出压力不同。
38.权利要求2-10或12-23任一项的系统或权利要求24-28任一项的方法,还包括通过至少两个接入点与工作流体回路可操作地连接的质量管理系统,配置质量管理系统以控制工作流体回路内的工作流体的量。
39.权利要求13-15或17-23任一项的系统或权利要求24-27任一项的方法,其中第一、第二和第三热交换器在废热流体中串联设置,第一质量流与第二质量流平行循环。
40.权利要求7-8、13-16或18-23任一项的系统或权利要求25-28任一项的方法,其中第一和第二蓄热器包含单一蓄热器组件。
41.权利要求1-11、13-17、22或23任一项的系统或权利要求24、25或28任一项的方法,还包括设置在泵和第三热交换器之间的第三蓄热器。
42.权利要求20-23任一项的系统,其中配置第三蓄热器以在将第一质量流引入到第三热交换器之前,将来自从第二蓄热器排出的组合的质量流的残余热转移到第一质量流。
43.权利要求19、20、22或23任一项的系统,其中第一、第二和第三蓄热器包含单一蓄热器组件。
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