CN102159683B - 碳质原料的气化方法 - Google Patents
碳质原料的气化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102159683B CN102159683B CN200980137381.5A CN200980137381A CN102159683B CN 102159683 B CN102159683 B CN 102159683B CN 200980137381 A CN200980137381 A CN 200980137381A CN 102159683 B CN102159683 B CN 102159683B
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Abstract
本发明涉及制备气体产物的方法和连续方法,具体地讲,涉及在蒸汽存在下通过碳质原料催化气化制备甲烷的方法和连续方法。在本发明的一个方面,所述方法包括在适合温度和压力下,在所述吹氧气化器中,用所述富氧气流使所述第一碳质原料至少部分燃烧,以产生含氢气、一氧化碳和过热蒸汽的第一气流;以及在适合温度和压力下,在所述气化催化剂存在,在所述催化气化器中,使所述第二碳质原料和所述第一气流反应,以生成含多种气体产物的第二气流,所述多种气体产物包括甲烷、二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳和硫化氢。所述方法可包括用至少一个催化甲烷转化器使气体产物中的一氧化碳和氢气转化成甲烷,在某些实施方案中,不使一氧化碳或氢气循环到气化器。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及制备气体产物的方法,具体地讲,本发明涉及在蒸汽存在下通过碳质原料催化气化制备甲烷的方法,其中没有一氧化碳或氢气循环到催化气化器。
发明背景
鉴于诸如较高能源价格和环境问题等许多因素,从较低燃料值碳质原料(如石油焦和煤)制备增值气体产物正得到更新的关注。例如在以下专利中公开了此类物质的催化气化,以制造甲烷和其他增值气体:US3828474、US3998607、US4057512、US4092125、US4094650、US4204843、US4468231、US4500323、US4541841、US4551155、US4558027、US4606105、US4617027、US4609456、US5017282、US5055181、US6187465、US6790430、US6894183、US6955695、US2003/0167961A1、US2006/0265953A1、US2007/000177A1、US2007/083072A1、US2007/0277437A1、US2009/0048476A1、US2009/0090056A1、US2009/0090055A1、US2009/0165383A1、US2009/0166588A1、US2009/0165379A1、US2009/0170968A1、US2009/0165380A1、US2009/0165381A1、 US2009/0165361A1、US2009/0165382A1、US2009/0169449A1、US2009/0169448A1、US2009/0165376A1、US2009/0165384A1、US2009/0217584A1、US2009/0217585A1、US2009/0217590A1、US2009/0217586A1、US2009/0217588A1、US2009/0217589A1、US2009/0217575A1、US2009/0217587A1和GB1599932。
通常,在碱金属催化剂源和蒸汽存在下,在升高的温度和压力下通过物质的气化,可使碳质物质(如煤或石油焦)转化成多种气体,包括增值的气体,如甲烷。将未反应的细碳质物质从气化器产生的粗气体去除,使气体冷却并在多个过程中洗涤,以去除不合乎需要的污染物和其他副产物,包括一氧化碳、氢气、二氧化碳和硫化氢。
为了保持反应净热尽可能接近中性(只略微放热或吸热,即,反应在热中性条件下进行),通常将循环一氧化碳和氢气流送到气化反应器。参见例如US4094650、US6955595和US2007/083072A1。此气体循环回路一般需要至少另外的加热元件和加压元件使循环气流达到适用于引入气化反应器的温度和压力。另外,产生甲烷的这些方法可能需要从循环气体分离甲烷,例如通过低温蒸馏。在如此进行时,制备甲烷的工程复杂性和总成本极大增加。
因此,需要改进的气化方法,其中使气体循环回路最小化和/或排除,以减小制备甲烷的复杂性和成本。
发明概述
一方面,本发明提供了一种从碳质原料产生多种气体产物以及回收甲烷产物流的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)向吹氧气化器提供(i)第一碳质原料、(ii)富氧气流和(iii)包含水和/或蒸汽的含水流;
(b)在适合温度和压力下,在所述吹氧气化器中,用所述富氧气流使所述第一碳质原料至少部分燃烧,以产生含氢气、一氧化碳和过热蒸汽的第一气流;
(c)将第二碳质原料、气化催化剂和所述第一气流引入催化气化器,所述催化气化器与所述吹氧气化器连通;
(d)在适合温度和压力下,在所述气化催化剂存在下,在所述催化气化器中,使所述第二碳质原料和所述第一气流反应,以生成含多种气体产物的第二气流,所述多种气体产物包括甲烷、二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳和硫化氢;
(e)在耐硫甲烷化催化剂存在下,在催化甲烷转化器中,使所述第二气流中的至少一部分一氧化碳和至少一部分氢气任选反应,以产生富集甲烷的第二气流;
(f)从所述第二气流(或富集甲烷的第二气流,如果存在)去除显著部分二氧化碳和显著部分硫化氢,以从第二气流(或富集甲烷的第二气流,如果存在)产生含显著部分甲烷的第三气流;
(g)如果所述第三气流包含氢气和大于约100ppm一氧化碳,在甲烷化催化剂存在下,在催化甲烷转化器中,使所述第三气流中存在的一氧化碳和氢气任选反应,以产生富集甲烷的第三气流;和
(h)回收所述第三气流(或富集甲烷的第三气流,如果存在),
其中(i)存在步骤(e)和步骤(g)至少之一,并且(ii)所述第三气流(或富集甲烷的第三气流,如果存在)为甲烷产物流,或者将所述第三气流(或富集甲烷的第三气流,如果存在)纯化,以产生甲烷产物流。
第二方面,本发明提供了一种从碳质原料产生多种气体产物以及回收甲烷产物流的连续方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)向吹氧气化器连续提供(i)第一碳质原料、(ii)富氧气流和(iii)包含水和/或蒸汽的含水流;
(b)在适合温度和压力下,在所述吹氧气化器中,用所述富氧气流使所述第一碳质原料连续至少部分燃烧,以产生含氢气、一氧化碳和过热蒸汽的第一气流;
(c)将第二碳质原料、气化催化剂和所述第一气流连续引入催化气化器,所述催化气化器与所述吹氧气化器连通;
(d)在适合温度和压力下,在所述气化催化剂存在下,在所述催化气化器中,使所述第二碳质原料和所述第一气流连续反应,以生成含多种气体产物的第二气流,所述多种气体产物包括甲烷、二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳和硫化氢;
(e)在耐硫甲烷化催化剂存在下,在催化甲烷转化器中,使所述第二气流中的至少一部分一氧化碳和至少一部分氢气任选反应,以产生富集甲烷的第二气流;
(f)从所述第二气流(或富集甲烷的第二气流,如果存在)连续去除显著部分二氧化碳和显著部分硫化氢,以从第二气流(或富集甲烷的第二气流,如果存在)产生含显著部分甲烷的第三气流;
(g)如果所述第三气流包含氢气和大于约100ppm一氧化碳,在甲烷化催化剂存在下,在催化甲烷转化器中,使所述第三气流中存在的一氧化碳和氢气任选反应,以产生富集甲烷的第三气流;和
(h)回收所述第三气流(或富集甲烷的第三气流,如果存在),其中所述第三气流(或富集甲烷的第三气流,如果存在)为甲烷产物流,或者将所述第三气流(或富集甲烷的第三气流,如果存在)纯化,以产生甲烷产物流,
其中存在步骤(e)和步骤(g)至少之一。
本发明的方法可用于例如从多种碳质原料制备甲烷。优选的方法为产生“管道品质天然气”的产物流的方法,如以下更详细描述。
附图简述
图1为气化方法的一个实施方案的图解,所述气化方法用吹氧气化器将含过热蒸汽、一氧化碳和氢气的第一气流提供到催化气化器、酸性气体去除过程下游的甲烷转化器和任选的调整甲烷转化器。
图2为气化方法的一个实施方案的图解,所述气化方法用吹氧气化器将含过热蒸汽、一氧化碳和氢气的第一气流提供到催化气化 器、酸性气体去除操作上游的耐硫甲烷转化器和酸性气体去除过程下游的任选的调整甲烷转化器。
图3为关于图1所述气化方法的另一个实施方案的图解,所述气化方法进一步包括制备经催化原料以及从气化器产生的焦回收和循环催化剂的方法。
图4为关于图2所述气化方法的另一个实施方案的图解,所述气化方法进一步包括制备经催化原料,从气化器产生的焦回收和循环催化剂,在耐硫甲烷转化器中用来自气化器的一部分焦作为耐硫催化剂,并用调整甲烷化步骤提供甲烷产物流的方法。
发明详述
本公开涉及用于使碳质原料转化成包含至少甲烷的多种气体产物的方法,所述方法尤其包括,将第一碳质原料、富氧气流和含水流提供到吹氧气化器,以产生一氧化碳、氢气和过热蒸汽,用于引入催化气化器,并且在碱金属催化剂存在下,在催化气化器中,将第二碳质原料转化成多种气体产物。具体地讲,本发明的系统可提供改进的气化方法,其中一氧化碳或氢气可有利地不循环到催化气化器。相反,对催化气化近平衡操作期望的一氧化碳和氢气输入可由吹氧气化器提供。在催化气化中使用的过热蒸汽也可由吹氧气化器提供。
本发明可与共同拥有的以下专利中所公开的主题内容结合实施:US2007/0000177A1、US2007/0083072A1、US2007/0277437A1、 US2009/0048476A1、US2009/0090056A1、US2009/0090055A1、US2009/0165383A1、US2009/0166588A1、US2009/0165379A1、US2009/0170968A1、US2009/0165380A1、US2009/0165381A1、US2009/0165361A1、US2009/0165382A1、US2009/0169449A1、US2009/0169448A1、US2009/0165376A1、US2009/0165384A1、US2009/0217582A1、US2009/0220406A1、US2009/0217590A1、US2009/0217586A1、US2009/0217588A1、US2009/0218424A1、US2009/0217589A1、US2009/0217575A1和US2009/0217587A1。
另外,本发明可与分别提交于2009年2月27日的共同拥有的美国专利申请第12/395,330和12/395,433号、分别提交于2009年3月31日的第12/415,042和12/415,050号以及分别提交于2009年6月26日的第12/492,467、12/492,477、12/492,484、12/492,489和12/492,497号中公开的主题内容结合实施。
另外,本发明可用提交于同一日期的以下共同拥有的美国临时专利申请中所述的研究实施:序列号12/562,919,代理人档案号FN-0039US NP1,标题为CHAR METHANATION CATALYST ANDITS USE IN GASIFICATION PROCESSES(焦甲烷化催化剂及其在气化方法中的用途),所述申请通过全文引用结合到本文中。
除非另外指明,本文提到的所有公布、专利申请、专利和其他参考文献均明确出于所有目的通过全文引用结合到本文中,如同完全阐述一样。
除非另外定义,本文所用的所有技术和科学术语均具有本公开所属领域技术人员通常理解的相同含义。如果发生冲突,应以本说明书(包括定义)为准。
除非明确提到,商标以大写字母显示。
适合的方法和物质在本文中描述,尽管可在本公开的实施或试验中使用类似或相当于本文所述的方法和物质。
除非另外指明,所有百分数、份数、比例等均以重量计。
在作为一个范围或列举上限值和下限值给出量、浓度或其他数值或参数时,应将其理解为明确公开了由任何一对范围上限和范围下限形成的所有范围,而不考虑是否单独公开这些范围。在本文中列举数值范围时,除非另外说明,此范围旨在包括其端点和此范围内的所有整数和分数。本公开的范围不限于在限定一个范围时叙述的具体值。
在描述范围的数值或端点中使用术语“约”时,应将此公开理解为包括涉及的具体值或端点。
本文所用术语“包括”、“包含”、“具有”或任何其他变型旨在涵盖非排他性包含。例如,包含列举的要素的过程、方法、制品或装置不必只限于那些要素,而是可包括未明确列举或这些过程、方法、制品或装置固有的其他要素。另外,除非明确说明相反,“或”指包含性或,而不是排他性或。例如,可由任何下列之一满足条件A或B:A为真(或存在),并且B为假(或不存在);A为 假(或不存在),并且B为真(或存在);以及A和B两者均为真(或存在)。
在本文中用“一”(a)或“一”(an)描述不同的要素和组分只是为了方便,并且是要给予本公开的一般意义。此描述应理解为包括一个或至少一个,并且单数也包括复数,除非明显另外所指。
除非本文另外规定,本文所用术语“显著部分”是指大于约90%所引用物质,优选大于95%所引用物质,更优选大于97%所引用物质。在涉及分子(如甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化碳和硫化氢)时,百分数基于摩尔,在其他方面则基于重量(例如,对于夹带的碳质细粉)。
本文所用术语“碳质物质”可以为例如生物质和非生物质物质,如本文所定义。
本文所用术语“生物质”是指衍生自最近(例如,在过去的100年内)活生物体的碳质物质,包括基于植物的生物质和基于动物的生物质。出于澄清目的,生物质不包括基于化石的碳质物质,例如煤。例如参见以前结合到本文的US2009/0217575A1和US2009/0217587A1。
本文所用术语“基于植物的生物质”是指衍生自绿色植物、农作物、藻类和树木的材料,例如但不限于甜高粱、甘蔗渣、糖甘蔗、竹、杂交杨、杂交柳、合欢树、桉树、苜蓿、三叶草、油棕、柳枝稷、苏丹草、稷黍、麻风树和芒属(例如,Miscanthus xgiganteus)。生物质还包括来自农业耕种、处理和/或降解的废物,如 玉米穗轴和玉米壳、玉米秸秆、稻草、坚果壳、植物油、低芥酸菜子油、菜子油、生物柴油、树皮、木片、锯末和庭院垃圾。
本文所用术语“基于动物的生物质”是指从动物养殖和/或利用产生的废物。例如,生物质包括但不限于来自禽畜养殖和处理的废物,如动物粪肥、海鸟粪、家禽粪、动物脂肪和城市固体垃圾(例如,污物)。
本文所用术语“非生物质”是指本文定义术语“生物质”不包括的那些碳质物质。例如,非生物质包括但不限于无烟煤、烟煤、次烟煤、褐煤、石油焦、沥青质、液体石油残渣或其混合物。例如参见以前结合到本文的US2009/0166588A1、US2009/0165379A1、US2009/0165380A1、US2009/0165361A1、US2009/0217590A1和US2009/0217586A1。
本文所用术语“石油焦炭”和“石油焦”包括(i)在石油处理中得到的高沸点烃馏分的固体热分解产物(重残渣-“残石油焦”);和(ii)处理焦油砂的固体热分解产物(沥青砂或石油砂-“焦油砂石油焦”)两者。此类碳化产物包括例如生、烧、针和流化床石油焦。
残石油焦也可衍生自原油,例如通过提高重质残余原油质量使用的焦化过程,这种石油焦包含灰分作为次要组分,一般基于焦重量,灰分为约1.0%重量或更少,更一般为约0.5%重量或更少。一般这种较低灰分焦中的灰分包括金属,如镍和钒。
焦油砂石油焦可从石油砂得到,例如,通过提高石油砂质量使用的焦化过程。焦油砂石油焦包含灰分作为次要组分,一般基于焦 油砂石油焦总重量,灰分为约2%重量或约12%重量,更一般为约4%重量或约12%重量。一般这种较高灰分焦中的灰分包括例如二氧化硅和/或氧化铝一类的物质。
石油焦具有一般约0.2至约2%重量的固有低水分含量(基于石油焦总重量),考虑常规催化剂浸渍方法,一般也具有很低的水浸湿能力。所得颗粒状组合物包含例如较低平均水分含量,这相对于常规干燥操作提高下游干燥操作的效率。
石油焦可包含基于石油焦总重量至少约70%重量碳,至少约80%重量碳,或至少约90%重量碳。一般石油焦包含基于石油焦重量小于约20%重量无机化合物。
本文所用术语“沥青质”在室温为芳族碳质固体,并且可衍生自例如原油和原焦油砂处理。
本文所用术语“煤”指泥炭、褐煤、次烟煤、烟煤、无烟煤或其混合物。在某些实施方案中,煤具有基于煤总重量小于约85%重量,或小于约80%重量,或小于约75%重量,或小于约70%重量,或小于约65%重量,或小于约60%重量,或小于约55%重量,或小于约50%重量碳含量。在其他实施方案中,煤具有基于煤总重量最高约85%重量或最高约80%重量或最高约75%重量碳含量。可用煤的实例包括但不限于Illinois #6、Pittsburgh #8、Beulah(ND)、Utah Blind Canyon和粉河盆地(PRB)煤。无烟煤、烟煤、次烟煤和褐煤可分别包含干基煤总重量约10%重量、约5至约7%重量、约4至约8%重量和约9至约11%重量灰分。然而,任何具体煤源的灰分含量取 决于煤的等级和来源,这为本领域技术人员所熟悉。参见例如“煤数据:参考”(Coal Data:A Reference),Energy Information Administration,Office of Coal,Nuclear,Electric and Alternate Fuels,U.S.Department of Energy,DOE/EIA-0064(93),February 1995。
由煤产生的灰分一般包括飞灰和底灰两者,这为本领域技术人员所熟悉。来自烟煤的飞灰可包含基于飞灰总重量约20至约60%重量二氧化硅和约5至约35%重量氧化铝。来自次烟煤的飞灰可包含基于飞灰总重量约40至约60%重量二氧化硅和约20至约30%重量氧化铝。来自褐煤的飞灰可包含基于飞灰总重量约15至约45%重量二氧化硅和约20至约25%重量氧化铝。参见例如Meyers等人“飞灰,公路建造材料”(Fly Ash,A Highway Construction Material),Federal Highway Administration,Report No.FHWA-IP-76-16,Washington,DC,1976。
来自烟煤的底灰可包含基于底灰总重量约40至约60%重量二氧化硅和约20至约30%重量氧化铝。来自次烟煤的底灰可包含基于底灰总重量约40至约50%重量二氧化硅和约15至约25%重量氧化铝。来自褐煤的底灰可包含基于底灰总重量约30至约80%重量二氧化硅和约10至约20%重量氧化铝。参见例如Moulton,Lyle K.“底灰和炉渣”(Bottom Ash and Boiler Slag),Proceedings of the Third International Ash Utilization Symposium.U.S.Bureau of Mines,Information Circular No.8640,Washington,DC,1973。
术语“装置”指装置操作。在描述存在多于一个“装置”时,那些装置以并联方式操作。然而,单一“装置”可包括多于一个串联装置。例如,酸性气体去除装置可包括硫化氢去除装置与后面串联的二氧化碳去除装置。作为另一个实例,微量污染物去除装置可包括用于第一微量污染物的第一去除装置与后面串联的用于第二微量污染物的第二去除装置。作为再一个实例,甲烷压缩机装置可包括将甲烷产物流压缩到第一压力的第一甲烷压缩机与后面串联的进一步将甲烷产物流压缩到第二(较高)压力的第二甲烷压缩机。
本文中的物质、方法和实施例仅为说明性,除非明确说明,不为限制性。
气化方法
在本发明的一个实施方案中,可从经催化的碳质原料(30)产生甲烷产物流(80),如图1所示。可将第一碳质原料(41)、富氧气流(42,如纯化氧)和包含水或蒸汽的含水流(51)提供到吹氧气化器(400)。含水流可作为单独的水和/或蒸汽输入提供到吹氧气化器。然而,在本发明的一些实施方案中,至少一部分含水流与第一碳质原料一起提供,例如作为浆料或湿物质。在吹氧气化器中,可将第一碳质原料在适合温度和压力下至少部分燃烧,以在足以保持反应器(300)中热平衡的高于反应器(300)工作温度的温度下产生含一氧化碳、氢气和过热蒸汽的第一气流(90),如以下进一步详细讨论。如以上一般描 述和以下更具体描述,然后,第一气流可用作催化气化过程的输入。
由于吹氧气化器可产生过热蒸汽,因此,可有利排除用单独的过热器产生过热蒸汽供给催化气化过程,如很多以前结合到本文的参考文献所公开。当然,在本发明的某些实施方案中,来自单独源的过热蒸汽可与第一气流(90)混合,并且/或者单独提供到催化气化过程。
第一碳质原料(41)一般包含一种或多种碳质物质,如下讨论。
如上所述,含水流可包含水和/或蒸汽。在含水流包含蒸汽的本发明的实施方案中,可用蒸汽锅炉提供蒸汽。本领域技术人员已知的任何蒸汽锅炉均可提供蒸汽,用于吹氧气化器(400)和/或用于与第一气流(90)混合,或提供到催化气化过程。例如,可用任何碳质物质为此锅炉提供能量,如粉末状煤、生物质等,包括但不限于来自原料制备操作的废碳质物质(例如上述细粉)。也可从连接到燃气涡轮机的另外的气化器提供蒸汽,其中自反应器的废气热交换到水源,并产生蒸汽。或者,可产生蒸汽用于催化气化器,如以前结合到本文的US2009/0165376A1、US2009/0217584A1和US2009/0217585A1所述。
从其他过程操作循环或产生的蒸汽也可用作单独的蒸汽源,或者与来自蒸汽发生器的蒸汽组合,以将蒸汽提供到吹氧气化器(400),和/或用于与第一气流(90)混合,或直接提供到催化气化过程。例如,在浆化碳质物质用流化床浆料干燥器干燥时,如以下关 于经催化的碳质原料(30)的制备所讨论,可将通过蒸发产生的蒸汽送到吹氧气化器(400),或与第一气流(90)混合,或直接提供到催化气化过程。另外,可将由热交换器装置(如600)产生的蒸汽送到吹氧气化器(400),或用于与第一气流(90)混合,或直接提供到催化气化过程。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,氢气与一氧化碳以约3∶1的摩尔比存在于第一气流中。
将第二碳质原料(30)、气化催化剂(31)和第一气流(90)提供到与吹氧气化器(400)连通的催化气化器(300)。可使第二碳质原料和第一气流在催化气化器(300)中在气化催化剂(31)存在并且在适合温度和压力条件下反应,以生成含多种气体产物的第二热气流(40),所述多种气体产物包括甲烷、二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳和硫化氢。第二碳质原料(30)一般包含一种或多种碳质物质,如下讨论。气化催化剂(31)可包括一种或多种催化剂物质,如下讨论。在提供到催化气化器前,可使第二碳质原料和气化催化剂均匀混合(即,为了提供经催化的碳质原料)。
用于这些过程的气化反应器(即,催化气化器和吹氧气化器)一般在适度高压和高温下操作(吹氧气化器一般在高于催化气化器的压力和温度下操作),这需要将适合碳质原料引入气化反应器的反应室,同时保持所需的原料温度、压力和流速。本领域技术人员熟悉进料入口,所述进料入口用于将碳质原料提供到具有高压和/或高温环境的反应室,包括星状加料器、螺杆加料器、旋转活塞和锁斗。应理 解的是,进料入口可包括供选使用的两个或更多个压力平衡元件,如锁斗。在一些情况下,碳质原料可在高于气化反应器操作压力的压力条件下制备。因此,可将颗粒组合物直接通入气化反应器,无需进一步加压。
可利用几种类型的气化反应器中的任一种。适合的气化反应器包括具有反应室的那些反应器,反应室可以为逆流固定床、并流固定床、流化床、夹带流动床或移动床反应室。
催化气化器中的气化一般在至少约450℃或至少约600℃或至少约650℃至约900℃或至约800℃或至约750℃的适度温度和至少约50psig或至少约200psig或至少约400psig至约1000psig或至约700psig或至约600psig的压力进行。
吹氧气化器一般保持在或高于约500℃,或在或高于约650℃,并且在或低于约1000℃,或在或低于约900℃,压力为至少约200psig,或至少约400psig,或至少约600psig,或至少约1000psig,最高约1500psig,或最高约2000psig,特别是,约600psig至约2000psig,或约1000psig至约2000psig。
如上所示,吹氧气化器中的气化一般在高于催化气化器的温度和压力下进行。吹氧气化器一般在约50℃至约250℃的温度和至少约50psig或至少约100psig或至少约200psig至约1000psig或至约750psig或至约500psig压力的高于催化气化器中的操作条件下操作。然而,吹氧气化器应在非成渣条件下操作,以防止原料灰分和 其他污染物通入催化气化器。这些污染物一般从吹氧气化器作为底灰或焦去除。
在催化气化器中用于加压和与颗粒组合物反应的气体包含第一气流和任选的另外的蒸汽、氧气、氮气、空气或惰性气体(如氩气),这些可根据本领域技术人员已知的方法供应到催化气化器。因此,第一气流必须以使其进入催化气化器的较高压力提供。
在吹氧气化反应器中用于加压和与颗粒组合物反应的气体可包含富氧气流和任选的氮气、蒸汽或惰性气体(如氩气),这些可根据本领域技术人员已知的方法供应到吹氧气化反应器。
关于催化气化器和吹氧气化器的更多细节可参见很多以前结合到本文的参考文献,例如以前结合到本文的US2009/0165376A1。
在催化气化器中发生的碳源催化转化成甲烷一般包括三个单独的反应:
蒸汽碳:C+H2O→CO+H2(I)
水煤气转换:CO+H2O→H2+CO2(II)
CO甲烷化:CO+3H2→CH4+H2O (III)。
这三个反应共同基本上热平衡;然而,由于过程热损失和其他能量需要(如与原料进入气化器的水分蒸发所需),必须对催化气化器进行一些加热,以保持热平衡。通过吹氧气化器使第一气流过热到高于催化气化器工作温度的温度可能是提供此额外热量的主要机制。如前提到,这使工艺配置为不含单独的过热器。
本领域技术人员可确定加到催化气化器以基本保持热平衡所需的热量。在与第一气流的流速和组成(及相关领域技术人员可认识到的其他因素)结合考虑时,可进而决定进入催化气化器的第一气流的温度和压力(并进而决定吹氧气化器的工作温度和压力)。
离开催化气化器的反应室的热气体流出物可通过作为脱离区域的气化器的细粉去除器装置部分,其中太重而不能被离开催化气化器的气体夹带的颗粒(即,细粉)返回到反应室(例如,流化床)。细粉去除器装置可包括用于从热气体流出物去除细粉和颗粒的一个或多个内部和/或外部旋风分离器或类似装置。根据气化所用碳质物质的性质,离开催化气化器的所得气流一般包含CH4、CO2、H2、CO、H2S、未反应的蒸汽、夹带的细粉和任选的其他污染物,如NH3、COS、HCN和/或元素汞蒸气。
必要时,夹带的残余细粉基本上可通过任何适用装置去除,如外部旋风分离器,任选随后使用文丘里涤气器。可处理回收的细粉,以回收碱金属催化剂,或直接循环回到原料制备,如前面结合到本文的US2009/0217589A1所述。
去除“显著部分”细粉意味从所得气流去除一定量细粉,以免不利影响下游处理,因此,应去除至少显著部分细粉。一些较少量超细物质可在不显著不利影响下游处理的程度保留在所得气流中。一般去除至少约90%重量或至少约95%重量或至少约98%重量粒径(particle size)大于约20μm或大于约10μm或大于约5μm的细粉。
基于第二气流中甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化碳和氢气的摩尔数,第二气流(40)在离开反应器(300)后一般包含至少约20%摩尔甲烷。另外基于第二气流中甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化碳和氢气的摩尔数,第二气流一般包含至少约50%摩尔甲烷与二氧化碳。
可将热的第二气流(40)例如提供到热交换器(600),如图1所示。热交换器(600)降低热的第二气流的温度,以产生具有低于热的第二气流(40)的温度的经冷却的第二气流(50)。可将经冷却的第二气流例如提供到酸性气体去除(AGR)过程(700),如下所述。
根据催化气化条件,产生的热的第二气流(40)可具有约450℃至约900℃(更一般约650℃至约800℃)的温度、约50psig至约1000psig(更一般约400psig至约600psig)的压力和约0.5ft/sec至约2.0ft/sec(更一般约1.0ft/sec至约1.5ft/sec)的速度。当存在热交换器装置(600)时,由任何一个或多个热交换器装置(600)提取的热能可例如用于产生蒸汽,所述蒸汽可例如用作供应到吹氧气化器(400)的蒸汽的一部分,或者用于与第一气流(90)混合,或提供到催化气化器(300),如上讨论。所得经冷却的第二气流(50)一般在约250℃至约600℃(更一般约300℃至约500℃)的温度、约50psig至约1000psig(更一般约400psig至约600psig)的压力和约0.5ft/sec至约2.5ft/sec(更一般约1.0ft/sec至约1.5ft/sec)的速度离开热交换器(600)。
可用随后的酸性气体去除过程(700)从第二气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流(50),或下述富集甲烷的气流)去除显著部分H2S和CO2,并产生第三气流(60)。酸性气体去除过程一般包括使经冷却的第二 气流(50)与溶剂接触,所述溶剂如单乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、甲基二乙醇胺、二异丙基胺、二甘醇胺、氨基酸的钠盐溶液、甲醇、热碳酸钾等,以产生负载CO2和/或H2S的吸收剂。一种方法可包括使用具有两列的 (UOP LLC,Des Plaines,IL USA)或 (Lurgi AG,Frankfurt am Main,Germany)的溶剂,各列由H2S吸收剂和CO2吸收剂组成。
所得第三气流(60)可包含CH4、H2和任选的CO(当酸转换装置(下述)不是此过程的部分时),一般包含少量CO2和H2O。从经冷却的第二气流(50)去除酸性气体的一种方法描述于以前结合到本文的US2009/0220406A1。
至少显著部分(例如,基本上全部)CO2和/或H2S(和其他剩余微量污染物)应通过酸性气体去除过程去除。在酸性气体去除环境下,“显著”去除指去除足够高百分数的组分,以便能够产生所需的最终产物。因此,去除的实际量可因组分而异。对于“管道品质天然气”,可只存在微量(最多)H2S,虽然可容许较高量CO2。
一般应从经冷却的第二气流(50)去除至少约85%或至少约90%或至少约92%CO2和至少约95%或至少约98%或至少约99.5%H2S。
应使所需产物(甲烷)在酸性气体去除步骤的损失减少到最低限度,使得第三气流(60)包含至少显著部分(且基本上全部)来自经冷却的第二气流(50)的甲烷。一般此损失应为来自经冷却的第二气流(50)的甲烷的约2%摩尔或更少或约1.5%摩尔或更少或约1%摩尔或更少。
本文所述气化方法用至少一个甲烷化步骤从一个或多个第二气流(例如,热的第二气流(40)和/或经冷却的第二气流(50))和第三气流(60)中存在的一氧化碳和氢气产生甲烷。例如,在本发明的一个实施方案中,使第二气流中的至少一部分一氧化碳和至少一部分氢气在催化甲烷转化器中在耐硫甲烷化催化剂存在下反应,以产生富集甲烷的第二气流,此第二气流然后可经过上述酸性气体去除(即,进行步骤(e))。在本发明的其他实施方案中,如果第三气流包含氢气和大于约100ppm一氧化碳,则使第三气流中存在的一氧化碳和氢气在催化甲烷转化器中在甲烷化催化剂存在下反应,以产生富集甲烷的第三气流(即,进行步骤(g))。在本发明的某些实施方案中,可进行这两个甲烷化步骤(即,(e)和(g))。
例如,在图1所示的实施方案中,可使第三气流(60)通到催化甲烷转化器(800),其中第三气流(60)中存在的一氧化碳和氢气可进行反应以产生甲烷,从而产生富集甲烷的第三气流(70)(即,在过程中存在步骤(g))。在不同的实施方案中,富集甲烷的第三气流(70)为甲烷产物流(80)。在不同的其他实施方案中,可将富集甲烷的第三气流(70)进一步纯化,以产生甲烷产物流(80)。另外的纯化过程包括但不限于另外的调整甲烷转化器(例如,图1中的802)、低温分离器和膜分离器。
在另一个实施方案中,如图2所示,可使经冷却的第二气流(50)通到耐硫催化甲烷转化器(801),其中经冷却的第二气流(50)中的一氧化碳和氢气可进行反应以产生甲烷,从而产生富集甲烷的第二气 流(60)(即,在过程中存在步骤(e))。在本发明的其他实施方案中,可在热交换之前进行耐硫催化甲烷化步骤,或者不用热交换(即,直接对热的第二气流(40)进行耐硫催化甲烷化)。第二气流(例如,热的第二(40)或经冷却的第二气流(50))一般包含显著量硫化氢,硫化氢可使甲烷化催化剂去活化,这为本领域技术人员所熟悉。因此,在这些实施方案中,催化甲烷转化器(801)包含耐硫甲烷化催化剂,如硫化钼和/或硫化钨。耐硫甲烷化催化剂的另外实例包括但不限于US4243554、US4243553、US4006177、US3958957、US3928000、US2490488、Mills和Steffgen在Catalyst Rev.8,159(1973)以及Schultz等人,U.S.Bureau of Mines,Rep.Invest.No.6974(1967)中公开的催化剂。
在图2所示的一个具体实例中,耐硫甲烷化催化剂为催化气化器(300)产生的焦产物(34)的一部分,如共同拥有且同时提交的美国专利申请序列号12/562,919,代理人档案号FN-0039US NP1(标题为CHAR METHANATION CATALYST AND ITS USE INGASIFICATION SYSTEMS(焦甲烷化催化剂及其在气化系统中的用途))所述。利用焦的甲烷转化器的操作条件可类似于以前结合到本文的US3958957所述。在利用至少一部分焦产物作为耐硫甲烷化催化剂的整合气化方法(例如,图3和图4所示的整合气化方法)中包括一个或多个甲烷化步骤时,甲烷化温度一般为约450℃或约475℃或约500℃至约650℃或至约625℃或至约600℃,并且压力为约400至约750psig。
可处理焦的任何剩余部分,以回收并循环夹带的催化剂化合物,如下讨论。
以图2继续,可将富集甲烷的第二气流(60)提供到随后的酸性气体去除过程(700),如前所述,以从富集甲烷的第二气流(60)去除显著部分H2S和CO2,并产生第三气流(70)。在不同的实施方案中,第三气流(70)可以为甲烷产物流(80)。
在其他实施方案中,第三气流(70)可包含可观量的一氧化碳和氢气。在此实例中,可将第三气流(70)提供到甲烷转化器(802)(例如,调整甲烷转化器),其中第三气流(70)中存在的一氧化碳和氢气可在适合温度和压力条件下反应以产生甲烷,从而产生富集甲烷的第三气流(80)(例如,上述步骤(e)和(g))。
在一个具体实例中,在包含可观量CO(例如,大于约100ppmCO)时,第三气流(70)可进一步通过进行调整甲烷化富集甲烷,以降低CO含量。可用本领域技术人员已知的任何适合方法和装置进行调整甲烷化,包括例如通过引用结合到本文的US4235044中公开的方法和装置。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供的系统能够从碳质物质催化气化产生“管道品质天然气”。“管道品质天然气”一般指如下的天然气:(1)在纯甲烷热值(在标准大气条件下其热值为1010btu/ft3)的±5%内,(2)基本不含水(一般露点约-40℃或更小),并且(3)基本不含毒性或腐蚀性污染物。在本发明的一些实施方案中,在以上方法中所述的甲烷产物流满足这些要求。
具体实施方案的实例
如以下更详细描述,在本发明的一个实施方案中,气化催化剂可包括碱金属气化催化剂。
如以下更详细描述,在某些实施方案中,第一碳质原料和第二碳质原料可各自包含多种碳质物质中的任一种。例如,在本发明的一个实施方案中,第一碳质原料和第二碳质原料各自独立包含一种或多种无烟煤、烟煤、次烟煤、褐煤、石油焦、沥青质、液体石油残渣或生物质。第一碳质原料可具有与第二碳质原料基本相同的组成。在本发明的其他实施方案中,第一碳质原料可具有与第二碳质原料不同的组成。
如以下更详细描述,在本发明的某些实施方案中,在引入催化气化器前,用气化催化剂填充第二碳质原料(即,形成经催化的碳质原料)。例如,可用催化剂填充全部第二碳质原料,或者可用催化剂只填充部分第二碳质原料。当然,在本发明的其他实施方案中,在引入催化气化器前,不用气化催化剂填充第二碳质原料。
如以下更详细描述,在本发明的某些实施方案中,第二碳质原料用足以提供约0.01至约0.10碱金属原子与碳原子之比的一定量的碱金属气化催化剂填充。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,将第二碳质原料、气化催化剂和第一气流引入多个催化气化器。例如,单一吹氧气化器可将第一气流供应到多个气化器。在本发明的某些实施方案中,单一吹氧气化 器可提供足够的一氧化碳、氢气和过热蒸汽,以在多于一个催化气化器中进行催化气化。然后可进一步单独处理从单独催化气化器引出的第二气流,或者可在下游过程中在任何点重组。
本领域技术人员应理解,本文所述方法可例如作为连续方法或分批方法进行。
在如图1-4所示的本发明的某些实施方案中,所述方法为一次通过法。在“一次通过”法中,没有基于碳的气体从催化气化器下游的任何气流循环进入气化器。然而,在本发明的其他实施方案中,所述方法可包括基于碳的循环气流。例如,为了在第一气流中补充氢气和/或一氧化碳,例如在启动条件,可使含甲烷的流(从例如第二气流、第三气流或甲烷产物流提取)在重整器中重整,以生成一氧化碳和氢气,可使它们与第一气流、第二碳质原料和气化催化剂一起进入催化气化器。然而,在连续操作中,期望作为“一次通过”法操作所述方法。
实施本发明的方法可不用燃烧碳燃料的过热器。因此,在本发明的某些实施方案中,不存在燃烧碳燃料的过热器。
管道品质天然气可包含甲烷以外的气体,只要所得气体混合物具有1010btu/ft3±5%内的热值,并且无毒无腐蚀性。因此,甲烷产物流可包括其热值小于甲烷热值的气体,并且仍适合作为管道品质天然气,只要其他气体的存在不使气流的热值降低到低于950btu/scf(干基)。甲烷产物流可例如包含最高约4%摩尔氢气,并且仍可作为管道品质天然气。一氧化碳具有高于氢气的热值,因此, 管道品质天然气可包含更高百分数的CO而不使气流的热值降低。适合用作管道品质天然气的甲烷产物流优选具有小于约1000ppm CO。
碳质原料的制备
(a)碳质物质处理
根据本领域已知的任何方法,如冲击粉碎和湿研磨或干研磨,可通过单独或一起粉碎和/或研磨来制备碳质物质,如生物质和非生物质(上述),以得到一种或多种碳质颗粒。根据碳质物质源粉碎和/或研磨所用的方法,可筛分所得碳质颗粒(即,根据大小分离),以提供用作第一碳质原料或第二碳质原料或用于催化剂填充过程以形成经催化的碳质原料的经处理原料。
可用本领域技术人员已知的任何方法来筛分颗粒。例如,通过使颗粒过筛或通过一个筛或一些筛,可进行筛分。过筛设备可包括栅筛、棒条筛和线网筛。筛可以为静态,或者可结合摇动或振动筛的机制。或者,可用分级来分离碳质颗粒。分级设备可包括选矿机、旋风分离器、旋液分离器、耙式选粒器、转筒筛或流化分级器。也可在研磨和/或粉碎前将碳质物质筛分或分级。
碳质颗粒可作为细颗粒供应,细颗粒的平均粒径为约25微米,或约45微米,最大约2500微米,或最大约500微米。本领域技术人员可很容易地确定碳质颗粒的适合粒径。例如,当使用流化床气化反应器时,这种碳质颗粒可具有使碳质物质能够以流化床气化反应器所用气体速度初始流化的平均粒径。
另外,某些碳质物质,例如玉米秸秆和柳枝稷和工业垃圾(如锯末)可能不适应粉碎或研磨操作,或者可能不适用于吹氧气化反应器或催化气化器,例如,由于超细粒径。为了粉碎或直接用于例如流化床气化反应器,可使此类物质形成适合大小的粒料或团块。一般可通过压实一种或多种碳质物质来制备粒料,参见例如以前结合到本文的US2009/0218424A1。在其他实例中,生物质物质和煤可形成团块,如US4249471、US4152119和US4225457所述。这些粒料或团块可与上述碳质颗粒互换使用,如以下讨论。
根据碳质物质源的品质,另外的原料处理步骤可能是必要的。生物质可能包含高水分含量,如绿色植物和草,并且在粉碎前可能需要干燥。城市废物和垃圾也可包含高水分含量,可例如用压力机或辊磨降低水分含量(例如,US4436028)。同样,非生物质,如高水分煤,在粉碎前可能需要干燥。一些结块的煤可能需要部分氧化,以简化气化反应器操作。可预处理离子交换部位不足的非生物质原料,如无烟煤或石油焦,以产生另外的离子交换部位,从而促进催化剂填充和/或缔合。通过本领域已知的产生离子交换能力部位和/或提高原料孔隙率的任何方法,可实现此预处理(参见,例如以前结合到本文的US4468231和GB1599932)。可用本领域已知的任何氧化剂来实现氧化预处理。
可根据技术条件、处理经济性、可利用性和非生物质和生物质源的接近性,选择碳质颗粒中碳质物质的比率。碳质物质所用源的可利用性和接近性可影响进料的价格,并因此影响催化气化过程的 总制造成本。例如,根据处理条件,生物质和非生物质可以湿重或干重约5∶95、约10∶90、约15∶85、约20∶80、约25∶75、约30∶70、约35∶65、约40∶60、约45∶55、约50∶50、约55∶45、约60∶40、约65∶35、约70∶20、约75∶25、约80∶20、约85∶15、约90∶10或约95∶5的比例混合。
可有意义地用碳质物质源和碳质颗粒(例如生物质颗粒和非生物质颗粒)各组分之比控制碳质颗粒的其他物质性质。非生物质物质(如煤)和某些生物质物质(如稻壳)一般包含显著量的无机物质,包括钙、氧化铝和二氧化硅,这些物质在催化气化器中生成无机氧化物(即,灰分)。在高于约500℃至约600℃温度,钾和其他碱金属可与灰中的氧化铝和二氧化硅反应,以生成不溶性碱金属铝硅酸盐。以此形式,碱金属基本为水不溶性,并且作为催化剂为惰性。为了防止残余物在催化气化器中积累,可常规取出包含灰分、未反应碳质物质和各种碱金属化合物(水溶性和水不溶性两者)的焦的固体清除物。
在制备碳质颗粒中,根据例如不同碳质物质和/或不同碳质物质中起始灰分之比,不同碳质物质的灰分含量可选择为例如约20%重量或更小,或约15%重量或更小,或约10%重量或更小,或约5%重量或更小。在其他实施方案中,所得碳质颗粒可包含基于碳质颗粒重量约5%重量或约10%重量至约20%重量或至约15%重量灰分内容物。在其他实施方案中,碳质颗粒的灰分内容物可包含基于灰分重量小于约20%重量或小于约15%重量或小于约10%重量或小于约8% 重量或小于约6%重量氧化铝。在某些实施方案中,碳质颗粒可包含基于经处理原料重量小于约20%重量的灰分内容物,其中碳质颗粒的灰分内容物包含基于灰分重量小于约20%重量氧化铝或小于约15%重量氧化铝。
碳质颗粒中的这种较低氧化铝值允许最终降低过程的催化气化部分中碱催化剂的损失。如上所示,氧化铝可与碱源反应,以得到含例如碱金属铝酸盐或铝硅酸盐的不溶焦。这种不溶焦可导致降低的催化剂回收率(即,增加的催化剂损失率),因此需要总气化过程中另外的补充催化剂成本。
另外,所得碳质颗粒可具有显著更高的%碳,并因此具有更高的btu/lb值,和甲烷产物/单位重量碳质颗粒。在某些实施方案中,所得碳质颗粒可具有基于非生物质和生物质组合重量约75%重量或约80%重量或约85%重量或约90%重量至约95%重量的碳含量。
在一个实例中,将非生物质和/或生物质湿研磨并筛分(例如,达到约25至约2500μm粒径分布),然后排掉游离的水(即,脱水),达到湿饼稠度。用于湿研磨、筛分和脱水的适合方法的实例为本领域技术人员已知,例如参见结合到本文的US2009/0048476A1。根据本公开的一个实施方案由湿研磨形成的非生物质和/或生物质颗粒的滤饼可具有约40%至约60%或约40%至约55%或低于50%的水分含量。本领域普通技术人员应了解,经脱水的湿研磨碳质物质的水分含量取决于碳质物质的具体类型、粒径分布和所用具体脱水设备。 可如本文所述将这种滤饼热处理,以产生通到催化剂填充装置操作的一种或多种降低水分的碳质颗粒。
一种或多种碳质颗粒可各自具有上述独特组成。例如,可在具体碳质原料中利用两种碳质颗粒,其中第一种碳质颗粒包含一种或多种生物质物质,第二种碳质颗粒包含一种或多种非生物质物质。或者,在具体碳质原料中利用包含一种或多种碳质物质的单一碳质颗粒。
(b)催化剂填充
如上所述,在提供到催化气化器前,第二碳质原料可与气化催化剂结合。一种或多种碳质颗粒(即,第二碳质原料)经进一步处理,以结合至少一种气化催化剂(一般包括至少一种碱金属源),从而产生经催化的碳质原料。
可将第二碳质原料完全处理成通到催化气化器(300)的经催化的碳质原料,或者可分成一个或多个处理流,其中至少一个处理流与气化催化剂结合,以形成至少一个经催化剂处理的原料流。可例如处理其余处理流,以结合第二种组分。另外,可第二次处理经催化剂处理的原料流,以结合第二种组分。第二种组分可以为例如第二气化催化剂、助催化剂或其他添加剂。
在一个实例中,可将主气化催化剂(例如,钾和/或钠源)提供到第二碳质原料,随后单独处理,以将一种或多种助催化剂和/或添加剂(例如,钙源)提供到所述物质中,以得到经催化的碳质原料。例 如,参见以前结合到本文的US2009/0217590A1和US2009/0217586A1。气化催化剂和第二种组分也可作为混合物在单一处理中提供到单一碳质颗粒,以得到经催化的碳质原料。
当提供一种或多种碳质颗粒用于催化剂填充时,至少一种碳质颗粒与气化催化剂结合,以形成至少一个经催化剂处理的原料流。另外,任何碳质颗粒可分成如上详述的一个或多个处理流,用于与第二种组分或另外的组分结合。所得流可以任何组合混合,以提供经催化的碳质原料,其条件为用至少一个经催化剂处理的原料流形成经催化的原料流。
在一个实施方案中,至少一种碳质颗粒与气化催化剂和任选的第二种组分结合。在另一个实施方案中,各碳质颗粒与气化催化剂和任选的第二种组分结合。
可用本领域技术人员已知的任何方法使一种或多种气化催化剂与任何碳质颗粒和/或处理流结合。这些方法包括但不限于与固体催化剂源混合,并使催化剂浸渍于经处理的碳质物质上。可用本领域技术人员已知的数种浸渍方法来结合气化催化剂。这些方法包括但不限于初始湿润浸渍、蒸发浸渍、真空浸渍、浸入浸渍、离子交换和这些方法的组合。
在一个实施方案中,通过在填充罐中用催化剂的溶液(例如,水溶液)成浆,可使碱金属气化催化剂浸入一种或多种碳质颗粒和/或处理流。在用催化剂和/或助催化剂的溶液成浆时,可使所得浆料脱水,以提供经催化剂处理的原料流,一般再一次作为湿饼。在本发 明的方法中,可从任何催化剂源制备催化剂溶液,包括新鲜或补充催化剂和循环催化剂或催化剂溶液。使浆料脱水以提供经催化剂处理的原料流湿饼的方法包括过滤(重力或真空)、离心和流体压力。
适用于煤颗粒和/或含煤的处理流与气化催化剂组合以提供经催化剂处理的原料流的一种具体方法是通过离子交换,如以前结合到本文的US2009/0048476A1所述。通过离子交换机制的催化剂填充可基于具体为煤研发的吸附等温线最大化,如结合到本文的参考文献中讨论。此填充作为湿饼提供经催化剂处理的原料流。可控制在离子交换颗粒湿饼上保留的另外的催化剂(包括孔内),以便能够以受控方式得到总催化剂目标值。经催化剂填充和脱水的湿饼可包含例如约50%重量水分。通过控制溶液中催化剂组分的浓度以及接触时间、温度和方法,可控制填充的催化剂的总量,相关领域普通技术人员可很容易地根据原料煤的性质决定。
在另一个实例中,可用气化催化剂处理碳质颗粒和/或处理流之一,并且可用第二种组分处理第二处理流(参见以前结合到本文的US2007/0000177A1)。
由前述得到的碳质颗粒、处理流和/或经催化剂处理的原料流可以任何组合混合,以提供经催化的碳质原料,其条件为用至少一个经催化剂处理的原料流形成经催化的碳质原料。最后,使经催化的碳质原料通到催化气化器(300)。
一般各催化剂填充装置包括至少一个填充罐,以使一种或多种碳质颗粒和/或处理流与含至少一种气化催化剂的溶液接触,以形成 一个或多个经催化剂处理的原料流。或者,催化剂组分可作为固体颗粒混入一种或多种碳质颗粒和/或处理流,以形成一个或多个经催化剂处理的原料流。
一般气化催化剂以足以提供颗粒组合物中碱金属原子与碳原子约0.01或约0.02或约0.03或约0.04至约0.10或至约0.08或至约0.07或至约0.06的比率的量存在于经催化的碳质原料中。
利用一些原料,也可在经催化的碳质原料内提供碱金属组分,以达到基于质量超过经催化的碳质原料中碳质物质的组合灰分含量约3至约10倍的碱金属含量。
适合的碱金属为锂、钠、钾、铷、铯及其混合物。特别有用的是钾源。适合的碱金属化合物包括碱金属碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、甲酸盐、草酸盐、酰胺、氢氧化物、乙酸盐或类似化合物。例如,催化剂可包括一种或多种碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸铷、碳酸锂、碳酸铯、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铷或氢氧化铯,特别是碳酸钾和/或氢氧化钾。
可利用任选的助催化剂或其他催化剂添加剂,如以前结合到本文的参考文献所公开。
组合成经催化的碳质原料的一个或多个经催化剂处理的原料流一般占与经催化的碳质原料结合的填充催化剂总量的大于约50%,大于约70%,或大于约85%,或大于约90%。与不同的经催化剂处理的原料流结合的全部填充催化剂的百分数可根据本领域技术人员已知的方法来确定。
单独的碳质颗粒、经催化剂处理的原料流和处理流可适当混合,以控制例如总催化剂填充量或经催化的碳质原料的其他品质,如前讨论。组合的不同流的适合比取决于包含各流的碳质物质的品质和经催化的碳质原料的所需性质。例如,生物质颗粒流和经催化非生物质颗粒流可以得到具有预定灰分含量的经催化的碳质原料的比率混合,如前面讨论。
任何前述经催化剂处理的原料流、处理流和经处理的原料流,作为一种或多种干燥颗粒和/或一种或多种湿饼,可通过本领域技术人员已知的任何方法混合,包括但不限于捏和、垂直或水平混合机,例如单螺杆混合机或双螺杆混合机、螺条混合机或鼓式混合机。可将所得经催化的碳质原料储存供将来使用,或转移到一个或多个进料操作,用于引入催化气化器。可根据本领域技术人员已知的任何方法将经催化的碳质原料输送到储存或进料操作,例如螺旋输送机或气动输送。
另外,可从经催化的碳质原料去除过量水分。例如,经催化的碳质原料可用流化床浆料干燥器干燥(即,用过热蒸汽处理,以使液体蒸发),或者在真空下或在惰性气流下热蒸发或去除溶液,以提供具有例如约10%重量或更少或约8%重量或更少或约6%重量或更少或约5%重量或更少或约4%重量或更少残余水分含量的经催化的碳质原料。
任选的补充气化方法
(a)焦和催化剂回收
第二碳质原料在气化催化剂(例如,作为经催化的碳质原料提供)存在下在所述条件下反应一般从催化气化器提供第二气流(40)和固体焦产物。类似地,第一碳质原料在吹氧气化器中在所述条件下反应一般提供第一气流(90)和固体焦(或灰)产物。固体焦产物一般包含大量未反应的碳质物质和(在从催化气化器回收时)夹带的催化剂。固体焦产物可通过焦出口从反应室移除,用于取样、清除和/或催化剂回收。
本文所用术语“夹带的催化剂”指含碱金属组分的化合物。例如,“夹带的催化剂”可包括但不限于可溶性碱金属化合物(如碱金属碳酸盐、碱金属氢氧化物和碱金属氧化物)和/或不溶性碱金属化合物(如碱金属铝硅酸盐)。与从催化气化器提取的焦相关的催化剂组分的性质及其回收方法在以下讨论,并详细讨论于以前结合到本文的US2007/0277437A1、US2009/0165383A1、US2009/0165382A1、US2009/0169449A1和US2009/0169448A1。
可从气化反应器通过为锁斗系统的焦出口定期取出固体焦产物,虽然其他方法为本领域技术人员已知。移除固体焦产物的方法为本领域技术人员所熟知。例如,可利用EP-A-0102828教导的这样一种方法。
如下所述,来自催化气化器的焦可通到催化剂回收装置操作。此焦也可分成多个流,可使其中之一通到催化剂回收装置,另一个可用作甲烷化催化剂(如上所述),并且不处理用于催化剂回收。
在某些实施方案中,可回收从催化气化器反应室取出的固体焦产物中夹带的催化剂中的碱金属,任何未回收的催化剂可由催化剂补充流补偿。原料中的氧化铝和二氧化硅越多,得到较高碱金属回收率的代价越高。
在一个实施方案中,来自催化气化器的固体焦产物可用循环气体和水淬灭,以提取一部分夹带的催化剂。可将回收的催化剂引到催化剂填充过程,以重新利用碱金属催化剂。可将消耗的焦例如引到任何一个或多个原料制备操作以重新用于制备碳质原料(例如,第一碳质原料、第二碳质原料和/或经催化的碳质原料),燃烧,为一个或多个蒸汽发生器提供动力(如以前结合到本文的US2009/0165376A1和US2009/0217585A1所公开),或者本身用于多种应用,例如,用作吸收剂(如以前结合到本文的US2009/0217582A1所公开)。
其他特别有用的回收和循环方法描述于US4459138和以前结合到本文的US2007/0277437A1、US2009/0165383A1、US2009/0165382A1、US2009/0169449A1和US2009/0169448A1。关于更多方法细节,可参考那些文献。
催化剂可循环到一个或多个催化剂填充过程的组合。例如,可将所有的循环催化剂供应到一个催化剂填充过程,而另一个过程只利用补充催化剂。也可在多个催化剂填充过程中单独控制循环催化剂与补充催化剂的量。
(b)气体纯化
产物纯化可包括例如任选的微量污染物去除、氨去除和回收以及酸转换过程。酸性气体去除(见上)可例如对直接从热交换器通过的经冷却的第二气流(50)或对已通过一个或多个(i)一个或多个微量污染物去除装置,(ii)一个或多个酸转换装置,(iii)一个或多个氨回收装置和(iv)如上讨论的耐硫催化甲烷转化器的经冷却的第二气流进行。
(1)微量污染物去除
本领域技术人员应熟悉,气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流(50))的污染物含量取决于制备经催化的碳质原料使用的碳质物质的性质。例如,某些煤,如Illinois #6,可具有高硫含量,导致较高COS污染,其他煤,如粉河盆地煤,可包含显著量汞,这些汞可在气化反应器中挥发。
COS可从气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流(50))去除,例如通过COS水解(参见,US3966875、US4011066、US4100256、US4482529和US4524050),使气流通过颗粒状石灰石(参见,US4173465)、酸性缓冲CuSO4溶液(参见,US4298584)、含四亚甲基砜(环丁砜,参见US3989811)的链烷醇胺吸收剂(如甲基二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、二丙醇胺或二异丙醇胺),或用冷冻液体CO2逆流洗涤气流(参见,US4270937和US4609388)。
HCN可从气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流(50))去除,例如,通过与硫化铵或多硫化铵反应以产生CO2、H2S和NH3(参见,US4497784、US4505881和US4508693),用甲醛随后用多硫化铵或多硫化钠二阶段洗涤(参见,US4572826),水吸收(参见,US4189307),和/或通过氧化铝负载的水解催化剂如MoO3、TiO2和/或ZrO2进行分解(参见,US4810475、US5660807和US 5968465)。
元素汞可从气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流(50))去除,例如,通过用硫酸活化的碳吸收(参见,US3876393),通过用硫浸渍的碳吸收(参见,US4491609),通过含H2S的胺溶剂吸收(参见,US4044098),通过银或金浸渍的沸石吸收(参见,US4892567),用过氧化氢和甲醇氧化成HgO(参见,US5670122),在SO2存在下用含溴或含碘的化合物氧化(参见,US6878358),用含H、Cl和O的等离子氧化(参见,US6969494),和/或由含氯的氧化气体氧化(例如ClO,参见US7118720)。
当用水溶液去除任何或所有COS、HCN和/或Hg时,可将在微量污染物去除装置中产生的废水引到废水处理装置。
当存在时,具体微量污染物的微量污染物去除应从如此处理的气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流(50))去除至少显著部分(或基本上全部)那种微量污染物,一般去除到或低于所需产物流规定限度的水平。一般微量污染物去除应从经冷却的第二气流去除至少90%或至少95%或至少98%COS、HCN和/或汞。
(2)酸转换
也可在含水介质(如蒸汽)存在下使气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流(50))经过水煤气转换反应,以使一部分CO转化成CO2,并增加H2的分数。在某些实例中,可用产生增加的氢气内容物生成氢气产物气体,可使这种气体从甲烷分离,如下讨论。在某些其他实例中,可用酸转换方法调节用于提供到随后的甲烷转化器的气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流)中的一氧化碳与氢气的比率。水煤气转换处理可例如对直接从热交换器通过的经冷却的第二气流或对已通过微量污染物去除装置的经冷却的第二气流进行。
酸转换方法详细描述于例如US7074373。该方法包括加水,或者使用气体中所含的水,并使所得水-煤气混合物在蒸汽转化催化剂上绝热反应。一般蒸汽转化催化剂包括在耐热载体上的一种或多种第VIII族金属。
对含CO的气流进行酸气转换反应的方法和反应器为本领域技术人员所熟知。适合反应条件和适合反应器可根据必须从气流消耗的CO的量变化。在一些实施方案中,酸气转换可在单一阶段在约100℃或约150℃或约200℃至约250℃或至约300℃或至约350℃的温度进行。在这些实施方案中,转换反应可通过本领域技术人员已知的任何适合催化剂催化。此类催化剂包括但不限于基于Fe2O3的催化剂(如Fe2O3-Cr2O3催化剂)和其他基于过渡金属和基于过渡金属氧化物的催化剂。在其他实施方案中,酸气转换可在多个阶段进行。在一个具体实施方案中,酸气转换在两个阶段进行。此二阶段方法使用 一个高温序列,随后为一个低温序列。用于高温转换反应的气体温度为约350℃至约1050℃。一般高温催化剂包括但不限于任选与较少量氧化铬组合的氧化铁。用于低温转换的气体温度为约150℃至约300℃,或约200℃至约250℃。低温转换催化剂包括但不限于可承载于氧化锌或氧化铝上的氧化铜。用于酸转换过程的适合方法描述于以前结合到本文的美国专利申请第12/415,050号。
蒸汽转换通常用热交换器和蒸汽发生器进行,以允许有效使用热能。利用这些部件的转换反应器为本领域技术人员所熟知。适合转换反应器的实例说明于以前结合到本文的US7074373,虽然本领域技术人员已知的其他设计也是有效的。在酸气转换过程后,一个或多个经冷却的第二气流一般各自包含CH4、CO2、H2、H2S、NH3和蒸汽。
在一些实施方案中,期望从经冷却气流去除显著部分CO,并因此转化显著部分CO。在此环境下,“显著”转化指转化足够高百分数的组分,以便能够产生所需的最终产物。离开转换反应器的物流,其中已转化显著部分CO,一般具有约250ppm或更少CO,更一般约100ppm或更少CO的一氧化碳含量。
在其他实施方案中,期望只转化一部分CO,以提高H2的分数,用于随后甲烷化(例如,调整甲烷化),这一般需要约3或更大或大于约3或约3.2或更大的H2/CO摩尔比。
(3)氨回收
如本领域技术人员熟悉,生物质的气化和/或用空气作为气化反应器的氧源可在产物气流中产生显著量氨。任选气流(例如,第二气流)可在一个或多个氨回收装置中由水洗涤,以回收氨。氨回收处理可例如对直接从热交换器通过的经冷却的第二气流或对已通过(i)一个或多个微量污染物去除装置和(ii)一个或多个酸转换装置之一或两者的气流进行。
在洗涤后,气流(例如,经冷却的第二气流)可包含至少H2S、CO2、CO、H2和CH4。在气流预先已通过酸转换装置时,在洗涤后,气流可包含至少H2S、CO2、H2和CH4。
可根据本领域技术人员已知的方法从洗涤器水回收氨,一般可回收为水溶液(例如,20%重量)。洗涤器废水可转送到废水处理装置。
当存在时,氨去除过程应从经洗涤的物流(例如,经冷却的第二气流)去除至少显著部分(且基本上全部)氨。在氨去除环境下,“显著”去除指去除足够高百分数的组分,以便能够产生所需的最终产物。一般氨去除过程去除至少约95%或至少约97%经洗涤的第二气流的氨内容物。
(c)甲烷去除
必要时,第三气流或富集甲烷的第三气流可经处理,以通过本领域技术人员已知的任何适合气体分离方法来分离和回收CH4,包括但不限于低温蒸馏和使用分子筛或气体分离(例如,陶瓷)膜。例 如,当存在酸转换过程时,第三气流可包含甲烷和氢气,这些可根据本领域技术人员熟悉的方法来分离,如低温蒸馏。
其他气体纯化方法包括通过产生甲烷水合物,如以前结合到本文的美国专利申请第12/395,330、12/415,042和12/415,050号所公开。
(d)发电
可将蒸汽源产生的一部分蒸汽提供到一个或多个发电机,如蒸汽涡轮机,以产生可在设备内利用或者可售于电网上的电力。在气化过程内产生的高温和高压蒸汽也可提供到蒸汽涡轮机,用于发电。例如,在热交换器与第二气流接触获得的热能可用于产生提供到蒸汽涡轮机的蒸汽。
(e)废水处理
从任何一个或多个微量污染物去除、酸转换、氨去除和/或催化剂回收过程产生的废水中的残余污染物可在废水处理装置中去除,以允许回收的水在设备内循环,并且/或者根据本领域技术人员已知的任何方法将水从设备工艺处理掉。这种残余污染物可包括例如酚、CO、CO2、H2S、COS、HCN、氨和汞。例如,通过将废水酸化到约3的pH,在汽提塔用惰性气体处理酸性废水,使pH提高到约10,并用惰性气体第二次处理废水以去除氨,可去除H2S和HCN(参见US5236557)。通过在残余焦颗粒存在下用氧化剂处理废 水,以使H2S转化成不溶性硫酸盐,硫酸盐可通过悬浮或过滤去除,可去除H2S(参见US4478425)。通过使废水与含一价和二价碱性无机化合物的碳质焦(例如,上述固体焦产物或催化剂回收后的消耗焦)接触,并调节pH,可去除酚(参见US4113615)。通过用有机溶剂提取,随后在汽提塔处理废水,也可去除酚(参见US3972693、US4025423和US4162902)。
(f)多列过程
在本发明的方法中,可在一个或多个处理装置中进行各过程。例如,可用来自一个或多个催化剂填充和/或原料制备装置操作的经催化的碳质原料向一个或多个催化气化器供料。类似地,根据具体的系统结构,通过一个或多个催化气化器产生的第二气流可单独或通过其组合在热交换器、耐硫催化甲烷转化器、酸性气体去除装置、调整甲烷转化器和/或甲烷去除装置处理或纯化,例如以前结合到本文的美国专利申请第12/492,467、12/492,477、12/492,484、12/492,489和12/492,497号中所讨论。
在某些实施方案中,所述过程利用两个或更多个催化气化器(例如,2-4个催化气化器)。在这些实施方案中,所述过程可在催化气化器前包含发散型处理装置(即,小于催化气化器总数),用于将经催化的碳质原料最终提供到多个催化气化器,并且/或者可在催化气化器后包含会聚型处理装置(即小于催化气化器总数),用于处理多个催化气化器产生的多个第二气流。
例如,所述过程可利用(i)发散型催化剂填充装置,用于将经催化的碳质原料提供到催化气化器;(ii)发散型碳质物质处理装置,用于将碳质颗粒提供到催化剂填充装置;(iii)会聚型热交换器,用于从催化气化器接收多个第二气流;(iv)会聚型耐硫甲烷转化器,用于从热交换器接收多个经冷却的第二气流;(v)会聚型酸性气体去除装置,用于从热交换器接收多个经冷却的第二气流,或从耐硫甲烷转化器(存在时)接收富集甲烷的第二气流;或(vi)会聚型催化甲烷转化器或调整甲烷转化器,用于从酸性气体去除装置接收多个第三气流。如上所述,在本发明的某些实施方案中,单一吹氧气化器可将第一气流发散提供到多个催化气化器。
当系统包含会聚型处理装置时,各会聚型处理装置可选择成有能力接收送入会聚型处理装置的总气流的大于1/n部分,其中n为会聚型处理装置数。例如,在利用4个催化气化器和2个热交换器的过程中,为了从催化气化器接收4个第二气流,热交换器可选择成有能力接收4个第二气流的总气体体积的大于1/2(例如,1/2至3/4),并且与两个或更多个催化气化器连通,以允许常规维护一个或多个热交换器,而不需要关闭整个处理系统。
类似地,当系统包含发散型处理装置时,各发散型处理装置可选择成有能力接收供给会聚型处理装置的总进料流的大于1/m部分,其中m为发散型处理装置数。例如,在利用2个催化剂填充装置和单一碳质物质处理装置的过程中,为了将碳质颗粒提供到催化剂填充装置,各自与碳质物质处理装置连通的催化剂填充装置可选 择成有能力从单一碳质物质处理装置接收碳质颗粒总体积的1/2至全部,以允许常规维护催化剂填充装置之一,而不需要关闭整个处理系统。
实施例
实施例1
本发明的方法的一个实施方案显示于图3中。将碳质物质(10)提供到原料处理装置(100),并转化成具有小于约2500μm平均粒径的碳质颗粒(20)。使碳质颗粒(20)分离成第一碳质原料(22)和第二碳质原料(42)。将第二碳质原料提供到催化剂填充装置(200),其中颗粒在填充罐中与含气化催化剂的溶液接触,通过过滤去除过量水,所得湿饼用干燥器干燥,以提供经催化的碳质原料(30)。将经催化的碳质原料提供到催化气化反应器(300)。
在气化反应器中,经催化的碳质原料(30)在适合产生至少包含甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、氢气和硫化氢的热的第二气流(40)的条件下与含一氧化碳、氢气和过热蒸汽的第一气流(91)接触。气化反应器产生包含夹带的催化剂的固体焦产物(31),将固体焦产物定期从其相应的反应室去除,并引到催化剂回收操作(1000),其中夹带的催化剂(32)回收并返回到催化剂填充操作(200)。将回收过程产生的消耗焦(33)引到原料处理装置(100)。
通过使第一碳质原料(42)、蒸汽(51)和富氧气流(41)在吹氧气化器(400)中至少部分燃烧,产生第一气流(91)。蒸汽(51)由蒸汽源(500) 产生。可将在原料处理装置(100)研磨或粉碎过程中产生的细粉(15)提供到蒸汽源用于燃烧。将蒸汽源(500)产生的第二部分蒸汽(53)单独引到蒸汽涡轮机(1100),用于发电(11)。
将热的第二气流(40)提供到热交换器装置(600),以产生经冷却的第二气流(50)。将经冷却的第二气流(50)提供到酸性气体去除装置(700),其中通过使物流与H2S和CO2吸收剂接触依次吸收去除物流中的硫化氢和二氧化碳,并最终产生含一氧化碳、氢气和甲烷的第三气流(60)。
将第三气流(60)提供到催化甲烷转化器,其中第三气流中的一氧化碳和氢气转化成甲烷,以产生富集甲烷的第三气流(70),第三气流(70)可提供甲烷产物流(80)。
实施例2
本发明的方法的另一个实施方案显示于图4中。将碳质物质(10)提供到原料处理装置(100),并转化成具有小于约2500μm平均粒径的碳质颗粒(20)。使碳质颗粒(20)分离成第一碳质原料(22)和第二碳质原料(42)。将第二碳质原料提供到催化剂填充装置(200),其中颗粒在填充罐中与含气化催化剂的溶液接触,通过过滤去除过量水,所得湿饼用干燥器干燥,以提供经催化的碳质原料(30)。将经催化的碳质原料提供到气化反应器(300)。
在气化反应器中,经催化的碳质原料(30)在适合产生至少包含甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、氢气和硫化氢的热的第二气流(40)的条 件下与含一氧化碳、氢气和过热蒸汽的第一气流(91)接触。气化反应器产生包含夹带的催化剂的固体焦产物(31),将固体焦产物定期从反应室去除。分离部分固体焦产物(34)用于随后的甲烷化步骤,其余引到催化剂回收操作(1000),其中将夹带的催化剂(32)回收并返回到催化剂填充操作(200)。将回收过程产生的消耗焦(33)引到原料处理装置(100)。
通过使第一碳质原料(42)、蒸汽(51)和富氧气流(41)在吹氧气化器(400)中至少部分燃烧,产生第一气流(91)。蒸汽(51)由蒸汽源(500)产生。可将在原料处理装置(100)研磨或粉碎过程中产生的细粉(15)提供到蒸汽源用于燃烧。将蒸汽源(500)产生的第二部分蒸汽(53)单独引到蒸汽涡轮机(1100),用于发电。
将第二气流(40)提供到热交换器装置(600),以产生经冷却的第二气流(50)。将经冷却的第二气流(50)提供到耐硫甲烷转化器(801),其中经冷却的第二气流(50)中的一氧化碳和氢气在耐硫甲烷化催化剂存在下反应以产生包含甲烷、硫化氢、二氧化碳、残余一氧化碳和残余氢气的富集甲烷的第二气流(60)。将耐硫甲烷化催化剂从气化反应器产生的一部分(34)焦提供到耐硫甲烷转化器。
将富集甲烷的第二气流(60)提供到酸性气体去除装置(700),其中通过使物流与H2S和CO2吸收剂接触依次吸收去除物流中的硫化氢和二氧化碳,并最终产生含甲烷、残余一氧化碳和残余氢气的第三气流(70)。将第三气流(70)提供到催化调整甲烷转化器(802),其中 第三气流中的残余一氧化碳和残余氢气转化成甲烷,以产生甲烷产物流(80)。
Claims (9)
1.一种从碳质原料产生多种气体产物以及回收甲烷产物流的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)向吹氧气化器提供(i)第一碳质原料、(ii)富氧气流和(iii)包含水和/或蒸汽的含水流;
(b)在适合温度和压力下,在所述吹氧气化器中,用所述富氧气流使所述第一碳质原料部分燃烧,以产生含氢气、一氧化碳和过热蒸汽的第一气流;
(c)将第二碳质原料、气化催化剂和所述第一气流引入催化气化器,所述催化气化器与所述吹氧气化器连通;
(d)在450℃到800℃的温度和400psig到1000psig的压力下,在所述气化催化剂存在下,在所述催化气化器中,使所述第二碳质原料和所述第一气流反应,以生成含多种气体产物的第二气流,所述多种气体产物包括甲烷、二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳和硫化氢,其中所述第一气流包含至少50%摩尔的甲烷与二氧化碳,基于第二气流中甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化碳和氢气的摩尔数计;
(e)在耐硫甲烷化催化剂存在下,在催化甲烷转化器中,使所述第二气流中的至少一部分一氧化碳和至少一部分氢气任选反应,以产生富集甲烷的第二气流;
(f)从所述第二气流或如果存在的富集甲烷的第二气流去除显著部分二氧化碳和显著部分硫化氢,以从第二气流或如果存在的富集甲烷的第二气流产生含显著部分甲烷的第三气流;
(g)如果所述第三气流包含氢气和大于100ppm一氧化碳,在甲烷化催化剂存在下,在催化甲烷转化器中,使所述第三气流中存在的一氧化碳和氢气任选反应,以产生富集甲烷的第三气流;以及
(h)回收所述第三气流或如果存在的富集甲烷的第三气流,
其中:
(i)存在步骤(e)和步骤(g)至少之一,并且
(ii)所述第三气流或如果存在的富集甲烷的第三气流为甲烷产物流,或者将所述第三气流或如果存在的富集甲烷的第三气流纯化,以产生甲烷产物流,和
(iii)在含水介质存在下使所述经冷却的第二气流中的一氧化碳经过水煤气转换反应以使一部分所述一氧化碳转化成二氧化碳并增加所述第二气流中氢的分数。
2.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于步骤(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(f)和(h)以及当存在时(e)和(g)是连续的。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于所述气化催化剂包括碱金属气化催化剂,并且碳质原料用足以提供0.01至0.10碱金属原子与碳原子之比的一定量碱金属气化催化剂填充。
4.权利要求1至3中任一项的方法,其特征在于甲烷产物流为管道品质天然气。
5.权利要求1至4中任一项的方法,其特征在于存在步骤(e)。
6.权利要求1至5中任一项的方法,其特征在于存在步骤(g)。
7.权利要求1至6中任一项的方法,其特征在于所述方法为一次通过方法。
8.权利要求1至7中任一项的方法,其特征在于不存在燃烧碳燃料的过热器。
9.权利要求1至8中任一项的方法,其特征在于所述第二气流包含至少20%摩尔甲烷,基于第二气流中甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化碳和氢气的摩尔数计。
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US8647402B2 (en) | 2014-02-11 |
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