CN102007266B - 用于处理地下含烃地层的系统和方法 - Google Patents
用于处理地下含烃地层的系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102007266B CN102007266B CN200980113390.0A CN200980113390A CN102007266B CN 102007266 B CN102007266 B CN 102007266B CN 200980113390 A CN200980113390 A CN 200980113390A CN 102007266 B CN102007266 B CN 102007266B
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- hydrocarbon
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Classifications
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- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/04—Directional drilling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G21/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by extraction with selective solvents
- C10G21/06—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by extraction with selective solvents characterised by the solvent used
- C10G21/12—Organic compounds only
- C10G21/22—Compounds containing sulfur, selenium, or tellurium
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- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
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- E21B4/04—Electric drives
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
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- E21B43/2403—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of nuclear energy
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
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- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/28—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent
- E21B43/281—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent using heat
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimising the spacing of wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimising the spacing of wells
- E21B43/305—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimising the spacing of wells comprising at least one inclined or horizontal well
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
- E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/06—Measuring temperature or pressure
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/18—Drilling by liquid or gas jets, with or without entrained pellets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/201—Impurities
- C10G2300/207—Acid gases, e.g. H2S, COS, SO2, HCN
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
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- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
- C10G2300/301—Boiling range
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
- C10G2300/302—Viscosity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
- C10G2300/308—Gravity, density, e.g. API
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于处理地下含烃地层的系统。该系统包括一个或更多个孔道。孔道具有至少1m的平均直径。至少一个孔道连接于地表。两个或更多个井眼从至少一个孔道伸入地下含烃地层的至少一部分中。至少两个井眼装有细长热源，所述细长热源构造成加热至少一部分地下含烃地层，以便使至少一些烃运动。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及用于从各种地下地层、例如含烃地层生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的方法和系统。
背景技术
从地下地层获取的烃通常用作能源、原料和消费品。对可获得的烃源耗尽的担忧和对所生产的烃的总质量下降的担忧已经引起对更加有效地采收、加工和/或使用可获得的烃源的方法的开发。原位工艺可用来从地下地层中开采烃材料。地下地层中的烃材料的化学性质和/或物理性质可能需要改变，以便更容易地从地下地层中开采烃材料。化学变化和物理变化可包括产生可开采流体的现场反应、地层中烃材料的组成变化、可溶性变化、密度变化、相变和/或粘度变化。流体可以是气体、液体、乳液、泥浆和/或具有类似于液体流动的流动特性的固体颗粒流，但不局限于这些。
加热器可放置在井眼中，以在原位处理期间加热地层。运用井下加热器的现场工艺的例子显示在Ljungstrom的美国专利US2,634,961；Ljungstrom的美国专利US2,732,195；Ljungstrom的美国专利US2,780,450；Ljungstrom的美国专利US2,789,805；Ljungstrom的美国专利US2,923,535；和Van Meurs等的美国专利US4,886,118中。
许多不同类型的井或井眼可以用来利用原位热处理工艺处理含烃地层。一些实施例采用竖直和/或基本上竖直的井来处理地层。而一些实施例则采用水平或基本上水平的井(例如J形井和/或L形井)和/或U形井来处理地层。一些实施例采用水平井、竖直井的组合和/或其它组合来处理地层。在某些实施例中，井穿过地层的上覆层延伸到地层的含烃层。在某些情形下，井中的热量损失到上覆层。在有些情形下，在水平井眼或U形井眼中用于支撑加热器和/或生产设备的地表和上覆层的基础设施大和/或数量众多。
已经做了大量努力来开发从含烃地层经济地开采烃、氢和/或其它产品的方法和系统。但是，目前仍然存在许多不能经济地开采烃、氢和/或其他产品的含烃地层。因而，需要改善的方法和系统，其允许使用小型加热器和/或小型设备处理地层。也需要改善的方法和系统，与利用基于地表的设备的烃采收工艺相比，其能够降低处理地层的能源成本，减少处理过程中的排放，便于加热系统安装，和/或减少到上覆层的热量损失。
发明内容
在此所述的实施例总体上涉及用于处理地下地层的系统、方法和加热器。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种或多种系统、方法和/或加热器。在一些实施例中，所述系统、方法和/或加热器用于处理地下地层。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种用于处理地下含烃地层的系统，该系统包括：一个或更多个孔道(tunnel)，孔道具有至少1m的平均直径，至少一个孔道连接于地表；和两个或更多个从至少一个孔道伸入地下含烃地层的至少一部分中的井眼，至少两个井眼装有细长热源，所述细长热源构造成加热至少一部分地下含烃地层，以便使至少一些烃运动。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种用于处理地下含烃地层的方法，该方法包括：从系统向地下含烃地层提供热量，以使地层中的至少一些烃运动，所述热量由该系统提供。
根据本发明，提供了一种用于处理地下含烃地层的系统，该系统包括：
两个或更多个孔道，所述孔道具有至少1m的平均直径，至少一个孔道连接于地表；和
在所述孔道中的至少两个孔道之间延伸的两个或更多个井眼，其中，所述两个或更多个井眼的一些部分布置在所述地下含烃地层处于所述至少两个孔道之下的一部分中，其中，至少两个井眼装有细长热源，所述细长热源构造成加热至少一部分地下含烃地层，以便使至少一些烃运动。
可选地，所述系统还包括将至少一个孔道连接至地表的至少一个竖井。
根据本发明，提供了一种用于处理地下含烃地层的系统，该系统包括：
两个或更多个孔道，所述孔道具有至少1m的平均直径，至少一个孔道连接于地表；和
在所述孔道中的至少两个孔道之间延伸的两个或更多个井眼，其中，所述两个或更多个井眼的一些部分布置在所述地下含烃地层处于所述至少两个孔道之下的一部分中，其中，至少两个井眼装有细长热源，所述细长热源构造成加热至少一部分地下含烃地层，以便使至少一些烃运动，
其中，所述系统还包括将至少一个孔道连接至地表的至少一个竖井。
可选地，所述系统还包括将至少一个孔道连接至地表的一个或更多个竖井，其中至少一个竖井基本上竖直地定向。
可选地，所述系统还包括有开采井，所述开采井定位成使得运动的流体从地层排入所述开采井。
可选地，所述系统还包括位于至少一个孔道中的生产系统，所述生产系统构造成从地层生产收集在孔道中的流体。
可选地，在其中设有所述生产系统的孔道定位成通过重力排放来收集地层中的流体。
可选地，所述生产系统包括与设有所述生产系统的孔道联接的基本上竖直的生产井眼。
可选地，所述系统还包括从至少一个孔道延伸出的至少一个蒸汽注入井眼，所述蒸汽注入井眼连接于一个或更多个蒸汽源，蒸汽注入井眼构造成向地下含烃地层提供蒸汽。
可选地，至少一个孔道具有至少2m的平均直径。
可选地，至少一个孔道的横截面形状为圆形、矩形或不规则形状。
可选地，至少一个孔道的横截面形状为卵形。
可选地，至少一个热源为电阻加热器，位于至少一个孔道中的导体构造成为加热器提供电力。
可选地，至少一个热源为气体燃烧器，而且该系统包括构造成传送用于气体燃烧器的燃料气体的管路，其中所述管路位于至少一个孔道中。
可选地，至少两个热源构造成允许热源之间的电流的至少一部分用于加热地层。
可选地，热源之间的电流被构造成对地层进行电阻加热。
可选地，至少两个井眼构造成允许加热的流体在至少两个孔道之间流动，以加热地层。
可选地，所述系统还包括与至少一个孔道联接在一起的生产系统，所述生产系统构造成将加热的流体从地层移出到地层的地表。
可选地，所述生产系统包括将加热的流体移动至地层的地表的提升系统。
可选地，至少一个孔道基本上是水平的，至少两个井眼与基本为水平的孔道成一定角度地延伸。
可选地，所述系统还包括位于孔道中的一个或更多个不可渗透屏障，其构造成密封孔道而与地层流体隔离。
可选地，至少一个井眼定向钻进在至少两个孔道之间。
根据本发明，还提供了一种用于处理地下含烃地层的方法，该方法包括：
从系统向地下含烃地层提供热量，以使地层中的至少一些烃运动，所述热量由如上所述的系统提供。
可选地，所述方法还包括从地层开采至少一些运动流体。
可选地，所述方法：允许地层流体排放到至少一个孔道，并利用生产系统从排放孔道向地层地表生产流体。
在进一步的实施例中，来自特定实施例的特征可以与来自其它实施例的特征组合。例如，来自一个实施例的特征可以与来自任一其它实施例的特征组合。
在进一步的实施例中，利用在此所述的任一方法、系统或加热器，进行地下地层的处理。
在进一步的实施例中，附加特征可以添加到在此所述的特定实施例中。
附图说明
对本领域技术人员来说，借助于下面的详细描述，并参照附图，本发明的优点将变得显而易见，其中：
图1显示了用于处理含烃地层的原位热处理系统的一部分的实施例的示意图。
图2描绘了地下处理系统的实施例的透视图。
图3描绘了地下处理系统的实施例的孔道的透视图。
图4描绘了地下处理系统的一部分和孔道的另一个分解透视图。
图5描绘了表示用于使加热的流体穿过孔道之间的热源流动的实施例的侧视图。
图6描绘了表示用于使加热的流体穿过孔道之间的热源流动的实施例的俯视图。
图7描绘了地下处理系统的实施例的透视图，所述地下处理系统具有横跨地下处理系统的两个孔道的加热器井眼。
图8描绘了带有井眼腔的孔道的实施例的俯视图。
图9描绘了地下处理系统的实施例的孔道截面的示意图。
图10描绘了地下处理系统的实施例的示意图，带有地表开采设备。
图11描绘了地下处理系统的实施例的侧视图。
虽然本发明适合于各种变形和替代方式，但是，在附图中通过举例的方式给出了具体实施例，这些实施例在这里将被详细描述。附图并不是按比例绘制的。但是，应当明白，附图和详细描述并不是要把本发明局限于所公开的具体形式，相反，本发明应当覆盖落入由附带的权利要求书所限定的本发明精神和范围之内的所有改进、等同物或替代方案。
具体实施方式
下面的描述总体上涉及用于处理地层中的烃的系统和方法。这些地层可以被处理以便生产烃类产品、氢和其它产品。
″API比重″是指在15.5℃(60°F)的API比重。API比重是用ASTM方法D6822或ASTM方法D1298确定的。
″ASTM″是指美国标准试验和材料。
″碳数″是指分子中碳原子的数量。烃流体可以包括各种各样的带有不同碳数的烃。烃流体可以由碳数分布来描述。碳数和/或碳数分布可以由实沸点分布和/或气液色谱法确定。
″裂化″是指包括有机化合物的分解和分子重组以产生比最初更大数量分子的过程。在裂化时，伴随分子之间氢原子的转移发生一系列的反应。例如，石脑油可经过热裂化反应形成乙烯和H2。
″流体压力″是地层中的流体产生的压力。″岩石静压力″(有时称为″岩石静应力″)是地层内的压力，等于单位面积上覆岩石物质的重量。″静水压力″是水柱施加到地层的压力。
″地层″包括一个或更多个含烃层、一个或更多个非烃层、上覆层和/或下伏层。″烃层″是指地层中含有烃的层。烃层可以含有非烃材料和烃材料。″上覆层″和/或″下伏层″包括一种或更多个种不同类型的不可渗透材料。例如，上覆层和/或下伏层可以包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或湿/致密碳酸盐岩。在原位热处理工艺的一些实施例中，上覆层和/或下伏层可以包括一个含烃层或更多个含烃层，在原位热处理加工期间，这些含烃层是相对不渗透的，并且不受温度影响，所述的原位热处理加工导致上覆层和/或下伏层的含烃层特性发生明显变化。例如，下伏层可以包含页岩或泥岩，但是在原位热处理工艺期间，下伏层不允许被加热到热解温度。在有些情况下，上覆层和/或下伏层可以多少有点渗透。
″地层流体″是指存在于地层中的流体，且可包括热解流体、合成气、运动流体和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可以包括烃流体和非烃流体。术语″运动流体″是指含烃地层中的流体，其由于对地层进行了热处理而能够流动。″所开采的流体″是指从地层中移出的流体。
″热源″可以是基本上通过传导和/或辐射传热向至少一部分地层提供热量的任何系统。例如，热源可包括电加热器，例如设置在管道中的绝缘导体、细长构件和/或导体。热源还可以包括通过在地层外或在地层内燃烧燃料而产生热量的系统。该系统可以是地表燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无焰分布燃烧室和自然分布燃烧室。在一些实施例中，提供给一个或更多个热源或在一个或更多个热源中产生的热量可以由其它能源来供给。其它能源也可以直接加热地层，或者将能量供给至传递介质，由传递介质直接或间接加热地层。应当明白，向地层施加热量的一个或更多个热源可以使用不同的能源。因而，例如对于给定的地层来说，有些热源可由电阻加热器供应热量，有些热源可由燃烧提供热量，而有些热源可以从一个或更多个其他能源提供热量(例如化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物资源或其它再生能源)。化学反应可以包括放热反应(例如氧化反应)。热源还可以包括向紧邻和/或围绕加热位置、例如加热器井的区域提供热量的加热器。
″加热器″是用于在井中或井眼附近区域产生热量的任何系统或热源。加热器可以是电加热器、燃烧器、与地层中的或从地层产生的材料反应的燃烧室和/或它们的组合，但并不局限于这些。
″重质烃″是粘稠的烃流体。重质烃可以包括高粘性烃流体，例如重质油、焦油和/或沥青。重质烃可以包含碳和氢以及较小浓度的硫、氧和氮。重质烃中也可以存在微量的其它元素。重质烃可以用API比重来分类。重质烃的API比重通常低于约20°。例如重质油的API比重度通常约为10-20°，而焦油的API比重通常低于约10°。重质烃在15℃下的粘度通常大于约100厘泊。重质烃可以包含芳香烃或其它复杂的环烃。
在相对可渗透的地层中可以发现重质烃。相对可渗透的地层可以包括夹带在例如砂或碳酸盐中的重质烃。″相对可渗透″定义为对于地层或部分地层平均渗透性为10毫达西或以上(例如10毫达西或100毫达西)。″相对低渗透性″定义为对于地层或部分地层平均渗透性低于约10毫达西。1达西等于约0.99平方微米。不可渗透层的渗透性通常小于约0.1毫达西。
包含有重质烃的某些类型的地层也可以包括、但不限于天然矿物蜡或天然沥青。″天然矿物蜡″通常出现在基本上为管状的矿脉中，其可以宽数米，长数公里和深数百米。″天然沥青″包括芳香烃组合物的固态烃，并且通常出现在大矿脉中。从地层中原位采收烃例如天然矿物蜡和天然沥青可以包括熔融形成液态烃和/或从地层中溶解开采烃。
″烃″一般定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃还可以包括其它元素，例如卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫，但不局限于这些。烃可以是油母、沥青、焦性沥青、油、天然矿物蜡和沥青岩，但不局限于这些。烃可以位于地层的矿石中或其附近。母岩可以包括沉积岩、砂岩、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐岩、硅藻岩及其他多孔介质，但并不局限于这些。″烃流体″是包括烃的流体。烃流体可以包括、夹带或者被夹带在非烃流体例如氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨中。
″原位转化工艺″指的是从热源加热含烃地层以将至少一部分地层的温度提高到热解温度以上的工艺，这样，在地层中产生热解流体。
″原位热处理工艺″是指用热源加热含烃地层以将至少一部分地层的温度升高到使含烃材料流动或减粘或者热解的温度之上以使得在地层中产生流动的流体、减粘流体或者热解流体的方法。
″绝缘导体″是指任何细长材料，该细长材料能够导电，并且它全部或部分地被电绝缘材料覆盖。
″热解″是指由于施加热量而使化学键断开。例如，热解可以包括仅仅通过热量将合成物转换成一种或更多种其它物质。热量可以传递至一部分地层，以引起热解。
″热解流体″或″热解产品″是指基本上在烃热解期间所产生的流体。由热解反应所产生的流体可以与地层中的其它流体进行混合。混合物被认为是热解流体或热解产品。正如在此所使用的，″热解区域″是指起反应或进行反应以形成热解流体的地层容积(例如相对可渗透的层，如沥青砂地层)。
″沉陷″是一部分地层相对于地表的初始海拔向下运动。
″热叠加″是指从两个或更多热源向地层的选定部分提供热量，从而使热源之间至少一个位置的地层温度受到热源的影响。
″合成气″是指包括氢和一氧化碳的混合物。合成气的附加部分可以包括水、二氧化碳、氮、甲烷和其它气体。合成气可以通过各种工艺或原料生成。合成气可用于合成各种合成物。
″焦油″是在15℃下粘度通常大于约10000厘泊的粘稠烃。焦油的比重通常超过1.000。焦油的API比重可以小于10°。
″焦油砂地层″是其中烃主要以夹带在矿粒骨架或其它主体岩石(例如砂或碳酸盐)中的重质烃和/或焦油形式存在的地层。焦油砂地层的例子包括以下地层，例如Athabasca地层、Grosmont地层和PeaceRiver地层，三者都在加拿大的Alberta；以及Faja地层，在委内瑞拉的Orinoco一带。
″限温加热器″泛指无需利用外部控制、例如温度控制器、功率调节器、整流器或其它装置，就能在规定温度以上调节热量输出(例如减小热量输出)的加热器。限温加热器可以是AC(交流电)或调制(例如″斩波″)DC(直流)供电的电阻加热器。
层″厚度″是指层横截面的厚度，其中横截面垂直于层面。
″u形井眼″是指从地层中的第一开口延伸、穿过至少一部分地层并穿过地层中的第二开口延伸出来的井眼。在这里，井眼可以是大致″v″或″u″形，应当理解的是，对于被认为是u形的井眼而言，″u″形的″腿″不一定必须彼此平行，或者不一定必须垂直于″u″的″底部″。
″提质″是指提高烃的质量。例如提质重质烃可使重质烃的API比重提高。
″减粘″是指在热处理中流体分子的解缠绕和/或在热处理中大分子分解为小分子导致流体粘度的降低。
″粘度″是指40℃下的运动粘度，除非另作说明。粘度通过ASTM方法D445确定。
术语″井眼″是指通过钻进或把管道插入地层内所形成在地层中的孔。井眼可以具有基本上圆形横截面形状或其它横截面形状。正如在此所使用的，术语″井″和″开口″当涉及地层中的开口时，它们可以与术语″井眼″互换地使用。
可以以各种方式对地层进行处理，以开采许多不同的产品。在原位热处理工艺过程中，可以采用不同的阶段或流程对地层进行处理。在一些实施例中，一个或更多个部分的地层采用溶解开采，以从所述部分移出可溶矿物。可以在原位热处理工艺期间和/或之后进行溶解开采。在一些实施例中，采用溶解开采的一个或更多个部分的平均温度可以维持在大约120℃以下。
在有些实施例中，一个或更多个部分的地层被加热，以从所述部分移出水和/或从所述部分移出甲烷及其他挥发性烃。在一些实施例中，移出水和挥发性烃的过程中，平均温度可以从环境温度上升至低于约220℃的温度。
在有些实施例中，一个或更多个部分的地层被加热到允许地层中的烃运动和/或减粘的温度。在一些实施例中，一个或更多个部分的地层的平均温度上升至所述部分中的烃的运动温度(例如，上升至从100℃到250℃、从120℃到240℃或从150℃到230℃的温度)。
在有些实施例中，一个或更多个部分被加热到允许在地层中进行热解反应的温度。在一些实施例中，一个或更多个部分的地层的平均温度可以上升至所述部分中的烃的热解温度(例如，上升至从230℃到900℃、从240℃到400℃或从250℃到350℃的温度)。
通过使用多个热源加热含烃地层可以在热源周围建立热梯度，这些热源以所希望的加热速率将地层中烃的温度上升至所希望的温度。在对所希望的产品的整个运动温度范围和/或热解温度范围内，温度增加速度可能会影响从含烃地层中产生地层流体的质量和数量。地层温度在对产品的整个运动温度范围和/或热解温度范围内的慢慢上升允许从地层中产生高质量、高API比重的烃。地层温度在整个运动温度范围和/或热解温度范围内的慢慢上升允许移出存在于地层中的大量烃作为烃产品。
在有些原位热处理实施例中，一部分地层被加热到所希望的温度，而不是在整个温度范围内慢慢加热温度。在一些实施例中，所希望的温度是300℃、325℃或350℃。也可以选择其它温度作为所希望的温度。
来自热源的热量的叠加，使得在地层中可以比较快速和有效地建立所希望的温度。可以调节从热源到地层中的能量输入以将地层中的温度基本保持在所希望的温度下。
通过开采井，可以从地层开采运动和/或热解产品。在一些实施例中，一个或更多个部分的平均温度上升至运动温度，烃由开采井生产。在开采之后，由于运动下降到一选定值以下，一个或更多个部分的平均温度可上升至热解温度。在一些实施例中，一个或更多个部分的平均温度可上升至热解温度，在达到热解温度之前，不会有明显的产量。包含热解产物的地层流体可通过开采井生产。
在有些实施例中，在运动和/或热解之后，一个或更多个部分的平均温度可上升至足够允许生成合成气的温度。在一些实施例中，烃的温度可以上升至足以允许合成气生成的温度，在达到足以允许合成气生成的温度之前，不会有明显的产量。例如，可以在约400℃-约1200℃、约500℃-约1100℃或者约550℃-约1000℃的温度范围内生产合成气。合成气产生流体(例如，蒸汽和/或水)可引入到所述部分中，以产生合成气。合成气可以由开采井生产。
在原位热处理工艺期间，可以执行溶解开采、去除挥发性烃和水、使烃运动、热分解烃、产生合成气和/或其它工序。在一些实施例中，有些工序可以在原位热处理工艺之后执行。这样的工序可包括、但不限于，从处理过的部分回收热量，在之前处理过的部分中储存流体(例如水和/或烃)，和/或在之前处理过的部分中隔离二氧化碳。
图1描绘了用于处理含烃地层的原位热处理系统的一部分的实施例的示意图。原位热处理系统包括屏蔽井200。屏蔽井用来在处理区域周围形成屏障。该屏障阻止流体流入和/或流出处理区域。屏蔽井包括脱水井、真空井、捕集井、注入井、灌浆井、凝固井或它们的组合，但并不局限于这些。在一些实施例中，屏蔽井200是脱水井。脱水井可以去除液态水和/或阻止液态水进入要被加热的一部分地层或正在被加热的一部分地层中。在图1所示的实施例中，所示的屏蔽井200只是沿着热源202的一侧延伸，但是，屏蔽井通常环绕在被用于或将被用于加热地层的处理区域的所有热源202周围。
热源202放置在至少一部分地层中。热源202可以包括诸如绝缘导体的加热器、管道内导体加热器、表面燃烧器、无焰分布燃烧室和/或天然分布燃烧室。热源202也可以包括其它类型的加热器。热源202向至少一部分地层提供热量，以加热地层中的烃。能量可以通过供给管线204供给至热源202。供给管线204的结构可以根据用于加热地层的热源类型的不同而不同。热源的供给管线204可以为电加热器传输电，可以为燃烧室输送燃料，或者可以输送在地层中循环的热交换流体。在一些实施例中，可以通过核电站为原位热处理工艺提供电力。利用核电可以允许降低或消除原位热处理工艺的二氧化碳排放。
对地层加热可以引起地层渗透率和/或孔隙度的增大。由于汽化和水的去除、烃的移出和/或裂纹的产生，渗透率和/或孔隙度的增大可能由地层中质量的下降引起。在地层的加热部分中，由于地层的增大的渗透率和/或孔隙度，流体可以更加容易地流动。在地层的加热部分中，由于增大的渗透率和/或孔隙度，流体可以穿过地层移动相当大的距离。相当大的距离可以超过1000m，这取决于各种因素，例如地层的渗透率、流体的性质、地层的温度和允许流体移动的压力梯度。流体在地层中行进相当大的距离的能力允许开采井206在地层中远远分开。
开采井206用于从地层中移出地层流体。在有些实施例中，开采井206包括有热源。开采井中的热源可以加热在开采井处或靠近开采井的一个或更多个部分的地层。在原位热处理工艺的一些实施例中，以每米开采井计，从开采井供应到地层内的热量小于以每米热源计从加热地层的热源供应到地层的热量。通过汽化并去除临近开采井的液相流体，和/或通过借助于具有大裂纹和/或小裂纹的地层来增大临近开采井的地层的渗透率，从开采井供应到地层的热量可以增大临近开采井的地层的渗透率。
在一些实施例中，开采井206中的热源允许从地层中移出汽相地层流体。在开采井中或通过开采井提供热量可以：(1)在采出液在临近上覆层的开采井中移动时，防止这种采出液的凝结和/或回流；(2)增大向地层的热量输入；(3)与没有热源的开采井相比，增加开采井的开采率；(4)防止开采井中高碳数化合物(C6烃和以上)的凝结；和/或(5)增大开采井处或临近开采井处的地层渗透率。
地层中的地下压力可以与地层中所产生的流体压力相当。由于地层的加热部分的温度升高，加热部分中的压力会由于原位流体的热膨胀、增大的流体生成量和水的汽化而升高。通过控制从地层中移出流体的速率，就可以控制地层中的压力。地层中的压力可以在大量不同部位进行确定，例如开采井附近或开采井处，热源附近或热源处，或者监测井处。
在某些含烃地层中，禁止地层中烃的开采，直到地层中的某些烃已经运动和/或热解。当地层流体具有一选定品质时，地层流体可以从地层中开采出来。在一些实施例中，所述选定品质包括至少大约20°、30°或40°的API比重。通过防止开采直到至少一些烃运动和/或热解，这样可以增大重质烃向轻质烃的转化。通过防止初期开采，可以使地层中重质烃的开采最少。重质烃的大量开采可能需要昂贵的设备和/或可能会减少生产设备的寿命。
在一些实施例中，可以允许增大通过膨胀地层中所产生的运动流体、热解流体或其他流体所产生的压力，尽管到开采井206的开放路径或任何其他压力降都可能不存在于地层中。流体压力可以允许增大至接近岩石静压力。当流体接近岩石静压力时，含烃地层中可能会形成裂纹。例如，裂纹可以在地层的从热源202到开采井206的加热部分中形成。在加热部分中产生裂纹可以减轻该部分中的一部分压力。地层中的压力必须维持在一选定压力以下，以防止不需要的生产、上覆层或下伏层的裂纹和/或地层中烃的焦化。
在达到运动温度和/或热解温度以及允许从地层中开采之后，可以改变地层中的压力，以改变和/或控制所生成的地层流体的组成，控制地层流体中可凝结流体与非凝结流体的比率，和/或控制所生成的地层流体的API比重。例如，使压力降低，可以引起生成更多的可凝结流体组分。可凝结流体组分可能含有更多比率的烯烃。
在原位热处理工艺的一些实施例中，地层中的压力可以维持得足够高，以促进API比重大于20°的地层流体的生成。维持地层中增大的压力，可以防止原位热处理期间地层的沉陷。维持增大的压力，可以减少或消除在地表上压缩地层流体以在收集管路中向处理设施输送流体的需要。
通过在地层的加热部分维持增大的压力，可以惊人地生产品质提高和相对低分子量的大量烃。压力可以维持在使得所生产的地层流体具有选定碳数以上的化合物的量最少。选定碳数可以是最多25，最多20，最多12或最多8。地层中的一些高碳数化合物可以夹带在蒸汽中，并可以与蒸汽一起从地层中去除。通过在地层中维持增大的压力，可以防止在蒸汽中夹带高碳数化合物和/或多环碳氢化合物。高碳数化合物和/或多环碳氢化合物可以在地层中以液相保持很长时间段。该很长时间段可以为化合物热解形成低碳数化合物提供足够的时间。
从开采井206生产的地层流体可通过收集管路208输送至处理设施210。地层流体也可以从热源202生产。例如，流体可以从热源202生产，以控制邻近热源的地层中的压力。从热源202生产的流体通过管或管路输送至收集管路208，或者采出流体通过管或管路直接输送至处理设施210。处理设施210可包括分离单元、反应单元、浓缩单元、燃料室、涡轮、存储容器和/或用于加工采出的地层流体的其它系统和单元。处理设施可以从由地层开采出来的至少一部分烃形成输送燃料。在一些实施例中，输送燃料可以是喷气发动机燃料，例如JP-8。
在某些实施例中，加热器、加热器电源、生产设备、补给线和/或其它加热器或生产支持设备设置在孔道中，以使待用的小型加热器和/或小型设备能够处理地层。与利用基于地表的设备的烃采收工艺相比，在孔道中设置这样的设备和/或结构还可以降低处理地层的能源成本，减少处理工艺的排放，便于加热系统安装，和/或减少到上覆层的热量损失。孔道可以是例如基本上水平的孔道和/或倾斜的孔道。Watson等的美国专利申请公开号2007/0044957、2008/0017416等；和Donnelly等的美国专利申请公开号2008/0078552描述了由用于地下采收烃的竖井钻进的方法和地下采收烃的方法。
在某些实施例中，孔道和/或竖井用于与井组合，以利用原位热处理工艺处理含烃地层。图2描绘了地下处理系统222的透视图。地下处理系统222可以用来利用原位热处理工艺处理烃层216。在某些实施例中，地下处理系统222包括竖井(shaft)224、多用途竖井(utilityshaft)226、孔道228A、孔道228B和井眼212。孔道228A、228B可以位于地层的上覆层214、下伏层、非烃层或低含烃层中。在一些实施例中，孔道228A、228B位于地层的岩石层中。在一些实施例中，孔道228A、228B位于地层的不渗透部分中。例如，孔道228A、228B可以位于地层的渗透率最多为约1毫达西的部分中。
竖井224和/或多用途竖井226可以利用本领域中已知的方法形成并加强(例如，受支撑以防止塌陷)。例如，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226可以利用盲孔和升孔钻孔技术形成，利用泥浆重量和衬里支撑这些竖井。可以利用传统技术在竖井中升降设备和/或通过竖井提供应用。
孔道228A、228B可以利用本领域中已知的方法形成并加强(例如受到支撑以防止塌陷)。例如，孔道228A、228B可以使用道路镦锻机(road-header)、钻进和爆破、平巷掘进机和/或联合采矿机技术形成。孔道加强可以通过例如顶板支护、网和/或喷浆混凝土提供。孔道加强可以防止地层热处理期间孔道塌陷和/或孔道的运动。
在某些实施例中，监测孔道228A、孔道228B、竖井224和/或多用途竖井226的状态，以便监视孔道或竖井的结构变化或完整性。例如，可以使用传统矿井勘测技术来连续监测孔道和/或竖井的结构和完整性。另外，也可以使用系统来监测可能影响孔道或竖井的结构和/或完整性的地层特征的变化。
在某些实施例中，孔道228A、228B基本上水平或倾斜地位于地层中。在一些实施例中，孔道228A沿着竖井224和多用途竖井226的直线延伸。孔道228B可以连接在孔道228A之间。在一些实施例中，孔道228B允许横跨在孔道228A之间。在一些实施例中，孔道228B用来交叉连接位于地层表面以下的孔道228A之间的生产部。
孔道228A、228B可以具有矩形、圆形、椭圆形、马蹄形、不规则形或它们的组合的横截面形状。孔道228A、228B具有的横截面足够大，以供人员、设备和/或运载工具穿过这些孔道。在一些实施例中，孔道228A、228B具有的横截面足够大，以允许人员和/或运载工具自由地经过位于这些孔道中的设备。在一些实施例中，在这里的实施例中所述的孔道具有至少1m、至少2m、至少5m或至少10m的平均直径。
在某些实施例中，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226与孔道228A在上覆层214相连。在一些实施例中，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226与孔道228A在地层的另一层相连。竖井224和/或多用途竖井226可以利用本领域中已知的方法埋入或形成，以便钻进和/或埋入这些矿用竖井。在某些实施例中，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226与孔道228A在上覆层214相连和/或将烃层216连接到地表218。在一些实施例中，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226伸入烃层216内。例如，竖井224可以包括生产管路和/或其它生产设备，以从烃层216向地表218生产流体。
在某些实施例中，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226基本上在竖直方向上或与竖直方向略微成一定角度。在某些实施例中，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226具有的横截面足够大，以供人员、设备和/或运载工具穿过这些竖井。在一些实施例中，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226具有圆形横截面。竖井和/或多用途竖井可以具有至少0.5m、至少1m、至少2m、至少5m或至少10m的平均横截面直径。
在某些实施例中，两个竖井224之间的距离在500m到5000m之间、1000m到4000m之间或2000m到3000m之间。在某些实施例中，两个多用途竖井226之间的距离在100m到1000m之间、250m到750m之间或400m到600m之间。
在某些实施例中，竖井224的横截面比多用途竖井226大。竖井224可以允许大的通风、材料、设备、运载工具和人员进入孔道228A。多用途竖井226可以提供进入用于设备或结构的孔道228A的操作走廊，所述设备或结构例如、但不限于电源支路、采油立管和/或通风口。在一些实施例中，竖井224和/或多用途竖井226包括监测和/或密封系统，用以监测和确定竖井中的气体水平以及根据需要密封竖井。
图3描绘了地下处理系统222的一部分和孔道228A的分解透视图。在某些实施例中，孔道228A包括加热器孔道230和/或多用途孔道232。在一些实施例中，孔道228A还包括另外的孔道，诸如进出孔道和/或工作孔道。图4描绘了地下处理系统222的一部分和孔道228A的分解透视图。如图4所示，孔道228A可以包括加热器孔道230、多用途孔道232和/或进出孔道234。
在某些实施例中，如图3所示，井眼212从加热器孔道230伸出。井眼212可以包括但不局限于加热器井、热源井、开采井、注入井(例如注蒸汽井)和/或监测井。位于井眼212中的加热器和/或热源包括、但不限于电热器、氧化加热器(气体燃烧器)、循环换热流体的加热器、闭环熔盐循环系统、粉煤系统和/或焦耳热源(利用在热源之间流动的电流加热地层，所述热源在地层中的两个井眼内具有导电材料)。用于焦耳热源的井眼可以从同一个孔道(例如，在两个孔道之间延伸的基本上平行的井眼，所述井眼之间有电流流动)伸出或者从不同孔道(例如，从两个不同孔道伸出的井眼，所述井眼间隔开以允许电流在井眼之间流动)伸出。
利用具有导电材料的热源加热地层，可以增加地层的渗透率和/或降低地层中烃的粘度。带有导电材料的热源可以允许电流从一个热源流到另一个热源地穿过地层。使用穿过地层的电流进行加热或利用″焦耳加热″进行加热可以在以比利用在地层内间隔开的加热器之间的传导加热对烃层的加热更短的时间内加热部分烃层。
在某些实施例中，地下地层(例如含沥青砂或重质烃地层)包括电介质。电介质在100℃以下的温度可以表现出传导率、相对介电常数和损耗角正切。当地层被加热到100℃以上的温度时，由于地层的石基质中的孔隙空间内含有的水分的损失，可能出现传导率、相对介电常数和耗散系数的降低。为防止水分损失，可以在使得水的汽化减到最少的温度和压力下对地层进行加热。在一些实施例中，将导电溶液添加到地层中，以帮助地层维持电特性。在低温下加热地层，可能需要长时间地加热烃层，以产生渗透率和/或注入能力。
在一些实施例中，利用焦耳加热，将地层加热到使水和/或导电溶液汽化的温度和压力。但是，用于产生电流的材料在热应力的作用下可能变得被损坏，和/或导电溶液的损失可能限制层中的传热。另外，在使用电流或焦耳加热的时候，可能形成磁场。由于磁场的存在，理想的是对上覆层套管使用非铁磁性材料。虽然对利用焦耳加热来加热地层已经描述了许多方法，但是，利用带有导电材料的热源加热和生产烃的有效和经济方法是所需要的。
在有些实施例中，包括导电材料的热源位于烃层中。由从热源穿过烃层流动的电流加热烃层的电阻部分。将烃层中的导电热源设置在足以使导电溶液的损耗最少的深度，可以允许在一段时间内在水和/或导电溶液的损耗最少地情况下将烃层加热到较高温度。
通过加热器孔道230将热源引入烃层216，允许在没有明显的热损失到上覆层214的情况下加热烃层。能够在低的上覆层热损失的情况下将热量主要提供给烃层216，可以提高加热器的效率。与使用具有穿过上覆层的部分的加热器的加热器成本相比，使用孔道仅在烃层设置加热器部分，而在上覆层不需要加热器井眼部分，可以使加热器成本减少至少30％、至少50％、至少60％或至少70％。
在有些实施例中，通过孔道设置加热器，能够在烃层216中获得较高的热源密度。较高的热源密度可以使从地层中更快地生产烃。由于每附加一个加热器都有显著的成本降低，所以加热器的密植在经济上是有益的。例如，通过钻通上覆层将加热器定位在含沥青砂地层的烃层中，这些加热器通常间隔开大约12m。从孔道安装加热器，可以允许加热器在烃层内间隔开8m。这样的密植可以将首次开采从通过间隔开12m的加热器实现的5年首次开采加快到大约2年，并且可以将开采完成从大约8年加快到大约5年。首次开采的这种加快可以减少加热需求5％或以上。
在某些实施例中，加热器或热源的地下连接在加热器孔道230中形成。在加热器孔道230中形成的连接包括但不限于，绝缘电连接、物理支撑连接和仪器/诊断连接。例如，电连接可以在位于加热器孔道230中的电加热器元件和母线之间形成。母线用来向加热器原件的端部提供电连接。在某些实施例中，加热器孔道230中形成的连接以一定安全等级形成。例如，连接形成为使得在加热器孔道中很少会或不会由于来自热源或热源井眼的气体迁移到加热器孔道230中而出现爆炸危险(或其他潜在事故)。在一些实施例中，加热器孔道230开口到地表或另一个区域，以降低加热器孔道的爆炸危险。例如，加热器孔道230可以开口到多用途竖井226。
在某些实施例中，加热器连接形成在加热器孔道230和多用途孔道232之间。例如，用于从加热器孔道230伸出的电加热器的电源连接可以贯穿加热器孔道延伸到多用途孔道232中。这些连接基本上是密封的，这样孔道之间很少有或没有贯穿连接或在连接周围的泄漏。
在某些实施例中，多用途孔道232包括电源设备或操作热源和/或生产设备的其他设备。在某些实施例中，变压器236和调压器238位于多用途孔道232中。通过将变压器236和调压器238定位在地下，能够直接将高电压输送到地层的上覆层中，从而提高向地层中的加热器提供电力的效率。
变压器236可以是例如气体隔离的水冷变压器，诸如可以从Toshiba公司(日本东京)获得的SF6气体隔离电力变压器。这样的变压器可以是高效变压器。这些变压器可用来向地层中的多个加热器提供电力。这些变压器的高效率减少了变压器的水冷需求。变压器水冷需求的减少允许将变压器放置在小的腔室中，不需要额外的冷却来保持变压器不会过热。采用水冷而不是空冷，允许每一体积的冷却流体向地表输送比空冷更多的热量。通过使用气体隔离变压器，可以消除可燃油的使用，这种可燃油在地下环境中是很危险的。
在有些实施例中，调压器238是分配型调压器，用以控制分配给孔道中的热源的电压。在一些实施例中，变压器236与有载分接开关一起使用，用以控制分配给孔道中的热源的电压。在一些实施例中，位于多用途孔道232中的可变电压、有载分接转换变压器用来向孔道中的热源分配电力，并控制孔道中热源的电压。变压器236、调压器238、有载分接开关和/或可变电压、有载分接开关变压器可以控制分配给孔道中的任意组或任意排的热源或者独立热源的电压。通过对分配给一组热源的电压进行控制，可以提供对该组热源的成批控制。通过对分配给独立热源的电压进行控制，可以提供独立的热源控制。
在一些实施例中，变压器236和/或调压器238位于多用途孔道232的侧腔室中。变压器236和/或调压器238在侧腔室中的定位，要使得变压器和/或调压器避开人员、设备和/或在多用途孔道232中移动的运载工具。多用途竖井226中的补给线(例如图10中所描绘的补给线204)可以向多用途孔道232中的调压器238和变压器236提供电力。
在一些实施例中，例如如图3所示，调压器238位于动力腔240中。动力腔240可以连接于多用途孔道232或是多用途孔道的侧腔室。动力可以通过多用途竖井226引入动力腔240中。动力腔240的使用，可以允许对地下的热源形成的连接的更加简单、更加快速和/或更加有效的维护、修理、和/或更换。
在某些实施例中，加热器孔道230和多用途孔道232的部分通过连接孔道248互连在一起。连接孔道248可以允许进入加热器孔道230和多用途孔道232之间。连接孔道248可以包括气锁或其他结构，以提供可以在加热器孔道230与多用途孔道232之间打开和关闭的密封。
在一些实施例中，加热器孔道230包括管线208或其它管路。在一些实施例中，管线208用来从开采井或与加热器孔道230联接在一起的加热器井中生产流体(例如地层流体，诸如烃流体)。在一些实施例中，管线208用于提供在开采井或加热器井中使用的流体(例如，用于为流体加热器循环的换热流体或用于气体燃烧器的气体)。用于管线208的泵及其辅助设备252可以位于管线腔254中或孔道的其他侧腔室中。在一些实施例中，管线腔254与加热器孔道232隔离(密封开)。流体可以利用位于多用途竖井226中的立管(risers)和/或泵提供给管线腔254和/或从管线腔254排出。
在一些实施例中，热源用于临近加热器孔道230的井眼212中，用以控制从地层中生产的地层流体的粘度。热源可以在地层的不同位置具有各种各样的长度和/或提供不同量的热量。在一些实施例中，热源坐落在用于从地层生产流体的井眼212(例如开采井)中。
如图2所示，井眼212可以在烃层216中的孔道228A之间延伸。孔道228A可以包括加热器孔道230、多用途孔道232和/或进出孔道234中的一个或更多个。在一些实施例中，进出孔道234被用作通风孔道。应当理解，可以根据计划或需要使用或任意数量的孔道和/或任意次序的孔道。
在一些实施例中，加热的流体可以流过井眼212或在孔道228A之间延伸的热源。例如，加热的流体可以在第一加热器孔道和第二加热器孔道之间流动。第二孔道可以包括一生产系统，所述生产系统能够从地层移出加热的流体到地层地表。在一些实施例中，第二孔道包括从至少两个井眼中收集加热的流体的设备。在一些实施例中，加热的流体使用一提升系统移至地表。提升系统可以坐落在多用途竖井226或一单独的开采井眼中。
开采井提升系统可以用来将地层流体从开采井的底部高效输送至地表。开采井提升系统可以提供和维持最大所需井水位降低(最小储层产油压力)和开采速度。在样板项目的寿命内，开采井提升系统可以在高温/多相流体(气体/水蒸汽/蒸汽/水/烃液体)和所期望的生产速率的较宽范围内高效运行。开采井提升系统可以包括双同心杆式泵提升系统、腔式提升系统及其他类型的提升系统。
图5描绘了表示用于使加热的流体在孔道228A之间的热源202中流动的实施例的侧视图。图6描绘了图5所描绘的实施例的俯视图。循环系统220可以使加热的流体(例如，熔盐)穿过热源202循环。竖井226和孔道228A可以用来向热源提供加热的流体并且使加热的流体从热源返回。可以在竖井226和孔道228A中使用大直径管系。大直径管系可以使在输送加热流体穿过地层的上覆层时的压降最小。可以对竖井226和孔道228A中的管系进行绝缘，以防止在上覆层的热损失。
图7描绘了地下处理系统22的实施例的另一个透视图，两个孔道228A之间延伸有井眼212。热源或加热器可以位于井眼212中。在某些实施例中，井眼212从井眼腔256伸出。井眼腔256可以连接到孔道228A的侧面或可以是孔道的侧腔室。
图8描绘了带有井眼腔256的孔道228A的实施例的俯视图。在某些实施例中，动力腔240连接于多用途孔道232。变压器236和/或其它动力设备可以位于动力腔240中。
在某些实施例中，孔道228A包括加热器孔道230和多用途孔道232。加热器孔道230可以用连接孔道248连接到多用途孔道232上。井眼腔256连接于加热器孔道230。在某些实施例中，井眼腔256包括加热器井眼腔256A和附件井眼腔256B。热源202(例如，加热器)可以从加热器井眼腔256A伸出。热源202可以位于从加热器井眼腔256A伸出的井眼中。
在某些实施例中，加热器井眼腔256A具有相对于加热器孔道230成一定角度的侧壁，以允许更加容易地将热源安装到腔室内。加热器可以具有受限的弯曲性能，成一定角度的壁可以允许将加热器安装到腔室中，不用过度弯曲加热器。
在某些实施例中，屏障258用来将加热器井眼腔256A与加热器孔道230密封开。屏障258可以为防火屏障和/或抗炸屏障(例如混凝土壁)。在一些实施例中，屏障258包括一进入孔(例如，检修孔)，以允许进入腔室内。在一些实施例中，在已经安装好热源202之后，加热器井眼腔256A与加热器孔道230隔离开。多用途竖井226可以向加热器井眼腔256A提供通风。在一些实施例中，多用途竖井226用来向加热器井眼腔256A内提供着火或爆破抑制流体。
在某些实施例中，附件井眼212A从附件井眼腔256B伸出。附件井眼212A可以包括用作例如用于消除泄漏的充填井眼(维修井眼)或干涉井眼和/或监视井眼的井眼。屏障258可以用来将附件井眼腔256B与加热器孔道230密封开。在一些实施例中，加热器井眼腔256A和/或附件井眼腔256B用水泥灌入(这些腔室充满水泥)。通过用水泥填充这些腔室，基本上使这些腔室密封而不能流入或流出流体。
如图2和7所示，井眼212可以形成在孔道228A之间。井眼212可以通过从孔道228A钻进烃层而基本上竖直地、基本上水平地或者倾斜地形成在烃层216中。井眼212可以利用本领域中已知的钻井技术形成。例如，井眼212可以通过使用可以从Penguin AutomatedSystems(加拿大安大略，Naughton)获得的盘管的气动钻法形成。
从孔道228A钻井眼212，可以提高钻进效率，减少钻进时间，并允许产生更长的井眼，因为井眼不必钻通上覆层214。孔道228A可以允许将大型地表轨迹设备放置在地下而不是放置在地表上。同使用基于地表的设备和连接件的传统地表钻井方法相比，从孔道228A钻进以及随后设备和/或连接件在孔道中的放置可以减少地表轨迹。
因为上覆层部分被从井眼构造、加热器构造和/或钻进要求中剔除，所以使用竖井和孔道与用于处理含烃地层的原位热处理工艺的组合是有好处的。在一些实施例中，至少一部分竖井和孔道坐落在处于含烃地层中或含烃地层上方的含水层以下。将竖井和孔道设置在含水层以下，可以减少对含水层的污染危险，和/或可以简化在处理地层之后竖井和孔道的废弃。
在某些实施例中，地下处理系统222(在图2、3、7、11和10中所描绘的)包括一个或更多个密封，用于使孔道和竖井与地层压力和地层流体密封开。例如，地下处理系统可以包括一个或更多个不可渗透屏障，以使人员工作区与地层密封开。在一些实施例中，利用不可渗透屏障将井眼与孔道和竖井密封开，以防止流体从井眼进入孔道和竖井。在一些实施例中，不可渗透屏障包括水泥或其它填充材料。在一些实施例中，密封包括阀门或阀门系统、气锁或本领域中已知的其他密封系统。地下处理系统可以包括至少一个至地表的进/出点，以便于人员、运载工具和/或设备的进出。
图9描绘了孔道228A的形成的实施例的俯视图。当加热器孔道从左向右形成时，加热器孔道230可以包括热源部分242、连接部分244和/或钻井部分246。从热源部分242开始，井眼212已经形式，并且热源已经被引入井眼中。在一些实施例中，热源部分242被认为是一危险的封闭空间。可以利用不透烃气体和/或硫化氢的材料将热源部分242与加热器孔道230和/或多用途孔道232中的其他部分隔离开。例如，可以使用水泥或另一种不可渗透材料将热源部分242与加热器孔道230和/或多用途孔道232密封开。在一些实施例中，用不可渗透材料将热源部分242与地层的加热部分密封开，以防止地层流体或其它危险流体进入热源部分。在一些实施例中，至少30m、至少40m、或至少50m的井眼位于热源和加热器孔道230之间。在一些实施例中，临近加热器孔道230的竖井224在已经开始加热后被密封(例如，填充水泥)在烃层中，以防止气体或其它流体进入竖井。
在一些实施例中，加热器控制部可以位于多用途孔道232中。在一些实施例中，多用途孔道232包括支撑加热器和/或热量输送系统所必需的电连接、燃烧器、柜、和/或泵。例如，变压器236可以位于多用途孔道232中。
连接部分244可以位于热源部分242之后。连接部分244可以包括用于执行安装热源和/或连接热源(例如，进行至加热器的电连接)所必需的操作的空间。在一些实施例中，可以使用机器人或其他自动化技术自动实现设备在连接部分244中的连接和/或运动。在连接部分244之后定位钻井部分246。可以开挖附加的井眼和/或可以在钻井部分246中延伸孔道。
在某些实施例中，热源部分242、连接部分244和/或钻井部分246中的操作彼此独立。热源部分242、连接部分244和/或生产部分246可以具有通向多用途孔道232的专用通风系统和/或连接。连接孔道248可以允许进出热源部分242、连接部分244和/或钻井部分246。
在某些实施例中，连接孔道248包括气锁250和/或其它屏障。气锁250可以帮助调节相对压力，使得热源部分242中的压力小于连接部分244中的空气压力，而连接部分244中的空气压力小于钻井部分246中的空气压力。气流可以流入热源部分242(最危险场所)中，以减少多用途孔道232、连接部分244和/或钻井部分246中易燃氛围的可能性。气锁250可以包括合适的气体检测和报警，以确保变压器或其它电气设备在多用途孔道232面对不安全的易燃极限的情况下(例如，小于易燃下限的一半)不带电。可以采用自动控制操作气锁250和/或其他屏障。可以操作气锁250，以允许在正常运行和/或紧急情况期间由人员控制进入和/或出口。
在某些实施例中，位于从孔道伸出的井眼中的热源用来加热烃层。来自热源的热量可以使烃层中的烃运动，运动的烃流向开采井。开采井可以位于热源下方、附近或上方的烃层中，以产生运动流体。在一些实施例中，地层流体可以通过重力排泄到位于烃层中的孔道内。生产系统可以安装在孔道中(例如，图3中所描绘的管线208)。孔道生产系统可以由地表设施和/或孔道中的设施操作。管系、保持设施和/或开采井可以位于孔道的用于从孔道中生产流体的生产部分中。孔道的生产部分可以用不透材料(例如，水泥或钢衬)密封。地层流体可以通过立管和/或位于孔道中的竖直开采井泵送至地表。在一些实施例中，地层流体从多个水平生产井眼排入位于一个孔道中的竖直开采井中。地层流体可以通过竖直开采井生产到地表。
在一些实施例中，自地表直接延伸到烃层的生产井眼用来从烃层生产流体。图10描绘了从地表延伸到烃层216内的开采井206。在某些实施例中，开采井206基本上水平地位于烃层216中。但是，开采井206也可以具有所希望的任何方向。例如，开采井206可以是基本上竖直的开采井。
在一些实施例中，如图10所示，开采井206从地层的地表伸出，热源202从地层的上覆层214或另一个不可渗透层中的孔道228A伸出。通过使开采井与用于向地层设置热源的孔道分离开，可以降低与在孔道中和电器设备或其他加热器设备附近具有热的地层流体(例如热烃流体)有关的危险。在一些实施例中，使地表上的开采井的位置与流体入口、通风入口和/或进入地表以下的孔道中的其他可能入口的位置之间的距离达到最大，以使流体通过入口再进入地层的危险最小。
在一些实施例中，井眼212与多用途孔道232或其它孔道在地层的上覆层以下互连在一起。图11描绘了地下处理系统222的实施例的侧视图。在某些实施例中，井眼212定向钻到烃层216中的多用途孔道232。井眼212可以从地表定向钻进，或者从位于上覆层214中的孔道定向钻进。与烃层216中的多用途孔道232相交叉的定向钻进可能比与地层中的另一个井眼相交叉的定向钻进更容易。可以将钻井设备例如、但不限于，磁力传动设备、磁测定设备、声传输设备和声学测定设备设置在多用途孔道232中，并用于井眼212的定向钻进。在完成定向钻进之后，可以从多用途孔道232拆除钻井设备。在一些实施例中，多用途孔道232在后面用于在原位热处理工艺期间从地层收集和/或生产流体。
鉴于本说明书，本发明各个方面的进一步改进和替换实施例对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。因此，本说明书仅仅是说明性的，其目的是用来教导本领域技术人员实施本发明的一般方式。应当明白，这里所示的和所描述的本发明的这些形式将作为目前优选的实施例。元件和材料可以用这里所示的以及所描述的那些来替换，零件和流程可以颠倒，本发明的某些特征可以单独使用，在阅读了本发明的说明书之后，所有这些对本领域技术人员来说都是显而易见的。在没有脱离下列权利要求书中所述的本发明的精神和范围的情况下，可以对在此所述的元件进行改变。另外，应当明白，在此单独描述的特征在某些实施例中可以组合起来。
Claims (24)
1.一种用于处理地下含烃地层的系统，该系统包括：
两个或更多个孔道，所述孔道具有至少1m的平均直径，至少一个孔道连接于地表；和
在所述孔道中的至少两个孔道之间延伸的两个或更多个井眼，其中，所述两个或更多个井眼的一些部分布置在所述地下含烃地层处于所述至少两个孔道之下的一部分中，其中，至少两个井眼装有细长热源，所述细长热源构造成加热至少一部分地下含烃地层，以便使至少一些烃运动，
其中，所述系统还包括将至少一个孔道连接至地表的至少一个竖井。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统，还包括将至少一个孔道连接至地表的一个或更多个竖井，其中至少一个竖井基本上竖直地定向。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统，还包括有开采井，所述开采井定位成使得运动的流体从地层排入所述开采井。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统，还包括位于至少一个孔道中的生产系统，所述生产系统构造成从地层生产收集在孔道中的流体。
5.如权利要求4所述的系统，其中，在其中设有所述生产系统的孔道定位成通过重力排放来收集地层中的流体。
6.如权利要求4所述的系统，其中，所述生产系统包括与设有所述生产系统的孔道联接的基本上竖直的生产井眼。
7.如权利要求1所述的系统，还包括从至少一个孔道延伸出的至少一个蒸汽注入井眼，所述蒸汽注入井眼连接于一个或更多个蒸汽源，蒸汽注入井眼构造成向地下含烃地层提供蒸汽。
8.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少一个孔道具有至少2m的平均直径。
9.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少一个孔道的横截面形状为圆形、矩形或不规则形状。
10.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少一个孔道的横截面形状为卵形。
11.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少一个热源为电阻加热器，位于至少一个孔道中的导体构造成为加热器提供电力。
12.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少一个热源为气体燃烧器，而且该系统包括构造成传送用于气体燃烧器的燃料气体的管路，其中所述管路位于至少一个孔道中。
13.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少两个热源构造成允许热源之间的电流的至少一部分用于加热地层。
14.如权利要求13所述的系统，其中，热源之间的电流被构造成对地层进行电阻加热。
15.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少两个井眼构造成允许加热的流体在至少两个孔道之间流动，以加热地层。
16.如权利要求15所述的系统，还包括与至少一个孔道联接在一起的生产系统，所述生产系统构造成将加热的流体从地层移出到地层的地表。
17.如权利要求16所述的系统，其中，所述生产系统包括将加热的流体移动至地层的地表的提升系统。
18.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少一个孔道基本上是水平的，至少两个井眼与基本为水平的孔道成一定角度地延伸。
19.如权利要求1所述的系统，还包括位于孔道中的一个或更多个不可渗透屏障，其构造成密封孔道而与地层流体隔离。
20.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，至少一个井眼定向钻进在至少两个孔道之间。
21.一种用于处理地下含烃地层的方法，该方法包括：
从系统向地下含烃地层提供热量，以使地层中的至少一些烃运动，所述热量由如权利要求1-20中任一所述的系统提供。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法，还包括从地层开采至少一些运动流体。
23.一种用于处理地下含烃地层的方法，该方法包括：
从系统向地下含烃地层提供热量，以使地层中的至少一些烃运动，所述热量由如权利要求1-3、7-15和18-20中任一所述的系统提供，以及
允许地层流体排放到至少一个孔道，并利用一生产系统从排放孔道向地层地表生产流体。
24.一种用于处理地下含烃地层的方法，该方法包括：
从系统向地下含烃地层提供热量，以使地层中的至少一些烃运动，所述热量由如权利要求4-6和16-17中任一所述的系统提供，以及
允许地层流体排放到至少一个孔道，并利用所述生产系统从排放孔道向地层地表生产流体。
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| JP5566371B2 (ja) | 2014-08-06 |
| CN102007266A (zh) | 2011-04-06 |
| US20090272536A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
| EA201001670A1 (ru) | 2011-06-30 |
| AU2009251533A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
| US20090272578A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
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| CA2718767C (en) | 2016-09-06 |
| US20090260823A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
| CA2718767A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
| US8177305B2 (en) | 2012-05-15 |
| US20100071903A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
| JP2012503111A (ja) | 2012-02-02 |
| US20150021094A1 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
| WO2009129143A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
| US20090272526A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
| US20090272535A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
| US8151907B2 (en) | 2012-04-10 |
| US8172335B2 (en) | 2012-05-08 |
| US8636323B2 (en) | 2014-01-28 |
| US8162405B2 (en) | 2012-04-24 |
| EP2262978A1 (en) | 2010-12-22 |
| US8562078B2 (en) | 2013-10-22 |
| US20090272533A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
| EA019751B1 (ru) | 2014-06-30 |
| US20100071904A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
| US9528322B2 (en) | 2016-12-27 |
| WO2009146158A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
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