CN101632341A - Method for non-polluted cultivation of amur ampelopsis stems - Google Patents
Method for non-polluted cultivation of amur ampelopsis stems Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a method for the non-polluted cultivation of amur ampelopsis stems. The method concretely comprises the steps of field selection, planting system selection, garden building, soil management, fertilizer application, irrigation, pruning, disease control, harvest, winter protection, winter protection removal and other technical measures, wherein a field far away from pollution sources is selected; a planting system of single-arm trellis is selected; the soil management is to select sandy loam or sandy black earth; the fertilizers application is to mainly apply organic fertilizers; generally, the irrigation is unnecessary when the natural rain satisfies demands for growth; the pruning is performed in summer and winter with proper inflorescence scatter; the disease control focuses on prevention; the harvest is carried out late duly; and the winter protection and the winter protection removal are to cover 10 to 15 centimeters of soil in grape valleys after grape leaves fall off in the same year of field planting and remove the soil after the tomb-sweeping day in the following year. Through the above measures, the method ensures that the amur ampelopsis stems pass winter safely and give considerable yield.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cultivation method of a planting fruit-trees, specifically. be the nuisanceless high-quality cultivation method of a kind of ussurian grape.
Background technology
Ussurian grape is an exclusive grape variety of making wine resource of China, its brewage be worth and economic worth all very high, have large-scale production to cultivate but be only limited in the past at the east of Jilin province humid region.In the central and west regions, Jilin Province, between 123 ° 6 '-126 ° 11 of east longitude; 43 ° 59 '-45 ° 32 of north latitude ' between, the continental monsoon climate in temperate zone in the genus, the semiarid zone, the past does not have ussurian grape (wine grape) cultivation precedent.
In the ussurian grape introduction and Experiment of semiarid zone, reflected following outstanding problems before this, be in particular in:
(1), plants in the semiarid zone and often occur stripping after ussurian grape is survived the winter and take off normal result of this influence plant and high yield.
(2), the ussurian grape management difficulty of planting in the semiarid zone is big and cost is high.Influenced the raising of economic benefit.
(3), plant in the semiarid zone ussurian grape fruit sugar content and crushing juice rate be low, the acid content height does not reach high-quality cultivation target.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is for after ussurian grape is guided to the plantation of flat area and semiarid zone from mountain area upper level, moistening half humid region, the nuisanceless high-quality cultivation method of ussurian grape that stripping takes off this phenomenon, reduces management difficulty and cost, raising grape fruit sugar content and crushing juice rate no longer occurs after providing a kind of grape to survive the winter.
Purpose of the present invention is achieved by following steps:
(1), the field is selected
A, environmental condition: the garden is built in the environomental pollution source place to be chosen in no atmosphere, pour water etc.;
B, physical features: avoid the air channel, the multiple ground of natural the condition of a disaster such as hail band;
C, soil: select sand loam and chiltern chernozem, pH＜7.5.
(2), planting system
A, posture: adopt single armed hedge frame or pony set,
B, plantation density: single armed hedge frame line-spacing 2-2.5m, spacing in the rows 0.6-1.0m;
Pony set line-spacing 3-4m, spacing in the rows 0.6-1.0m;
C, training type: single climing or two climing imperial form trainings.
(3), build the garden
A, improve the soil: implement soil melioration, optimize soil structure and fertility;
The selection of b, nursery stock: select the high-quality grafting for use;
C, field planting: conscientiously carry out and plant the preceding mausoleum processing of planting, catch best setting date, carry out and plant shallow embedding deeply, plant the back covering film, overlap freshness protection package;
D, management then: stay main climingly, run pair well slightly, the short root of instant earthing.
(4), soil management
A, clear ploughing: no weeds in the maintenance garden, pine turns over every year;
B, sward cover: plant grass in the ranks, growth cradles and covers the field planting ditch in season.
(5), fertilising
A, fertilization type, quantity: fertilising is based on fertilizer, and fertilizing amount will be appraised and decided according to the balance fertilizing principle in principle;
B, fertilizing time and method: base manure applies after the fruit picking in the fall, and applied once after spring break topdresses.
(6), pour water: irritate and to pour water, suitably pour water in control growing season.
(7), pruning: winter pruning, adopt the training of no trunk dragon dry type;
A, winter pruning: adopt the training of no trunk dragon dry type, prune operation and in March, finish.
B, summer pruning: the principle of branches and tendrils management is to want the distribution of retainer face branches and tendrils well-balanced, no juxtaposition; Rationally control output, every is only stayed 2 inflorescences.
(8), disease control
A, preventive measure:
1) behind the annual fallen leaves, all to thoroughly clean the orchard before sprouting spring, carry out the field sterilization;
2) 5-6 leaf phase spray 80% spray 600-800 times of liquid of gram or green newborn copper 800-1000 times liquid;
3) bear fruit after, every 10-15 days spray once green newborn copper 800 times of liquid.
B, treatment measure:
The morbidity back uses the rich 500-600 times of liquid+800-1000 times of liquid of 70% first holder of broad-spectrum germicide 78% gram to treat.
(9), harvest in proper late
Generally can gather in mid-September, but the fruit pol increases obviously in the later week, can improve the 2-3 degree, it is more suitable to gather in late September.
(10), winter protection and releasing winter protection
The present invention reaches stock grafting seedling with shellfish and builds the garden, will cover the thick soil of 10-15cm after field planting is fallen leaves then on Valley of Vineyards, in case the stock root system endures cold.Clear and bright removing later in 1 year, winter protection again after the generation of taking root certainly.
Nuisanceless high-quality cultivation target
Yield level: per hectare 13-15 ton;
The index of quality: soluble solid content is higher than 18%; No little blue or green grain, sick rotten fringe;
Safety index: meet the nuisanceless Table Grape production standard of national NY5086-2002.
This technology of the present invention successfully solved ussurian grape from mountain area upper level, moistening half humid region guide to flat area and semiarid zone settle need capture survive the pass, the key technology difficult points such as pass and high grade producing pass of surviving the winter, have practicality, characteristics such as workable.
The important innovative point of nuisanceless high-quality cultivation method of ussurian grape of the present invention and the culture technique of using before this has:
1, initiated field planting then the short root of earthing and survive the winter before bury root winter protection technology, this technology is captured the ussurian grape of planting in the semiarid zone stripping that the back often occurs of surviving the winter effectively and is taken off this problem, is the core technology measure of guaranteeing that grape is on the spot survived the winter in semiarid zone safety;
2, change and repeatedly topdress, alleviated management difficulty and cost greatly to once topdressing;
3, use by technology of forming a complete and comprehensive system for collecting real estate fees such as flower thinning " appropriateness control output ", " control is rationally poured water ", " harvest in proper late ", improve the sugar content and the crushing juice rate of fruit significantly, reduced acid content, guaranteed high-quality cultivation target.(seeing the following form)
The ussurian grape kind compares at the fruit of different regions
Embodiment
Below the specific embodiment of the invention is described in further detail.
(1), the field is selected
A, environmental condition: the place of atmosphere pollution and irrigation water hidden danger is noted having away from Biochemie Gesellschaft m.b.H. (AU) A-6250 Kundl, Austria, urban sewage discharge mouth, brick field, traffic main artery etc. in the vineyard;
B, physical features: avoid the air channel, the multiple ground of natural the condition of a disaster such as hail band;
C, soil: select sand loam and chiltern chernozem, pH＜7.5.
(2), planting system is selected
A, posture: adopt single armed hedge frame, line-spacing 2-2.5m; Adopt pony set, line-spacing 3-4m;
B, field planting spacing in the rows: 0.6-1.0m;
C, training type: single climing or two climing imperial form trainings.
(3), build the garden
A, improve the soil: the ditch of improving the soil that digs dark 0.6m * wide 0.6-0.8m, to put topsoil soil and cubsoil branch during ditching, earlier put the thick corn stalk of 5-10cm at bottom of trench, spread a little urea thereon, backfill topsoil mellow soil, rotten broken organic matter, the farming fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed respectively account for 70%, 15%, 15% soil moved in to improve the original then, it is real to irrigate depositing in water at last, and heavy real groove face will be lower than about the 10cm of ground;
The selection of b, nursery stock:
At present, adopt grafting in the production, the scion of nursery stock slightly is greater than 0.4cm, and full bud more than 3 is arranged, and the root system stalwartness has 6 thick roots that above 20cm is long, and the grafting mouth will heal well;
C, field planting:
1) nursery stock is handled: soaked 24 hours with clear water earlier before planting, take out then and use 3-5 again
0Be lime sulfur or 1% copper-bath soak and carried out disinfection in 15-30 minute, cut the brown stain root and the part tip of a root at last, and it is stand-by to stay 2-3 full bud to cut the interposition fringe;
2) setting date and method: be the suitableeest setting date at the beginning of 5 months, dig the planting pit about dark 15cm * 30cm during field planting earlier, at the bottom application 5g left and right sides, cave biological phosphorus potassium bacterial manure, then root system is evenly distributed in the cave at the bottom of, divide secondary soil-covering to tread.The grafting mouth will be stayed on the earthing face, and the earthing face will be lower than more than the ditch end face 10cm, for the later stage bury do short be conigenous to take root allow some leeway.To irritate permeable after planting, soil the to be shown smooth groove face in back that dries in the shade, covering with plastic film is guided to scion outside the film, and puts with plastic film bag and to preserve moisture;
3) the body management is set in field planting then
The releasing bag of preserving moisture: after sprouting the tip and launching 1-2 sheet leaf, in time remove the bag of preserving moisture, carry out after being preferably at 3 o'clock in afternoon;
Decide the tip (climing): when young sprout launched 5-6 sheet leaf, approximately about 20cm, according to field planting spacing in the rows difference, the good young sprout of 1-2 the growing way and position of selecting and remain was decided climing, was anti-branch damage, and every strain can be stayed 1 preparation branch more;
Separate grafting mouth bondage film, Baconic; Early July, remove the bondage film of transferring interface, in ditch, insert the earthing about 8cm simultaneously, interface is trained, promote scion to take root;
Remove sublateral shoot, pinching: after the branches and tendrils elongation, the bondage of will in time putting on the shelf, the sublateral shoot erase all that young sprout 30cm sprouts at following place, above sublateral shoot stays the pinching repeatedly of 1-2 sheet leaf, main climing in early August pinching, send out sublateral shoot after the pinching again, except that one of front end stays 3-4 sheet leaf repeatedly the pinching, remaining stays the pinching of a slice leaf.
(4), soil management
A, clear ploughing: carry out artificial or weeding by machine in the garden, no weeds in the maintenance garden, annual pine turns over 2-3 time in the ditch, dark 10-15cm;
B, sward cover: plant the clover grass between in the ranks, cradle 2-3 every year, cuts the back and cover groove face and be covered with one deck thin soil on grass;
(5), fertilising
A, fertilization type, quantity: fertilising will be based on high-qualitys such as pig, sheep, fowl farming fertilizer, compounding application bio-bacterial manure and chemical fertilizer.Farming fertilizer limits the use of urban sewage and blowdown rubbish; Chemical fertilizer is forbidden chloride composite fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer.
Fertilizing amount will be appraised and decided according to the balance fertilizing principle in principle, and generally speaking, in the full bearing period, annual per hectare is executed the fertile 10-15T of high-quality farming, and urea 200kg, content respectively are 15% three element compound fertilizer 400-500kg, potassium sulphate 200kg, and earsh is taken the circumstances into consideration decrement.
B, fertilizing time and method
1) base manure: carry out after gathering, use the three element compound fertilizer of whole agricultural fertilizer and annual consumption 10%, fertilization depth is greater than 30cm;
2) topdress: after spring, soil thawed 20cm, disposable employed full vegetative period was with fertile;
3) foliar application: foliar application mainly is the supplement trace nutrient component, and commonly used have ferrous sulfate, zinc sulphate, boric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, a urea etc.Annual spend preceding, spend spray periods such as each week of back, fruit annesl front and back 3-4 time.Use single trace element of planting, compound concentration is at 0.1--0.5%, and macronutrient is no more than 2%, and using composite total concentration with must not surpass 3%.
(6), pour water
A, must pour water: April early and middle ten days the water of turning green; Short fruit water after bearing fruit, the winter protection water before freezing;
B, control are poured water: growth will be decided on soil moisture content according to the natural precipitation situation in season, when natural precipitation can satisfy the growth demand substantially, does not generally pour water; Secondary is poured water blanking time will be more than 10 days; Fruit harvesting will stop before 20 days pouring water;
(7), pruning
The training of no trunk dragon dry type is adopted in a, winter pruning, the fruit bearing shoot group is not stayed at the following place of 30cm apart from ground, be separated by on dragon does and stay a fruit bearing shoot group about 20cm, annual branch is generally stayed 2-3 bud cutting back. in carry out in the bigger place of disconnected bar of blind bud or space, long cane pruning, prune operation and in March, finish.
B, summer pruning
1) complicated and confused management: the principle of branches and tendrils management is to want the distribution of retainer face branches and tendrils well-balanced, no juxtaposition branch, and ventilation and penetrating light is good.Each fruit bearing shoot group is stayed and is decided 2-3 young sprout, and every linear meter master is climing to stay 10-12 young sprout.In sublateral shoot management, promptly to adhere to suitable little, should early prune off, note again can not intensity excessive, cause the functional leaf number low excessively, the stimulation hibernaculum sprouts.The treelet stage erases after generally will determining the bottom summer bud on the elongated shoot, and the middle front part sublateral shoot is stayed the pinching of 1-2 sheet leaf, leading shoot on August, pinching in the middle ten days.Fruit bearing shoot launches pinching after the 5-6 sheet before inflorescence, a sublateral shoot is sent out in the back only stays one of tip, continue after stay the pinching repeatedly of 2-3 sheet leaf.
2) flower thinning preface: ussurian grape is the coefficient height as a result, will remove the inflorescence on tardy branch, the weak branch after inflorescence fully demonstrates early, and it is cultivated into vegetative shoot.And give birth to inflorescence and surpass 2, every is only stayed 2 inflorescences.
(8), disease control
A, preventive measure
1) behind the annual fallen leaves, all to thoroughly clean the orchard before sprouting spring, spray 3-5 ° of Be lime sulfur, carry out the field sterilization.
2) 5-6 leaf phase spray 80% spray 600-800 times of liquid of gram or green newborn copper 800-1000 times liquid.
3) bear fruit after, every 10-15 days spray once green newborn copper 800 times of liquid.
B, treatment measure
The morbidity back uses the rich 500-600 times of liquid+800-1000 times of liquid of 70% first holder of broad-spectrum germicide 78% gram to treat.
(9), harvest in proper late
Generally can gather in mid-September, but the fruit pol increases obviously in the later week, can improve the 2-3 degree, it is more suitable to gather in late September.
(10), winter protection and releasing winter protection
The present invention reaches stock grafting seedling with shellfish and builds the garden, will cover the thick soil of 10-15cm after field planting is fallen leaves then on Valley of Vineyards, in case the stock root system endures cold, 1 year clear and bright removes later, take root certainly generate after winter protection again.
Claims (5)
1, a kind of method for non-polluted cultivation of amur ampelopsis stems, the concrete steps of this cultivation method comprise that the field is selected, planting system is selected, build garden, soil management, apply fertilizer, pour water, pruning, disease control, results, winter protection and releasing winter protection; It is characterized in that:
(1) described field is selected to comprise:
A, environmental condition: the place of atmosphere pollution and irrigation water hidden danger is noted having away from Biochemie Gesellschaft m.b.H. (AU) A-6250 Kundl, Austria, urban sewage discharge mouth, brick field, traffic main artery in the vineyard;
B, physical features: avoid the air channel, the multiple ground of hail band nature the condition of a disaster;
C, soil: select sand loam and chiltern chernozem, pH＜7.5;
(2) described planting system is selected to comprise:
A, posture: adopt single armed hedge frame, line-spacing 2-2.5m; Adopt pony set, line-spacing 3-4m;
B, field planting spacing in the rows: 0.6-1.0m;
C, training type: single climing or two climing imperial form trainings;
(3) the described garden of building comprises:
A, improve the soil: the ditch of improving the soil that digs dark 0.6m * wide 0.6-0.8m, to put topsoil soil and cubsoil branch during ditching, earlier put the thick corn stalk of 5-10cm at bottom of trench, spread a little urea thereon, backfill topsoil mellow soil, rotten broken organic matter, the farming fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed respectively account for 70%, 15%, 15% soil moved in to improve the original then, it is real to irrigate depositing in water at last, and heavy real groove face will be lower than about the 10cm of ground;
The selection of b, nursery stock:
Adopt grafting, the scion of nursery stock slightly is greater than 0.4cm, and full bud more than 3 is arranged, and the root system stalwartness has 6 thick roots that above 20cm is long, and the grafting mouth will heal well;
C, field planting:
1) nursery stock is handled: soaked 24 hours with clear water earlier before planting, taking-up is soaked with 3-5 ° of Be lime sulfur or 1% copper-bath and was carried out disinfection in 15-30 minute then, cuts the brown stain root and the part tip of a root at last, and it is stand-by to stay 2-3 full bud to cut the interposition fringe;
2) setting date and method: be the suitableeest setting date at the beginning of 5 months, dig the planting pit about dark 15cm * 30cm during field planting earlier, at the bottom application 5g left and right sides, cave biological phosphorus potassium bacterial manure, at the bottom of then root system being evenly distributed in the cave, divide secondary soil-covering to tread, the grafting mouth will be stayed on the earthing face, and the earthing face will be lower than more than the ditch end face 10cm, for the later stage bury do short be conigenous to take root allow some leeway, to irritate permeable after planting, smooth groove face after soil to be shown dries in the shade, covering with plastic film, scion is guided to outside the film, and put with plastic film bag and to preserve moisture;
3) the body management is set in field planting then:
The releasing bag of preserving moisture: after sprouting the tip and launching 1-2 sheet leaf, in time remove the bag of preserving moisture, carry out after being preferably at 3 o'clock in afternoon;
Decide the tip: when young sprout launched 5-6 sheet leaf, approximately about 20cm, according to field planting spacing in the rows difference, the good young sprout of 1-2 the growing way and position of selecting and remain was decided climing, was anti-branch damage, and every strain can be stayed 1 preparation branch more;
Separate grafting mouth bondage film, Baconic, early July, remove the bondage film of transferring interface, in ditch, insert the earthing about 8cm simultaneously, interface is trained, promote scion to take root;
Remove sublateral shoot, pinching: after the branches and tendrils elongation, the bondage of will in time putting on the shelf, the sublateral shoot erase all that young sprout 30cm sprouts at following place, above sublateral shoot stays the pinching repeatedly of 1-2 sheet leaf, main climing in early August pinching, send out sublateral shoot after the pinching again, except that one of front end stays 3-4 sheet leaf repeatedly the pinching, remaining stays the pinching of a slice leaf;
(4) described soil management:
A, clear ploughing: carry out artificial or weeding by machine in the garden, no weeds in the maintenance garden, annual pine turns over 2-3 time in the ditch, dark 10-15cm;
B, sward cover: plant the clover grass between in the ranks, cradle 2-3 every year, cuts the back and cover groove face and be covered with one deck thin soil on grass;
(5) described fertilising comprises:
A, fertilization type, quantity: fertilising will be with pig, sheep, fowl, and high-quality farming fertilizer is main, and compounding application bio-bacterial manure and chemical fertilizer, agricultural fertilizer limit the use of urban sewage and blowdown rubbish, and chemical fertilizer is forbidden chloride composite fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer;
Fertilizing amount will be appraised and decided according to the balance fertilizing principle in principle, and in the full bearing period, annual per hectare is executed the fertile 10-15T of high-quality farming, and urea 200kg, content respectively are 15% three element compound fertilizer 400-500kg, potassium sulphate 200kg, and earsh is taken the circumstances into consideration decrement;
B, fertilizing time and method
1) base manure: carry out after gathering, use the three element compound fertilizer of whole agricultural fertilizer and annual consumption 10%, fertilization depth is greater than 30cm;
2) topdress: after spring, soil thawed 20cm, disposable employed full vegetative period was with fertile;
3) foliar application: foliar application mainly is the supplement trace nutrient component, with ferrous sulfate, zinc sulphate, boric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, urea, annual spend preceding, spend each week of back, fruit annesl before and after period spray 3-4 time, use single trace element of planting, compound concentration is at 0.1--0.5%, macronutrient is no more than 2%, and using composite total concentration with must not surpass 3%;
(6) described pouring water:
A, must pour water: April early and middle ten days the water of turning green; Short fruit water after bearing fruit, the winter protection water before freezing;
B, control are poured water: growth will be decided on soil moisture content according to the natural precipitation situation in season.When natural precipitation can satisfy the growth demand substantially, generally not pour water, secondary is poured water blanking time will be more than 10 days, and fruit harvesting will stop before 20 days pouring water.
2, a kind of method for non-polluted cultivation of amur ampelopsis stems according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Described pruning comprises:
The training of no trunk dragon dry type is adopted in a, winter pruning, the fruit bearing shoot group is not stayed at the following place of 30cm apart from ground, be separated by on dragon does and stay a fruit bearing shoot group about 20cm, annual branch is generally stayed 2-3 bud cutting back, in carry out in the bigger place of disconnected bar of blind bud or space, long cane pruning, prune operation and in March, finish;
B, summer pruning
1) branches and tendrils management: the principle of branches and tendrils management is to want retainer face branches and tendrils to distribute well-balanced, no juxtaposition branch, ventilation and penetrating light is good, each fruit bearing shoot group is stayed and is decided 2-3 young sprout, every linear meter master is climing to stay 10-12 young sprout, in the sublateral shoot management, promptly to adhere to suitable little, should early prune off, note can not intensity excessively again, cause the functional leaf number low excessively, stimulate hibernaculum to sprout, the treelet stage erases after generally will determining the bottom summer bud on the elongated shoot, the middle front part sublateral shoot is stayed the pinching of 1-2 sheet leaf, and leading shoot is on August, pinching in the middle ten days, fruit bearing shoot launch the pinching later on of 5-6 sheet before inflorescence, a sublateral shoot is sent out in the back only stays one of tip, continue after stay the pinching repeatedly of 2-3 sheet leaf;
2) flower thinning preface: ussurian grape is the coefficient height as a result, will remove the inflorescence on tardy branch, the weak branch after inflorescence fully demonstrates early, it is cultivated into vegetative shoot, to give birth to inflorescence and surpass 2, and every is only stayed 2 inflorescences.
3, a kind of method for non-polluted cultivation of amur ampelopsis stems according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Described disease control comprises:
A, preventive measure
1) behind the annual fallen leaves, all to thoroughly clean the orchard before sprouting spring, spray 3-5 ° of Be lime sulfur, carry out the field sterilization;
2) 5-6 leaf phase spray 80% spray 600-800 times of liquid of gram or green newborn copper 800-1000 times liquid;
3) bear fruit after, every 10-15 days spray once green newborn copper 800 times of liquid;
B, treatment measure
The morbidity back uses the rich 500-600 times of liquid+800-1000 times of liquid of 70% first holder of broad-spectrum germicide 78% gram to treat.
4, a kind of method for non-polluted cultivation of amur ampelopsis stems according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Described harvest in proper late
Can gather in mid-September, but the fruit pol increases obviously in the later week, can improve the 2-3 degree, it is more suitable to gather in late September.
5, a kind of method for non-polluted cultivation of amur ampelopsis stems according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Described winter protection and releasing winter protection
After falling leaves then, field planting on Valley of Vineyards, cover the thick soil of 10-15cm, in case the stock root system is endured cold clear and bright removing later in 1 year, winter protection again after the generation of taking root certainly.
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