CN101184453B - 血流控制装置 - Google Patents

血流控制装置 Download PDF

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CN101184453B
CN101184453B CN200680013256XA CN200680013256A CN101184453B CN 101184453 B CN101184453 B CN 101184453B CN 200680013256X A CN200680013256X A CN 200680013256XA CN 200680013256 A CN200680013256 A CN 200680013256A CN 101184453 B CN101184453 B CN 101184453B
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valve
blood flow
valve mechanism
anchoring
heart
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CN101184453A (zh
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J·O·索勒姆
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Edwards Lifesciences AG
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    • A61F2/246Devices for obstructing a leak through a native valve in a closed condition
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种构造成能够植入病人血液循环系统中的血流控制装置,其包括锚固机构和瓣膜机构,该锚固机构设置成能够将装置固定于血液循环系统中的适当位置,而该瓣膜机构则连接到锚固机构。该瓣膜机构构造成能够设置于血液循环系统内,且能够在横向于血流的方向延伸,以在插入血液循环系统时,使之能够与自体组织相接触。瓣膜机构进一步构造成在暴露于沿所允许方向流动的血流时,能够释放开所述接触。

Description

血流控制装置
相关专利申请的交叉引用
本发明要求于2005年4月27日提交的、瑞典专利申请号为No.0500891-7的专利申请的优选权,其全部公开内容通过引用结合于本文中。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种构造成能够植入病人血液循环系统内的血流控制装置,同时还涉及一种用于治疗周漏心脏瓣膜(leaking heart valve)的方法。
发明背景
心脏瓣膜疾病是一种很常见的疾病。世界上每年有50万人患上心脏瓣膜疾病。其中的200,000人由于病重而无法医治,但其余的病人还是可以被治疗的。目前,心脏瓣膜疾病的治疗术包含心脏瓣膜修复或心脏瓣膜置换。两种方法都需要进行心内直视手术(open-heartsurgery),这需要使用完全心肺转流术(cardiopulmonary by-pass)、主动脉阻断(aortic cross-clamping)和心搏骤停(arrest of the heart)。对于某些类型的病人而而言,心内直视手术是特别危险的。所以一般认为,用于心脏瓣膜修复的更少创伤式的方法是很有益处的。
瓣膜闭合不全(heart valve insufficiency)可能由瓣环(valve annulus)扩张引起,其中心脏瓣膜的瓣叶(leaflet)相互移开,使得接合区域减小或消失。接合区域是指心脏瓣膜的瓣叶相互贴靠的区域,从而能够充分闭合瓣膜开口(valve opening)。由此,瓣叶之间存在的间隙或不完整的接合区域会在瓣膜中产生周漏。
在美国专利No.6,210,432中,提出了用以治疗瓣膜闭合不全的更少创伤式的方法。其中介绍的用以治疗二尖瓣不全的方法不需要使用心肺转流术及开启胸腔和心脏。该方法使用这样的一种装置,其包括具有能够插入冠状窦(coronary sinus)内的细长体,冠状窦是基本环绕二尖瓣口(mitral orifice)和环体,且能把血液从心肌(myocardium)排到右心房的静脉。细长体具有两种状态,在其中第一状态中,细长体具有与冠状窦形状相适应的形状,而对于第二种状态而言,细长体由所述第一状态减小曲率半径转换而来。从而,冠状窦的曲率半径就减少了。由于冠状窦环绕着二尖瓣环,冠状窦曲率的半径以及二尖瓣环(mitral annulus)的环状面(circumference)由于冠状窦半径的减小而减小了。因此,上述方法利用了冠状窦的位置靠近二尖瓣环的优点,这使得可以通过目前的导管引导技术(catheter-guidedtechnique)来实现修复。然而,上述方法只对那些由于瓣环扩张而引起瓣膜周漏(valvular leak)的病变瓣膜有效。
对于脱垂瓣叶(prolapsing leaflet)而言,基于导管的方法出现在这样的情况下,其中二尖瓣的两片瓣叶通过细丝(thread)(由美国EdwardsLifesciences Corporation of Irvine公司提供的经皮肤的缘-缘系统(Edge-to-Edge))或小夹(夹子)(由美国Evalve公司提供的Evalve系统)相互附着,其中在瓣膜中会产生类似蝴蝶领结形的双开口。
如果这些方法不奏效,瓣膜就需要被置换。由Percutaneous ValveTechnologies公司开发的心脏瓣膜的经皮肤置换(percutaneousreplacement)可用于主动脉和肺动脉瓣中,这家公司现在的拥有者是Edwards Lifesciences Corporation公司和法国公司Core Valve S.A.ofParis。美国公司NuMED,Inc.Of New York发表了由Bonhoeffer博士设计的瓣膜,其用于肺动脉瓣位置中的足底。在所有这些装置中,带有三尖端的普通人类瓣膜的复制品由经戊二醛处理过的腓肠(calf)或马的围心腔组织或牛颈静脉组织缝合而来,并安装在支架中。来自Edwards Lifesciences和NuMED的支架由不锈钢制成,并需要由气囊扩张,而来自CoreValve公司的瓣膜则安装于镍钛合金的自膨式支架内。来自Edwards Lifesciences、NuMED和CoreValve的这些装置在下文中将表示为带支架式瓣膜。带支架式瓣膜(stented valve)放置于预期需要置换和扩张的瓣膜位置,从而推动开瓣叶和任何钙化组织,从而完全省去了瓣膜瓣叶的功能。然而,带支架式瓣膜只能用于圆形口中(比如肺动脉瓣和主动脉瓣中)。
对于二尖瓣和三尖瓣而言,目前还没有人工瓣膜可以用于经皮肤的置换。还没有可利用于三尖瓣和二尖瓣位置中经皮肤植入的瓣膜的主要原因在于,瓣环是椭圆形的,在病变二尖瓣的情况下,瓣膜开口具有类似槽的形状,而在病变三尖瓣的情况下,其具有三角形形状。已知的带支架式瓣膜固定到瓣环(valve annulus),这借助于支架和瓣膜开口周围组织间的压力所引起的摩擦而实现。如果把带有圆形周缘的已知带支架式瓣膜引入到具有类似槽形的周漏区域(leaking area)的椭圆形二尖瓣环中,就会在植入装置和环体之间出现能引起严重周漏的敞口区域,这被称作室旁瓣膜周漏(paravalvularleak)。另外,由于组织太软而不能实现三尖瓣口和二尖瓣口中的良好固定。进一步,如果把已知的带支架式瓣膜引入二尖瓣口中,会引起主动脉瓣的阻塞和外流。
已知的带支架式瓣膜也限制了肺动脉瓣的使用。由于已知的带支架式瓣膜不允许瓣环的生长,所以这些带支架式瓣膜不适于植入到小孩或青少年身体中。然而,已知的带支架式瓣膜最严重的缺点在于,植入前安装到输送系统(delivery system)中时装置的尺寸大小。在支架内安装瓣膜会产生很大直径的装置导管。目前的装置为7mm至9mm直径,考虑到导管是通过脉管刺穿孔(puncture hole)引入的,这已经是很大的直径了,这些脉管通过皮肤,并且有时通过严重钙化的脉管而导引到目标区域,其中大部分脉管具有和装置相同的尺寸大小。这种装置的直径由支架和瓣膜各占一半而引起,其是各为3-4mm厚。
发明概述
本发明的目的在于,提供一种用于治疗周漏心脏瓣膜的装置和方法,其可以实现任何心脏瓣膜的治疗。本发明进一步的目的在于,提供一种不需要进行开心手术或心脏停止就能使用的装置和方法。
本发明的这些及其它目的,由根据独立权利要求的血流控制装置和方法来实现。
因此,本发明提供了一种构造成能够植入病人血液循环系统内的血流控制装置。该装置包括锚固机构(其设置成可以把装置固定在血液循环系统中的适当位置)和瓣膜机构(其连接到锚固机构)。瓣膜机构构造成可以设置于血液循环系统内,且被构造成可以在横向于血流的方向延伸,以便在被插入血液循环系统中时与自体组织(nativetissue)相接触。瓣膜机构进一步构造成在暴露沿着所允许方向流动的血流中时,能够释放所述接触。
根据本发明的血流控制装置用于治疗周漏心脏瓣膜是很有优势的。装置的瓣膜机构设置成可以与周围组织相接触,以用于闭合瓣膜,并且能够释放接触,用以开启瓣膜。瓣膜机构设置成能够接触心脏瓣膜组织,比如瓣叶组织。在与瓣叶接触时,就建立了瓣膜机构和自体瓣叶之间的接合区域。在接合区域中,可以阻止通过瓣膜的回流。因此,在心脏瓣膜开口中引入瓣膜机构,就引入了另外的可以与自体瓣膜瓣叶协作的瓣叶。因此,就开发出了根据全新理念(保留病变自体瓣膜的瓣叶,并利用其剩余功能)的装置。
瓣膜机构构造成可以接触接合区域中的组织,从而使瓣膜机构密封贴靠自体组织,以在瓣膜机构在横向于血流的方向延伸时,防止血流通过瓣膜机构。
瓣膜机构构造成可以在横向于血流的方向延伸的特征,可以解释为,瓣膜机构是可以移动的,以在横向于血流的方向增加其延伸,而并非一定指瓣膜机构完全在此方向延伸。因此,瓣膜机构能够在闭合状态和开启状态间移动,在闭合状态中,其在横向于血流的方向充分延伸,以防止血流通过瓣膜机构,而在开启状态中,其主要在沿血流方向延伸。
进一步,瓣膜机构可以是超尺寸的,以使在横向于血流的方向延伸时,能够把瓣膜机构设置成与自体组织交迭。这会加强瓣膜机构和组织之间的密封。
由于瓣膜机构设置成可以通过接触和交迭自体瓣膜组织而闭合回流心脏瓣膜(regurgitating heart valve)中的周漏,这种装置就可以应用于任何尺寸大小和形状的瓣膜。事实上,装置的瓣膜机构能够超出尺寸一定距离,以弥补自体瓣叶的持续退化和收缩,这可能发生在(尤其是)风湿性心脏疾病中。同样的,在被植入到孩童或还在生长的青少年中时,超尺寸的瓣膜机构将允许自体脉管或瓣膜的生长。
尽管上述装置介绍为与瓣膜组织协作运行,可以设想,备选地,该装置也可以设置成,使瓣膜机构接触到插入脉管的内壁,以在脉管内引入瓣膜功能(valve function)。
装置可以适当地通过血管系统插入到身体中,并被推进到心脏或靠近心脏的大脉管(great vessel),随后在自体心脏瓣膜中或在其附近展开,以用于治疗心脏瓣膜中的任何周漏。因此,就没有必要开启胸腔,使心脏停止或用高级或苛求的方法来切开或治疗自体瓣膜组织。
瓣膜机构可以具有接触面,其包括与自体组织接触的接触区域,其中接触面设置成从允许方向延伸到(例如)面向血流。因此,来自允许方向的血流会撞击接触面,这样就提供了施加到瓣膜机构上的力。这会按压瓣膜机构以释放与组织的接触,并允许血流通过。
该装置进一步包括分隔部,以在锚固机构和瓣膜机构之间提供一定距离。分隔部可以设置成细长连接机构的形式,其连接锚固机构到瓣膜机构,并提供锚固机构和瓣膜机构之间的轴向间隔。从而,装置分离开了瓣膜机构和锚固机构,从而提供了较小直径的装置,这是因为锚固机构的直径没有叠加到瓣膜机构的直径上。装置的直径可以典型地为3-4毫米。这对于装置的引入是很有用的,因为它可以通过较小刺穿孔而引入身体内。这使得外科手术具有更少创伤性。进一步,锚固机构不会设置在自体瓣膜的开口中,从而允许了更大的瓣膜开口,并促进血流从瓣膜通过。
瓣膜机构可以附接到连接机构,以在横向方向朝着连接机构延伸。这意味着,在被植入病人身体时,瓣膜机构具有接触瓣膜瓣叶或管壁的固有趋势。然后,需要在瓣膜机构上施加力,以防止在横向方向延伸。这种力可以在允许方向由血流提供。结果是,允许前向方向血流和阻止后向方向血流的瓣膜机构功能,可以由固有趋势来实现。因此,不需要为了获得这种功能而对瓣膜机构进行外部控制。事实上,瓣膜机构可以设置成,使后向方向的血流向着自体心脏瓣膜瓣或管壁推动瓣膜机构,以使之接触瓣膜瓣叶或管壁。因此,回流最初可以帮助瓣膜机构在横向方向延伸。
瓣膜机构可以设置于连接机构上。根据一个实施例,瓣膜机构设置成对称地围绕着连接机构。这意味着,瓣膜机构将会完全围绕连接机构的周缘而起作用,以便贴靠自体瓣膜瓣叶或管壁。结果是,连接机构和锚固机构的放置,对于确保瓣膜机构完全密封(借助在其整个周缘接触自体瓣膜瓣叶或管壁而实现)通过瓣膜或脉管的血流变的不是很关键的。进一步,如上所述,瓣膜机构可以超出尺寸,以使瓣膜机构的直径(在横向于连接机构延伸时)大于漏过血液的周漏,或要大于放置瓣膜机构的脉管的直径。在瓣膜机构与管壁接触时,甚至在连接机构不是很准确地中心放置于瓣膜或脉管中时,这可以确保瓣膜机构适当地密封脉管。然而,装置也可以设计成,使至少部分连接机构是挠性的,并允许瓣膜机构将其自身置于血流的中央。
在其开启状态,瓣膜机构可以构造成,在血流方向具有比开启状态的自体瓣膜更大的延伸。这意味着,瓣膜机构可以设置成,能够到达并接触延伸到异常位置的自体瓣膜瓣叶。这可以确保实现向心房脱垂的自体瓣膜区域(这种情况经常发生在冗余自体瓣膜物质的疾病中)的接合。同样,也可以实现与由变短的腱索(shortened chordaetendinae)所限制的瓣叶的接合。
瓣膜机构可以包括瓣片(flap),其可在开启位置和闭合位置间移动,在开启位置中,它沿连接机构延伸,而在闭合位置中,它在横向于连接机构的方向延伸开。
瓣片可以包括附接端,其在连接机构的纵向位置中形成瓣片到连接机构的附接。瓣片可以进一步包括接触端,其设置成可以接触自体组织。瓣片可以绞链式地围绕其开启位置和闭合位置间的附接位置移动,在闭合位置接触端与组织接触。
接触端可以通过控制线连接到连接机构。控制线可以防止瓣片翻转而沿连接机构在相反纵向延伸。如果瓣片翻转,就不会发生与自体瓣膜或管壁的接触,从而血液会通过瓣膜机构反流。
瓣片可以形成到连接机构的附接,并沿连接机构纵向延伸。这样,瓣片会具有到连接机构的可靠附接,并可以避免对于用于防止瓣片翻转的控制线的需求。
瓣膜机构到自体瓣膜瓣叶或管壁的密封可以通过各种实施例来实现。在一个实施例中,瓣片围绕着连接机构的整个周缘延伸。瓣片可以是同质的或包括若干子部分,其形成类似伞或降落伞的形状。
在另一实施例中,瓣膜机构包括若干瓣片。瓣片可以相互交迭,以在延伸以接触自体瓣膜瓣叶或管壁时,适当地密封瓣膜或脉管。因此,就不允许瓣片之间的回流。作为可选方案,相邻瓣片可以相互紧密接触,以防止瓣片之间的周漏。
可以在附接到连接机构端加强瓣片。加强基部可以用于防止瓣片翻转。
瓣片或多片瓣片可以优选地由生物组织制成,比如由戊二醛或类似溶液处理过的动物组织。该动物组织可以来源于心脏瓣膜、血管或心包组织(pericardial tissue),其通常用于生产人造生物心脏瓣膜。然而备选地,瓣片也可以由合成材料制成,例如由聚氨酯(polyurethane)、聚乙烯(polyvinyl)或聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)制成,或由形状记忆材料制成,例如由镍钛合金或形状记忆聚合物制成。
该血流控制装置的一个优点在于,用于在血液循环系统中固定装置于适当位置的锚固机构。该锚固机构防止瓣膜机构迁移出心脏瓣膜或脉管内的正确位置。在心律收缩期间,心室和心房间为高压力梯度,在心律舒张期间,主动脉和左心室间、肺动脉和右心室间为高压力梯度。因此,需要装置牢固固定,以避免瓣膜机构的迁移。
依赖于锚固机构的固定位置,瓣膜机构可以设置于锚固机构的侧部上,以使容许的血流可以从锚固机构引导到瓣膜机构,或反之亦然。
进一步,依赖于位于病人血液循环系统中的固定位置,具有许多种锚固机构的实施例。瓣膜机构可以设置成,放置于二尖瓣、三尖瓣、肺动脉瓣或主动脉瓣处。因此,装置可以用于治疗任一瓣膜中的周漏。或者瓣膜机构可以设置于动脉管(arterial vessel)或静脉管(venous vessel)中,以把瓣膜功能引入动脉或静脉中,其可以取代病变的心脏瓣膜的功能。锚固机构可以设置成能够接合动脉管壁(arterialvessel wall)、静脉管壁(venous vessel wall)、房间隔(atrial septum)、室间肌肉间隔(interventricular muscular septum)、肌肉心室壁(muscularventricular wall)或心房壁(atrial wall)。锚固机构固定于适于放置瓣膜机构的适当位置。
锚固机构可以包括用于接合壁组织的扩展式元件。这意味着,锚固机构通过紧固装置于壁组织而固定装置的位置。扩展式元件可以是管状的。这样,锚固机构就可以用于固定装置于脉管壁上适当位置,这通过沿着管状元件的整个周缘接合管壁而实现。锚固机构可以设置成能够固定装置的位置于心脏中或相邻心脏的脉管上,其中瓣膜机构设置在反流心脏瓣膜(regurgitating heart valve)中。扩展式元件可以是支架,其从支杆网形成管道。扩展式元件可以是传统的血管支架(vascular stent),其通常用于在血管疾病的扩张治疗期间支持管壁。
连接机构附接到锚固机构,以用于连接瓣膜机构到锚固机构。连接机构可以(例如)连接到锚固机构任一端,例如通过锚固机构向着瓣膜机构延伸,或作为从锚固机构向着瓣膜机构的延伸部。连接机构可以被附接到一个或多个(优选地为两个)的支架支杆(stent strut)。优选地,附接是支杆材料到连接机构内的无缝延续。如果锚固机构和连接机构是由相同片材料构建的话,可以实现这种附接,例如通过激光切割(laser cutting)。否则,附接就需要通过焊接实现。
扩展式元件可以备选地包括,设置成能够与心房壁相对侧接合的多个弹簧件。因此,锚固机构可以通过接合心房的相对壁而固定到心房内的适当位置。
在可选实施例中,锚固机构包括圆盘状元件,其设置成能够用于接合组织壁。在这个实施例中,瓣膜机构和锚固机构的圆盘状元件设置于组织壁的相对侧上,而连接机构则延伸通过组织壁。该位置通过圆盘状的元件邻接并接合组织壁而固定。
该锚固机构可以包括另一圆盘状元件,其中圆盘状元件由贯穿部分连接,以用于接合组织壁的相对侧部。在这个实施例中,圆盘状元件通过邻接和接合组织壁的相对侧部而固定装置于适当位置。
包括一个或多个圆盘状元件的锚固机构可以用于固定到(例如)房间隔(interatrial septum)或另一心壁,其中瓣膜机构设置于二尖瓣或三尖瓣中。
根据另外的实施例,锚固机构包括钩子,其设置成用于穿透壁组织。这种锚固机构也可以用于固定到(例如)房间隔或另一心壁,其中瓣膜机构设置于二尖瓣或三尖瓣中。
根据另一可选实施例,锚固机构包括多个设置成用来接合腱索的臂状部。根据又一个可选实施例,锚固机构包括设置成用来接合乳头肌的夹子。锚固机构的这些施例也可以用来固定(例如)房间隔或另一心壁,其中瓣膜机构设置于二尖瓣或三尖瓣中。
锚固机构可以由形状记忆材料制成,比如由镍钛诺或形状记忆聚合物制成。这意味着,锚固机构可以是自膨式的,以便呈现其预设计形状。然而,也可以使用通常的不锈钢、不锈钢弹簧钢或任何其它的金属。优选地,连接机构由与锚固机构相似的材料制成。
装置可以包括从锚固机构向不同方向延伸的两个连接机构,其中瓣膜机构附接到各连接机构上。然后,装置可以同时地治疗身体中的两个疾病处。例如,装置可以设置成能够使一个瓣膜机构放置于二尖瓣中,而一个瓣膜机构则放置于三尖瓣中,用以同时治疗这些瓣膜。锚固机构可以包括两个圆盘状元件,其设置成能够接合房间隔或室间隔的相对侧,并且连接机构可以相应地在不同方向从锚固机构向二尖瓣和三尖瓣延伸。
连接机构可以设置成能够在血液循环系统中呈现预定形状。在这种情况下,连接机构可以由形状记忆材料(例如镍钛诺)制成,这允许连接机构在插入期间是直的,然后可以恢复到预定义的弯曲形状,其正好配合计算出来的从固定点到瓣膜机构的准确位置的路径。这方便了装置在血液循环系统中的插入和放置。
在可选实施例中,连接机构包括顺序设置的多个部段,其中相邻部段之间的相互关系是受控的。这意味着,通过使部段能够挠性地相对移动,连接机构可以设计成很挠性的方式。因此,连接机构可以(例如)允许操作者使用它,以把瓣膜机构置于由自体瓣膜中的周漏而产生的血流的中心。
连接机构可以进一步包括锁定构造,用以锁定相邻部段的相互位置。因此,在放置入适当位置中时,然后各部段可以相互锁定,以使连接机构的形状固定,并且因此而锁定瓣膜机构的位置。锁定构造可以包括设置成延伸通过连续部段的引张线。该线可以在引张力作用下锁定,以用于固定连接机构的形状。锁定构造可以进一步包括抽头,用于接合引张线,以锁定通过连续部段的引张线的形状。因此,抽头在引张力作用下锁定了连接机构的形状。
连接机构可以具有用于容纳导丝的纵向槽或通道。连接机构可以是(例如)管状的或U形的,以允许导丝通过连接机构。这意味着,连接机构可以通过在导丝上滑动而引入病人体内。
连接机构可以进一步包括去接合机构,用以从锚固机构释放瓣膜机构。这意味着,可能随着时间而失去其治疗功效的瓣膜机构,可以在不需要替换整个装置的情况下而被置换。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了用于控制病人血液循环系统中的血流的成套工具。该成套工具包括如上所述的血流控制装置和用于运送血流控制装置到血液循环系统中的所希望位置的输送系统。
该成套工具可以提供准备把血流控制装置引入到病人体内的外科医生一个工具包。因此,该成套工具同时提供了可以用于治疗病人的植入装置和可以用于插入植入装置的输送系统。
在贮存期间,血流控制装置的锚固机构可以安装在输送系统中,然而,血流控制装置的瓣膜机构也可以安装在带有适当贮存流体的容器中。如果瓣膜机构是由生物的材料制成的,就需要把它贮存在贮存流体中,以使其不至于在贮存期间发生损坏。瓣膜机构可以设置成,刚好在插入病人体内前,使操作者能够拉动瓣膜机构到输送系统内。
在贮存期间,瓣膜机构可以从锚固机构脱离。这意味着,瓣膜机构能够贮存在单独的容器中,并且可以在将要插入病人体内前,附接到血流控制装置的其余部分。
成套工具可以进一步包括,用于把输送系统通过病人的血管系统插入到所希望位置的导丝。输送系统也可以包括导引导管,其设置成能够在导丝上被推动到所希望的位置。因此,血流控制装置可以通过病人血管系统插入到所希望的位置。
根据本发明的方面,提供了一种用于控制病人血液循环系统中的血流的方法。该方法包括把人工瓣膜机构插入到血液循环系统中所希望的位置;设置人工瓣膜机构于所希望的位置,以使瓣膜机构在横向于血流的方向延伸,用于接触心脏瓣膜组织或管壁组织,在暴露于允许方向的血流时,瓣膜机构释放所述接触;并且通过附接锚固机构于血液循环系统中,从而固定人工瓣膜机构于适当位置,所述锚固机构以离开人工瓣膜机构的一定轴向距离,连接到人工瓣膜机构。因此,植入的人工瓣膜机构可以阻止周漏心脏瓣膜中的回流,并只允许瓣膜中的前向流。锚固机构可以设置成离开瓣膜机构一定的轴向距离,此距离由细长分隔部提供。从而,使瓣膜机构与锚固机构间隔开,以允许通过较小直径插入血液循环系统内,这是由于锚固机构的直径没有重叠到瓣膜机构的直径上。
插入步骤可以借助于导管而实现通过血管系统。根据此方法,借助于插入通过病人血管系统的器具,瓣膜机构可以插入并固定,这就提供了小创伤治疗方法,其只需要对皮肤进行针穿刺,从而在不需要外科手术或麻醉的情况下接触血管系统。这种到血管系统的接触可以通过病人的静脉系统或动脉系统而实现。
作为可选方案,瓣膜机构可以通过自胸腔外部的小外科入路而插入和固定,瓣膜机构进入心包空间,并使装置插入通过心室壁或心房壁,这通过直接视觉导引和/或X光和超声成像导引。
作为另一可选方案,瓣膜机构可以胸腔镜式插入和固定,这需要借助于内诊镜或外科机器人,使用自胸腔外部的入口,进入心包空间并将装置插入使其通过心室壁或心房壁,这通过借助内诊镜或机器人器具的视觉导引来实现。
附图说明
下面,将参考附图并通过示例的方式对本发明作进一步的详细介绍。
图1是常规解剖学中的心脏部分剖面图。
图2a是根据本发明第一实施例的血流控制装置的示意图,其中,该装置的瓣膜机构处于开启状态,以允许血流通过。
图2b是根据本发明第一实施例的血流控制装置的示意图,其中装置的瓣膜机构处于闭合状态,以阻止血流通过。
图2c显示了扩展状态和压缩状态中的血流控制装置的不同剖面图。
图3a-3d是血流控制装置的示意图,其显示了用于锚固装置的扩展元件的不同实施例。
图4a-4f是血流控制装置的示意图,其显示了锚固机构的其它实施例。
图4g是包括两个锚固机构的血流控制装置的示意图。
图5a-i是血流控制装置的连接机构的示意图。
图5j是能够把瓣膜机构从锚固机构分离的连接机构的示意图。
图6a-c是血流控制装置的瓣膜机构的不同实施例的示意图。
图7a-f所示为瓣膜机构的另外的实施例。
图8a-f是二尖瓣的示意图,指示了根据本发明的血流控制装置的瓣膜机构被插入,以用于治疗二尖瓣中的周漏。
图9a-c是三尖瓣的示意图,指示了根据本发明的血流控制装置的瓣膜机构被插入,以用于治疗三尖瓣中的周漏。
图10a-c显示了血流控制装置被插入主动脉中,以用于治疗周漏主动脉瓣。
图11a-d显示了被插入到肺动脉中的血流控制装置的不同实施例。
图12显示了插入到上腔静脉和下腔静脉中的血流控制装置。
图13a-k是心脏的示意图,所示的是血流控制装置被相应地插入二尖瓣和三尖瓣中的不同实施例。
图14a-h是显示了运送和释放血流控制装置的输送系统的示意图。
图15a-20e是显示了用于把血流控制装置插入病人体内的方法的示意图。
优选实施例的详细描述
参考图1,将会介绍普通解剖学中的心脏1。血液引导通过上腔静脉2和下腔静脉4进入心脏1的右心房6。三尖瓣8控制右心房6和右心室15间的血流。在血液从右心室15向着肺泵出时,三尖瓣8是关闭的。在此期间,血液注入右心房6内。接着,三尖瓣8打开,以把来自右心房6血液注入右心室15。三尖瓣8瓣叶的自由缘通过腱索10连接到乳头肌12,以用于控制三尖瓣8的运动。来自右心室15的血液被泵出通过肺动脉瓣20到达肺动脉22,肺动脉22分支成到达各肺叶的动脉。来自肺的血液被引导通过肺静脉28进入心脏1的左心房26。二尖瓣30控制左心房26和左心室17之间的血流。在血液从左心室17向着主动脉34和身体动脉泵出时,二尖瓣30是关闭的。在此期间,血液注入左心房26。接着,二尖瓣30打开,以把来自左心房26的血液注入左心室17。二尖瓣30瓣叶的自由缘通过腱索11连接到乳头肌13,以用于控制二尖瓣30的运动。来自左心室17的血液被泵出通过主动脉瓣32进入主动脉34,主动脉34分支成通向身体各部分的动脉。
心脏1的功能可能由于任何心脏瓣膜不能正常工作而被削弱。心脏瓣膜可能失去其正常闭合的能力,这可能是由(例如)围绕瓣膜或瓣叶的环体的扩张而引起,此时瓣叶因软弱而导致瓣叶脱垂。瓣叶也可能会由于疾病(例如风湿性疾病)而萎缩,并且因此在瓣叶间的瓣膜中留下间隙。心脏瓣膜无力闭合会导致通过瓣膜的后向周漏,这就是所谓的反流,因此心脏1的功能会被削弱,这是由于更多的血液不得不泵出通过反流瓣膜。
现在来参考图2a-2c,将简要介绍可以用于治疗反流心脏瓣膜的装置42。装置42设置成能够植入病人体内,以提供永久的或至少是长期的治疗。该装置42包括瓣膜机构52,瓣膜机构52可以在图2a所示的开启状态和图2b所示的闭合状态间转换,在开启状态进,允许血流通过瓣膜机构52,而在闭合状态时,则会阻止血流通过瓣膜机构52。在其闭合状态,瓣膜机构52设置成能够接触围绕组织,以密封血流路径。如图2a-b所示,瓣膜机构52在闭合状态中具有比开启状态时更大的径向延伸,以与组织接触。在其开启状态,瓣膜机构52将释放接触,以允许血流,其中瓣膜机构52在其开启状态将设置于血流路径内。下面将参考图6-7来对瓣膜机构52的不同实施例做进一步详细介绍。
装置42进一步包括锚固机构54。锚固机构54设置成能够在病人体中固定装置42于适当的位置。锚固机构54设置成能够接合组织,以用于固定装置42于适当位置。在下文将参考图3-4,将会进一步详细介绍锚固机构54的不同实施例。
该装置42进一步包括把瓣膜机构52连接到锚固机构54的连接机构46。连接机构46在锚固机构54和瓣膜机构52之间提供了间隔。这意味着,装置42可以设置成细长形状,并可以设置成较小直径。由于装置42可以通过较小的创口插入,这会方便把装置42插入病人体内。在图2c中,在装置42侧视图下,所示是锚固机构54处和瓣膜机构52中两个位置处的装置42的剖面图。植入时的装置42的剖面图也示意在装置42的视图下。在下文中,显示了在插入时收缩的装置42的剖面图。瓣膜机构52和锚固机构54顺序地插入,因此,该装置的直径并非是瓣膜机构52的直径和锚固机构54的直径的叠加。取而代之的是,装置42可以收缩到如图2c中所示的很小直径。进一步,连接机构46提供了通过锚固机构54固定瓣膜机构52于适当位置的可能性,锚固机构54能够接合所希望的瓣膜机构52位置附近的适当位置。锚固机构54并非旨在接合瓣膜机构52的精确定位处的组织。连接机构46也提供了附接瓣膜机构52的表面或位置。
装置42设置成能够以很小的创口方式插入病人体内。该装置42可以用内窥镜方式通过较小直径插入,或借助于基于导管的技术通过病人的血管系统引导。在后一种情况下,装置42可以通过(例如)病人腹股沟或脖子中的穿刺而引入血管系统。装置42可以在插入期间保持收缩状态,用以使装置42的直径尽可能小。进一步,装置42可以包括用以容纳通过装置42的导丝的通道或槽,这样的话,装置42可以在导丝上滑动引导到准确位置。
现在来参考图3-4,将会介绍锚固机构的不同实施例。锚固机构可以用能够接合组织以固定装置于适当位置的任何方式实现。因此,锚固机构可以包括钩子、倒钩、长钉或用于接合或者(部分或完全地)穿透组织部分的任何其它机构。锚固机构也可以备选地包括设置成能够接触组织部分以固定位置的元件。这种元件可以实现成管状或类似环的形式,用以接合血液循环系统中的结构的内壁,比如管壁或心房壁。该元件接合内壁以产生沿元件周缘的接触。优选地,该元件通过其内部力量扩展半径而向着内壁推进。锚固机构可以(作为另外的可选方案)设置成能够在通向瓣膜机构位置的组织壁的相对侧处接触组织部分。因此,锚固机构可以形成与组织部分接触面,其大于通过组织部分的穿透孔,以用于固定装置于适当位置。
如图3a-c中所示,锚固机构54可以包括管状的扩展式元件55,其设置成能够沿其周缘与血液管壁接触。管状的元件55可以是支架。支架55可以是自膨式的,并具有内部力以扩展到与管壁接触。或者,支架55可以通过外部力而扩展,比如通过来自支架55内部的气囊的胀大而扩展。支架55可以由细丝或支杆形成,细丝或支杆形构成曲折图案。支架55能够以具有较小半径的收缩形状插入病人体内,并在放置到所希望的位置时扩展。如图3a中所示,连接机构46分支成两个臂状部58,其附接到支架55的直径相对侧。如图3b中所示,备选地,连接机构146可以分支成两个臂状部158,其附接到支架55的支杆,该支杆相互靠近或直接相互相邻。进一步,如图3c中所示,连接机构246可以设置成呈现出预弯曲形状,以提供锚固机构54和瓣膜机构52之间的连接,即锚固机构54和瓣膜机构52在病人体内不是放置成线形。或者备选地,连接机构246可以是挠性的,以能够施加力而使之在病人体内形成所希望的形状,比如通过使用(例如)预成形的导管。作为进一步的可选方案,连接机构246可以是挠性的,以使连接机构246置于其所在的血流中心。
如图3d中所示,备选地,锚固机构154可以包括多根细丝或支杆155,其可以回弹或类似弹簧,以使其具有呈现某种形状的固有趋势,这种形状下其在细丝155的相当大长度上接触心房内壁。细丝155可以是椭圆形的或圆形的,用以接触心房壁。锚固机构154可以包括多根细丝155,以产生与心房壁的较大接触区域。细丝155可以对称地分布,以实现心房壁内的对称接触。
在图3a-d中,锚固机构设置在瓣膜机构的″流入″侧,这就是说,瓣膜机构允许来自锚固机构方向的血流通过瓣膜机构。当瓣膜机构设置在二尖瓣或三尖瓣中,而锚固机构设置在血管或心房中用以固定装置于适当位置时,这是比较适合的。将在下文做进一步介绍的、图4a-f所示的锚固机构的实施例设置在瓣膜机构的″流出″侧,这就是说,瓣膜机构允许血流向着锚固机构方向通过瓣膜机构。(例如)当瓣膜机构设置在二尖瓣或三尖瓣中,而锚固机构设置成通过接合心室组织而固定装置于适当位置时,这是较适合的。
如图4a中所示,锚固机构254可以包括设置能够接触心壁部分(比如心室壁或室间隔)的圆盘状元件255。连接机构46延伸通过心壁,而圆盘状元件255防止锚固机构254迁移并通过心壁。锚固机构254可以进一步包括钩子、倒钩或接合心壁的类似物。圆盘状元件255可以收缩,以插入且通过心壁,并且在收缩力释放时,可以呈现其圆盘状。
如中所示图4b,锚固机构354可以包括用于接合腱索的两个或多个钩子355。连接机构346分支开成为延伸到各自的钩子355的基本横向的分支。钩子355设置能够俘获钩子355内的腱索,以用于固定装置42于适当位置。
如图4c中所示,锚固机构454可以包括用于接合乳头肌的多个夹子455。夹子455设置能够围绕乳头肌抓取,以用于固定装置42于适当位置。又一次,连接机构446相应地分支形成横向甚至后向延伸到一个或多个夹子455的分支。
如图4d中所示,锚固机构554可以包括设置成能够接合瓣环的多个圆盘状或条状的元件555。连接机构546分支开形成后向延伸的分支,以使锚固机构554可以设置成与瓣环接合,其中瓣膜机构52设置在瓣膜中。与瓣环的接合可以由两个圆盘状或条状的元件555实现,元件555接合环体相对侧部。然后,锚固机构554可以进一步包括圆盘状元件555之间的连接部557,其中连接部557设置成延伸通过瓣环。连接部557可以进一步包括突出部559,突出部559可以用于沿着连接部557固定其中一个圆盘状元件555的位置。然后,可以在突出部559上推动或施力,以使圆盘状元件555固定于此位置。因此,在两个圆盘状元件555之间的距离能够调整到适合瓣环的厚度,并且因此能够附接装置到瓣环。
如图4e-f中所示,设置在瓣膜机构的“流出”侧的锚固机构可以包括如上图3a-c所示的支架55。如图4e中所示,连接机构46可以分支成两个臂状部58,臂状部58附接到支架55的直径相对侧,并附接到最靠近瓣膜机构52的支架55的端上。如图4f中所示,连接机构46的两个臂状部58可以备选地附接到最远离瓣膜机构52的支架55端上。这个实施例能够以很紧凑形式设置,其中瓣膜机构52没置成靠近锚固机构54。
如图4g中所示,装置42可以包括两锚固机构54、254,其相应地设置于瓣膜机构52的“流出”侧和″流入″侧。这两个锚固机构54、254可以协作,以紧固装置42于病人体内的适当位置。
锚固机构可以由形状记忆材料制成,比如由镍钛(Nitinol)合金或形状记忆聚合物制成。这意味着,锚固机构可以自膨式地呈现其预定形状。当锚固机构包括在病人体内扩展的元件时,这是特别适合的。然而,也可以使用通常的不锈钢、不锈钢弹簧钢或任何其它金属。连接机构可以由相似于锚固机构的材料制成。然后,该连接机构可以是锚固机构的延伸,而不需要连接机构和锚固机构之间的任何焊接或附接点。
连接机构可以实现为在瓣膜机构和锚固机构之间提供分隔和连接的细长体。连接机构可以具有分支,以延伸到锚固机构的不同部分,便于提供锚固机构和连接机构之间更牢固的连接,或便于产生分离的锚固机构之间的连接。连接机构可以(例如)具有圆形或平直的剖面。连接机构可以是管状的或具有(例如U形或C形的)槽,以在装置42的插入期间用于容纳导丝。连接机构可以备选地由固体材料形成。作为进一步的可选方案,连接机构可以由细丝或支杆制成,支杆形成曲折形的或剪形的薄材料的格子。在形成格子时,连接机构还可以是中空的或具有槽。连接机构可以设置于挠性材料中或形状记忆材料中,以在插入身体中后使连接机构可以配合特定路径。作为进一步的可选方案,连接机构可以由多个连续设置的部段形成,部段间的相互关系是可以控制或调节的。
现在来参考图5a-i,将会介绍连接机构基于部段的实施例。在图5a中,所示装置42具有设置在锚固机构54和瓣膜机构52之间的连接机构46。图5a的圆圈B中标示出的连接机构46的部分,在图5b中很详细地被显示了出来。连接机构46包括连续的连接部段100。在图5c中,有两个连接部段100更详细地被显示了出来。连接部段100包括头部102(例如,其可以是球状的)和具有对应于头部102形状的凹部105的端部104,以使凹部105可以容纳头部102。凹部105略大于头部102,以允许头部102在凹部内旋转,用来调节相邻部段100的相对关系。头部102包括小突起或鼓起106,并且端部104包括小凹口108,用以容纳突起106。在突起106置于凹口108中时,部段100相互对齐。通过施加较小的力到连接机构46,可以把突起106推出凹口108。在头部102和端部104,可能相应地存在多个突起106和凹口108,以使头部102和端部104可以用多种不同的关系接合,以便于以所希望的角度锁定连接部段100。部段100进一步包括用以容纳锁定线的通道110。如将做进一步介绍的,在延伸通过部段100时,通过锁定锁定线的形状,部段100的相互关系就锁定了。在图5d中,所示的是连接机构46的前部段113。该前部段113包括端部104,其类似于其它部段100的端部104。前部段113包括位于其端部104的盲孔114。锁定线112容纳于盲孔114中,并在孔114内附接到前部段113。前部段113提供了连接机构46的非挠性部分,并可以具有比其它部段100更长的纵向延伸。前部段113设置在连接机构46最靠近瓣膜机构52端处。
在图5e中,所示的是连接机构46的后部段116。该后部段116包括头部102,其与其它部段100头部102相似。后部段116还包括用以容纳锁定线112的通道110。后部段116还在其端处包括用于锁定锁定线112的形状的锁定构造101。后部段116又包括焊接或固定点118,用于附接后部段116到锚固机构54或到臂状部58、158或到连接机构46的分支上,后者转而又附接到锚固机构54。
现在将参考图5f-h进一步介绍锁定构造101。在图5f中,所示的是锁定构造101的一部分。锁定构造包括臂状部120,臂状部120在旋转点122中可旋转地附接到端部段116。借助于延伸通过臂状部120中的孔并接合端部段116的销,臂状部120可以附接到端部段116。臂状部120具有突起124,其可以旋转到与锁定线112中的槽126接合。如图5f中所示,突起124可以是(例如)楔形的。调节线128可以附接到锁定线112和与之分离。调节线128可以设置成能够延伸到病人外,用于在装置42的插入期间,从病人体外提供对锁定线112的位置的控制。锁定线112和调节线128可以包括协作凹口133、134和槽130、132,用以在线之间提供附接。锁定构造101的操作如图5g-h所示。调节线128设置在固定管道136中,固定管道136覆盖调节线128和锁定线112之间的附接,以防止线的脱离。在固定管道136被回拉或从病人体内收回时,调节线128能够从锁定线112分离。在图5g中,所示锁定臂状部1 20与锁定线112接合,以锁定锁定线112的形状。如图5h中所示,固定管道136也能够前向移动以旋转锁定臂状部120,这样的话,楔形的突起124就受迫离开槽126,因此锁定就打开了。然后就又可以调节连接机构46的部段100的相互关系。相反,当锁定线112伸展并锁定时,部段中的球状凹部105和相邻部段的头部102间的摩擦力会使部段固定于特定的相对位置处。
如图5i中所示,在一个实施例中,部段100相互间的定位可以借助于预定形状的导管135来实现,在部段100相互锁定前,导管135迫使部段100根据导管135的形状而排列。导管135可以具有任何形状,以模仿所希望的连接机构46的轨迹。导管135可以具有形状记忆能力,这样的话,当装置42已经固定在身体中时,导管135就可以被激活而呈现其形状。
用于对部段100进行相互定位的另一实施例是,把细丝135′附接到部段100。通过在细丝135′中拉动,至少一个部段100能够被导引至准确位置。在所有部段100已经被正确放置时,部段100就可以相互锁定了。细丝135′可以是双重的,用于形成环,该环能够接合部段100上的钩子或环。在操作完成后,可以拉出细丝135′。
如图5j中所示,连接机构46可以提供使瓣膜机构52从锚固机构54脱离接合的可能。瓣膜机构52迟早会遭受结构破坏或钙化作用,并且因此可能需要置换。通过使植入的瓣膜机构52脱离接合,就只需要置换瓣膜机构52。因此,连接机构46可以包括锁定件137,用以使瓣膜机构52能够从锚固机构54拆分。在使用如图5a-j中所示的连接机构46的实施例时,锁定件137可以(例如)设置于前部段103中。在图5j中,锁定件137被放大且显示了一个可能的实施例。锁定件137具有带有细丝线圈(threaded winding)139的阳螺纹部分138,其配合入具有细丝槽141的阴螺纹部分140内。因此,阳螺纹部分138可以拧紧到阴螺纹部分140上或与之脱离,以接合或释放锁定。需要理解,也可以使用其它很多种的锁定件的实施例。例如,锁定件可以由接合环的钩子或接合孔的销形成。
现在来参考图6-7,将介绍瓣膜机构的不同实施例。通常,瓣膜机构设置成能够密封自体心脏瓣膜或血管,其中它被放置以防止瓣膜或脉管中的回流。因此,瓣膜机构是超尺寸,以确保其接触和密封贴靠自体瓣膜的瓣叶或贴靠脉管壁。瓣膜机构将进一步提供面向自体心脏瓣膜或脉管中的前向流的表面,其中该表面以特定方式设置,以使其在时暴露于前向方向血流中时,血流会迫使瓣膜机构打开。
根据图6a中所示第一实施例,瓣膜机构52包括对称环绕连接机构46的瓣片44。瓣片44围绕连接机构46的整个周缘在纵向的附接点90中附接到连接机构46,并围绕连接机构46形成液密附接。瓣片44绞链到附接点90中,以使其能够在开启位置与闭合位置之间移动,在开启位置时,其主要沿着连接机构46延伸,在闭合位置时,如图6a中所示,其主要在横向于连接机构46的方向延伸。瓣片44具有接触面92,其面向自体心脏瓣膜或脉管中的前向流,并且设置成在瓣片44的闭合位置中,能够接触自体心脏瓣膜的瓣叶或管壁。在移动入闭合位置中时,瓣片44在横向于连接机构46的方向愈加增大延伸。然后,在瓣片44完全在横向于连接机构46的方向延伸前,接触面92将接触自体心脏瓣膜的瓣叶或管壁。因此,瓣片44将在接触面92的接合区域94中接触自体心脏瓣膜的瓣叶或管壁,接触面92的接合区域94相应地沿着自体心脏瓣膜的瓣叶或脉管的较小距离,并且接合区域94的边界形成闭合圆周形状,以便围绕整个瓣膜机构52实现接合。这种瓣片44的超尺寸也意味着,连接机构46将不需要精确地位于自体心脏瓣膜或脉管的中心。
接触面92在其接触自体心脏瓣膜的瓣叶或管壁的一端处具有缘边96。缘边96通过加强线(enforcement string)53加强,加强线53连接缘边96与连接机构46上固定点98。加强线53使瓣片44能够在闭合位置中保持稳定。加强线53可以是瓣片44的集成部分,或它们可以通过(例如)胶水或打结方式附接到瓣片44。加强线53也能够防止瓣片44翻转(即从附接点90沿着连接机构46在相反方向延伸)。如果瓣片44翻转,它就不再具有允许前向流通过瓣膜机构52的功能,也不再具有防止回流通过瓣膜机构52的功能。
瓣膜机构52的瓣片44具有内部力,以呈现出闭合位置的形状。当插入身体并从约束封套释放时,瓣膜机构52将如降落伞般打开,并接触自体心脏瓣膜的瓣叶或管壁,并形成只允许单向流的瓣膜。
在图6b中所示的是瓣膜机构的第二实施例。此瓣膜机构152包括瓣片144,借助瓣片加强部分(enforcement part)147,瓣片144被分成多个子部分145。这使得瓣片144具有更稳定的类似伞或类似降落伞的形状,因此只需要更少的加强线153。事实上,如果瓣片加强部分147足够坚固或刚性以防止瓣片144翻转的话,可以完全省去加强线153。加强线153在两个相邻子部分145之间的分界面处附接到瓣片144,并把瓣片144连接到固定点198。至于第一实施例,瓣片144对称围绕连接机构46的附接点190附接,并提供具有接合区域194的接触面192。
在图6c所示的第三个实施例中,瓣膜机构252包括若干瓣片244。瓣片244围绕连接机构46附接到公共附接位置290。各瓣片244都具有带有接合区域294接触面292,并且瓣片244是可移动的,以推动接触面292的接合区域294与自体心脏瓣膜的瓣叶或管壁接触。瓣片244向着接合区域294加宽。进一步,瓣片244交迭并设置成芙蓉花的叶子状,以在延伸接触心脏瓣膜或管壁时,在其之间形成密封。在靠近附接位置290处,瓣片244进一步具有加强基部296。加强基部296将防止由心脏瓣膜或脉管中的回流引起的瓣片244的翻转。
在图7a-d所示的第四实施例中,瓣膜机构352包括若干瓣片344,其设置成侧侧相靠方式地环绕着连接机构46。在如图7c所示的瓣膜机构352的透视图中,各瓣片344都包括带有接合区域394的接触面392。瓣片344是楔形的,其窄端向着连接机构46,并且宽端设置成能够接触自体心脏瓣膜或管壁。图7a所示的是,瓣膜机构352在插入自体心脏瓣膜或脉管时的截面图,其中相邻瓣片344相互沿着延伸,并设置成贴靠在一起,以使相邻表面呈现出各自的接合区域392,接合区域392将相互贴靠接触以防止瓣片344间的周漏。在图7a中,所示瓣膜机构352处于闭合位置,其中其设置成与自体心脏瓣膜或管壁接触。在血流前向通过打开的瓣膜机构352时,它会采用如图7b和7d中所示的形状。此时,楔形瓣片344由血液流产生的力向着连接机构46按压,并且瓣膜机构352就打开了。在开口形状不规则(比如严重钙化的自体心脏瓣)时,瓣膜机构352的此实施例特别有效。
在图7e和7f中,所示的是瓣片344到连接机构46的附接。在沿着连接机构46纵向的附接线390中,瓣片344附接到连接机构46。瓣片344可以在瓣片344整个长度上(参见图7e)或在瓣片344的部分长度上(参见图7f)附接到连接机构46。加长的附接线390使得加强线变得不再必须。
如图7b和7d中所示,在暴露于前向方向的血流中时,瓣片344将向着连接机构46收缩。瓣片材料很薄,以在暴露于血流时,允许瓣片344向着连接机构46缩小。
优选地,根据任何实施例的瓣膜机构的一片瓣片或多片瓣片由生物组织制成,其经由戊二醛或鞣皮或固定介质(fixation medium)处理过。生物组织可以(例如)来自动物围心腔组织或动物心脏瓣膜组织。
备选地,瓣膜机构可以由聚合物,例如聚氨酯、聚乙烯化合物(polyvinyl)、聚乙烯(polyethylene)、PET、PTFE或人造纤维(rayon)制成。然而,一片瓣片或多片瓣片也可以由形状记忆材料制成,比如由镍钛诺或形状记忆聚合物制成,其中可以形成具有厚度为3-4μm超薄型瓣片。
瓣膜机构可以覆盖有活性药物。其中一种药物可以是肝素,用以防止病人的血液循环系统中凝块的形成。另一种药物可以是一氧化氮,其也可以防止凝块的形成,也可以使用肝素和一氧化氮的组合。
现在来参考图8-12,将对用于控制病人体内血流的装置42的使用作大致的介绍。装置42可以用来治疗反流心脏瓣膜(如图8-9中所描述的),或用来控制通过动脉或静脉的血流(如图10-12中所描述的)。
图8a-f描述的是反流二尖瓣30的治疗。二尖瓣30包括后瓣叶(posterior leaflet)35和前瓣叶(anterior leaflet)37。瓣叶35、37移动用以打开和闭合二尖瓣30。
在图8a中所示的是反流二尖瓣30,其中后瓣叶和前瓣叶35、37不能正常闭合瓣膜。瓣膜30在其中心位置具有周漏31。在图8b中,所示的是具有植入装置42的二尖瓣30。装置42的瓣膜机构52放置于周漏31中,以使在瓣膜机构52和瓣叶35、37之间的接合区域94产生闭合周漏31的效果。在其闭合状态中,瓣膜机构52在沿着接触面92的较小距离内接触瓣叶,以使圆柱形表面构成能够产生紧密封的接合区域94,以产生紧密封效果。在图8c中,所示的是用于治疗周漏31的瓣膜机构52另一种形状。在这种情况下,在其闭合状态,瓣膜机构52具有矩形或椭圆形状,其也可以有效地形成接合区域94,用以紧密封周漏31。在图8d和8e中所示的二尖瓣30具有非对称地位于瓣膜30中的周漏31。装置42被植入,以使瓣膜机构52位于周漏31的中心内,以形成紧密封周漏31的接合区域94。在图8f中,所示心脏1的示意性剖面图描述了瓣膜机构52在二尖瓣30内的布置。沿着左心房26和左心室17之间的血流,瓣膜机构52具有比自体二尖瓣30更大的延伸。这意味着,瓣膜机构52可以有效地接触延伸入左心房26内的脱垂瓣叶,并且瓣膜机构52可以形成针对二尖瓣30中许多不同形状的周漏的紧密接合区域94。瓣膜机构52沿着血流的这种大的延伸也意味着,瓣膜机构52可以有效地接触左心室17内由变短的腱索11所限制的瓣叶。
图9a-c描述的是对反流三尖瓣8的治疗。三尖瓣8包括中瓣叶(medial leaflet)9a、后瓣叶9b和前瓣叶9c。瓣叶9a、9b、9c移动以打开和闭合三尖瓣8。
在图9a中,所示的是反流三尖瓣8,其中瓣叶9a、9b、9c不能正常地闭合瓣膜。瓣膜8具有位于瓣膜8的中心位置的周漏19。在图9b中,所示的是具有植入装置42的三尖瓣8。装置42的瓣膜机构52放置于周漏19中,以在瓣膜机构52和瓣叶9a、9b、9c之间形成接合区域94,用以闭合周漏19。在其闭合状态,瓣膜机构52以沿着接触面92在较小距离接触瓣叶,以使圆柱形表面构成产生紧密封的接合区域94。在图9c中,所示的心脏1的示意性剖面图描述三尖瓣8内的瓣膜机构52的布置。沿着右心房6和右心室15间的血流,瓣膜机构52具有比自体三尖瓣8更大的延伸。这意味着,瓣膜机构52可以有效地接触延伸入右心房6内的脱垂瓣叶,并且瓣膜机构52可以形成针对三尖瓣8中不同形状的周漏的紧密接合区域94。瓣膜机构52沿着血流的这种大的延伸也意味着,瓣膜机构52可以有效地接触右心室15内由变短的腱索10所限制的瓣叶。
图10a-c描述的是使用装置42用于控制通过主动脉的血流,其可以用于治疗反流主动脉瓣32。装置42可以取代主动脉瓣32的功能。
如图10a中所示,装置42的锚固机构54可以放置于主动脉34中用于固定装置42于适当位置。锚固机构54包括支架55,支架55扩展至与主动脉34接触,用以固定装置42于适当位置。锚固机构54优选地设置在瓣膜机构的“流出”侧52上,以使瓣膜机构52可以设置在靠近主动脉瓣32的位置。瓣膜机构52设置在冠状动脉39从主动脉34分支开的位置的上游侧。因此,瓣膜机构52可以有效地控制从左心室17到身体各部分的血流。瓣膜机构52设置成能够在接合区域94中与主动脉34的壁接触,以阻止血流通过瓣膜机构52。在暴露于来自左心室17的血流时,瓣膜机构52释放接触并打开。在图10b中,所描述的是瓣膜机构52的具体实施例。瓣膜机构52包括凹部97,其对应于冠状动脉39到主动脉的开口。因此,瓣膜机构52可以设置成至少部分地交迭到主动脉的特定位置,在此位置冠状动脉39从主动脉分支开。在瓣膜机构52闭合时,瓣膜机构52将阻止主动脉34和左心室17之间的血流,而使冠状动脉39向主动脉34打开,以允许血流到达心肌。取代瓣片44中的凹部97的是,瓣膜机构52可以设置有缘边96,缘边96正好设置主动脉34中冠状动脉开口的下方。因此,即使是瓣膜机构52处于闭合位置时,在舒张期间到达冠状动脉的血流也可以不受干扰。事实上,瓣膜机构52可以部分地设置于左心室17内,以使瓣片44贴靠到二尖瓣30的前瓣叶37。如图10c中所示,另外的支架41可以设置在主动脉34中的主动脉瓣32位置处。此支架41可以按压非正常工作的主动脉瓣32及其钙化部分,使之贴靠主动脉34的壁,装置42的瓣膜机构52的血流控制不受自体主动脉瓣32(如果它被钙化的话)的干扰。此支架41可以被覆盖的或是被至少部分地覆盖的支架41。被覆盖的支架41可以设置成部分位于左心室17内,以设置在冠状动脉39的上游侧。因此,被覆盖的支架41提供自左心室17内部到主动脉34内的通道。
图11a-d描述的是使用装置42,用于控制通过肺动脉22的血流,其可以用来治疗反流肺动脉瓣20。装置42可以取代肺动脉瓣20的功能。
如图11a中所示,装置42的锚固机构54可以放置于肺动脉22,用于固定装置42于适当位置。锚固机构54包括支架55,支架55扩展至与肺动脉22接触,用于固定装置42于适当位置。锚固机构54设置在瓣膜机构52的“流出”侧上,以使瓣膜机构52可以设置在靠近肺动脉瓣的位置。瓣膜机构52I放置成能够有效地控制从右心室15到肺的血流。瓣膜机构52设置成能够在接合区域94中与肺动脉22的壁接触,用于阻止血流通过瓣膜机构52。在暴露于来自右心室15的血流时,瓣膜机构52释放接触并打开。在图11b中,描述的是锚固机构54的另一定位方式。锚固机构54设置于肺动脉22的主左分支24中。在这个实施例中,连接机构46可以具有预定形状,以配合瓣膜机构52和锚固机构54的位置之间的动脉的弯曲形状。如图11c中所示,锚固机构54可以备选地设置在瓣膜机构52的″流入″侧上。锚固机构54固定装置42于适当位置,在此位置,肺动脉22靠近右心室15。然后,瓣膜机构52可以设置于肺动脉22中适当位置,此位置位于肺动脉22分支成左肺动脉和右肺动脉的位置的上游。因此,瓣膜机构52还是设置成能够有效地控制从右心室到肺的血流。如图11d中所示,其它的支架43可以设置在肺动脉22中的肺动脉瓣20位置处。此支架43可以按压非正常工作的肺动脉瓣及其任何钙化部分,使其贴靠到肺动脉22的壁,以使装置42的瓣膜机构52的血流控制不受自体肺动脉瓣20的干扰。对于支架41而言,支架43也可以是被覆盖的或被至少部分地覆盖的支架43。
在图12中所示的是,血流控制装置42设置于上腔静脉2中,而另一血流控制装置42设置于下腔静脉4中。瓣膜机构52设置成能够相应地与上腔静脉2的壁和下腔静脉4的壁相接触,并且可以释放该接触,用于打开和闭合通过脉管的血流。如果由于天生缺陷而无法把瓣膜机构52放置到肺动脉22中,上腔静脉2或下腔静脉4中的瓣膜机构52是很有益的。然后,如图12中所示,相反地瓣膜机构52可以放置于血液循环系统中的上游侧。
现在来参考图13a-k,将介绍装置的不同实施例的定位与锚固,用于放置瓣膜机构于二尖瓣或三尖瓣中中。如图8-9所示的,瓣膜机构设置在二尖瓣或三尖瓣中,用于改善瓣膜的功能。如图13a-k所示,装置可以用很多种方式锚固。依赖于装置是如何被锚固的,可以用不同方式设计锚固机构。本领域技术人员可以理解,装置也可以设计成可选的任何其它方式,以适当的放置瓣膜机构于心脏瓣膜中或血管内。
在图13a中,装置42设置成能够使瓣膜机构52放置于三尖瓣8中。装置42的位置由锚固机构54固定于身体中,锚固机构54放置于上腔静脉2中用于接合脉管壁。使用的是如图3b中所示锚固机构54的实施例。连接机构146延伸通过上腔静脉2和三尖瓣8之间右心房6,用于连接瓣膜机构52到锚固机构54。在图13b中,装置42设置成能够使瓣膜机构52放置于二尖瓣8中。此时,使用如图3c中所示的锚固机构54用于接合上腔静脉2的壁。连接机构246从上腔静脉2延伸,通过右心房6,穿透房间隔14并通过左心房26到达放置于二尖瓣30中的瓣膜机构52。连接机构46可以具有预定形状,此形状在上腔静脉2和二尖瓣30之间延伸。备选地,连接机构46可以挠性的,便于实现适当的形状,接着锁定此适当形状。
在图13c中,如图3d中所示的装置42用于治疗二尖瓣30。锚固机构154扩展至接触左心房26的内壁,用于固定装置42于适当位置,而瓣膜机构52则设置于二尖瓣30中。在图13d中所示的是,与在图3b中所示不同的使用装置42的方法。此时,锚固机构54设置成与肺静脉28中的管壁相接触,而连接机构46设置成延伸通过左心房26到达设置于二尖瓣30中的瓣膜机构52。
图13e-i描述的是锚固机构54的不同实施例,其用于瓣膜机构52设置于二尖瓣30中时。本领域的技术人员应该理解,这些实施例也可以改为用于放置瓣膜机构52于三尖瓣8中。在图13e中,使用如图4b中所示的装置。锚固机构354设置成能够接合腱索11,以使腱索11被俘获于锚固机构354的钩子355内,用于固定装置42于适当位置。在图13f中,使用如图4d中所示装置。锚固机构554设置能够接合二尖瓣瓣环(mitral valve annulus)。所示锚固机构554穿透瓣环,而圆盘状元件555接合瓣环的相对侧部,用于固定装置42于适当位置。进一步,另一圆盘状元件555设置成与瓣环的心室侧部接触,用于使装置42在左心室17内保持稳定。在图13g中,使用如图4c中所示的装置42。锚固机构454具有夹子455,夹子455设置能够接合乳头肌13,用于固定装置42于适当位置。在图13h和13i中,可以使用如图4a中略述的装置42。锚固机构254具有圆盘状元件255,其设置成与组织壁相接触。瓣膜机构52和锚固机构254设置于组织壁的相对侧部上,并且连接机构46穿透组织壁。因此,与组织壁接触的锚固机构254固定装置42于适当位置。然而,在图13h和13i中,锚固机构254包括另一圆盘状元件255,以使该圆盘状元件255接合组织壁的相对侧部,用于紧固装置42于适当位置。在图13h中,锚固机构254设置成能够接合室间隔16,而在图13i中,锚固机构254设置成能够接合左心室肌壁(muscle wall)18。
图13j和13k描述的装置42用于同时治疗二尖瓣30和三尖瓣8。该装置42包括两个瓣膜机构52,它们设置于相应自体瓣膜中。装置42包括连接两个瓣膜机构52的连接机构46。连接机构46相应地设置成延伸于瓣膜之间并且通过室间隔16(如图13j中所示)或房间隔14(如中所示图13k)。进一步,装置42包括锚固机构254,锚固机构254具有圆盘状元件255,圆盘状元件255相应地设置于室间隔16或房间隔14的相对侧部,以便接合组织并固定装置42于适当位置。
现在来参考图14a-h,将会用于把装置42插入病人体内的输送系统500。如图14a中所示,输送系统500包括导丝508,其首先被导引入病人体内,并延伸到需要放置装置42的位置。该导丝508接着提供到病人体内所希望位置的引导路径。该输送系统500进一步包括输送导管502,其是病人血管系统内的输送系统500的最外面部分。为了清楚起见,在下图中,输送导管502在输送系统500中未被示出。装置42被引导至输送导管502内的适当位置。输送系统500进一步包括限制导管504。此导管504使输送期间的装置保持收缩状态。输送系统500进一步包括内管道506,其设置成能够在导丝上滑动到所希望的位置,并推动其前面的装置42。
参考图14b-d,所示的是装置42的展开。在图14b中,整个装置42位于限制导管504内。在限制导管504中,瓣膜机构52设置于锚固机构54的末梢,这就是说,瓣膜机构52在锚固机构54前被引导入病人体内。如图14c中所示,限制导管504缩回以释放加于瓣膜机构52上的限制。因此,瓣膜机构52就扩展,而锚固机构54保持收缩状态。然后,限制导管504进一步缩回,并释放锚固机构54,如图14d中所示。此时,整个的装置42就展开。
参考图14e-g,将介绍装置42的另一种展开方式。在图14e中,整个装置42处于限制导管504内部。此时,在限制导管504中,瓣膜机构54设置锚固机构52的末梢。还是如此,限制导管504缩回以释放施加于锚固机构54上的限制,如图14f中所示。因此,锚固机构54就扩展了,用于固定装置42于适当位置,而瓣膜机构52保持收缩状态。然后,限制导管504进一步缩回,并释放瓣膜机构52,如图14g中所示。此时,整个的装置42就展开了。
在图14h中,所示输送系统500连接到装置42,装置42具有带有锁定件137的连接机构46,用于实现使瓣膜机构52从锚固机构54分离的功能。该分离机制可能是出于贮存的目的。当瓣膜机构52是由经戊二醛-处理过的生物组织制成时,瓣膜机构52能够贮存于液体中,而装置42的其它部分和输送系统500可以贮存于干燥条件中。在准备使用时,贮存于液体中的瓣膜机构52可以被冲洗,接着被连接到锚固机构54,这通过把锁定件137的阳螺纹部分138附接到锁定件137的阴螺纹部分140而实现。接着,瓣膜机构52可以折叠和缩回或被推入限制导管504内,从而使整个装置42处于准备插入病人体内状态。
现在来参考图15-20,将介绍用于把装置42插入病人体内的方法。
首先来参考图15a-e,将介绍用于插入装置42以治疗三尖瓣8的方法。在图15a中,所示为病人身体,并示出了心脏1和通过血管系统到达心脏1的情况。在病人的腹股沟进行穿刺,用于接触股静脉5,股静脉5通向下腔静脉4,并进一步到达心脏1的右心房6。输送系统500的引导鞘501应用于穿刺中,用以接触股静脉5内的管道。输送系统500的导丝508通入右心房6,用于提供使装置42到达所希望位置的导引。在图15b中,示出了到达右心房6的另一条接触路径。在病人脖子进行穿刺,用于接触病人的内颈静脉7。导丝508经过颈静脉7通向上腔静脉2,并进入右心房6。导丝508被进一步引导并延伸通过三尖瓣8进入右心室15内。如图15c中所示,此时,输送导管502被引导并延伸到三尖瓣8的开口。为了清楚起见,输送导管502将不在下图(图15d-e)中示出。此时,限制导管504和装置42在导丝508上被引导到三尖瓣8。如图15d中所示,限制导管504被缩回,直到瓣膜机构52释放于三尖瓣8的开口内。带有装置42的整个输送系统500还可以在轴向移动,以在三尖瓣8的开口中找到瓣膜机构52的最佳位置。在此定位期间,瓣膜机构52的引入也可以同时借助于超声波控制而实现。接着,限制机构504进一步被抽回,并且最后离开身体,如图15e中所示。据此,锚固机构54就在上腔静脉2的内部展开了,并且装置42也就完全展开了。此时,装置42已经被植入,用于提供三尖瓣8的永久性治疗。此时,内管道506、输送导管502和导丝508也可以抽回。
现在来参考图16a-d,将介绍插入装置42用于治疗二尖瓣30的方法。在图16a中,所示的是到左心房26的接触路径。在病人的脖子中进行穿刺,用以接触病人的内颈静脉7。导丝508经过内颈静脉7通向上腔静脉2并进入右心房6内。导丝508进一步被引入通过房间隔14进入左心房26,再进一步通过二尖瓣30进入左心室17。如果病人具有稳固的卵圆孔(foramen ovale)的话,导丝508也可改为从右心房6经过卵圆孔通向左心房26内。如图16b中所示,接着,输送导管502就在延伸到二尖瓣30开口的导丝508上被引入。输送导管502在下图16c-d中还是未示出。此时,带有装置42的限制导管504在延伸到二尖瓣30的导丝508上被引入。接着,限制导管504被缩回,如图16c中所示,以使瓣膜机构52释放于二尖瓣30的开口中。还是如此,带有装置42的整个输送系统500还可以在轴向移动,以在二尖瓣30的开口中找到瓣膜机构52的最佳位置。接着,抽回限制导管504以释放锚固机构54,并且最终将其从病人体内抽回。如图16d中所示,锚固机构54已经在上腔静脉2内展开,而装置42也完全被展开了。
现在来参考图17a-d,将介绍用于插入装置42用以治疗肺动脉瓣20的方法。在图17a中,所示为到达肺动脉22的接触路径。在病人脖子中进行穿刺,用于接触病人的内颈静脉7。导丝508经过内颈静脉7,通向上腔静脉2,并进入右心房6内。导丝508进一步被引入通过三尖瓣8、右心室15并进入肺动脉22内。限制导管504在导丝508上且在输送导管502内被引入延伸到肺动脉22内,如图17b中所示。如图17c中所示,限制导管504被缩回,以释放锚固机构54于肺动脉22内部,用于固定装置42于适当位置。限制导管504进一步被缩回,并从病人体内抽回。如图17d中所示,在肺动脉瓣20位置处,瓣膜机构52展开于肺动脉22内部,并且装置42被完全展开了。如图11c中所示,相同的方法可以用于把锚固机构54设置于瓣膜机构52的″流入″侧的情况,或如图11d中所示,在支架43设置于肺动脉瓣位置中时,也可以使用相同方法。在后一种情况下,支架43首先被植入到肺动脉瓣20位置。接着,插入装置42。
现在来参考图18a-d,将介绍用于插入装置42以治疗主动脉瓣32的方法。在图18a中,所示的是到主动脉瓣32接触路径。在病人脖子中进行穿刺,以便接触病人的内颈静脉7。导丝508经过内颈静脉7通向上腔静脉2,并进入右心房6。该导丝508进一步被引入通过房间隔14进入左心房26内,再通过二尖瓣30进入左心室17,并通过主动脉瓣32进入主动脉34。备选地,也可以选择上述图16a中所介绍的稳固卵圆孔。限制导管504和装置42被引入到输送导管(未示出)内部,以使限制导管504延伸进入升主动脉33,如图18b中所示。瓣膜机构52位于相邻于主动脉瓣32的位置,以使瓣膜机构52的缘边96正好位于冠状动脉39的开口下面。备选地,可以使用图10b中所示的装置,其中瓣膜机构52包括凹部97,以配合冠状动脉39的开口。如图18c中所示,缩回限制导管504,以使锚固机构54释放于升主动脉33内部,用于固定装置42于适当位置。限制导管504进一步被缩回,并且被从病人抽回。如图18d中所示,瓣膜机构52展开于主动脉口(aortic ostium)内,并且装置42就完全展开了。
现在来参考图19a-d,将介绍用于插入装置42以治疗主动脉瓣32的另一种方法。在图19a中,所示的是到主动脉瓣32的接触路径。在病人腹股沟中进行穿刺以接触股动脉38。导丝508通过股动脉38、降主动脉36到达升主动脉33并进入左心室17。备选地,也可以用其它的动脉,比如锁骨下动脉29。导丝508引入通过动脉到达升主动脉33,通过主动脉瓣32并进入左心室17。在图19b中,导丝508已经被引入通过锁骨下动脉29并进入主动脉34。限制导管504和装置42被引入输送导管(未示出)内部,以使限制导管504延伸进入升主动脉33。瓣膜机构52位于相邻主动脉瓣32处,而瓣膜机构52的缘边96位冠状动脉39的开口下面。如图19c中所示,缩回限制导管504,以释放瓣膜机构52于主动脉瓣32内。还是如此,带有装置42的整个输送系统500还可以在轴向移动,以在动脉瓣32处找到瓣膜机构52的最佳位置。限制导管504接着被进一步抽回,并且最后离开病人身体。如图19d中所示,锚固机构54已经被展开于升主动脉33内,并且装置42也完全展开了。
现在来参考图20a-e,将介绍引入装置42相应地进入下腔静脉4和上腔静脉2的方法。在图20a中,所示的是到达下腔静脉4的接触路径。在病人脖子中进行穿刺以接触内颈静脉7。导丝508通过内颈静脉7进入上腔静脉2和右心房6,并进一步进入下腔静脉4。限制导管504和装置42被引入输送导管(未示出)内,以使限制导管504延伸进入下腔静脉4内。如图20b中所示,缩回限制导管504,以使锚固机构54释放于下腔静脉4内,用于固定装置42于适当位置。接着,限制导管504被进一步抽回,并最终离开病人身体。如图20c中所示,瓣膜机构52已经展开于下腔静脉4内,而装置42也就完全被展开了。
在把装置4放置到上腔静脉2中时,也可以相同的接触路径。限制导管504和装置42被引入上腔静脉2。缩回限制导管504,以使瓣膜机构54释放于腔静脉2内,如图20d中所示。限制导管504进一步被抽回,并最终离开病人身体。如图20e中所示,锚固机构54展开于上腔静脉2内,而装置42则被完全展开。如果使用腹股沟以接触股静脉,那么首先装置42将展开于上腔静脉2中,接着使用相同的方法把装置42展开在下腔静脉中。
需要强调的是,本文所介绍的优选实施例并非是出于限制的目的,许多改型实施例也很有可能落入本文所附权利要求所限定的保护范围中。例如,瓣膜机构和锚固机构的不同实施例可以用任何方式组合。另外,对于本领域技术人员而言,很明显地,也可以选择其它的静脉或动脉以用于接触围绕心脏的大脉管和心脏的不同腔室。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于改善通过心脏内自体心脏瓣膜的血流的假体,其包括:
锚固架,其构造成能够接合与所述心脏相关的组织,从而能够锚固所述假体;及
瓣膜部件,其联接到所述锚固架上,并从所述锚固架延伸出,以在所述锚固架与所述组织接合时,使所述瓣膜部件介于自体心脏瓣膜的瓣叶之间;
其中,所述瓣膜部件具有扩展构造,其用于在第一血流方向时使瓣膜部件接触所述自体心脏瓣膜的至少一个瓣叶,并且所述瓣膜部件还具有收缩构造,其用于在第二血流方向时释放开与所述自体心脏瓣膜的至少一个瓣叶的接触。
2.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,所述锚固架包括构造成能够接合所述心脏中的心室组织的组织接合结构。
3.根据权利要求2所述的假体,其特征在于,所述锚固架还包括用于把所述瓣膜部件联接到所述组织接合结构上的连接部件。
4.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,所述锚固架是构造成能够在身体腔管中展开的支架。
5.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,所述瓣膜部件可以在横向于所述血流的方向扩展,以用于防止反流通过所述自体心脏瓣膜。
6.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其特征在于,所述瓣膜部件包括伞形的挠性瓣片。
7.根据权利要求6所述的假体,其特征在于,所述锚固架包括延伸通过所述伞形的挠性瓣片的中心区域的细长杆。
8.根据权利要求7所述的假体,其特征在于,还包括从所述伞形的挠性瓣片的外周缘和所述锚固架延伸出的多个挠性连接部件。
9.一种用于恢复人类心脏中二尖瓣功能的装置,其包括:
流控制部件;和
具有第一端和第二端的锚固器,所述锚固器的所述第一端连接到所述流控制部件,所述锚固器的所述第二端具有组织接合结构,所述锚固器具有一定长度,使得在所述组织接合结构与组织接合时,所述流控制部件能够至少部分地设置于所述二尖瓣内;
其中,所述流控制部件能够在扩展状态和收缩状态之间移动,在扩展状态时,所述流控制部件接触所述二尖瓣的至少一个瓣叶,从而基本上能够防止血流通过所述二尖瓣,而在收缩状态时,所述流控制部件允许血流通过所述二尖瓣。
10.根据权利要求9所述的装置,其特征在于,所述锚固器是位于所述第一端和所述第二端之间的细长体。
11.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其特征在于,所述流控制部件是挠性伞形瓣片。
12.根据权利要求11所述的装置,其特征在于,还包括从所述伞形瓣片的周缘延伸到所述锚固器的多根连接细丝。
13.根据权利要求9所述的装置,其特征在于,所述组织接合结构包括可与所述心脏内表面接合的支杆的框架。
14.根据权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述组织接合结构包括多个钩子。
CN200680013256XA 2005-04-21 2006-04-20 血流控制装置 Expired - Fee Related CN101184453B (zh)

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