CN100584346C - 制备贮存稳定的常春藤叶提取物的方法及根据该方法制备的提取物 - Google Patents

制备贮存稳定的常春藤叶提取物的方法及根据该方法制备的提取物 Download PDF

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CN100584346C
CN100584346C CN200480026543A CN200480026543A CN100584346C CN 100584346 C CN100584346 C CN 100584346C CN 200480026543 A CN200480026543 A CN 200480026543A CN 200480026543 A CN200480026543 A CN 200480026543A CN 100584346 C CN100584346 C CN 100584346C
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hederacoside
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F·伦克尔
W·施奈德
O·施密特
G·M·恩格尔哈德
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Abstract

本发明涉及使用提取试剂来制备贮存稳定的常春藤叶提取物的方法，所述的提取物至少包含成分常春藤苷C(hederacoside C)和α-常春藤素。根据本发明的方法，首先粉碎一定量的常春藤叶，然后将粉碎的常春藤叶用热蒸汽进行蒸汽处理，加入提取试剂并提取。任选将所得提取物进行干燥。

Description

制备贮存稳定的常春藤叶提取物的方法及根据该方法制备的提取物
本发明涉及使用提取试剂来制备贮存稳定的常春藤叶提取物的方法，该提取物至少包含成分常春藤苷C(hederacoside C)和α-常春藤素。
在本发明的含义范围内，术语“贮存稳定”的意思是指，不管是由提取物的天然组成作决定，或者是通过选择的量度将其调整至特定的值，提取物中具体的常春藤苷C/α-常春藤素比例长期保持稳定。
现今常春藤叶的提取物已被成功地用于治疗呼吸道疾病，具体而言是因为该提取物表现出解痉、怯痰和抗阻塞的作用。这些作用特别归功于对治疗颇为重要的常春藤叶提取物中属于三萜皂苷类的成分。在本文中，主要的皂苷是双链(bidesmosidic)常春藤苷C及其通过酯水解形成的α-常春藤素。检测到的另一种皂苷是常春藤苷配基。
因为常春藤叶提取物可以通过多种方法获得，所以这些提取物经常呈现不同程度的功效。这源于如下事实：这些成分的比例不仅依赖于常春藤叶的天然组成，而且还依赖于制备该提取物所使用的具体方法。
除此之外，申请人最近还已经证明：α-常春藤素特别引起常春藤叶提取物的解痉作用，因为该活性化合物与β-肾上腺素能受体结合，由此通过进一步的级联反应导致支气管系统平滑肌系统松弛。
制备植物原料的干燥提取物的大量方法已经在药学领域、特别是药物制备领域中有描述。
例如，DE 101 12 168 A1公开了一种制备植物原料干燥提取物的方法。据说该文献的方法可用于调节亲脂性和亲水性物质的含量。在这种方法中，植物原料用不同亲脂性的溶剂至少提取两次，对这些提取所得的提取物独立地分开。将提取物彼此独立地干燥，然后按所需比例混合。这使得调节亲脂性和亲水性物质的含量成为可能。据说这种方法还适用于从常春藤(Hedera helix)中获取干燥提取物。
然而，这种方法的缺点是必须进行两次单独的提取，因此使得这种方法总体上非常复杂。
此外，DE 30 25 223 A1公开了基于常春藤提取物的药物制剂及其生产方法，在该方法中，采用丙酮和甲醇分别得到具有60％和90％含量的常春藤皂苷C的常春藤提取物。
然而，由该方法获得的提取物中常春藤苷C的含量不稳定，因为经验显示提取物中的常春藤苷C水解成了α-常春藤素。
但是，保持常春藤提取物中成分常春藤苷C和α-常春藤素的含量稳定并因此耐储藏通常是必需的。只有在获得稳定的数量比时，才可能例如制备具有精确调节浓度比的混合提取物。这种精确调节的浓度比使得生产包含确切可再现含量的活性化合物的药物更加容易，并且可能影响生物利用度。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种只有少数步骤且没有巨大投入的用于获得常春藤提取物、特别是干燥提取物的方法，其中成分常春藤苷C和α-常春藤素的含量在贮存过程中稳定。
根据最初提及的方法，通过包含下列步骤的方法达到本发明的目的：
a)粉碎一定量的常春藤叶，
b)用热水蒸汽对粉碎的常春藤叶进行蒸汽处理，
c)加入提取试剂进行提取，并且
d)酌情干燥提取物。
现在，本发明的方法使获得这样的常春藤叶提取物成为可能：该提取物包含在存储过程中稳定的浓度的成分常春藤苷和α-常春藤素。任何不期望的常春藤苷C/α-常春藤素转化和因此出现的提取物中常春藤苷C/α-常春藤素比例的改变都是没有可能的。
具体而言，这种方法使得制备包含最大量的已经存在于原药中的α-常春藤素的提取物成为可能。换言之，这种方法导致分离出具有在相对较长时期内保持不变的高常春藤苷C含量的提取物。当这种提取物用作混合提取物的起始原料时具有例如重要的意义，其中所述的混合提取物包含可具体确定且精确固定的含量的活性化合物常春藤苷C和α-常春藤素。
具体而言，蒸汽处理这一步骤提高了常春藤苷C的提取产率，因为蒸汽处理破坏了常春藤叶中的细胞，因此在很大程度上使催化常春藤苷C转化成α-常春藤素的酶失活。
因此，通过本发明的方法可以获得具有高常春藤苷C含量和低α-常春藤素含量的提取物，这依赖于所用的原药或者依赖于存在于原药中的活性化合物的含量。通过本发明的方法获得的提取物中α-常春藤素的含量百分比不超过所使用的叶子中的百分比含量。因此，例如使用α-常春藤素含量本身低于0.5％的叶片批次所分离的提取物含有最大含量为0.5％的α-常春藤素。
这种提取物可以被有利地使用，比如用于有选择地制备提取物的混合物，其中每种提取物包含可精确确定的量的特定活性化合物(即常春藤苷C和α-常春藤素)，然后由此可获得包含具体指定含量的两种活性化合物的最终提取物。蒸汽处理这一步骤还使得可能最初允许常春藤苷C向α-常春藤素转化并随后终止这一转化。
在本发明的方法中，优选常春藤叶用作干燥药材。
在药物生产中，干燥药材具有这样的优势，它们就稳定性而言有时比新鲜药材更容易处理。但是，在本发明的方法中不排除使用新鲜常春藤叶的可能性。
在药物技术领域，干燥的药用植物和药用植物局部通过定义“药材”来描述。在本文中，这些作为“药材”出现的药用植物以未改变的形式使用，或以粉碎后的形式使用。
还优选在步骤a)中将常春藤叶粉碎至≤5×5mm。
还优选进行蒸汽处理的时间为1至30秒，特别是1至10秒，优选是5秒。
这一时间对于该提取过程而言是有效的，因为一方面阻止了常春藤苷C水解为α-常春藤素，并且同时确保了本方法的快速实施。
在本文中，优选用水蒸气在约90℃(酌情在负压下)至140℃、特别是约100℃至120℃、优选110℃的温度下进行蒸汽处理。
在本发明的方法中，还优选提取试剂为醇和水组分的混合物。
特别优选所用的醇是30％乙醇。
乙醇是一种可靠的和经过检验的药物溶剂，在药物技术领域常常被用作提取试剂。然而，还可能使用其它醇类，例如丙醇、异丙醇等，即用于制备药物目的的提取中可被用作水/醇混合物的任何醇类。
此外，还优选步骤c)中的提取通过预膨胀和渗滤进行，特别是预膨胀进行约1小时至约30小时，优选6小时。
预膨胀和渗滤是现有技术、特别是由植物制备药物的领域中的常规方法。可以通过预膨胀和渗滤的步骤来进行常春藤叶的彻底提取。
在本文中，优选保持操作温度为10℃至40℃，特别是30℃。
在本发明方法的扩展方法中，优选步骤d)中的干燥通过薄膜蒸发和随后的喷雾干燥来进行。
这两种方法都是常规的干燥方法，薄膜蒸发正如喷雾干燥一样被证实是一种与制药有关的温和蒸发方法，喷雾干燥可以如经验所示用于干燥液体制剂以得到粉状终产品，该产品特别以这样的事实而显得突出：可容易地与水再次混合得到即可使用的制剂。在本文中，薄膜蒸发例如在约50℃至60℃和130至180毫巴下进行，喷雾干燥在45℃至60℃下进行。
还优选使用本发明的方法来制备含有升高的常春藤苷C含量的常春藤叶提取物。
如上所述，可能使用本发明的方法来选择性地升高常春藤苷C的比例，同时提取物中α-常春藤素的含量相当于原药中α-常春藤素的最大含量。
一种实施方案使至少一部分常春藤苷C在步骤b)之前被有选择地转化为α-常春藤素，这就是蒸汽处理。
这可能选择性地制备(还称为“设计”)含有特定常春藤苷C/α-常春藤素比例的提取物和可能仅进行蒸汽处理步骤，该步骤可以在达到特定常春藤苷C/α-常春藤素比例后阻止常春藤苷C向α-常春藤素的任何进一步转化。
这基于申请者的发现，即可以通过被水催化的发酵步骤来引起常春藤苷C向α-常春藤素的转化。
本发明还涉及使用本发明的方法制备的贮存稳定的常春藤叶提取物。
例如，如果意欲制备由包含可确定含量的常春藤苷的提取物组成的混合物时，具有高常春藤苷含量的提取物是有利的。即使如上说明，α-常春藤素是常春藤叶中有关支气管解痉作用的活性成分，具有高常春藤苷C含量的提取物也是有利的，因为这些提取物可以(如上提到的)用于制备所选择的混合物。
本发明还涉及依据本发明制备的提取物、特别是干燥提取物在制备药物、特别是在制备用于治疗呼吸道疾病的药物中的用途。
因而本发明的药物可用于治疗呼吸道疾病，例如传染性和炎性呼吸道疾病(如肺炎、气管炎、支气管炎等)，并且还与阻塞性和限制性肺疾病如慢性支气管炎、支气管哮喘、支气管扩张等有关，换言之与需要虚弱肌肉系统松弛的呼吸道疾病有关。
本发明还涉及包含采用本发明的方法制备的提取物的药物。
在本文中，药物可以以胶囊剂、片剂、包衣片剂、栓剂、颗粒剂、粉末、溶液剂、霜剂、乳剂、气雾剂、软膏剂及油的形式存在。在本文中特别优选口服施用的形式。药物可包含药物制备中常规使用的辅助物质。在例如A.Kibbe的“药用辅料手册”(Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients，第3版，2000，American Pharmaceutical Association and Pharmaceutical出版社)中可找到大量适宜的物质。
其它优点见实施例和附图。在附图中：
图1a表示药材进行蒸汽处理对提取物组成谱的影响曲线；
图1b表示药材进行蒸汽处理对常春藤皂苷的提取产率的影响曲线。
应当理解，上文提及的并且下文还将要说明的特征不仅以各自具体说明的组合使用，而且还以其它组合或它们本身使用，而不背离本发明的范围。
实施例：
制备含有升高常春藤苷C含量的干燥常春藤叶提取物
控制常春藤苷C与α-常春藤素比例的基础是选择性地阻止在提取过程中常春藤苷C的C28位糖的消除。在选择药材批次时，应当注意确保使用α-常春藤素含量低的叶片批次。指定干燥药材的α-常春藤素含量应当低于0.5％是可取的。
对常春藤叶的均匀样品就两种皂苷含量而言给出以下分析结果：
常春藤苷C      6.37％
α-常春藤素    0.85％
从该药材开始，按照下列两种提取方案各自进行三次提取：
提取方案1：
将3g已经干燥和粉碎至约3×3mm大小的药材用热水蒸汽(约100℃)进行蒸汽处理几秒钟。将用这种方法处理过的药材以18g提取试剂(30％乙醇(m/m))预膨胀约6小时。排出油与溶剂混合物后，剩余药材用另外18g提取试剂渗滤。油与溶剂混合物在真空干燥箱中干燥。
提取温度优选为约20℃至约40℃，特别是约30℃。药材和提取试剂的比例为例如1∶12。
或者，干燥可例如通过于例如55℃和150毫巴条件下薄膜蒸发并接着于45-60℃喷雾干燥的方式进行。
提取方案2
除了蒸汽处理的步骤以外，该提取方案与提取方案1一致。
对所得提取物进行分析后，可能得到列于下表1中的结果：
表1：提取物中常春藤苷C和α-常春藤素的含量
 样品  常春藤苷C含量[％]   α-常春藤素含量[％]   常春藤皂苷的含量，按常春藤苷C计算[％]
 原药  6.37   0.85   7.75
 经蒸汽处理的提取物1  14.33   0.85   15.71
 经蒸汽处理的提取物2   14.26   0.85   15.64
 经蒸汽处理的提取物3   14.57   0.71   15.72
 未经蒸汽处理的提取物1   11.39   1.61   14.00
 未经蒸汽处理的提取物2   11.35   1.82   14.30
 未经蒸汽处理的提取物3   11.30   1.92   14.42
图1a和1b中，结果通过两幅图来解释。图中清楚显示：按照提取方案1(有蒸汽处理步骤)制备的提取物比使用常规方法(无蒸汽处理步骤)制备的提取物的常春藤苷C含量高，而α-常春藤素含量低(见图1a)。
同时，与使用提取方案2(无蒸汽处理步骤)相比，使用提取方案1(有蒸汽处理步骤)提高提取产率是可能的(见图1b)。
因此，按照该方案制备的干燥叶提取物包含存在于所用叶片中最大量的α-常春藤素。因此，获得了含有高含量常春藤苷C和非常低含量α-常春藤素的提取物。当使用α-常春藤素含量低于0.5％的叶片批次时，还可以假定所得提取物中α-常春藤素含量最多为0.5％。
因此，通过有选择地混合富含不同量常春藤苷的提取物，可能获得特征在于常春藤苷C含量被指定和α-常春藤素含量最大为0.5％的提取物。
贮存这些干燥提取物，在3、6和9个月后再次测定常春藤苷C/α-常春藤素比例。在此方面未发现这一比例有任何显著变化。
这些贮存的提取物在用于生产药物的后续配制中没有问题。任何不期望的常春藤苷C向α-常春藤素的转化被排除在外，这意味着以有选择和可再现的方式生产含有指定常春藤苷C/α-常春藤素比例的药物是可能的。

Claims (19)

1.使用提取试剂来制备贮存稳定的常春藤叶提取物的方法，该提取物至少包含成分常春藤苷C和α-常春藤素，其特征在于该方法包括下列步骤：
a)粉碎一定量的干燥常春藤叶，
b)用热水蒸汽对粉碎的干燥常春藤叶进行蒸汽处理，
c)加入提取试剂进行提取，并且
d)酌情干燥提取物。
2.权利要求1的方法，其特征在于在步骤a)中常春藤叶被粉碎至≤5×5mm。
3.权利要求1或2的方法，其特征在于蒸汽处理进行1至30秒。
4.权利要求3的方法，其特征在于蒸汽处理进行1至10秒。
5.权利要求3的方法，其特征在于蒸汽处理进行5秒。
6.权利要求1至5中任一项的方法，其特征在于用水蒸气进行的蒸汽处理在约90℃至140℃温度下进行。
7.权利要求6的方法，其特征在于用水蒸气进行的蒸汽处理在约100℃至约120℃温度下进行。
8.权利要求6的方法，其特征在于用水蒸气进行的蒸汽处理在约110℃温度下进行。
9.权利要求1至8中任一项的方法，其特征在于所用的提取试剂为醇/水混合物。
10.权利要求9的方法，其特征在于所用的提取试剂为30％乙醇。
11.权利要求1至10中任一项的方法，其特征在于通过预膨胀和渗滤的方式进行提取。
12.权利要求11的方法，其特征在于预膨胀进行约1至约30小时。
13.权利要求12的方法，其特征在于预膨胀进行约6小时。
14.权利要求1至13中任一项的方法，其特征在于干燥通过薄膜蒸发和随后的喷雾干燥来进行。
15.权利要求1至14中任一项的方法，其特征在于在步骤b)之前至少一部分常春藤苷C被有选择地转化为α-常春藤素。
16.常春藤叶提取物，其特征在于采用如权利要求1至15中任一项所要求的方法来制备。
17.权利要求16的提取物在生产药物中的用途。
18.权利要求17的用途，其特征在于该药物用于治疗呼吸道疾病。
19.包含如权利要求16所要求的提取物的药物。
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DE10345342A1 (de) 2005-04-28
EA009805B1 (ru) 2008-04-28
MXPA06002946A (es) 2006-06-14
UA83683C2 (uk) 2008-08-11
SI1663269T1 (sl) 2008-06-30
ES2298802T3 (es) 2008-05-16
ATE382361T1 (de) 2008-01-15
EP1663269A1 (de) 2006-06-07
PL1663269T3 (pl) 2008-05-30
BRPI0414535B8 (pt) 2021-05-25
US20060112589A1 (en) 2006-06-01
PT1663269E (pt) 2008-01-23
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KR100839884B1 (ko) 2008-06-19
KR20060037465A (ko) 2006-05-03
EA200600489A1 (ru) 2006-10-27
HK1096868A1 (en) 2007-06-15
WO2005037299A1 (de) 2005-04-28
BRPI0414535B1 (pt) 2019-10-15
JP2007505848A (ja) 2007-03-15
BRPI0414535A (pt) 2006-11-07
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