CN100530457C - 高度绝缘的电感数据耦合器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了一种用于将信号耦合到电力线的电感耦合器。该电感耦合器包括在所述电力线周围放置的磁芯、缠绕所述磁芯的一部分的线圈、以及密封了所述磁芯并与所述电力线接触的半导体覆层。信号被耦合到该线圈。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及电力线通信,更具体地,涉及一种以使电压击穿最小化的方式来绝缘的数据耦合器。
背景技术
用于电力线通信的电感耦合器在电力线和通信设备(例如调制解调器)之间耦合数据信号。电感耦合器可能在不适当的低的线电压时发生绝缘击穿或者局部放电。击穿或者部分放电通常会出现在耦合器内的这样的位置处,在该位置,电场在绝缘材料中被集中或者形成了通过空气的超高强度电场。
图1示出了现有技术的电感耦合器的横截面。电力线800(例如相位线)用作该电感耦合器的初级绕组,并因此穿过带有磁芯的磁路的孔,该磁芯配置有包括芯部805的上磁芯部分和包括芯部810的下磁芯部分、以及空气间隙830和835。被绝缘材料825围绕的次级绕组820也通过该孔。电力线800在接触点855与芯部805相接触,而次级绕组820接地。芯部805和810由磁芯材料制成。芯部805和810内部的电场由磁芯材料的电导率和介电常数(permittivity)确定。
在电力线800裸露的情况下,全相电压被施加于该耦合器,具体地说是施加在接触点855和次级绕组820之间。
参照图2,其示出了电力线800被覆盖了绝缘材料(insulation)的情况,所示出的电力线800具有绝缘材料860,该绝缘材料860在接触点865处与芯部805相接触。在(a)在电力线800、绝缘材料860、和芯部805之间形成的电容器和(b)在接触点865和次级绕组820之间的电容之间形成电容分压器。因此,在接触点865和地之间的电压应力小于该全相电压。
在次级绕组820离开芯部810的平面上,芯部810呈现出尖锐拐角(sharp corner)。一般来说,可能存在着两个容易发生电离和电压击穿的位置:(1)电力线800和绝缘材料825之间的空气路径840,以及(2)芯部810的拐角和次级绕组820离开该芯部810的出口之间的区域。
空气路径840容易发生电离和电压击穿,说明如下。绝缘材料825很可能是由塑料或者具有2.5到3.5的介电常数的其他材料构成的。电力线800和次级绕组820之间的电压差的电容电压划分将是:绝大部分电压差在空气路径840上,而相对非常少的电压差通过绝缘路径850。空气的绝缘性能要劣于塑料或者其他绝缘材料的绝缘性能,所以随着电力线800上的电压增加,很可能在路径840上发生击穿。
图3示出了沿次级绕组820(例如如图1所示出的)的水平横截面。所示出的下磁芯部分由多个芯部(即芯部810、811、812和813)构成。次级绕组820通过芯部810、811、812和813。区域1000、1005、1010和1015表示电场集中的区域,并且可能在电力线800的电压还远低于期望电压时就引起初始绝缘击穿(initial insulation breakdown)。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种以使电压击穿最小化的方式来绝缘的数据耦合器。本发明的一个实施例是用于将信号耦合到电力线的电感耦合器。该电感耦合器包括在电力线周围布置的磁芯、缠绕该磁芯的一部分的线圈、以及密封该磁芯并且与该电力线接触的半导体覆层。信号被耦合到所述线圈。
用于将信号耦合到电力线的电感耦合器的另一个实施例包括在电力线周围布置的磁芯、布置在所述磁芯的表面上并与所述电力线接触的半导体覆层、和缠绕该磁芯的一部分的线圈。该线圈包括同轴电缆,所述同轴电缆的外导体具有电力线电势,而且该电缆包括具有应力锥(stresscone)的末端。
本发明还涉及一种电感耦合器,该电感耦合器包括:磁芯,包括第一部分和第二部分,所述第一部分和第二部分之间具有空气间隙,所述磁芯被构成为提供电力线通过其前进的孔,其中所述电力线靠近所述第一部分;缠绕所述第二部分的线圈,以及半导体覆层,布置在所述第一部分和所述第二部分的表面上,并横跨所述空气间隙,所述半导体覆层与所述电力线接触;其中所述电感耦合器通过所述磁芯,在所述线圈和所述电力线之间耦合数据信号。
附图说明
图1示出了现有技术的电感耦合器的与电力线垂直的横截面;
图2示出了现有技术的另一个实施例的电感耦合器的横截面;
图3示出了沿例如如图1中示出的电感耦合器的次级绕组的水平横截面;
图4是高度绝缘电感数据耦合器的与电力线垂直的横截面;
图5示出了沿例如如图4中示出的高度绝缘电感数据耦合器的下磁芯部分的水平横截面;
图6是采用了具有半导体覆层的电感耦合器的结构的垂直横截面;
图7是并入了作为次级绕组的电缆的高压电感数据耦合器的横截面。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的高度绝缘电感数据耦合器实际上消除了通过空气路径的高强度电场,并且将这些高强度电场限制在充满了介质材料的位置。所有被激励体(energized body)都使用圆化的几何体,以消除可能产生高强度局部电场的任何尖形(pointy feature)。同样,将上磁芯部分和下磁芯部分放置到单个公共等电势包络线之内,使该耦合器与磁芯的介电性能无关,并消除了磁芯内以及上磁芯部分和下磁芯部分之间的电场。
图4是根据本发明的高度绝缘电感数据耦合器的横截面。该耦合器包括在电力线800周围布置的磁芯。该磁芯配置有包括芯部805的上磁芯部分和包括芯部810的下磁芯部分。磁芯部分被指定为“上”和“下”仅表示它们在本发明公开的附图中的各自的位置,而这种指定对描述这些磁芯部分实际的物理位置关系是不必要的。次级绕组820与诸如调制解调器这样的通信设备(未示出)相连,从而该耦合器能够便数据信号在电力线800和该通信设备之间进行耦合。
将芯部805和芯部810中的每一个都密封到由半导体材料制成的保护罩(boot)或者覆层900和905中。合适的半导体材料例如是注入了石墨或者金刚砂以提供所需的体电阻率(bulk resistivity)的塑料或者橡胶。在覆层900和覆层905之间形成电接触910。所以,芯部805与810以及覆层900与905就变为单个的基本等势体。
绝缘材料825的表面915覆盖有半导体覆层945,该半导体覆层945与覆层905重叠并且与覆层905电接触。从而覆层945的电势基本等于电力线800的表面电势,这就消除或者大大地降低了通过空气路径940的电压。这使得包括次级绕组820以及芯部805和810、并且采用电力线800作为初级绕组的电感耦合器可以比没有半导体覆层945的电感耦合器在更高的初级电压上安全地使用。
图5示出了沿例如如图4中示出的高度绝缘电感数据耦合器的下磁芯部分的水平横截面。该下磁芯部分依次配置有多个磁芯部分,即芯部810、811、812和813。当与图3的电感数据耦合器相比较时,图5的电感数据耦合器在次级绕组820离开芯部813的出口处的区域1105中的电场集中被减少(与区域1000相比较而言)。覆层905配置有圆的外形1100,其在芯部813的侧面提供了圆形的延伸部分。对于电力线800(图1)所承载的给定电压而言,将被激励体(例如芯部813)的形状圆化减少了区域1105中的最大电场。相对地,对于具有最大电压击穿额定值的给定绝缘材料825(图1)来说,电力线800上施加的电压与出现尖锐拐角时所容许的电压相比较,可以增加。
图5所示的次级绕组820穿过了磁芯一次。实际上,次级绕组820可以被配置为缠绕该磁芯的一部分的线圈。
这样,就提供了一种用于将信号耦合到电力线的电感耦合器。该电感耦合器包括:(a)在电力线周围布置的磁芯;(b)缠绕该磁芯的一部分的线圈,其中信号耦合到该线圈;以及(c)半导体覆层,其将磁芯密封并与电力线接触。该磁芯具有纵向末端,因而该电感耦合器还包括覆盖了该纵向末端并与所述半导体覆层电接触的圆形半导体体部。该线圈具有从所述磁芯引出的导线,所以该电感耦合器还包括在所述末端上的半导体层,用于降低电力线和覆盖了所述线圈的绝缘材料的表面之间的电应力。
图6是采用了具有半导体覆层的电感耦合器的结构的垂直剖面图。电力线800和围绕接地的次级绕组1220的绝缘层1225的表面1210之间的空气路径1200很容易电离并击穿。电力线800和次级绕组1220之间的电势差在空气路径1200和绝缘层1225之间被电容性划分。与绝缘层1225上的电势差相比较,在空气路径1200上的电势差具有较大的比例,而空气路径1200却是较差的绝缘体。
为了缓解这种情况,采用类似于在应力锥中使用的技术。应力锥在两个导体电缆(conductor cable)的端接处使用,并提供了逐渐降低的电势,以减少可能导致绝缘击穿的电场集中。在图6的右半部分示出了这种情况。嵌入到绝缘层1225中的半导体层1230被夹在次级绕组1220和绝缘层1225的表面1215之间,并且与芯部805和810的覆层905相连接。半导体层1230包括串联电阻和寄生电容的组合,可使电势随着距离半导体磁芯覆层905的纵向末端的距离增加而降低,以避免在半导体层1230的远边缘(distal edge)处产生任何过度的电应力集中。从而,半导体层1230将表面1215的电势提高到接近于电力线800的初级电势(primary potential),极大地降低了空气路径125上的电势差,并防止在电力线800无法接受的低初级电压上击穿。
图6中示出的次级绕组1220穿过了磁芯一次。实际上,次级绕组1220可以被配置为缠绕该磁芯的一部分的线圈。
可以通过多种技术的组合来消除空气路径上的大的电势差,并消除具有高强度电应力的点。正如上面结合图4和图5所描述的,在一种技术中,由半导体层来覆盖这些磁芯。对于另一种技术,为耦合器使用或特别模制一段高压电缆。该电缆具有外半导体层,其通过与所覆盖的磁芯导电地或电容地接触而被激励。该电缆具有接地的中间导体(centerconductor)。在次级绕组的两端,应力锥提供电缆的端接。如果该次级绕组被嵌入到绝缘材料中,则可以使用无裙(shed)的室内应力锥(indoorstress cone)。否则,可以使用有裙的户外应力锥(outdoor stress cone)以增加漏电路径。
图7是根据本发明的另一实施例的高压电感数据耦合器1345的横截面。耦合器1345使用高压电缆作为次级绕组。
电力线800穿过芯部805,该芯部被半导体层900覆盖。次级绕组1300(即次级电缆1305的内部导体)通过未示出的扼流圈(choke)接地,并通过芯部810,该芯部810密封在半导体层905中。次级电缆1305覆盖有半导体层1310,该半导体层1310与应力锥1320的半导体部分1315相连接。耦合器1345的整个下部密封在绝缘体1325中,该耦合器1345配有裙1330,其用于在电力线800和接地的次级绕组1300之间提供的长的漏电路径。
就其功能来说,电力线800或者其薄绝缘材料与半导体层900相接触,并且使半导体层900的电势接近于电力线800的电势。术语“间隙”和“空气间隙”用于表示在磁芯各部分之间的非磁间隔体(spacer)或者非磁区域,用于增加电流处理能力和饱和前的最大磁动势(magnetomotiveforce)。半导体层900在各芯部805和810之间的间隙1350接触半导体层905,使半导体层905接近电力线800的电势。次级电缆1305具有与半导体层905直接接触的半导体层1310,从而也使半导体层1310达到了接近于电力线800的电势。
在次级电缆1305的各端,应力锥1320端接次级电缆1305,使次级绕组1300可以离开耦合器1345而不产生过分的局部电应力。由于下部的被激励了的半导体层1310,因而耦合器1345的表面电势接近于电力线800的电势,所以空气路径1340不会桥接高的电势。
图7中所示的次级电缆1305穿过了磁芯一次。实际上,次级电缆1305可以被配置为缠绕该磁芯的一部分的线圈。
因此,提供了用于将信号耦合到电力线的电感耦合器的另一个实施例。该电感耦合器包括(a)在电力线周围布置的磁芯;(b)缠绕该磁芯的一部分的线圈,其中将信号耦合到该线圈;以及(c)半导体覆层,其将磁芯密封并与电力线接触。此外,该线圈具有一段被覆盖了半导体材料的高压电缆,该半导体材料与所述半导体覆层导电地或者电容性地接触,所述电感耦合器还包括在该线圈末端的应力锥。
应当理解,本领域的普通技术人员能够进行本文所教导内容的各种替换、组合和变型。本发明旨在包含落入到所附权利要求范围内的所有这样的替换、变型和修改。
Claims (11)
1、一种用于将信号耦合到电力线的电感耦合器,该电感耦合器包括:
在所述电力线周围设置的磁芯;
缠绕所述磁芯的一部分的线圈,其中所述信号被耦合到所述线圈;以及
半导体覆层,其密封所述磁芯并与所述电力线接触。
2、根据权利要求1的电感耦合器,
其中所述磁芯具有纵向末端,并且
其中所述电感耦合器还包括圆形半导体体部,所述圆形半导体体部覆盖了所述纵向末端并与所述半导体覆层电接触。
3、根据权利要求1的电感耦合器,
其中所述磁芯具有纵向末端,并且
其中所述半导体覆层具有覆盖所述纵向末端的圆的外形。
4、根据权利要求1的电感耦合器,
其中所述线圈具有从所述磁芯引出的导线,
其中所述导线覆盖有绝缘材料层,并且
其中所述电感耦合器还包括在所述绝缘材料层上的半导体层。
5、根据权利要求1的电感耦合器,
其中所述线圈具有从所述磁芯引出的导线,并且
其中所述电感耦合器还包括在所述导线上的半导体层。
6、根据权利要求1的电感耦合器,
其中所述线圈具有一段覆盖有半导体材料的高压电缆,所述半导体材料与所述半导体覆层进行导电或者电容性接触,并且
其中所述电感耦合器还包括在所述线圈末端的应力锥。
7、根据权利要求1所述的电感耦合器,其中,所述磁芯包括第一部分和第二部分,所述第一部分和第二部分之间具有空气间隙。
8、根据权利要求1所述的电感耦合器,其中,所述半导体覆层的电势与所述电力线的电势大体相等。
9、一种用于将信号耦合到电力线的电感耦合器,该电感耦合器包括:
用于在所述电力线周围布置的磁芯;
布置在所述磁芯的表面上并与所述电力线接触的半导体覆层;以及
缠绕所述磁芯的一部分的线圈,
其中所述线圈包括同轴电缆,同轴电缆的外导体具有电力线电势,以及
其中所述电缆包括具有应力锥的末端。
10、一种电感耦合器,该电感耦合器包括:
磁芯,包括第一部分和第二部分,所述第一部分和第二部分之间具有空气间隙,所述磁芯被构成为提供孔,电力线通过所述孔前进,其中所述电力线靠近所述第一部分;
缠绕所述第二部分的线圈,以及
半导体覆层,布置在所述第一部分和所述第二部分的表面上,并横跨所述空气间隙,所述半导体覆层与所述电力线接触;
其中所述电感耦合器通过所述磁芯,在所述线圈和所述电力线之间耦合数据信号。
11、根据权利要求10所述的电感耦合器,其中,所述半导体覆层的电势与所述电力线的电势大体相等。
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CNA2003801015038A Pending CN1706176A (zh) | 2002-10-17 | 2003-10-17 | 共享用于通信的公用介质的中继器 |
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