YU53394A - Postupak za proizvodnju sirćetne kiseline - Google Patents
Postupak za proizvodnju sirćetne kiselineInfo
- Publication number
- YU53394A YU53394A YU53394A YU53394A YU53394A YU 53394 A YU53394 A YU 53394A YU 53394 A YU53394 A YU 53394A YU 53394 A YU53394 A YU 53394A YU 53394 A YU53394 A YU 53394A
- Authority
- YU
- Yugoslavia
- Prior art keywords
- production
- procedure
- acidic acid
- acetic acid
- reactive derivative
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/20—Carbonyls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0231—Halogen-containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
- C07C51/12—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide on an oxygen-containing group in organic compounds, e.g. alcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C53/00—Saturated compounds having only one carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or hydrogen
- C07C53/08—Acetic acid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/821—Ruthenium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/825—Osmium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/827—Iridium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- C07C2531/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- C07C2531/20—Carbonyls
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- C07C2531/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups C07C2531/02 - C07C2531/24
- C07C2531/28—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups C07C2531/02 - C07C2531/24 of the platinum group metals, iron group metals or copper
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials
Abstract
POSTUPAK ZA PROIZVODNJU SIRĆETNE KISELINE karboniliziranjem metanola ili nekog njegovog reaktivnog derivata, koji obuhvata dovođenje u dodir metanola ili njegovog reaktivnog derivata sa ugljen monoksidom u tečnoj reagujućoj smeši koja obuhvata (a) sirćetnu kiselinu, (b) neki iridijumski katalizator, (c) metil jodid, (d) bar neku određenu količinu vode, (3) metil acetat, poboljšan je primenom kao promotora bar jednog od rutenijuma i osmijuma.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB939318809A GB9318809D0 (en) | 1993-09-10 | 1993-09-10 | Process |
GB9408966A GB9408966D0 (en) | 1994-05-05 | 1994-05-05 | Process |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
YU53394A true YU53394A (sh) | 1996-10-18 |
YU49260B YU49260B (sh) | 2004-12-31 |
Family
ID=26303500
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
YU53394A YU49260B (sh) | 1993-09-10 | 1994-09-07 | Postupak za proizvodnju sirćetne kiseline |
Country Status (19)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5672743A (sh) |
EP (1) | EP0643034B1 (sh) |
JP (2) | JP4195103B2 (sh) |
KR (1) | KR100337066B1 (sh) |
CN (2) | CN1041915C (sh) |
BR (1) | BR9403499A (sh) |
CA (1) | CA2117569C (sh) |
DE (1) | DE69410557T2 (sh) |
ES (1) | ES2116539T3 (sh) |
FI (1) | FI944164A (sh) |
IN (1) | IN187227B (sh) |
MY (1) | MY121194A (sh) |
NO (1) | NO301708B1 (sh) |
NZ (1) | NZ264419A (sh) |
RU (1) | RU2132840C1 (sh) |
SG (1) | SG43676A1 (sh) |
TW (1) | TW252105B (sh) |
UA (1) | UA26345C2 (sh) |
YU (1) | YU49260B (sh) |
Families Citing this family (110)
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---|---|---|---|---|
US5672743A (en) * | 1993-09-10 | 1997-09-30 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Process for the production of acetic acid |
GB9503385D0 (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1995-04-12 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
US5510524A (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1996-04-23 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Process for the production of a carboxylic acid |
GB9503382D0 (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1995-04-12 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB9504708D0 (en) * | 1995-03-08 | 1995-04-26 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
US5696284A (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 1997-12-09 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Process for the carbonylation of alkyl alcohols and/or reactive derivatives thereof |
GB9521501D0 (en) * | 1995-10-20 | 1995-12-20 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
US6156692A (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 2000-12-05 | Bp Amoco Corporation | Ruthenium-containing catalyst composition for olefin metathesis |
US5831120A (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1998-11-03 | Watson; Derrick John | Process for the production of acetic acid |
GB9625335D0 (en) * | 1996-12-05 | 1997-01-22 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB9626324D0 (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 1997-02-05 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB9626429D0 (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 1997-02-05 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB9626317D0 (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 1997-02-05 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB9825424D0 (en) * | 1998-11-19 | 1999-01-13 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
US6232352B1 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2001-05-15 | Acetex Limited | Methanol plant retrofit for acetic acid manufacture |
US6274096B1 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2001-08-14 | Acetex (Cyprus) Limited | Methanol plant retrofit |
GB9926854D0 (en) * | 1999-11-12 | 2000-01-12 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB9926855D0 (en) * | 1999-11-12 | 2000-01-12 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
US6458995B1 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2002-10-01 | Celanese International Corporation | Catalytic composition for carbonylation including iridium and pyridine polymers |
US6235673B1 (en) * | 2000-04-05 | 2001-05-22 | Eastman Chemical Company | Carbonylation catalyst supported on a carbonized polysulfonated divinylbenzene-styrene copolymer |
US6627770B1 (en) | 2000-08-24 | 2003-09-30 | Celanese International Corporation | Method and apparatus for sequesting entrained and volatile catalyst species in a carbonylation process |
US6531630B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-03-11 | Kenneth Ebenes Vidalin | Bimodal acetic acid manufacture |
US6599348B2 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2003-07-29 | Celanese International Corporation | Methods for reducing entrainment of solids and liquids |
GB0211560D0 (en) * | 2002-05-20 | 2002-06-26 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB0212974D0 (en) * | 2002-06-06 | 2002-07-17 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB0221800D0 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2002-10-30 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB0316756D0 (en) * | 2003-07-17 | 2003-08-20 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
US6846951B1 (en) | 2003-10-09 | 2005-01-25 | Acetex (Cyprus) Limited | Integrated process for acetic acid and methanol |
MY146697A (en) * | 2004-07-09 | 2012-09-14 | Acetex Cyprus Ltd | Preparation of syngas for acetic acid synthesis by partial oxidation of methanol feedstock |
US7053241B1 (en) | 2005-02-24 | 2006-05-30 | Celanese International Corporation | Acetic acid production methods incorporating at least one metal salt as a catalyst stabilizer |
CN1978055B (zh) * | 2005-12-08 | 2010-05-05 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 一种羰基合成催化体系及应用 |
GB0601861D0 (en) * | 2006-01-30 | 2006-03-08 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
TWI465424B (zh) | 2006-03-21 | 2014-12-21 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | 製造醋酸的方法 |
US7902398B2 (en) | 2007-04-25 | 2011-03-08 | Celanese International Corporation | Method and apparatus for carbonylation with reduced catalyst loss |
US7989659B2 (en) | 2007-05-17 | 2011-08-02 | Celanese International Corporation | Method and apparatus for making acetic acid with improved light ends column productivity |
US7902397B2 (en) * | 2007-10-11 | 2011-03-08 | Celanese International Corporation | Method and apparatus for making acetic acid with improved productivity |
US8062482B2 (en) * | 2007-10-30 | 2011-11-22 | Celanese International Corporation | Acetaldehyde removal from methyl acetate by distillation at elevated pressure |
EP2093209A1 (en) | 2008-02-19 | 2009-08-26 | BP Chemicals Limited | Process for the production of acetic acid |
ES2523719T3 (es) | 2008-04-29 | 2014-12-01 | Celanese International Corporation | Sistema de carbonilación de metanol que tiene un absorbente con opciones de disolvente múltiples |
US7820855B2 (en) * | 2008-04-29 | 2010-10-26 | Celanese International Corporation | Method and apparatus for carbonylating methanol with acetic acid enriched flash stream |
US7790920B2 (en) * | 2008-09-11 | 2010-09-07 | Lyondell Chemical Technology, L.P. | Preparation of acetic acid |
US7884237B2 (en) * | 2008-11-07 | 2011-02-08 | Celanese International Corp. | Methanol carbonylation with improved aldehyde removal |
EP2186787A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 | 2010-05-19 | BP p.l.c. | Hydrogenation of ethanoic acid to produce ethanol |
US8076508B2 (en) * | 2008-12-08 | 2011-12-13 | Lyondell Chemical Technology | Preparation of acetic acid |
US8168822B2 (en) | 2009-07-07 | 2012-05-01 | Celanese International Corporation | Acetic acid production by way of carbonylation with enhanced reaction and flashing |
US8455685B2 (en) * | 2009-07-07 | 2013-06-04 | Celanese International Corporation | Acetic anhydride production by way of carbonylation with enhanced reaction and flashing |
CN101722047B (zh) * | 2009-11-27 | 2013-07-10 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 甲醇羰基合成醋酸的均相铱配合物催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
US8575403B2 (en) | 2010-05-07 | 2013-11-05 | Celanese International Corporation | Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate in ethanol separation process |
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US8569551B2 (en) | 2010-05-07 | 2013-10-29 | Celanese International Corporation | Alcohol production process integrating acetic acid feed stream comprising water from carbonylation process |
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KR101667222B1 (ko) | 2014-12-29 | 2016-10-18 | 한국화학연구원 | 카보닐화 반응에 의한 초산 제조용 Rh-C3N4 불균일 촉매 |
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DE2939839A1 (de) * | 1979-10-02 | 1981-04-23 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur herstellung von essigsaeureanhydrid |
JPS5683439A (en) * | 1979-12-13 | 1981-07-08 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | Preparation of acetic acid |
FR2471965A1 (fr) * | 1979-12-21 | 1981-06-26 | Rhone Poulenc Ind | Procede de preparation de carboxylates d'alkyles a partir de leurs homologues inferieurs |
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FR2507597B1 (fr) * | 1981-06-12 | 1985-12-13 | Rhone Poulenc Chim Base | Procede de carbonylation de l'acetate de methyle |
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JPS6017773B2 (ja) * | 1982-04-02 | 1985-05-07 | 工業技術院長 | 含酸素化合物の製造方法 |
CA1194033A (en) * | 1981-12-10 | 1985-09-24 | Eit Drent | Process for the co-production of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid esters |
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JPS58152727A (ja) * | 1982-03-08 | 1983-09-10 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | カセツト式給紙装置 |
JPS5950653B2 (ja) * | 1982-03-30 | 1984-12-10 | 工業技術院長 | エチレングリコ−ルの製造方法 |
EP0090443B1 (en) * | 1982-03-30 | 1988-06-22 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | A process for carbonylating methanol to acetic acid and/or methyl acetate |
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US4681707A (en) * | 1982-09-30 | 1987-07-21 | The British Petroleum Company P.L.C. | Process for the production of carboxylic acid esters and/or carboxylic acids |
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DE3463257D1 (en) * | 1983-03-25 | 1987-05-27 | Texaco Development Corp | A process for producing carboxylic acids by carbonylation of alkanols over a carbon catalyst |
CA1234147A (en) * | 1983-07-06 | 1988-03-15 | Eit Drent | Process for the preparation of ethanol and/or ethyl acetate |
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JPS6032726A (ja) * | 1983-08-03 | 1985-02-19 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | 含酸素化合物を製造する方法 |
JPS6032724A (ja) * | 1983-08-03 | 1985-02-19 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | 含酸素化合物の製造方法 |
GB8406126D0 (en) * | 1984-03-08 | 1984-04-11 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Esters |
JPS60199841A (ja) * | 1984-03-22 | 1985-10-09 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | C↓2含酸素化合物の製造方法 |
JPS60255741A (ja) * | 1984-05-31 | 1985-12-17 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | 含酸素化合物を製造する方法 |
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US4588834A (en) * | 1984-10-04 | 1986-05-13 | Texaco Inc. | Process for carbonylation of olefins to carboxylic acids and esters |
DE3511050A1 (de) * | 1985-03-27 | 1986-10-02 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur herstellung von monocarbonsaeureanhydriden |
JPS62135445A (ja) * | 1985-12-09 | 1987-06-18 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | カルボン酸無水物の製造方法 |
GB8618710D0 (en) * | 1986-07-31 | 1986-09-10 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Recovering metals |
DE3823645C1 (sh) * | 1988-07-13 | 1989-11-30 | Hoechst Ag | |
GB8904125D0 (en) * | 1989-02-23 | 1989-04-05 | British Petroleum Co Plc | Process for preparing carboxylic acids |
JPH03197441A (ja) * | 1989-12-26 | 1991-08-28 | Sagami Chem Res Center | カルボン酸類の製造方法 |
JPH0446139A (ja) * | 1990-05-15 | 1992-02-17 | Sagami Chem Res Center | カルボン酸類を製造する方法 |
FR2670779A1 (fr) * | 1990-12-20 | 1992-06-26 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Procede de preparation de l'acide adipique par hydrocarboxylation d'acides penteniques. |
GB9218346D0 (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 1992-10-14 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
US5672743A (en) * | 1993-09-10 | 1997-09-30 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Process for the production of acetic acid |
FR2703351A1 (fr) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-10-07 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Procédé de préparation d'acides carboxyliques ou des esters correspondants en présence d'un catalyseur à base de rhodium et d'iridium. |
-
1994
- 1994-08-01 US US08/284,078 patent/US5672743A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-03 IN IN987DE1994 patent/IN187227B/en unknown
- 1994-08-20 TW TW083107641A patent/TW252105B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-08-24 CA CA002117569A patent/CA2117569C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-01 ES ES94306506T patent/ES2116539T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-01 DE DE69410557T patent/DE69410557T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-01 EP EP94306506A patent/EP0643034B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-01 SG SG1995001784A patent/SG43676A1/en unknown
- 1994-09-07 YU YU53394A patent/YU49260B/sh unknown
- 1994-09-08 NZ NZ264419A patent/NZ264419A/en unknown
- 1994-09-08 NO NO943318A patent/NO301708B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-09 FI FI944164A patent/FI944164A/fi unknown
- 1994-09-09 RU RU94033107A patent/RU2132840C1/ru active
- 1994-09-09 MY MYPI94002387A patent/MY121194A/en unknown
- 1994-09-09 JP JP21622994A patent/JP4195103B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-09 BR BR9403499A patent/BR9403499A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-09 UA UA94095799A patent/UA26345C2/uk unknown
- 1994-09-10 CN CN94115261A patent/CN1041915C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-10 KR KR1019940022862A patent/KR100337066B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-06-12 US US08/873,761 patent/US5942460A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-06-25 CN CN98115522A patent/CN1092541C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2008
- 2008-01-25 JP JP2008015687A patent/JP2008110990A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
YU49260B (sh) | 2004-12-31 |
NZ264419A (en) | 1995-03-28 |
TW252105B (sh) | 1995-07-21 |
CN1041915C (zh) | 1999-02-03 |
DE69410557T2 (de) | 1998-09-17 |
US5672743A (en) | 1997-09-30 |
CA2117569A1 (en) | 1995-03-11 |
IN187227B (sh) | 2002-03-02 |
JP2008110990A (ja) | 2008-05-15 |
BR9403499A (pt) | 1995-05-16 |
CA2117569C (en) | 2003-12-30 |
KR100337066B1 (ko) | 2002-11-30 |
NO943318L (no) | 1995-03-13 |
DE69410557D1 (de) | 1998-07-02 |
NO301708B1 (no) | 1997-12-01 |
MY121194A (en) | 2006-01-28 |
US5942460A (en) | 1999-08-24 |
JPH07165664A (ja) | 1995-06-27 |
FI944164A (fi) | 1995-03-11 |
CN1210760A (zh) | 1999-03-17 |
FI944164A0 (fi) | 1994-09-09 |
EP0643034A1 (en) | 1995-03-15 |
JP4195103B2 (ja) | 2008-12-10 |
CN1107460A (zh) | 1995-08-30 |
RU2132840C1 (ru) | 1999-07-10 |
KR950008463A (ko) | 1995-04-17 |
SG43676A1 (en) | 1997-11-14 |
EP0643034B1 (en) | 1998-05-27 |
RU94033107A (ru) | 1996-07-20 |
UA26345C2 (uk) | 1999-08-30 |
ES2116539T3 (es) | 1998-07-16 |
NO943318D0 (no) | 1994-09-08 |
CN1092541C (zh) | 2002-10-16 |
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