WO2018143612A1 - 코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 산화물을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질, 이를 제조하는 방법, 및 상기 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극 및 이차전지 - Google Patents
코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 산화물을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질, 이를 제조하는 방법, 및 상기 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극 및 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/40—Cobaltates
- C01G51/42—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/006—Compounds containing, besides cobalt, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
- C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery including a lithium cobalt oxide having a core-shell structure, and a method of manufacturing the same.
- lithium secondary batteries have high energy density and operating potential, have long cycle life, and have low self discharge rate. Is commercially available and widely used.
- LiCoO 2 Currently, LiCoO 2 , Samsung SDI (NMC / NCA), LiMnO 4 , and LiFePO 4 are used as cathode materials for lithium secondary batteries.
- LiCoO 2 there are also advantages such as high rolling density, so many LiCoO 2 have been used until now, and researches to increase the working voltage to develop high capacity secondary batteries have been conducted.
- LiCoO 2 has a low charge / discharge current of about 150 mAh / g, has a problem in that the crystal structure is unstable at a voltage of 4.3V or higher, and the lifespan characteristic is sharply lowered. There is a risk of ignition by reaction with the electrolyte. .
- the present invention aims to solve the problems of the prior art as described above and the technical problems that have been requested from the past.
- the inventors of the present application include three types of dopants independently doped with lithium cobalt doping oxide in the core and lithium cobalt doping oxide in the shell, as described later.
- the dopants satisfy certain conditions, the structural stability of the crystal structure is improved and the crystal structure is maintained even in the operating voltage range of more than 4.5V, and thus the present invention has been found to exhibit high high voltage characteristics and to complete the present invention.
- the cathode active material for secondary batteries according to the present invention is a cathode active material for lithium secondary batteries containing a lithium cobalt doping oxide having a core-shell structure
- the lithium cobalt-doped oxide of the core and the lithium cobalt-doped oxide of the shell each contain three kinds of dopants independently of each other, and satisfy the following (a) or (b).
- OC is the average oxidation number of the dopants present in the core
- OS is the average oxidation number of the dopants present in the shell.
- the dopants of the core are metal (M1) of +2 oxidized water, metal (M2) of +3 oxidized water, and metal (M3) of +4 oxidized water, and the contents of M1, M2, and M3 Satisfies the following condition (2) based on the molar ratio;
- the dopants of the shell are metal (M1 ') of +2 oxidized water, metal (M2') of +3 oxidized water, and metal (M3 ') of +4 oxidized water, and M1', M2 ', and M3. 'Satisfies the following condition (3) based on the molar ratio.
- CM1 is M1 content
- CM2 is M2 content
- CM3 is M3 content
- CM1 'is M1' content CM2 'is M2' content
- CM3 'is M3' content CM1 'is M1' content
- lithium cobalt oxide for driving a battery of 4.35V, 4.4V, 4.45V at high voltage
- the lithium cobalt oxide is doped with Al, Ti, Zr, Mg, P, Ca, F, Co, etc.
- coatings have been used to achieve structural durability and surface stability in high voltage environments.
- lithium cobalt oxide is an intrinsic property, whereby Co 3 + is oxidized to Co 4 + in a condition of x ⁇ 50 in Li x CoO 2 , resulting in an increase in structural stress due to a small ion radius of Co 4 + .
- the inventors of the present application have conducted extensive studies, and as a core-shell structured lithium cobalt doped oxide, three types of dopants in which the lithium cobalt doped oxide in the core and the lithium cobalt doped oxide in the shell each have different oxidation numbers
- the average oxidation number of the dopants doped in the core and shell to have the above range while satisfying the condition (1), or by adjusting the content ratio of the dopants conditions (2) and (3)
- the life characteristics were significantly improved by suppressing the change of the surface structure under high temperature and high voltage to improve the structural stability of the positive electrode active material particles.
- the driving voltage is prepared on a half coin cell basis.
- t (ratio) of the condition (1) can satisfy the condition of 0.8 ⁇ t ⁇ 0.95
- r (molar ratio) of the conditions (2) and (3) is 2 ⁇ r ⁇ 2.5
- r '(Molar ratio) may satisfy the condition of 0.5 ⁇ r ′ ⁇ 1.5.
- the crystal structure can be maintained without a phase change in a range in which the anode potential at full charge exceeds 4.5 V based on the Li potential.
- the lithium cobalt doped oxide of the core may have a composition of Formula 1 below.
- M1, M2 and M3 are each independently one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Ba, Ca, Ta, Nb, Mo, Ni, Zn, Si, V and Mn;
- the lithium cobalt doped oxide of the shell may have a composition of Formula 2 below.
- M1 ', M2' and M3 ' are one element independently selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Ba, Ca, Ta, Nb, Mo, Ni, Zn, Si, V and Mn ;
- the composition formulas of the core and the shell are all doped with cobalt sites in the form of three kinds of dopants, and do not differ greatly in the type and amount of doping elements.
- the lithium cobalt-doped oxide of the core-shell structure according to the present invention satisfies the conditions (2) and (3) of (b), in the content ratio, the core is +2 compared to the shell +3 And + tetravalent contents have more configuration.
- the concept of the shell is not another phase completely separate from the core, but a concept such as surface doping due to a change in composition and / or content, so long as the core can be distinguished from the shell.
- Surface doped configurations are also within the scope of the present invention.
- the thickness of the shell which differs in the composition distinguished from the core, may be 50 to 2000 nm, in particular 50 to 200 nm.
- the resistance may be large due to the large resistance of the shell, there is a problem that may be negative in the resistance and rate characteristics due to the disconnection of the Li ion migration passage, If the thickness is too thin, high voltage stability by the shell may not be guaranteed, which is undesirable.
- each dopant substituted in the cobalt sites of the core and shell may have a different oxidation number
- M1 And M1 ' may be a metal of +2 oxidized water
- M2 and M2' may be a metal of +3 oxidized water
- M3 and M3 ' may be a metal of +4 oxidized water.
- the present invention is more advantageous to the intended structural stability when the dopants doped in the core and shell have different oxidation numbers from the other elements doped together so that +2, +3, and +4 all have oxidation numbers. Do.
- the metal of the +2 oxidized water the doped metal is oxidized before Co 3 + to prevent oxidation to Co 4 + to prevent structural stress to improve the structural stability
- +3 Metal plays a role of maintaining structure in place of cobalt oxidized to Co 4 +
- the metal of +4 oxidized water suppresses the change of surface structure and maintains the movement of lithium ions under high temperature and high voltage. It is easy to prevent the degradation of the output characteristics of the secondary battery.
- the lithium cobalt doped oxide according to the present invention can maintain structural stability even in the operating range of more than 4.5V.
- the dopants having different oxidation numbers doped to each of the cobalt portion of the lithium cobalt oxide partially serves to improve the structural safety for each time and situation.
- the metals M1 and M1 'of the oxidized water are each independently one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Ni, and Ba;
- the metals M2 and M2 'of the + trivalent oxidized water are each independently one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Al, Ta, and Nb;
- the metals M3 and M3 'of the +4 oxidized water are each independently selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Nb, Mn, and Mo and may be an element different from M2 and M2', and more specifically, +2 is an oxidized water.
- the metal M1 may be Mg
- the metal M2 of the +3 oxidized water may be Ti or Al
- the metal M3 of the +4 oxidized water may be Ti, Nb, or Mo.
- the inclusion of all of these dopants in excess does not continue to increase structural stability, and the total content of doped dopants does not exceed 12%, specifically 6%, based on the molar ratio in the core and shell, respectively.
- the improved structural stability can be exhibited.
- each of the dopants may be uniformly doped throughout the core and shell of the lithium cobalt doping oxide, but not limited to, to prevent local structural changes in the particles.
- the surface of the lithium cobalt doped oxide may be coated with Al 2 O 3 having a thickness of 50 nm to 100 nm.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a lithium cobalt doping oxide of the core-shell structure of the positive electrode active material, the manufacturing method,
- the lithium-cobalt doping oxide of the core-shell structure is first prepared by coprecipitation of the doped cobalt precursor containing a dopant for the manufacture of the core, and then calcining the doped cobalt precursor and the lithium precursor
- the doping of the cobalt precursor itself during the core manufacturing is produced by reacting with the lithium precursor, so that the dopant can react with the lithium precursor evenly distributed in the cobalt, and less by-products to obtain the present invention
- the yield of lithium cobalt doped oxides containing dopants is high.
- the solution can be converted to a basic atmosphere to prepare a doped cobalt oxide as a doped cobalt precursor by coprecipitation.
- the content of the salt containing the dopant element and the content of cobalt salt may be determined in consideration of the composition of the core as the final product.
- the salts containing the dopant elements of the above process (i) each contain salts of metals (M1) of +2 oxidized water.
- +3 is a salt containing metal (M2) of oxidized water
- +4 is a salt containing metal (M3) of oxidized water
- CM1 is the content of M1
- CM2 is the content of M2
- CM3 is the content of M3.
- Salts and cobalt salts containing the dopant element for preparing the doped cobalt precursor of the process (i) are not limited as long as it can be a coprecipitation process, for example, in the form of carbonate, sulfate, or nitrate And in detail, sulfate.
- the content of the cobalt precursor, the lithium precursor, and the three kinds of dopant precursors may be determined in consideration of the composition of the shell.
- the three kinds of dopant precursors of the process (iii) are precursors in which +2 comprises a metal (M1 ') of oxidized water.
- +3 is a precursor containing a metal (M2 ') of oxidized water
- +4 is a precursor containing a metal (M3') of oxidized water
- a mixing ratio of the precursors may be determined to satisfy the following condition (2).
- CM1 ' is the content of M1'
- CM2 ' is the content of M2'
- CM3 ' is the content of M3'.
- the dopants when designed to satisfy condition (1) of (a), the dopants may be mixed to satisfy condition (1) in steps (i) and (iii).
- oxides such as Al 2 O 3 can be mixed by dry or wet mixing, and the method disclosed in the art is not limited.
- the present invention provides another method for producing a lithium cobalt doping oxide of the core-shell structure of the positive electrode active material, specifically the manufacturing method,
- lithium of the core-shell structure by mixing three kinds of dopant precursors independently of the core particles, the cobalt precursors, the lithium precursors, and the process (i), followed by secondary firing to form a shell on the surface of the core particles.
- a cobalt precursor, a lithium precursor, and a dopant precursor are mixed and fired at the same time from the core to the shell, so that the lithium cobalt doped oxide may be manufactured by a simpler method.
- the content of the dopant precursors, cobalt precursor, and lithium precursor may be determined in consideration of the final product.
- the mixing ratio of the dopant precursors in steps (i) and (iii) may be set to satisfy the condition (1).
- the mixing ratio of the three types of dopant precursors is determined to satisfy the conditions (2) and (3). Can be done.
- the cobalt precursor may be cobalt oxide, for example, Co 3 O 4
- the dopant precursor may be a metal, a metal oxide or a metal salt for the dopant
- the lithium precursor may also be one or more selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 .
- the dopants of the three kinds of dopant precursors may have different oxidation numbers from each other, in more detail, in order to achieve improved structural stability in various ways at high voltage, and more specifically, +2 is the oxidation number.
- +2 is the oxidation number.
- the primary firing to obtain a lithium cobalt doping oxide of the core is performed for 8 to 12 hours at a temperature of 850 to 1100
- the secondary firing for forming a shell is 5 to 12 at a temperature of 700 to 1100 Time can be performed.
- the lithium source When the primary firing is performed at an excessively low temperature outside the above range or when performed for an excessively short time, the lithium source may not sufficiently penetrate and the cathode active material may not be stably formed. In the case of being carried out for an excessively high temperature or for an excessively long time, the physical and chemical properties of the doped lithium cobalt oxide may be changed, which may cause performance deterioration.
- the precursors constituting the shell may remain between the positive electrode active materials without reacting, causing performance degradation of the battery.
- the dopant component of the shell may be doped into the core portion, in which case the conditions (1) to (3 Difficulty in making it satisfactory) is undesirable.
- the resulting lithium-cobalt-doped oxide of the core-shell structure satisfies the above conditions (a) or (b), thereby exhibiting the intended effect of the present invention.
- the present invention also provides a positive electrode on which a positive electrode mixture including the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, and the binder is applied to a current collector. If necessary, the positive electrode mixture may further include a filler.
- the positive electrode current collector is generally manufactured in a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery.
- stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium , And one selected from surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, or silver on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel may be used, and in detail, aluminum may be used.
- the current collector may form fine irregularities on its surface to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material, and may be in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, and a nonwoven fabric.
- the conductive material is typically added in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture including the positive electrode active material.
- a conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery, and examples thereof include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon blacks such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and summer black; Conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers; Metal powders such as carbon fluoride powder, aluminum powder and nickel powder; Conductive whiskeys such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives and the like can be used.
- the binder is a component that assists the bonding of the active material and the conductive material to the current collector, and is generally added in an amount of 1 to 30 wt% based on the total weight of the mixture including the positive electrode active material.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene , Polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, various copolymers, and the like.
- the filler is optionally used as a component for inhibiting expansion of the positive electrode, and is not particularly limited as long as it is a fibrous material without causing chemical change in the battery.
- the filler include olefinic polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene; Fibrous materials, such as glass fiber and carbon fiber, are used.
- the present invention also provides a secondary battery comprising the positive electrode, specifically, the secondary battery comprising the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the electrolyte.
- the type of the secondary battery is not particularly limited, but as a specific example, the secondary battery may be a lithium secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery, a lithium ion polymer battery, or the like having advantages such as high energy density, discharge voltage, and output stability.
- a lithium secondary battery is composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a lithium salt-containing nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the negative electrode is manufactured by coating and drying a negative electrode active material on a negative electrode current collector, and optionally, the components as described above may optionally be further included.
- the negative electrode current collector is generally made to a thickness of 3 to 500 micrometers.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery.
- a surface of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, copper, or stainless steel may be used.
- Surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver and the like, aluminum-cadmium alloy and the like can be used.
- fine concavities and convexities may be formed on the surface to enhance the bonding strength of the negative electrode active material, and may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, and a nonwoven fabric.
- the negative electrode active material may be, for example, carbon such as hardly graphitized carbon or graphite carbon; Li x Fe 2 O 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Li x WO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Sn x Me 1 - x Me ' y O z (Me: Mn, Fe, Pb, Ge; Me' Metal complex oxides such as Al, B, P, Si, Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 elements of the periodic table, halogen, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1; 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 3; 1 ⁇ z ⁇ 8); Lithium metal; Lithium alloys; Silicon-based alloys; Tin-based alloys; SnO, SnO 2 , PbO, PbO 2 , Pb 2 O 3 , Pb 3 O 4 , Sb 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 4 , Sb 2 O 5 , GeO, GeO 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 4 , and metal oxides such as Bi 2
- the separator is interposed between the anode and the cathode, and an insulating thin film having high ion permeability and mechanical strength is used.
- the pore diameter of the separator is generally from 0.01 to 10 micrometers, the thickness is generally from 5 to 30 micrometers.
- olefin polymers such as chemical resistance and hydrophobic polypropylene; Sheets or non-woven fabrics made of glass fibers or polyethylene are used.
- a solid electrolyte such as a polymer
- the solid electrolyte may also serve as a separator.
- the electrolyte may be a lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte, the lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte is composed of a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium salt, the non-aqueous organic solvent, an organic solid electrolyte, an inorganic solid electrolyte and the like are used, but these It is not limited only.
- non-aqueous organic solvent examples include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and gamma Butyl lactone, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, tetrahydroxyfuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolon, formamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolon, acetonitrile Nitromethane, methyl formate, methyl acetate, triester phosphate, trimethoxy methane, dioxoron derivatives, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivatives, Aprotic organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran derivatives, ethers, methyl pyroionate and ethyl propionate can be used.
- organic solid electrolyte examples include polyethylene derivatives, polyethylene oxide derivatives, polypropylene oxide derivatives, phosphate ester polymers, polyagitation lysine, polyester sulfides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylidene fluorides, and ions. Polymerizers containing a sex dissociation group and the like can be used.
- Examples of the inorganic solid electrolyte include Li 3 N, LiI, Li 5 NI 2 , Li 3 N-LiI-LiOH, LiSiO 4 , LiSiO 4 -LiI-LiOH, Li 2 SiS 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 , Nitrides, halides, sulfates and the like of Li, such as Li 4 SiO 4 -LiI-LiOH, Li 3 PO 4 -Li 2 S-SiS 2 , and the like, may be used.
- the lithium salt is a good material to be dissolved in the nonaqueous electrolyte, and for example, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, chloroborane lithium, lower aliphatic lithium carbonate, lithium tetraphenylborate, imide and the like can be used.
- pyridine triethyl phosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylene diamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphate triamide, Nitrobenzene derivatives, sulfur, quinone imine dyes, N-substituted oxazolidinones, N, N-substituted imidazolidines, ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, ammonium salts, pyrroles, 2-methoxy ethanol, aluminum trichloride and the like may be added.
- pyridine triethyl phosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylene diamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphate triamide
- Nitrobenzene derivatives sulfur, quinone imine dyes, N-substituted oxazolidinones, N, N-substituted imidazolidines, ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, ammonium salts, pyr
- a halogen-containing solvent such as carbon tetrachloride or ethylene trifluoride may be further included, and carbon dioxide gas may be further included to improve high temperature storage characteristics, and FEC (Fluoro-Ethylene) may be further included. Carbonate), PRS (Propene sultone) may be further included.
- lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2, and the like, may be prepared by cyclic carbonate of EC or PC, which is a highly dielectric solvent, and DEC, DMC, or EMC, which are low viscosity solvents.
- Lithium salt-containing nonaqueous electrolyte can be prepared by adding to a mixed solvent of linear carbonate.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are graphs showing capacity retention rates when the upper limit voltage was charged to 4.55 V at 25 ° C. according to Experimental Example 1.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are graphs showing capacity retention rates when the upper limit voltage was charged to 4.55 V at 25 ° C. according to Experimental Example 1.
- Lithium cobalt-doped oxide Li 1.02 Co 0.944 Mg 0.006 Al 0.04 Ti 0.01 O 2 is doped with Li 1 . 02 Co 0 . 94 Mg 0 . 04 Al 0 . 01 Ti 0 .
- a cathode active material having a core-shell structure formed on a core of 01 O 2 was prepared.
- Lithium cobalt doped oxides doped with Mg, Al, and Ti were calcined for a period of time Li 1.02 Co 0.977 Mg 0.008 Al 0.01 Ti 0.005 O 2 to Li 1 . 02 Co 0 . 96 Mg 0 . 03 Al 0 . 005 Ti 0 .
- a cathode active material having a core-shell structure formed on a core of 005 O 2 was prepared.
- the lithium cobalt doped oxide prepared in Example 3 After mixing 0.05% by weight of Al 2 O 3 having an average particle diameter of 50 nm to the lithium cobalt doped oxide prepared in Example 3 based on the total mass of the positive electrode active material, it was calcined at 570 for 6 hours to obtain 500 ppm of aluminum. The coating layer of was formed. At this time, the aluminum coating layer was formed to an average thickness of approximately 50 nm.
- Lithium cobalt-doped oxide Li 1.02 Co 0.944 Mg 0.004 Al 0.01 Ti 0.02 O 2 was Li 1 . 02 Co 0 . 94 Mg 0 . 04 Al 0 . 01 Ti 0 .
- a cathode active material having a core-shell structure formed on a core of 01 O 2 was prepared.
- Li cobalt-doped oxide Li 1.02 Co 0.957 Mg 0.013 Al 0.02 Ti 0.01 O 2 was Li 1 . 02 Co 0 . 944 Mg 0 . 006 Al 0 . 04 Ti 0 .
- a cathode active material having a core-shell structure formed on a core of 01 O 2 was prepared.
- Li cobalt-doped oxide Li 1.02 Co 0.97 Mg 0.02 Al 0.005 Ti 0.005 O 2 was Li 1 . 02 Co 0 . 98 Mg 0 . 005 Al 0 . 01 Ti 0 .
- a cathode active material having a core-shell structure formed on a core of 005 O 2 was prepared.
- Table 1 shows the average oxidation number (up to the first decimal point) and the ratios of the doping elements of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
- Tables 2 and 3 show the amounts and content ratios of the doping elements of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
- Oxide particles prepared in Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were used as positive electrode active materials, and natural graphite was used as a binder and PVdF.
- the capacity retention rate of a battery using the positive electrode active material of the embodiment according to the present invention shows a capacity retention rate of 90% or more, whereas the capacity of the battery using the positive electrode active material of the comparative examples does not satisfy any conditions.
- the maintenance rate is about 85% or less, so the life characteristics are not good, so that the embodiments satisfying the conditions of the present invention can be seen that the high voltage high temperature life characteristics are higher, which can be expected to accelerate the difference as the cycle progresses. .
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention three kinds of dopants are independently doped to the lithium cobalt doping oxide of the core and the lithium cobalt doping oxide of the shell, and the average oxidation ratio of the doped dopants is as follows.
- the structural stability of the crystal structure is improved and the crystal structure is maintained even in the operating voltage range of more than 4.5V, which shows the high high voltage characteristic and the effect of improving the life characteristic by maintaining the structural stability even at high temperature. have.
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Abstract
Description
OC | OS | t | |
실시예 1 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 0.81 |
실시예 2 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 0.81 |
실시예 3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 0.83 |
실시예 4 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 0.83 |
실시예 5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 0.72 |
비교예 1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 1.07 |
비교예 2 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 0.67 |
비교예 3 | 3 | 2.5 | 1.2 |
CM1 | CM2 | CM3 | r | |
실시예 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
실시예 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
실시예 3 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 3 |
실시예 4 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 3 |
실시예 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
비교예 1 | 0.6 | 4 | 1 | 0.12 |
비교예 2 | 3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5 |
비교예 3 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.33 |
CM1' | CM2' | CM3' | r' | |
실시예 1 | 0.6 | 4 | 1 | 0.12 |
실시예 2 | 0.6 | 4 | 1 | 0.12 |
실시예 3 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.53 |
실시예 4 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.53 |
실시예 5 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 |
비교예 1 | 1.3 | 2 | 1 | 2.3 |
비교예 2 | 1.2 | 4 | 4 | 0.15 |
비교예 3 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 2.85 |
Claims (18)
- 코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질로서,상기 코어의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물과 쉘의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물은 각각 서로 독립적으로 3 종류의 도펀트들을 포함하고, 하기 (a) 또는 (b)를 만족하는 양극 활물질:(a) 상기 코어에 존재하는 도펀트들의 평균 산화수와, 쉘에 존재하는 도펀트들의 평균 산화수의 비율이 하기 조건 (1)을 만족하거나;0.7 ≤ t(비율) = OC/OS < 0.95 (1)여기서, 상기 OC는 코어에 존재하는 도펀트들의 평균 산화수이고, OS는 쉘에 존재하는 도펀트들의 평균 산화수이다.(b) 상기 코어의 도펀트들은, +2가 산화수의 금속(M1), +3가 산화수의 금속(M2), 및 +4가 산화수의 금속(M3)이며, 상기 M1, M2, 및 M3의 함량은 몰비를 기준으로 하기 조건 (2)를 만족하고; 상기 쉘의 도펀트들은, +2가 산화수의 금속(M1'), +3가 산화수의 금속(M2'), 및 +4가 산화수의 금속(M3')이며, 상기 M1', M2', 및 M3'의 함량은 몰비를 기준으로 하기 조건 (3)을 만족한다.2 ≤ r(몰비) = CM1/(CM2+CM3) ≤ 3 (2)0.5 ≤ r'(몰비) = CM1'/(CM2'+CM3') < 2 (3)여기서, 상기 CM1은 M1의 함량, CM2는 M2의 함량, CM3는 M3의 함량, CM1'은 M1'의 함량, CM2'는 M2'의 함량, CM3'는 M3의' 함량이다.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 (i)에서 t(비율)은 0.8 ≤ t < 0.95의 조건을 만족하는 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 (ii)에서 r(몰비)는 2 ≤ r ≤ 2.5를, r'(몰비)는 0.5 ≤ r'≤ 1.5의 조건을 만족하는 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물은, 만충전시의 양극 전위가 Li 전위 기준으로 4.5V 초과인 범위에서, 상변화 없이 결정구조가 유지되는 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 코어의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물은 하기 화학식 1의 조성을 가지는 양극 활물질:LiaCo1-x-y-zM1xM2yM3zO2 (1)상기 식에서,M1, M2 및 M3은 서로 독립적으로 Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Ba, Ca, Ta, Nb, Mo, Ni, Zn, Si, V 및 Mn로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종의 원소이고;0.95≤a≤1.05;0<x≤0.04, 0<y≤0.04, 0<z≤0.04이다.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 쉘의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물은 하기 화학식 2의 조성을 가지는 양극 활물질:LibCo1-s-t-wM1'sM2'tM3'wO2 (2)상기 식에서,M1', M2' 및 M3'은 서로 독립적으로 Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Ba, Ca, Ta, Nb, Mo, Ni, Zn, Si, V 및 Mn로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종의 원소이고;0.95≤b≤1.05;0<s≤0.04, 0<t≤0.04, 0<w≤0.04이다.
- 제 5 항 또는 제 6 항에 있어서, 상기 M1 및 M1'는 +2가 산화수의 금속이고, 상기 M2 및 M2'는 +3가 산화수의 금속이며, 상기 M3 및 M3'는 +4가 산화수의 금속인 양극 활물질.
- 제 7 항에 있어서,상기 M1 및 M1'은 각각 독립적으로 Mg, Ca, Ni 및 Ba로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종의 원소이고;상기 M2 및 M2'은 각각 독립적으로 Ti, Al, Ta 및 Nb으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종의 원소이며;상기 M3 및 M3'은 각각 독립적으로 Ti, Ta, Nb, Mn 및 Mo으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되며 M2 및 M2'와 다른 원소인 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 쉘의 두께는 50 내지 2000 nm인 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 쉘의 표면에는 50 nm 내지 100 nm 두께의 Al2O3이 코팅되어 있는 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 따른 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물을 제조하는 방법으로서,(i) 3 종류의 도펀트들을 포함하는 도핑 코발트 전구체를 공침에 의해 제조하는 과정; 및(ii) 상기 도핑 코발트 전구체와 리튬 전구체를 혼합하고, 1차 소성하여 코어 입자를 제조하는 과정; 및(iii) 상기 코어 입자, 코발트 전구체, 리튬 전구체, 및 3 종류의 도펀트 전구체들을 혼합하고, 2차 소성하여 코어 입자 표면에 쉘을 형성함으로써 코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물을 제조하는 과정;을 포함하는 제조방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서, 상기 과정(i)에서, 도펀트 원소를 포함하는 염들과 코발트염을 물에 용해시킨 후, 용액을 염기성 분위기로 전환하여, 공침에 의해 도핑 코발트 전구체로서 도핑 코발트 산화물을 제조하는 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 따른 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물을 제조하는 방법으로서,(i) 코발트 전구체, 리튬 전구체, 및 3 종류의 도펀트 전구체를 혼합하고, 1차 소성하여 코어 입자를 제조하는 과정; 및(ii) 상기 코어 입자, 코발트 전구체, 리튬 전구체, 및 상기 과정(i)과는 독립적으로 3 종류의 도펀트 전구체들을 혼합하고, 2차 소성하여 코어 입자 표면에 쉘을 형성함으로써 코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물을 제조하는 과정;을 포함하는 제조방법.
- 제 11 항 또는 제 13 항에 있어서, 상기 3 종류의 도펀트 전구체들의 도펀트들은 서로 상이한 산화수를 가지는 제조방법.
- 제 11 항 또는 제 13 항에 있어서, 상기 코어-쉘 구조의 리튬 코발트 도핑 산화물은 하기 (a) 또는 (b)를 만족하는 제조방법:(a) 상기 코어에 존재하는 도펀트들의 평균 산화수와, 쉘에 존재하는 도펀트들의 평균 산화수의 비율이 하기 조건 (1)을 만족하거나;0.7 ≤ r(비율) = OC/OS < 0.95 (1)여기서, 상기 OC는 코어에 존재하는 도펀트들의 평균 산화수이고, OS는 쉘에 존재하는 도펀트들의 평균 산화수이다.(b) 상기 코어의 도펀트들은, +2가 산화수의 금속(M1), +3가 산화수의 금속(M2), 및 +4가 산화수의 금속(M3)이며, 상기 M1, M2, 및 M3의 함량은 몰비를 기준으로 하기 조건 (2)를 만족하고; 상기 쉘의 도펀트들은, +2가 산화수의 금속(M1'), +3가 산화수의 금속(M2'), 및 +4가 산화수의 금속(M3')이며, 상기 M1', M2', 및 M3'의 함량은 몰비를 기준으로 하기 조건 (3)을 만족한다.2 ≤ r(몰비) = CM1/(CM2+CM3) ≤ 3 (2)0.5 ≤ r'(몰비) = CM1'/(CM2'+CM3') < 2 (3)여기서, 상기 CM1은 M1의 함량, CM2는 M2의 함량, CM3는 M3의 함량, CM1'은 M1'의 함량, CM2'는 M2'의 함량, CM3'는 M3의' 함량이다.
- 제 11 항 또는 제 13 항에 있어서, 상기 1차 소성은 850 내지 1100의 온도에서 8 시간 내지 12 시간동안 수행되고, 상기 2차 소성은 700 내지 1100의 온도에서 5 시간 내지 12 시간동안 수행되는 제조방법.
- 제 1 항 내지 제 10 항 중 어느 하나에 따른 양극 활물질, 도전재, 및 바인더를 포함하는 양극 합제가 집전체에 도포되어 있는 양극.
- 제 17 항에 따른 양극을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 이차전지.
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CN109314230A (zh) | 2019-02-05 |
JP6578453B2 (ja) | 2019-09-18 |
EP3439081A4 (en) | 2019-08-14 |
JP2019509599A (ja) | 2019-04-04 |
US11038159B2 (en) | 2021-06-15 |
CN109314230B (zh) | 2022-04-01 |
EP3439081A8 (en) | 2019-05-01 |
EP3439081A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 |
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