Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
  • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
  • A61K31/7068—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
  • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
  • C07H19/067—Pyrimidine radicals with ribosyl as the saccharide radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
  • C07H19/073—Pyrimidine radicals with 2-deoxyribosyl as the saccharide radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
  • C07H19/10—Pyrimidine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
  • C07H19/10—Pyrimidine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids
  • C07H19/11—Pyrimidine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids containing cyclic phosphate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• This disclosure relates to N4-hydroxycytidine nucleoside derivatives, compositions, and methods related thereto. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to the treatment and prophylaxis of viral infections.
• the causative agents for Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (EEE, WEE and VEE, respectively) and Chikungunya fever (CHIK) are vector-borne viruses (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) that can be transmitted to humans through mosquito bites.
• the equine encephalitis viruses are CDC Category B pathogens, and the CHIK virus is Category C.
• CHIK virus is Category C.
• This disclosure relates to N4-hydroxycytidine and derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions, and uses related thereto.
• the disclosure relates to a compound having formula I,
• the disclosure contemplates derivatives of compounds disclosed herein such as those containing one or more, the same or different, substituents.
• the disclosure contemplates pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound disclosed herein.
• the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, capsule, pill, or aqueous buffer, such as a saline or phosphate buffer.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound disclosed herein and a propellant.
• the propellant is an aerosolizing propellant is compressed air, ethanol, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide,
• hydrofluoroalkanes 1,1, 1,2,-tetrafluoroethane, 1, 1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane or combinations thereof.
• the disclosure contemplates a pressurized or unpressurized container comprising a compound or pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
• the container is a manual pump spray, inhaler, meter-dosed inhaler, dry powder inhaler, nebulizer, vibrating mesh nebulizer, jet nebulizer, or ultrasonic wave nebulizer.
• the disclosure relates to methods of treating or preventing a viral infection comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or
• the viral infection is an alphavirus or coronaviruses and flavivirus. In certain embodiments, the viral infection is an orthomyxoviridae or
• the viral infection is selected from MERS coronavirus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, Powassan virus, Barmah Forest virus and Chikungunya virus.
• the compound or pharmaceutical composition is administered orally, intravenously, or through the lungs.
• the disclosure relates to the use of a compound as described herein in the production of a medicament for the treatment of or prevention of a viral infection.
• the disclosure relates to method of making compounds disclosed herein by mixing starting materials and reagents disclosed herein under conditions such that the compounds are formed.
• Figure 1 illustrates the preparation of ⁇ -D-N-hydroxycytidine.
• a TBSC1, DMAP, DIPEA, DCM;
• b (2,4,6-iPr)PhS0 2 Cl, DIPEA, DMAP, DCM;
• c H 2 OH-HCl, DIPEA, DCM;
• F- source e. aq H 2 OH, AcOH, 50 °C.
• FIG. 2 illustrates certain embodiments of the disclosure.
• FIG. 3 illustrates certain embodiments of the disclosure.
• FIG. 4 shows EIDD-01931 mean plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters from mice dosed with EIDD-01931
• FIG. 5 shows EIDD-01931 nucleoside accumulation in mouse organs
• FIG. 6 shows EIDD-01931 triphosphate accumulation in mouse organs
• Figure 7 shows reduction in footpad swelling in CHIKV challenged mice treat with EIDD-01931
• Figure 8 shows reduction of CHIKV RNA copies by PCR in CHIKV challenged mice treated with EIDD-01931
• Embodiments of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, techniques of medicine, organic chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and the like, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature.
• a pharmaceutical agent which may be in the form of a salt or prodrug, is administered in methods disclosed herein that is specified by a weight. This refers to the weight of the recited compound. If in the form of a salt or prodrug, then the weight is the molar equivalent of the corresponding salt or prodrug.
• Subject refers any animal, preferably a human patient, livestock, or domestic pet.
• the terms “prevent” and “preventing” include the prevention of the recurrence, spread or onset. It is not intended that the present disclosure be limited to complete prevention. In some embodiments, the onset is delayed, or the severity of the disease is reduced.
• the terms “treat” and “treating” are not limited to the case where the subject (e.g. patient) is cured and the disease is eradicated. Rather, embodiments, of the present disclosure also contemplate treatment that merely reduces symptoms, and/or delays disease progression.
• the term "combination with” when used to describe administration with an additional treatment means that the agent may be administered prior to, together with, or after the additional treatment, or a combination thereof.
• alkyl means a noncyclic straight chain or branched, unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon such as those containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• a “higher alkyl” refers to unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon having 6 or more carbon atoms.
• a “C 6 -Ci 6” refers to an alkyl containing 6 to 16 carbon atoms.
• a “C6-C 22” refers to an alkyl containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms.
• saturated straight chain alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-septyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, and the like; while saturated branched alkyls include isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, and the like.
• Unsaturated alkyls contain at least one double or triple bond between adjacent carbon atoms (referred to as an "alkenyl" or "alkynyl", respectively).
• Representative straight chain and branched alkenyls include ethylenyl, propylenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl,
• Non-aromatic mono or polycyclic alkyls are referred to herein as "carbocycles" or “carbocyclyl” groups.
• Representative saturated carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like; while unsaturated carbocycles include cyclopentenyl and cyclohexenyl, and the like.
• Heterocarbocycles or heterocarbocyclyl groups are carbocycles which contain from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur which may be saturated or unsaturated (but not aromatic), monocyclic or polycyclic, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may be optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may be optionally quaternized.
• Heterocarbocycles include morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydroprimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
• aryl refers to aromatic homocyclic (i.e., hydrocarbon) mono-, bi- or tricyclic ring-containing groups preferably having 6 to 12 members such as phenyl, naphthyl and biphenyl. Phenyl is a preferred aryl group.
• substituted aryl refers to aryl groups substituted with one or more groups, preferably selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl (optionally substituted), aryl (optionally substituted), heterocyclo (optionally substituted), halo, hydroxy, alkoxy (optionally substituted), aryloxy (optionally substituted), alkanoyl (optionally substituted), aroyl, (optionally substituted), alkylester (optionally substituted), arylester (optionally substituted), cyano, nitro, amino, substituted amino, amido, lactam, urea, urethane, sulfonyl, and, the like, where optionally one or more pair of substituents together with the atoms to which they are bonded form a 3 to 7 member ring.
• heteroaryl or “heteroaromatic” refers an aromatic heterocarbocycle having 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and containing at least 1 carbon atom, including both mono- and poly cyclic ring systems.
• Poly cyclic ring systems may, but are not required to, contain one or more non-aromatic rings, as long as one of the rings is aromatic.
• Representative heteroaryls are furyl, benzofuranyl, thiophenyl,
• heteroaryl includes N-alkylated derivatives such as a 1-methylimidazol- 5-yl substituent.
• heterocycle or “heterocyclyl” refers to mono- and polycyclic ring systems having 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and containing at least 1 carbon atom.
• the mono- and polycyclic ring systems may be aromatic, non- aromatic or mixtures of aromatic and non-aromatic rings.
• Heterocycle includes
• heterocarbocycles heteroaryls, and the like.
• Alkylthio refers to an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through a sulfur bridge.
• An example of an alkylthio is methylthio, (i.e., -S-CH 3 ).
• Alkoxy refers to an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge.
• alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, n- pentoxy, and s-pentoxy.
• Preferred alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i- propoxy, n- butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy.
• Alkylamino refers an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an amino bridge.
• An example of an alkylamino is methylamino, (i.e., - H-CH 3 ).
• cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl refer to mono-, bi-, or tri homocyclic ring groups of 3 to 15 carbon atoms which are, respectively, fully saturated and partially unsaturated.
• cycloalkenyl includes bi- and tricyclic ring systems that are not aromatic as a whole, but contain aromatic portions (e.g., fluorene, tetrahydronapthalene, dihydroindene, and the like).
• the rings of multi-ring cycloalkyl groups may be either fused, bridged and/or joined through one or more spiro unions.
• substituted cycloalkyl and “substituted cycloalkenyl” refer, respectively, to cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups substituted with one or more groups, preferably selected from aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclo, substituted heterocyclo, carbocyclo, substituted carbocyclo, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy (optionally substituted), aryloxy (optionally substituted), alkylester (optionally substituted), arylester (optionally substituted), alkanoyl (optionally substituted), aryol (optionally substituted), cyano, nitro, amino, substituted amino, amido, lactam, urea, urethane, sulfonyl, and the like.
• halogen and halo refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• Ra and Rb in this context may be the same or different and independently hydrogen, halogen hydroxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carbocyclyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocarbocyclyl, heterocarbocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl.
• the disclosure relates to a compound of Formula I,
• V is O, NH, NR 7 , S, CH 2 , or CHR 7 ;
• W is CH 2 , NH, S or O
• X is CH 2 ,CHMe, CMe 2 , CHF, CF 2 , or CD 2 ;
• Y is N or CR"
• Z is N or CR"
• each R" is independently selected from H, D, F, CI, Br, I, CH 3 , CD 3 , CF 3 , alkyl, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, formyl or SCH 3 ;
• R 1 is hydrogen, monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate,
• R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• Y 1 is O or S
• Y 2 is OH, OR 12 , OAlkyl, or BH 3 " M + ;
• Y 3 is OH or BH 3 " M + ;
• R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, azido, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 3 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 4 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 5 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, ethynyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 6 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 7 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, benzyloxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 8 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, alkyl, higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci6)alkyl, (C 6 - C 22 )alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 9 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, lipid methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, neopentyl, benzyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 10 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 11 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, methyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 11 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 12 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,aromatic, heteroaromatic, 4-substituted phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, naphthyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 12 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 13 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 14 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 14 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R is deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, al
• R 21 is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N- diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethylsulfon
• Lipid is a C6-22 alkyl, alkoxy, polyethylene glycol, or aryl substituted with an alkyl group.
• the lipid is a fatty alcohol, fatty amine, or fatty thiol derived from essential and/or non-essential fatty acids.
• the lipid is an unsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega unsaturated, or omega polyunsaturated fatty alcohol, fatty amine, or fatty thiol derived from essential and/or non-essential fatty acids.
• the lipid is a fatty alcohol, fatty amine, or fatty thiol derived from essential and non-essential fatty acids that have one or more of its carbon units substituted with an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
• the lipid is an unsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega unsaturated, or omega polyunsaturated fatty alcohol, fatty amine, or fatty thiol derived from essential and/or non-essential fatty acids that have one or more of its carbon units substituted with an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
• the lipid is a fatty alcohol, fatty amine, or fatty thiol derived from essential and/or non-essential fatty acids that is optionally substituted.
• the lipid is an unsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega unsaturated, or omega polyunsaturated fatty alcohol, fatty amine, or fatty thiol derived from essential and/or non-essential fatty acids that is optionally substituted.
• the lipid is a fatty alcohol, fatty amine, or fatty thiol derived from essential and/or non-essential fatty acids that have one or more of its carbon units substituted with an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur that is optionally substituted.
• the lipid is an unsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega unsaturated, or omega polyunsaturated fatty alcohol, fatty amine, or fatty thiol derived from essential and/or non-essential fatty acids that have one or more of its carbon units substituted with an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur that is also optionally substituted.
• the lipid is hexadecyloxy propyl.
• the lipid is 2-aminohexadecyloxypropyl.
• the lipid is 2-aminoarachidyl.
• the lipid is 2-benzyloxyhexadecyloxypropyl.
• the lipid is lauryl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, arachidyl, behenyl, or lignoceryl.
• the lipid is a sphingolipid having the formula:
• R 10 of the sphingolipid is a saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain of greater than 6 and less than 22 carbons optionally substituted with one or more halogen or hydroxy or a structure of the following formula:
• n 8 to 14 or less than or equal to 8 to less than or equal to 14
• o is 9 to 15 or less than or equal to 9 to less than or equal to 15
• the total or m and n is 8 to 14 or less than or equal to 8 to less than or equal to 14
• the total of m and o is 9 to 15 or less than or equal to 9 to less than or equal to 15;
• n is 4 to 10 or less than or equal to 4 to less than or equal to 10
• o is 5 to 11 or less than or equal to 5 to less than or equal to 11
• the total of m and n is 4 to 10 or less than or equal to 4 to less than or equal to 10
• the total of m and o is 5 to 11 or less than or equal to 5 to less than or equal to 11;
• n 6 to 12 or n is less than or equal to 6 to less than or equal to 12, the total of m and n is 6 to 12 or n is less than or equal to 6 to less than or equal to 12;
• R 12 of the sphingolipid is hydrogen, a branched or strait chain Ci.i 2 alkyl, Ci 3-22 alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl selected from benzyl or phenyl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different R 13 ;
• R 13 of the sphingolipid is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N- dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethy
• R 12 of the sphingolipid is H, alkyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, n- butyl, branched alkyl, isopropyl, 2-butyl, l-ethylpropyl, l-propylbutyl, cycloalkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenyl, monosubstituted phenyl, disubstituted phenyl, tri substituted phenyl, or saturated or unsaturated C12-C19 long chain alkyl.
• the sphingolipid has the formula:
• R 10 of the sphingolipid is a saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain of greater than 6 and less than 22 carbons optionally substituted with one or more halogens or a structure of the following formula: n is 8 to 14 or less than or equal to 8 to less than or equal to 14, the total or m and n is 8 to 14 or less than or equal to 8 to less than or equal to 14;
• R 12 of the sphingolipid is hydrogen, a branched or strait chain Ci- ⁇ alkyl, Ci 3 - 22 lkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl selected from benzyl or phenyl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different R 13 : and R of the sphingolipid is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,
• R 12 of the sphingolipid is H, alkyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, n- butyl, branched alkyl, isopropyl, 2-butyl, l-ethylpropyl, l-propylbutyl, cycloalkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenyl, monosubstituted phenyl, disubstituted phenyl, tri substituted phenyl, or saturated or unsaturated Ci 2 -Ci 9 long chain alkyl.
• Suitable sphingolipids include, but are not limited to, sphingosine, ceramide, or sphingomyelin, or 2-aminoalkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• Suitable sphingolipids include, but are not limited to, 2-aminooctadecane-3,5- diol; (2S,3S,5S)-2-aminooctadecane-3,5-diol; (2S,3R,5S)-2-aminooctadecane-3,5-diol; 2- (methylamino)octadecane-3,5-diol; (2S,3R,5S)-2-(methylamino)octadecane-3,5-diol; 2- (dimethylamino)octadecane-3,5-diol; (2R,3S,5S)-2-(dimethylamino)octadecane-3,5-diol; 1- (pyrrolidin-2-yl)hexadecane-l,3-diol; (l S,3S)-l-((S)-pyr
• Q is O.
• R 1 is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
• R 8 is hydrogen, hydroxy, or benzyloxy.
• R 9 is higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci 6 )alkyl or (C 6 -C 22 )alkyl.
• R 9 is tert-butyl or isobutyl.
• W is O
• Z is H.
• R 1 is hydrogen, monophosphate, diphosphate, triphospate,
• R is hydrogen, hydroxy, or benzyloxy.
• R 9 is higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci 6 )alkyl or (C 6 -C 22 )alkyl.
• R 10 is isopropyl.
• R 11 is methyl
• R 12 is phenyl
• R 13 is hydrogen
• R 14 is hydrogen
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is hydroxy
• R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, halogen, or fluoro.
• R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, methyl, ethynyl, or allenyl.
• R 6 is hydrogen
• the compound is selected from:
• the disclosure relates to a compound of formula I having formula IA,
• X is CH 2 ,CHMe, CMe 2 , CHF, CF 2 , or CD 2 ;
• Y is H, D, F, CI, Br, I, CH 3 , CD 3 , CF 3 , alkyl, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, formyl or SCH 3 ;
• R 1 is hydrogen, monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate,
• R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• Y 1 is O or S
• Y 2 is OH, OR 12 , OAlkyl, or BH 3 " M + ;
• Y 3 is OH or BH 3 " M + ;
• R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 4 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 5 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 8 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, benzyloxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 8 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, alkyl, higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci 6 )alkyl, (C 6 - C 22 )alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 9 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, lipid methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, neopentyl, benzyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 10 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 11 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, methyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 11 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,aromatic, heteroaromatic, 4-substituted phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, naphthyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 12 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different
• R 13 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 14 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 14 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 20 is deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,
• alkyl 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 21 ;
• R 21 is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N- diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethylsulfon
• the disclosure relates to a compound of formula I has formula
• V is absent, O, NH, NR 15 , S, CH 2 , or CHR 15 ;
• X is CH 2 ,CHMe, CMe 2 , CHF, CF 2 , or CD 2 ;
• Y is H, D, F, CI, Br, I, CH 3 , CD 3 , CF 3 , alkyl, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, formyl or SCH 3 ;
• R 1 is hydrogen, monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate,
• Y 1 is O or S
• Y 2 is OH, OR 12 , OAlkyl, or BH 3 " M + ;
• Y 3 is OH or BH 3 " M + ;
• R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 4 is optionally substituted with c or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 5 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ; R is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, benzyloxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido,
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, alkyl, higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci6)alkyl, (C 6 - C 22 )alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 9 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, lipid methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, neopentyl, benzyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 10 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 11 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, methyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 11 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 12 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,aromatic, heteroaromatic, 4-substituted phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, naphthyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 12 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 13 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 20 is deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 21 ; and
• R 21 is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N- diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethylsulfon
• the disclosure relates to a compound of formula I having formula IC,
• X is CH 2 ,CHMe, CMe 2 , CHF, CF 2 , or CD 2 ;
• Y is H, D, F, CI, Br, I, CH 3 , CD 3 , CF 3 , alkyl, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, formyl or SCH 3 ;
• R 1 is hydrogen, monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, esteryl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, phosphoramidyl, or phosphate wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• Y 1 is O or S
• Y 2 is OH, OR 12 , OAlkyl, or BH 3 " M + ;
• Y 3 is OH or BH 3 " M + ;
• R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 4 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 5 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 8 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, benzyloxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 8 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, alkyl, higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci6)alkyl, (C 6 - C 22 )alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 9 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, lipid methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, neopentyl, benzyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 10 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 11 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, methyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 11 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 12 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,aromatic, heteroaromatic, 4-substituted phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, naphthyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 12 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 13 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 14 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 14 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 20 is deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,
• alkyl 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 21 ;
• R 21 is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N- diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethylsulfon
• the disclosure relates to a compound of formula I having formula ID,
• W is CH 2 , NH, S or O
• X is CH 2 ,CHMe, CMe 2 , CHF, CF 2 , or CD 2 ;
• Y is N or CR"
• Z is N or CR"
• each R" is independently selected from is H, D, F, CI, Br, I, CH 3 , CD 3 , CF 3 , alkyl, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, formyl or SCH 3 ;
• R 1 is h drogen, monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate,
• halogen nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, carbanoyl, esteryl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl,
• R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• Y 1 is O or S
• Y 2 is OH, OR 12 , OAlkyl, or BH 3 " M + ;
• Y 3 is OH or BH 3 " M + ;
• R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, azido, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 3 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 4 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 5 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, ethynyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 6 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 8 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, benzyloxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 8 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, alkyl, higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci6)alkyl, (C 6 - C 22 )alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 9 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, lipid methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, neopentyl, benzyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 10 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 11 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, methyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 11 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 12 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,aromatic, heteroaromatic, 4-substituted phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, naphthyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 13 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 14 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 14 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 15 and R 15 can form a ring that is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 20 is deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 21 ; and
• R 21 is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N- diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethylsulfon
• the disclosure relates to a compound of formula I having formula IE,
• V is O, NH, NR 7 , S, CH 2 , or CHR 7 ;
• W is CH 2 , NH, S or O
• X is CH 2 ,CHMe, CMe 2 , CHF, CF 2 , or CD 2 ;
• Y is N or CR"
• Z is N or CR"
• each R" is independently selected from is H, D, F, CI, Br, I, CH 3 , CD 3 , CF 3 , alkyl, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, formyl or SCH 3 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, azido, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 3 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 4 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, al
• R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, ethynyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 6 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• each R 7 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 15 and R 15 can form a ring that is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 7 s can together form a ring that is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 20 is deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,
• alkyl 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 21 ; and R 21 is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N
• the disclosure relates to a compound of Formula II,
• V is O, NH, NR 7 , S, CH 2 , or CHR 7 ;
• W is CH 2 , NH, S or O
• X is CH 2 or O
• Y is N or CR"
• Z is N or CR"
• each R" is independently selected from is H, D, F, CI, Br, I, CH 3 , CD 3 , CF 3 , alkyl, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, formyl or SCH 3 ;
• R 1 is monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, Y 3 is OH or BH 3 " M + ;
• R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, azido, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 3 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 4 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ethynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 5 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, ethynyl, allenyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 6 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• each R 7 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 8 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, benzyloxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, alkyl, higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci6)alkyl, (C 6 - C 2 2)alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 9 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, lipid methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, neopentyl, benzyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,
• alkyl 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 10 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 11 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, methyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 11 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R zu ;
• R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,aromatic, heteroaromatic, 4-substituted phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, naphthyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 12 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R zu :
• R is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20.
• R is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, lipid, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 14 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20.
• R 7 s can together form a ring that is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 20 ;
• R 20 is deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, amido, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, azido, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl) 2 amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R 13 is optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R 21 ; and
• R 21 is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N- diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethylsulfon
• any citation of higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci 6 )alkyl may be substituted with a (C 6 -C 22 )alkyl.
• any citation of higher alkyl, (C 6 -Ci 6 )alkyl or (C 6 -C 22 )alkyl may be substituted with polyethylene glycol or -CH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 )nCH 3 , wherein n is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11-20, or 30-100.
• the disclosure relates to methods of treating or preventing a viral infection comprising administering in effective amount of a compound disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof.
• the viral infection is, or is caused by, an alphavirus, flavivirus or coronaviruses orthomyxoviridae or paramyxoviridae, or RSV, influenza, Powassan virus or filoviridae or ebola.
• the viral infection is, or is caused by, a virus selected from
• MERS coronavirus Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Powassan virus and Chikungunya virus.
• the compound is administered by inhalation through the lungs.
• the subject is at risk of, exhibiting symptoms of, or diagnosed with influenza A virus including subtype H1N1, H3N2, H7N9, or H5N1, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, rotavirus A, rotavirus B, rotavirus C, rotavirus D, rotavirus E, human coronavirus, SARS coronavirus, MERS coronavirus, human adenovirus types (HAdV-1 to 55), human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59, parvovirus B19, molluscum contagiosum virus, JC virus (JCV), BK virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, coxsackie A virus, norovirus, Rubella virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Dengue virus, chikungunya, Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Western equine
• influenza A virus including subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N9, H5N1 (low path), and H5N1 (high path) influenza B virus, influenza C virus, rotavirus A, rotavirus B, rotavirus C, rotavirus D, rotavirus E, SARS coronavirus, MERS-CoV, human adenovirus types (HAdV-1 to 55), human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59, parvovirus B 19, molluscum contagiosum virus, JC virus (JCV), BK virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, coxsackie A virus, norovirus, Rubella virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), yellow fever virus, measles virus, mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3, rinderp
• encephalitis virus Japanese encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), hantavirus, Dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4, West Nile virus, Tacaribe virus, Junin, rabies virus, ebola virus, marburg virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus- 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes lymphotropic virus, roseolovirus, or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• the subject is diagnosed with gastroenteritis, acute respiratory disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome, post-viral fatigue syndrome, viral hemorrhagic fevers, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or hepatitis.
• compounds and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are contemplated to be administered in combination with other the antiviral agent(s) such as abacavir, acyclovir, acyclovir, adefovir, amantadine, amprenavir, ampligen, arbidol, atazanavir, atripla, boceprevir, cidofovir, combivir, daclatasvir, darunavir, dasabuvir, delavirdine, didanosine, docosanol, edoxudine, efavirenz, emtricitabine, enfuvirtide, entecavir, famciclovir, fomivirsen, fosamprenavir, foscarnet, fo
• compositions disclosed herein may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as generally described below.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable organic and/or inorganic acids are hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and citric acid, as well as other pharmaceutically acceptable acids known per se (for which reference is made to the references referred to below).
• the compounds of the disclosure may also form internal salts, and such compounds are within the scope of the disclosure.
• a compound contains a hydrogen-donating heteroatom (e.g. H)
• salts are contemplated to covers isomers formed by transfer of said hydrogen atom to a basic group or atom within the molecule.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds include the acid addition and base salts thereof. Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the acetate, adipate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate,
• Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the aluminium, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine and zinc salts. Hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for example, hemisulphate and hemicalcium salts.
• suitable salts see Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use by Stahl and Wermuth (Wiley -VCH, 2002), incorporated herein by reference.
• a prodrug can include a covalently bonded carrier which releases the active parent drug when administered to a mammalian subject.
• Prodrugs can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds.
• Prodrugs include, for example, compounds wherein a hydroxyl group is bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl group.
• Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol functional groups in the compounds.
• prodrugs form the active metabolite by transformation of the prodrug by hydrolytic enzymes, the hydrolysis of amide, lactams, peptides, carboxylic acid esters, epoxides or the cleavage of esters of inorganic acids.
• compositions for use in the present disclosure typically comprise an effective amount of a compound and a suitable pharmaceutical acceptable carrier.
• the preparations may be prepared in a manner known per se, which usually involves mixing the at least one compound according to the disclosure with the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and, if desired, in combination with other pharmaceutical active compounds, when necessary under aseptic conditions.
• the compounds may be formulated as a
• composition comprising at least one compound and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient and/or adjuvant, and optionally one or more further pharmaceutically active compounds.
• the pharmaceutical preparations of the disclosure are preferably in a unit dosage form, and may be suitably packaged, for example in a box, blister, vial, bottle, sachet, ampoule or in any other suitable single-dose or multi-dose holder or container (which may be properly labeled); optionally with one or more leaflets containing product information and/or instructions for use.
• unit dosages will contain between 1 and 1000 mg, and usually between 5 and 500 mg, of the at least one compound of the disclosure, e.g. about 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg per unit dosage.
• the compounds can be administered by a variety of routes including the oral, ocular, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular or intranasal routes, depending mainly on the specific preparation used.
• the compound will generally be administered in an "effective amount", by which is meant any amount of a compound that, upon suitable administration, is sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect in the subject to which it is administered.
• such an effective amount will usually be between 0.01 to 1000 mg per kilogram body weight of the patient per day, more often between 0.1 and 500 mg, such as between 1 and 250 mg, for example about 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 mg, per kilogram body weight of the patient per day, which may be administered as a single daily dose, divided over one or more daily doses.
• the amount(s) to be administered, the route of administration and the further treatment regimen may be determined by the treating clinician, depending on factors such as the age, gender and general condition of the patient and the nature and severity of the disease/symptoms to be treated.
• Formulations containing one or more compounds can be prepared in various pharmaceutical forms, such as granules, tablets, capsules, suppositories, powders, controlled release formulations, suspensions, emulsions, creams, gels, ointments, salves, lotions, or aerosols and the like.
• these formulations are employed in solid dosage forms suitable for simple, and preferably oral, administration of precise dosages.
• Solid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, tablets, soft or hard gelatin or non-gelatin capsules, and caplets.
• liquid dosage forms such as solutions, syrups, suspension, shakes, etc. can also be utilized.
• the formulation is administered topically.
• suitable topical formulations include, but are not limited to, lotions, ointments, creams, and gels.
• the topical formulation is a gel.
• the formulation is administered intranasally.
• Formulations containing one or more of the compounds described herein may be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier composed of materials that are considered safe and effective and may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological side effects or unwanted interactions.
• the carrier is all components present in the pharmaceutical formulation other than the active ingredient or ingredients.
• carrier includes, but is not limited to, diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrators, fillers, pH modifying agents, preservatives, antioxidants, solubility enhancers, and coating compositions.
• Carrier also includes all components of the coating composition which may include plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, and glidants. Delayed release, extended release, and/or pulsatile release dosage formulations may be prepared as described in standard references such as "Pharmaceutical dosage form tablets”, eds. Liberman et. al. (New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989), “Remington - The science and practice of pharmacy", 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000, and “Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems", 6th Edition, Ansel et al., (Media, PA: Williams and Wilkins, 1995). These references provide information on carriers, materials, equipment and process for preparing tablets and capsules and delayed release dosage forms of tablets, capsules, and granules.
• suitable coating materials include, but are not limited to, cellulose polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl
• methylcellulose acetate succinate polyvinyl acetate phthalate, acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, and methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the trade name EUDRAGIT® (Roth Pharma, Westerstadt, Germany), zein, shellac, and polysaccharides.
• the coating material may contain conventional carriers such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, glidants, stabilization agents, pore formers and surfactants.
• Optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients present in the drug-containing tablets, beads, granules or particles include, but are not limited to, diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, colorants, stabilizers, and surfactants.
• Diluents also referred to as "fillers,” are typically necessary to increase the bulk of a solid dosage form so that a practical size is provided for compression of tablets or formation of beads and granules.
• Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, sodium chloride, dry starch, hydrolyzed starches, pregelatinized starch, silicone dioxide, titanium oxide, magnesium aluminum silicate and powdered sugar.
• Binders are used to impart cohesive qualities to a solid dosage formulation, and thus ensure that a tablet or bead or granule remains intact after the formation of the dosage forms.
• Suitable binder materials include, but are not limited to, starch, pregelatinized starch, gelatin, sugars (including sucrose, glucose, dextrose, lactose and sorbitol), polyethylene glycol, waxes, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, sodium alginate, cellulose, including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and veegum, and synthetic polymers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymers, polyacrylic acid/polymethacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• Lubricants are used to facilitate tablet manufacture.
• suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, glycerol behenate, polyethylene glycol, talc, and mineral oil.
• Disintegrants are used to facilitate dosage form disintegration or "breakup" after administration, and generally include, but are not limited to, starch, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross linked polymers, such as cross- linked PVP (Polyplasdone XL from GAF Chemical Corp).
• starch sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross linked polymers, such as cross- linked PVP (Polyplasdone XL from GAF Chemical Corp).
• Stabilizers are used to inhibit or retard drug decomposition reactions which include, by way of example, oxidative reactions.
• Surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic surface active agents.
• Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, those containing carboxylate, sulfonate and sulfate ions.
• anionic surfactants include sodium, potassium, ammonium of long chain alkyl sulfonates and alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium
• Cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, stearyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene and coconut amine.
• nonionic surfactants include ethylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol myristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl stearate, polyglyceryl-4-oleate, sorbitan acylate, sucrose acylate, PEG-150 laurate, PEG-400 monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polysorbates, polyoxyethylene octylphenylether, PEG- 1000 cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether, polypropylene glycol butyl ether, Poloxamer® 401, stearoyl monoisopropanolamide, and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated tallow amide.
• amphoteric surfactants include sodium N-dodecyl-.beta.-alanine, sodium N-lauryl-.beta.- iminodipropionate, myristoamphoacetate, lauryl betaine and lauryl sulfobetaine.
• the tablets, beads, granules, or particles may also contain minor amount of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, dyes, pH buffering agents, or preservatives.
• the concentration of the compound to carrier and/or other substances may vary from about 0.5 to about 100 wt.% (weight percent).
• the pharmaceutical formulation will generally contain from about 5 to about 100% by weight of the active material.
• the pharmaceutical formulation will generally have from about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % of the active material.
• compositions described herein can be formulation for modified or controlled release.
• controlled release dosage forms include extended release dosage forms, delayed release dosage forms, pulsatile release dosage forms, and combinations thereof.
• the extended release formulations are generally prepared as diffusion or osmotic systems, for example, as described in "Remington - The science and practice of pharmacy” (20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000).
• a diffusion system typically consists of two types of devices, a reservoir and a matrix, and is well known and described in the art.
• the matrix devices are generally prepared by compressing the drug with a slowly dissolving polymer carrier into a tablet form.
• the three major types of materials used in the preparation of matrix devices are insoluble plastics, hydrophilic polymers, and fatty compounds.
• Plastic matrices include, but are not limited to, methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene.
• Hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as methyl and ethyl cellulose, hydroxyalkylcelluloses such as hydroxypropyl-cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium
• Fatty compounds include, but are not limited to, various waxes such as carnauba wax and glyceryl tri stearate and wax-type substances including hydrogenated castor oil or
• the plastic material is a pharmaceutically acceptable acrylic polymer, including but not limited to, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl
• methacrylates cyanoethyl methacrylate, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), methacrylic acid alkylamine copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic acid)(anhydride), polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylic acid anhydride), and glycidyl methacrylate copolymers.
• the acrylic polymer is comprised of one or more ammonio methacrylate copolymers.
• Ammonio methacrylate copolymers are well known in the art, and are described in F XVII as fully polymerized copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups.
• the acrylic polymer is an acrylic resin lacquer such as that which is commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the tradename Eudragit®.
• the acrylic polymer comprises a mixture of two acrylic resin lacquers commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the tradenames Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit ® RS30D, respectively.
• Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit® RS30D are copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups, the molar ratio of ammonium groups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic esters being 1 :20 in Eudragit® RL30D and 1 :40 in Eudragit® RS30D.
• the mean molecular weight is about 150,000.
• Edragit® S-100 and Eudragit® L-100 are also preferred.
• the code designations RL (high permeability) and RS (low permeability) refer to the permeability properties of these agents.
• Eudragit® RL/RS mixtures are insoluble in water and in digestive fluids. However, multiparticulate systems formed to include the same are swellable and permeable in aqueous solutions and digestive fluids.
• the polymers described above such as Eudragit® RL/RS may be mixed together in any desired ratio in order to ultimately obtain a sustained-release formulation having a desirable dissolution profile. Desirable sustained-release multiparticulate systems may be obtained, for instance, from 100% Eudragit® RL, 50% Eudragit® RL and 50% Eudragit® RS, and 10% Eudragit® RL and 90% Eudragit® RS.
• Desirable sustained-release multiparticulate systems may be obtained, for instance, from 100% Eudragit® RL, 50% Eudragit® RL and 50% Eudragit® RS, and 10% Eudragit® RL and 90% Eudragit® RS.
• acrylic polymers may also be used, such as, for example, Eudragit® L.
• extended release formulations can be prepared using osmotic systems or by applying a semi-permeable coating to the dosage form.
• the desired drug release profile can be achieved by combining low permeable and high permeable coating materials in suitable proportion.
• the devices with different drug release mechanisms described above can be combined in a final dosage form comprising single or multiple units. Examples of multiple units include, but are not limited to, multilayer tablets and capsules containing tablets, beads, or granules.
• An immediate release portion can be added to the extended release system by means of either applying an immediate release layer on top of the extended release core using a coating or compression process or in a multiple unit system such as a capsule containing extended and immediate release beads.
• Extended release tablets containing hydrophilic polymers are prepared by techniques commonly known in the art such as direct compression, wet granulation, or dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate polymers, diluents, binders, and lubricants as well as the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
• the usual diluents include inert powdered substances such as starches, powdered cellulose, especially crystalline and microcrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol and sucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders.
• Typical diluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful.
• Typical tablet binders include substances such as starch, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, and glucose. Natural and synthetic gums, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. Polyethylene glycol, hydrophilic polymers, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders.
• a lubricant is necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die. The lubricant is chosen from such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
• Extended release tablets containing wax materials are generally prepared using methods known in the art such as a direct blend method, a congealing method, and an aqueous dispersion method.
• the congealing method the drug is mixed with a wax material and either spray- congealed or congealed and screened and processed.
• Delayed release formulations are created by coating a solid dosage form with a polymer film, which is insoluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, and soluble in the neutral environment of the small intestine.
• the delayed release dosage units can be prepared, for example, by coating a drug or a drug-containing composition with a selected coating material.
• the drug-containing composition may be, e.g., a tablet for incorporation into a capsule, a tablet for use as an inner core in a "coated core" dosage form, or a plurality of drug-containing beads, particles or granules, for incorporation into either a tablet or capsule.
• Preferred coating materials include bioerodible, gradually hydrolyzable, gradually water-soluble, and/or enzymatically degradable polymers, and may be conventional "enteric" polymers. Enteric polymers, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, become soluble in the higher pH environment of the lower gastrointestinal tract or slowly erode as the dosage form passes through the
• Suitable coating materials for effecting delayed release include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate and carboxymethylcellulose sodium; acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, preferably formed from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and/or ethyl methacrylate, and other methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the tradename Eudragit® (Rohm Pharma; Westerstadt, Germany
• enzymatically degradable polymers such as azo polymers, pectin, chitosan, amylose and guar gum; zein and shellac. Combinations of different coating materials may also be used. Multilayer coatings using different polymers may also be applied.
• the preferred coating weights for particular coating materials may be readily determined by those skilled in the art by evaluating individual release profiles for tablets, beads and granules prepared with different quantities of various coating materials. It is the combination of materials, method and form of application that produce the desired release characteristics, which one can determine only from the clinical studies.
• the coating composition may include conventional additives, such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, glidants, etc.
• a plasticizer is normally present to reduce the fragility of the coating, and will generally represent about 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % relative to the dry weight of the polymer. Examples of typical plasticizers include
• a stabilizing agent is preferably used to stabilize particles in the dispersion.
• Typical stabilizing agents are nonionic emulsifiers such as sorbitan esters, polysorbates and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Glidants are recommended to reduce sticking effects during film formation and drying, and will generally represent approximately 25 wt. % to 100 wt. % of the polymer weight in the coating solution.
• glidant is talc.
• Other glidants such as magnesium stearate and glycerol monostearates may also be used.
• Pigments such as titanium dioxide may also be used.
• a silicone e.g., simethicone
• the formulation can provide pulsatile delivery of the one or more compounds.
• pulsatile is meant that a plurality of drug doses are released at spaced apart intervals of time.
• release of the initial dose is substantially immediate, i.e., the first drug release "pulse” occurs within about one hour of ingestion.
• This initial pulse is followed by a first time interval (lag time) during which very little or no drug is released from the dosage form, after which a second dose is then released.
• a second nearly drug release-free interval between the second and third drug release pulses may be designed.
• the duration of the nearly drug release-free time interval will vary depending upon the dosage form design e.g., a twice daily dosing profile, a three times daily dosing profile, etc.
• the nearly drug release-free interval has a duration of approximately 3 hours to 14 hours between the first and second dose.
• the nearly drug release-free interval has a duration of approximately 2 hours to 8 hours between each of the three doses.
• the pulsatile release profile is achieved with dosage forms that are closed and preferably sealed capsules housing at least two drug-containing "dosage units" wherein each dosage unit within the capsule provides a different drug release profile.
• Control of the delayed release dosage unit(s) is accomplished by a controlled release polymer coating on the dosage unit, or by incorporation of the active agent in a controlled release polymer matrix.
• Each dosage unit may comprise a compressed or molded tablet, wherein each tablet within the capsule provides a different drug release profile. For dosage forms mimicking a twice a day dosing profile, a first tablet releases drug substantially immediately following ingestion of the dosage form, while a second tablet releases drug approximately 3 hours to less than 14 hours following ingestion of the dosage form.
• a first tablet releases drug substantially immediately following ingestion of the dosage form
• a second tablet releases drug approximately 3 hours to less than 10 hours following ingestion of the dosage form
• the third tablet releases drug at least 5 hours to approximately 18 hours following ingestion of the dosage form. It is possible that the dosage form includes more than three tablets. While the dosage form will not generally include more than a third tablet, dosage forms housing more than three tablets can be utilized.
• each dosage unit in the capsule may comprise a plurality of drug- containing beads, granules or particles.
• drug-containing beads refer to beads made with drug and one or more excipients or polymers.
• Drug-containing beads can be produced by applying drug to an inert support, e.g., inert sugar beads coated with drug or by creating a "core” comprising both drug and one or more excipients.
• drug-containing "granules" and “particles” comprise drug particles that may or may not include one or more additional excipients or polymers. In contrast to drug-containing beads, granules and particles do not contain an inert support.
• Granules generally comprise drug particles and require further processing. Generally, particles are smaller than granules, and are not further processed. Although beads, granules and particles may be formulated to provide immediate release, beads and granules are generally employed to provide delayed release.
• the compound is formulated for topical administration.
• suitable topical dosage forms include lotions, creams, ointments, and gels.
• a "gel” is a semisolid system containing a dispersion of the active agent, i.e., compound, in a liquid vehicle that is rendered semisolid by the action of a thickening agent or polymeric material dissolved or suspended in the liquid vehicle.
• the liquid may include a lipophilic component, an aqueous component or both.
• Some emulsions may be gels or otherwise include a gel component.
• Some gels, however, are not emulsions because they do not contain a homogenized blend of immiscible components.
• the compound described herein can be administered adjunctively with other active compounds.
• active compounds include but are not limited to analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antihistamines, antimigraine drugs, antimuscarinics, anxioltyics, sedatives, hypnotics, antipsychotics, bronchodilators, anti- asthma drugs, cardiovascular drugs, corticosteroids, dopaminergics, electrolytes, gastrointestinal drugs, muscle relaxants, nutritional agents, vitamins, parasympathomimetics, stimulants, anorectics and anti-narcoleptics.
• Adjunctive administration means the compound can be administered in the same dosage form or in separate dosage forms with one or more other active agents.
• compounds that can be adjunctively administered with the compounds include, but are not limited to, aceclofenac, acetaminophen, adomexetine, almotriptan, alprazolam, amantadine, amcinonide, aminocyclopropane, amitriptyline, amolodipine, amoxapine, amphetamine, aripiprazole, aspirin, atomoxetine, azasetron, azatadine, beclomethasone, benactyzine, benoxaprofen, bermoprofen, betamethasone, bicifadine, bromocriptine, budesonide, buprenorphine, bupropion, buspirone, butorphanol, butriptyline, caffeine, carbamazepine, car
• the additional active agent(s) can be formulated for immediate release, controlled release, or combinations thereof.
• Example 1 The synthesis of N4-hydroxycytidine or l-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-4-(hydroxyamino)pyrimidin-2-one (EIDD-01931)
• the compound can be made in one step from cytidine by heating in a pH-adjusted solution of hydroxylamine. Despite being shorter, this route tends to give lower yields and requires purification by reverse phase flash column chromatography, limiting its use to producing smaller quantities.
• Example 2 General Methods: All chemical reactions were performed in oven-dried glassware under a nitrogen atmosphere, except where noted. Chemicals and solvents were reagent-grade and purchased from commercial suppliers (typically Aldrich, Fisher, Acros, Carbosynth Limited, and Oakwood Chemical) and used as received, excepting where noted. In particular, EIDD-1910, EIDD-1993, and EIDD-2003 were purchased from Carbosynth Limited. Solvents used for reactions (tetrahydrofuran, methanol, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, toluene, pyridine, dimethylformamide) were >99.9% anhydrous in all cases.
• TLC thin layer chromatography
• Triphosphate purifications were performed using ion- exchange chromatography, with DEAE (diethylaminoethyl) Sephadex A-25 as the stationary phase, and aqueous TEAB (triethylammonium bicarbonate) as the mobile phase.
• DEAE diethylaminoethyl
• TEAB triethylammonium bicarbonate
• Nominal (low resolution) liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry was performed using an Agilent 1200 series LC (UV absorption detector at 254 nm), using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB Ci8 4.6x50 mm, 3.5 micron column, eluting with a MeOH/water mixture (typically 95/5 isocratic) and an Agilent 6120 LCMS quadrupole instrument.
• High resolution mass spectrometry was performed by the Emory University Mass Spectrometry Center with a Thermo LTQ-FTMS using either APCI or ESI.
• EIDD-1931 A 50 mL round bottom flask was charged with S2 (23.3 g, 38.7 mmol) and THF (50 mL). Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (6.30 mL, 38.7 mmol) was added all at once, and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in a minimal amount of MeOH, and this solution was slowly added to a Erlenmeyer flask containing rapidly stirred dichloromethane (500 mL) to precipitate the product; the mixture was stirred at rt for 15 minutes. The triturated solid was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with dichloromethane, then ether.
• EIDD-2050 A solution of EIDD-1931 (124 mg, 0.478 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (5 mL) was cooled to -20°C and treated dropwise with nonanoyl chloride (95 ⁇ L., 0.528 mmol) over a 5 min period. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 15 h and then quenched with methanol (2 mL). After 20 min at rt the mixture was concentrated to dryness, and then purified by flash chromatography (1 to 5% gradient of MeOH in DCM).
• EIDD-2051 To a stirred solution of EIDD-1931 (0.194 g, 0.75 mmol) in pyridine (4.8 mL) at 0°C under nitrogen, was added heptyl chloroformate (0.15 mL, 0.825 mmol) dropwise via syringe. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 4 h and then concentrated by rotary evaporation. The mixture was taken up in DCM with a drop of MeOH, and automated flash chromatography (40 g column, 0 to 15% gradient of MeOH in DCM) gave the title compound (0.126 g, 42%) as a powdery white solid. MR analysis shows a 9: 1 mixture of rotamers (most signals near the nucleobase are doubled, or are single but broadened): 1H
• EIDD-2052 To a stirred solution of S3 (0.300 g, 0.487 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) at 0°C under nitrogen, was added a 1.25 M HC1 solution in MeOH (2.3 mL, 2.92 mmol) dropwise via syringe. The mixture was stirred at rt for 24 h. Triethylamine (0.70 mL, 5.05 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h.
• EIDD-2054 A round bottom flask was charged with S5 (0.510 g, 1.01 mmol) and a stir bar under nitrogen at rt. A solution of cone. HC1, 1% v/v in MeOH (10 mL, 1.20 mmol HC1) was added via syringe and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min. Solid Na 2 C0 3 (1 g) was added all at once, and the mixture was stirred at rt 30 min. Celite was added, and the mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation to give the crude immobilized on the solid.
• EIDD-2053 A round bottom flask was charged with S6 (0.200 g, 0.408 mmol) and a stir bar under nitrogen at rt. A solution of cone. HCl, 1% v/v in MeOH (6 mL, 0.72 mmol HCl) was added via syringe and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min. Solid Na 2 C0 3 (0.75 g) was added all at once, and the mixture was stirred at rt 30 min. Celite was added, and the mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation to give the crude immobilized on the solid.
• TEAB triethylammonium bicarbonate
• the contents of the tube were transferred to a round bottom flask, and concentrated by rotary evaporation.
• the crude material was taken up in 100 mM TEAB, and chromatography on DEAE followed by lyophilization of the product gave a triethylammonium salt of the desired product.
• An ion-exchange column (17 mL CV) of freshly prepared Dowex (Li form) was rinsed with 5 CV water.
• the prepared triethylammonium salt was taken up in water and eluted through the ion-exchange column.
• EIDD-2086 A solution of EIDD-2054 (45 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1 mL) at 0°C was treated with a 1 M THF solution of tert-butylmagnesium chloride (0.31 mL, 0.31 mmol). After 1 h at 0°C, the mixture was treated dropwise with a solution of S7 (139 mg, 0.31 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1 mL) over a 5 min period. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and was stirred overnight. The mixture was quenched with sat. aq. H 4 C1 (5 mL) and then extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL).
• EIDD-2088 To a solution of S10 (0.257 g, 0.502 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added a 2 N hydroxylamine at pH 6 (6.27 ml, 12.54 mmol), and the resulted mixture was stirred at 37°C for 1.5 days. The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The obtained yellow solid was redissolved in MeOH and immobilized onto silica gel, which was loaded onto a silica plug. Elution with 10% MeOH in CH 2 CI 2 through the silica plug, gave a light brown liquid after rotary evaporation of fractions containing product.
• EIDD-2101 A solution of 5-methylcytidine (0.257 g, 1.00 mmol) in a 2N aq. hydroxylamine solution with pH 6 (8 mL, 16.0 mmol) was heated to 55°C in a sealed tube with stirring for 5 hrs. The solution was cooled to rt, transferred to a round bottom flask, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and coevaporated with MeOH (2 x 20 mL). The crude residue was taken up in MeOH and immobilized on silica gel.
• EIDD-2107 To a stirred solution of Sll (0.910 g, 1.22 mmol) in a mixture of THF (18 mL) and DMF (6 mL) at 0°C under nitrogen, was added acetic acid (0.350 mL, 6.12 mmol) followed by solid tetraethylammonium fluoride (0.877 g, 5.88 mmol) all at once. The mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 20 h. The mixture was then concentrated by rotary evaporation to give crude as an oil.
• EIDD-2108 A solution of S15 (62 mg, 0.087 mmol) in methanol (4 mL) was treated with a catalytic amount of /?ara-toluenesulfonic acid (3.3 mg, 0.017 mmol). After 16 h stirring at rt, the mixture was treated with saturated aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution (1.5 mL) and allowed to stir for an additional 4 h at rt. The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation, and the resulting residue was triturated with 5% acetonitrile in methanol (2 x 15 mL).
• EIDD-2133 A mixture of S17 (0.220 g, 0.433 mmol) and NH 4 F (0.128 g, 3.47 mmol) in MeOH (22 mL) was stirred under reflux overnight. The mixture was cooled to rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Flash chromatography (5 to 10% gradient of MeOH in DCM) gave semipure product.
• EIDD-2091 To a suspension of S18 (0.266 g, 0.500 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added a 2 N aq. Hydroxylamine solution at pH 6 (6.3 ml, 12.49 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at 37°C for 1.5 days. The reaction (incomplete by TLC) was partitioned between EtOAc and H 2 0. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with H 2 0 and brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation.
• EIDD-2135 A solution of triethylammonium bis(POM)phosphate was prepared by adding triethylamine (0.362 mL, 2.60 mmol) to a solution of S20 (0.782 g, 2.398 mmol) in THF (8 mL). To a solution of EIDD-1931 (0.518 g, 1.998 mmol) in THF (32 mL) under nitrogen was added the prepared solution of triethylammonium bis(POM)phosphate at rt, then it was cooled to 0°C.
• EIDD-2159 A 2 N hydroxylamine (30.0 mL, 60.0 mmol) aqueous solution was made by adjusting a 50% w/w aq. NH 2 OH solution with glacial AcOH and then diluting with water to achieve the desired concentration.
• a sealable pressure vessel was charged with the above solution, L-cytidine (0.486 g, 2.0 mmol), and a stir bar. The vessel was sealed and the mixture was heated at 50°C for 40 h. The mixture was cooled to rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The crude reside was dissolved in water, and automated reverse phase flash chromatography (100 g column, gradient of 100% water to 100% MeCN) gave 300 mg of semipure material as a yellow flaky solid.
• EIDD-02200 To a stirred solution of S23 (0.602 g, 1.00 mmol) in THF (8 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen, was added triethylamine trihydrofluoride (0.163 mL, 1.00 mmol) dropwise via syringe. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 days. Celite was added to the reaction mixture, and rotary evaporation immobilized the crude onto Celite. Automated flash chromatography (24 g column, 5 to 25% gradient of MeOH in dichloromethane) gave 600 mg of semipure product.
• EIDD-2261 A round bottom flask was charged with S30 (0.332 g, 0.551 mmol), tetramethylammonium fluoride (0.196 g, 2.64 mmol), THF (8.25 mL), and DMF (2.75 mL) under nitrogen at 0°C. Acetic acid (0.157 mL, 2.75 mmol) was added all at once via syringe. The mixture was warmed to 45°C and heated with stirring for 4 days, then concentrated by rotary evaporation. Automated flash chromatography (40 g column, 0 to 20% gradient of MeOH in DCM) gave the title compound (0.106 g, 74%) as a white solid.
• EIDD-2345 To a stirred solution of S35 (0.140 g, 0.465 mmol) in methanol (8.4 mL) and water (0.93 mL) at room temperature, was added Dowex 50WX8 hydrogen form (0.30 g), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation.
• EIDD-2357 To a stirred solution of S37 (0.128 g, 0.143 mmol) in THF (2.85 mL) under nitrogen at 0°C, was added a 1M solution of TBAF in THF (0.499 mL, 0.499 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0°C for 5 hours, then concentrated by rotary evaporation.
• EIDD-2422 To a stirred solution of S38 (0.330 g, 0.500 mmol) in THF (3.75 mL) and DMF (1.25 mL) at 0°C, was added acetic acid (0.143 mL, 2.50 mmol) followed by tetraethylammonium fluoride (0.359 g, 2.40 mmol) all at once. The mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred 24 hours. The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation, and the crude was taken up in dichloromethane. Automated flash chromatography (12 g column, 1 to 25% gradient of MeOH in dichloromethane) gave 80 mg of semipure material.
• EIDD-2423 To a stirred solution of S39 (1.16 g, 1.72 mmol) in THF (12.9 mL) and DMF (4.3 mL) at 0°C, was added acetic acid (0.493 mL, 8.62 mmol) followed by tetraethylammonium fluoride (1.24 g, 8.27 mmol) all at once. The mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred 16 hours. The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation, and the crude was taken up in dichloromethane. Automated flash chromatography (80 g column, 1 to 15% gradient of MeOH in dichloromethane) gave 400 mg of semipure material.
• reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (25 mL) and washed with 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid (25 mL) and aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL).
• the organic layer was dried over Na 2 SC"4 and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give crude S41.
• the crude product was taken directly to the next step without further purification.
• reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (70 mL) and washed with 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid (100 mL) followed by aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate (100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na 2 SC"4, filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation.
• CPE Primary cytopathic effect reduction assay.
• Four-concentration CPE inhibition assays are performed. Confluent or near-confluent cell culture monolayers in 96-well disposable microplates are prepared. Cells are maintained in MEM or DMEM supplemented with FBS as required for each cell line. For antiviral assays the same medium is used but with FBS reduced to 2% or less and supplemented with 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamicin. The test compound is prepared at four logio final concentrations, usually 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 ⁇ g/ml or ⁇ . The virus control and cell control wells are on every microplate.
• a known active drug is tested as a positive control drug using the same method as is applied for test compounds.
• the positive control is tested with each test run.
• the assay is set up by first removing growth media from the 96-well plates of cells. Then the test compound is applied in 0.1 ml volume to wells at 2X concentration.
• Virus normally at ⁇ 100 50% cell culture infectious doses
• CCID 50 in 0.1 ml volume, is placed in those wells designated for virus infection.
• Medium devoid of virus is placed in toxicity control wells and cell control wells.
• Virus control wells are treated similarly with virus. Plates are incubated at 37°C with 5% C0 2 until maximum CPE is observed in virus control wells. The plates are then stained with 0.011% neutral red for approximately two hours at 37°C in a 5% C0 2 incubator. The neutral red medium is removed by complete aspiration, and the cells may be rinsed IX with phosphate buffered solution (PBS) to remove residual dye.
• PBS phosphate buffered solution
• the PBS is completely removed and the incorporated neutral red is eluted with 50% Sorensen's citrate buffer/50%) ethanol (pH 4.2) for at least 30 minutes.
• Neutral red dye penetrates into living cells, thus, the more intense the red color, the larger the number of viable cells present in the wells.
• the dye content in each well is quantified using a 96-well spectrophotometer at 540 nm wavelength.
• the dye content in each set of wells is converted to a percentage of dye present in untreated control wells using a Microsoft Excel computer-based spreadsheet.
• the 50%> effective (EC 50 , virus-inhibitory) concentrations and 50%> cytotoxic (CC 50 , cell-inhibitory) concentrations are then calculated by linear regression analysis.
• the quotient of CC 50 divided by EC 50 gives the selectivity index (SI) value.
• VYR Secondary CPE/Virus yield reduction
• VYR test is a direct determination of how much the test compound inhibits virus replication. Virus that was replicated in the presence of test compound is titrated and compared to virus from untreated, infected controls. Titration of pooled viral samples (collected as described above) is performed by endpoint dilution. This is accomplished by titrating logio dilutions of virus using 3 or 4 microwells per dilution on fresh monolayers of cells by endpoint dilution.
• the assay is set up by first removing growth media from the 12-well plates of cells, and infecting cells with 0.01 MOI of LAS V strain Josiah. Cells will be incubated for 90 min: 500 ⁇ inoculum/Ml 2 well, at 37°C, 5% C02 with constant gentle rocking. The inoculums will be removed and cells will be washed 2X with medium. Then the test compound is applied in 1 ml of total volume of media. Tissue culture supernatant (TCS) will be collected at appropriate time points. TCS will then be used to determine the compounds inhibitory effect on virus replication. Virus that was replicated in the presence of test compound is titrated and compared to virus from untreated, infected controls.
• serial ten-fold dilutions will be prepared and used to infect fresh monolayers of cells.
• Cells will be overlaid with 1% agarose mixed 1 : 1 with 2X MEM supplemented with 10%FBS and l%penecillin, and the number of plaques determined. Plotting the logio of the inhibitor concentration versus logio of virus produced at each concentration allows calculation of the 90% (one logio) effective concentration by linear regression.
• Secondary Lassa fever virus assay involves similarity
• the test compound is prepared at four logio final concentrations, usually 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 or ⁇ .
• the virus control and cell control will be run in parallel with each tested compound.
• a known active drug is tested as a positive control drug using the same experimental set-up as described for the virus and cell control.
• the positive control is tested with each test run.
• the assay is set up by first removing growth media from the 12-well plates of cells. Then the test compound is applied in 0.1 ml volume to wells at 2X concentration. Virus, normally at approximately 200 plaque- forming units in 0.1 ml volume, is placed in those wells designated for virus infection.
• Virus control wells are treated similarly with virus. Plates are incubated at 37°C with 5% C0 2 for one hour. Virus-compound inoculums will be removed, cells washed and overlaid with 1.6% tragacanth diluted 1 : 1 with 2X MEM and supplemented with 2% FBS and 1%
• the secondary assay involves similar methodology to what is described in the previous paragraphs using 12-well plates of cells. The differences are noted in this section. Eight half-logio concentrations of inhibitor are tested for antiviral activity. One positive control drug is tested per batch of compounds evaluated.
• cells are infected with virus. Cells are being infected as described above but this time incubated with DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin and supplemented with the corresponding drug concentration. Cells will be incubated for 10 days at 37°C with 5% C0 2 , daily observed under microscope for the number of green fluorescent cells.
• Cell viability was greater than 95% for the cells to be utilized in the assay.
• the cells were resuspended at 3 x 10 3 (5 x 10 5 for Vero cells and Huh-7 cells) cells per well in tissue culture medium and added to flat bottom microtiter plates in a volume of 100 ⁇ ⁇ .
• the plates were incubated at 37°C/5%C0 2 overnight to allow for cell adherence. Monolayers were observed to be approximately 70% confluent.
• Virus Preparation-The Dengue virus type 2 New Guinea C strain was obtained from ATCC (catalog# VR-1584) and was grown in LLC-MK2 (Rhesus monkey kidney cells; catalog #CCL-7.1) cells for the production of stock virus pools. An aliquot of virus pretitered in BHK21 cells was removed from the freezer (-80°C) and allowed to thaw slowly to room temperature in a biological safety cabinet.
• Virus was resuspended and diluted into assay medium (DMEM supplemented with 2% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin) such that the amount of virus added to each well in a volume of 100 ⁇ _, was the amount determined to yield 85 to 95% cell killing at 6 days post-infection.
• assay medium DMEM supplemented with 2% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin
• Plate Format Each plate contains cell control wells (cells only), virus control wells (cells plus virus), triplicate drug toxicity wells per compound (cells plus drug only), as well as triplicate experimental wells (drug plus cells plus virus).
• XTT-tetrazolium was metabolized by the mitochondrial enzymes of metabolically active cells to a soluble formazan product, allowing rapid quantitative analysis of the inhibition of virus-induced cell killing by antiviral test substances.
• XTT solution was prepared daily as a stock of 1 mg/mL in RPMI 1640.
• Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) solution was prepared at 0.15mg/mL in PBS and stored in the dark at -20°C.
• XTT/PMS stock was prepared immediately before use by adding 40 ⁇ _, of PMS per ml of XTT solution. Fifty microliters ofXTT/PMS was added to each well of the plate and the plate was reincubated for 4 hours at 37°C. Plates were sealed with adhesive plate sealers and shaken gently or inverted several times to mix the soluble formazan product and the plate was read spectrophotometrically at 450/650 nm with a Molecular Devices Vmax plate reader.
• Cell Preparation-HEp2 cells (human epithelial cells, A TCC catalog# CCL-23) were passaged in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 0.1 mM EAA, T-75 flasks prior to use in the antiviral assay. On the day preceding the assay, the cells were split 1 :2 to assure they were in an exponential growth phase at the time of infection. Total cell and viability quantification was performed using a hemocytometer and Trypan Blue dye exclusion. Cell viability was greater than 95% for the cells to be utilized in the assay.
• the cells were resuspended at 1 x 10 4 cells per well in tissue culture medium and added to flat bottom microtiter plates in a volume of 100 ⁇ ⁇ . The plates were incubated at 37°C/5% C0 2 overnight to allow for cell adherence.
• Virus Preparation The RSV strain Long and RSV strain 9320 were obtained from ATCC (catalog# VR-26 and catalog #VR-955, respectively) and were grown in HEp2 cells for the production of stock virus pools. A pretitered aliquot of virus was removed from the freezer (-80°C) and allowed to thaw slowly to room temperature in a biological safety cabinet. Virus was resuspended and diluted into assay medium
• DMEMsupplemented with 2% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 0.1 mM EAA DMEMsupplemented with 2% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 0.1 mM EAA
• Cell Preparation-MOCK cells (canine kidney cells, ATCC catalog# CCL-34) were passaged in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 0.1 mM NEAA, T-75 flasks prior to use in the antiviral assay. On the day preceding the assay, the cells were split 1 :2 to assure they were in an exponential growth phase at the time of infection. Total cell and viability quantification was performed using a hemocytometer and Trypan Blue dye exclusion.
• Cell viability was greater than 95% for the cells to be utilized in the assay.
• the cells were resuspended at 1 x 10 4 cells per well in tissue culture medium and added to flat bottom microtiter plates in a volume of 100 ⁇ ⁇ .
• the plates were incubated at 37°C/5% C0 2 overnight to allow for cell adherence.
• Virus was resuspended and diluted into assay medium (DMEM supplemented with 0.5%BSA, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM NEAA, and 1 ⁇ g/ml TPCK-treated trypsin) such that the amount of virus added to each well in a volume of 100 ⁇ . was the amount determined to yield 85 to 95% cell killing at 4 days post-infection. Efficacy and Toxicity XTT-Plates were stained and analyzed as previously described for the Dengue cytoprotection assay.
• assay medium DMEM supplemented with 0.5%BSA, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM NEAA, and 1 ⁇ g/ml TPCK-treated trypsin
• This cell line harbors the persistently replicating I 389 luc-ubi-neo/NS3-3'/ET replicon containing the firefly luciferase gene-ubiquitin-neomycin phosphotransferase fusion protein and EMCV IRES driven NS3-5B HCV coding sequences containing the ET tissue culture adaptive mutations (E1202G, T12081, and K1846T).
• a stock culture of the Huh-luc/neo-ET was expanded by culture in DMEM supplemented with I 0% FCS, 2mM glutamine, penicillin (100 ⁇ /mL streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/mL) and I X nonessential amino acids plus 1 mg/mL G418.
• the cells were split 1 :4 and cultured for two passages in the same media plus 250 ⁇ g/mL G418.
• the cells were treated with trypsin and enumerated by staining with trypan blue and seeded into 96-well tissue culture plates at a cell culture density 7.5 x 10 3 cells per well and incubated at 37°C 5% C0 2 for 24 hours.
• Virus Replication-HCV replication from the replicon assay system was measured by luciferase activity using the britelite plus luminescence reporter gene kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT). Briefly, one vial of britelite plus lyophilized substrate was solubilized in 10 mL of britelite reconstitution buffer and mixed gently by inversion. After a 5 minute incubation at room temperature, the britelite plus reagent was added to the 96 well plates at 100 ⁇ _, per well. The plates were sealed with adhesive film and incubated at room temperature for approximately 10 minutes to lyse the cells.
• the well contents were transferred to a white 96-well plate and luminescence was measured within 15 minutes using the Wallac 1450Microbeta Trilux liquid scintillation counter.
• the data were imported into a customized Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheet for determination of the 50% virus inhibition concentration (EC 50 ).
• HEp2 cells human epithelial cells, ATCC catalog# CCL-273 were passaged in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 0.1 mM EAA, T-75 flasks prior to use in the antiviral assay. On the day preceding the assay, the cells were split 1 :2 to assure they were in an exponential growth phase at the time of infection. Total cell and viability quantification was performed using a hemocytometer and Trypan Blue dye exclusion. Cell viability was greater than 95% for the cells to be utilized in the assay.
• the cells were resuspended at 1 x 10 4 cells per well in tissue culture medium and added to flat bottom microtiter plates in a volume of 100 ⁇ L ⁇ . The plates were incubated at 37°C/5% C0 2 overnight to allow for cell adherence.
• Virus Preparation The Parainfluenza virus type 3 SF4 strain was obtained from ATCC (catalog# VR-281) and was grown in HEp2 cells for the production of stock virus pools. A pretitered aliquot of virus was removed from the freezer (-80°C) and allowed to thaw slowly to room temperature in a biological safety cabinet. Virus was resuspended and diluted into assay medium (DMEM supplemented with 2% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM L- glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin) such that the amount of virus added to each well in a volume of 100 ⁇ _, was the amount determined to yield 85 to 95% cell killing at 6 days post-infection.
• assay medium DMEM supplemented with 2% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM L- glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin
• Each plate contains cell control wells (cells only), virus control wells (cells plus virus), triplicate drug toxicity wells per compound (cells plus drug only), as well a triplicate experimental wells (drug plus cells plus virus).
• Efficacy and Toxicity XTT Following incubation at 37°C in a 5% C0 2 incubator, the test plates were stained with the tetrazolium dye XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]- 2H-tetrazol hydroxide).
• XTT-tetrazolium was metabolized by the mitochondrial enzymes of metabolically active cells to a soluble formazan product, allowing rapid quantitative analysis of the inhibition of virus-induced cell killing by antiviral test substances.
• XTT solution was prepared daily as a stock of lmg/mL in RPMI1640.
• Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) solution was prepared at 0.15mg/mL in PBS and stored in the dark at - 20°C.
• XTT/PMS stock was prepared immediately before use by adding 40 ⁇ _, of PMS per ml of XTT solution. Fifty microliters of XTT/PMS was added to each well of the plate and the plate was reincubated for 4 hours at 3 7°C. Plates were sealed with adhesive plate sealers and shaken gently or inverted several times to mix the soluble fomlazan product and the plate was read
• Influenza Polymerase Inhibition Assay Virus Preparation - Purified influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (1 ml) was obtained from Advanced Biotechnologies, Inc. (Columbia, MD), thawed and dispensed into five aliquots for storage at -80°C until use. On the day of assay set up, 20 ⁇ _, of 2.5% Triton N-101 was added to 180 ⁇ _, of purified virus. The disrupted virus was diluted 1 :2 in a solution containing 0.25% Triton and PBS. Disruption provided the source of influenza ribonucleoprotein (RNP) containing the influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and template RNA. Samples were stored on ice until use in the assay.
• RNP influenza ribonucleoprotein
• the reactions contained the inhibitor and the same was done for reactions containing the positive control (2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine-5'-triphosphate).
• reaction mixture without the ApG primer and NTPs was incubated at 30°C for 20 minutes. Once the ApG and NTPs were added to the reaction mixture, the samples were incubated at 30°C for 1 hour then immediately followed by the transfer of the reaction onto glass-fiber filter plates and subsequent precipitation with 10%) trichloroacetic acid (TCA ). The plate was then washed five times with 5% TCA followed by one wash with 95% ethanol. Once the filter had dried, incorporation of [ - 32 P] GTP was measured using a liquid scintillation counter (Micro beta).
• Each test plate contained triplicate samples of the three compounds (6 concentrations) in addition to triplicate samples of RNP + reaction mixture (RNP alone), RNP + 1% DMSO, and reaction mixture alone (no RNP).
• HCV NS5B polymerase assays were performed in 20 ⁇ L ⁇ volumes in 96 well reaction plates. Each reaction contained 40 ng/ ⁇ . purified recombinant NS5BA22 genotype- lb polymerase, 20 ng/ ⁇ . of HCV genotype- lb complimentary IRES template, 1 ⁇ of each of the four natural ribonucleotides, 1 U/mL Optizyme RNAse inhibitor
• Step 1 consisted of combining all reaction components except the natural nucleotides and labeled UTP in a polymerase reaction mixture. Ten microliters (10 ⁇ .) of the polymerase mixture was dispensed into individual wells of the 96 well reaction plate on ice. Polymerase reaction mixtures without NS5B polymerase were included as no enzyme controls.
• the reactions were quenched with the addition of 80 ⁇ _, stop solution (12.5 mM EDTA, 2.25 M NaCl, and 225 mM sodium citrate) and the RNA products were applied to a Hybond-N+ membrane (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J) under vacuum pressure using a dot blot apparatus.
• the membrane was removed from the dot blot apparatus and washed four times with 4X SSC (0.6 M NaCl, and 60 mM sodium citrate), and then rinsed one time with water and once with 100% ethanol.
• the membrane was air dried and exposed to a phosphoimaging screen and the image captured using a Typhoon 8600 Phospho imager. Following capture of the image, the membrane was placed into a Micro beta cassette along with scintillation fluid and the CPM in each reaction was counted on a Micro beta 1450. CPM data were imported into a custom Excel spreadsheet for determination of compound IC50S.
• the human DNA polymerase alpha (catalog# 1075), beta (catalog# 1077), and gamma (catalog# 1076) were purchased from CHIMERx (Madison, WI). Inhibition of beta and gamma DNA polymerase activity was assayed in microtiter plates in a 50 uL reaction mixture containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.7), KCl (10 mM for beta and lOOmM for gamma), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.4 mg/mL BSA, 1 mM DTT, 15% glycerol, 0.05 mM of dCTP, dTTP, and dATP, 10 uCi [ 32 P]-alpha-dGTP (800 Ci/mmol), 20 ug activated calf thymus DNA and the test compound at indicated concentrations.
• Tris-HCl pH 8.7
• KCl 10 mM for beta and lOOm
• the alpha DNA polymerase reaction mixture was as follows in a 50 uL volume per sample: 20mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 5 mM magnesium acetate, 0.3 mg/mL BSA, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM spermine, 0.05 mM of dCTP, dTTP, and dATP, 10 uCi [ 32 P]-alpha-dGTP (800 Ci/mmol), 20 ug activated calf thymus DNA and the test compound at the indicated concentrations.
• the enzyme reactions were allowed to proceed for 30 minutes at 37°C followed by the transfer onto glass-fiber filter plates and subsequent precipitation with 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The plate was then washed with 5% TCA followed by one wash with 95% ethanol. Once the filter had dried, incorporation of radioactivity was measured using a liquid scintillation counter (Microbeta).
• TCA trichloroacetic acid
• HIV infected PBMC assay
• PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• cell number was determined by Trypan Blue dye exclusion and cells were re-suspended at 1 x 10 A 6 cells/mL in RPMI 1640 with 15% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 2 mmol/L L-glutamine, 2 ug/mL PHA-P, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 ug/mL streptomycin and allowed to incubate for 48-72 hours at 37°C.
• FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
• PBMCs were centrifuged and resuspended in tissue culture medium. The cultures were maintained until use by half-volume culture changes with fresh IL-2 containing tissue culture medium every 3 days. Assays were initiated with PBMCs at 72 hours post PHA-P stimulation.
• PBMCs employed in the assay were a mixture of cells derived from 3 donors. Immediately prior to use, target cells were resuspended in fresh tissue culture medium at 1 x 10 A 6 cells/mL and plated in the interior wells of a 96-well round bottom microtiter plate at 50 uL/well. Then, 100 uL of 2X concentrations of compound-containing medium was transferred to the 96-well plate containing cells in 50 uL of the medium. AZT was employed as an internal assay standard.
• PBMCs were exposed in triplicate to virus and cultured in the presence or absence of the test material at varying concentrations as described above in the 96-well microtiter plates. After 7 days in culture, HIV-1 replication was quantified in the tissue culture supernatant by measurement of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. Wells with cells and virus only served as virus controls. Separate plates were identically prepared without virus for drug cytotoxicity studies.
• Reverse Transcriptase Activity Assay Reverse Transcriptase Activity was measured in cell-free supernatants using a standard radioactive incorporation polymerization assay. Tritiated thymidine triphosphate (TTP; New England Nuclear) was purchased at 1 Ci/mL and 1 uL was used per enzyme reaction. A rAdT stock solution was prepared by mixing
• the RT reaction buffer was prepared fresh daily and consists of 125 uL of 1 mol/L EGTA, 125 uL of dH 2 0, 125 uL of 20% Triton X-100, 50 uL of 1 mol/L Tris (pH 7.4), 50 uL of 1 mol/L DTT, and 40 uL of 1 mol/L MgCl 2 .
• 1 uL of TTP, 4 uL of dH 2 0, 2.5 uL of rAdT, and 2.5 uL of reaction buffer were mixed.
• HBV HepG2.2.15 cells ( ⁇ .) in RPMI1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum was added to all wells of a 96-well plate at a density of 1 x 10 4 cells per well and the plate was incubated at 37°C in an environment of 5% C0 2 for 24 hours. Following incubation, six tenfold serial dilutions of test compound prepared in RPMI1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum were added to individual wells of the plate in triplicate. Six wells in the plate received medium alone as a virus only control. The plate was incubated for 6 days at 37°C in an environment of 5% C0 2 . The culture medium was changed on day 3 with medium containing the indicated concentration of each compound. One hundred microliters of supernatant was collected from each well for analysis of viral DNA by qPCR and cytotoxicity was evaluated by XTT staining of the cell culture monolayer on the sixth day.
• qPCR dilution buffer 40 ⁇ g/mL sheared salmon sperm DNA
• SDS 2.4 software Ten microliters of cell culture supernatant collected on the sixth day was diluted in qPCR dilution buffer (40 ⁇ g/mL sheared salmon sperm DNA) and boiled for 15 minutes. Quantitative real time PCR was performed in 386 well plates using an Applied Biosy stems 7900HT Sequence Detection System and the supporting SDS 2.4 software.
• HBV- AD38-qFl (5'-CCG TCT GTG CCT TCT CAT CTG-3')
• HBV-AD38-qRl 5'-AGT CCA AGA GTY CTC TTA TRY AAG ACC TT-3'
• HBV-AD38-qPl 5'-FAM CCG TGT GCA /ZEN/CTT CGC TTC ACC TCT GC-3'BHQ1) at a final concentration of 0.2 ⁇ for each primer in a total reaction volume of 15 ⁇ ⁇ .
• the HBV DNA copy number in each sample was interpolated from the standard curve by the SDS.24 software and the data were imported into an Excel spreadsheet for analysis.
• the 50% cytotoxic concentration for the test materials are derived by measuring the reduction of the tetrazolium dye XTT in the treated tissue culture plates.
• XTT is metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme NADPH oxidase to a soluble formazan product in metabolically active cells.
• XTT solution was prepared daily as a stock of 1 mg/mL in PBS.
• Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) stock solution was prepared at 0.15 mg/mL in PBS and stored in the dark at -20°C.
• XTT/PMS solution was prepared immediately before use by adding 40 ⁇ ⁇ of PMS per 1 mL of XTT solution.
• XTT/PMS Fifty microliters of XTT/PMS was added to each well of the plate and the plate incubated for 2-4 hours at 37°C. The 2-4 hour incubation has been empirically determined to be within linear response range for XTT dye reduction with the indicated numbers of cells for each assay.
• Adhesive plate sealers were used in place of the lids, the sealed plate was inverted several times to mix the soluble formazan product and the plate was read at 450 nm (650 nm reference wavelength) with a Molecular Devices SpectraMax Plus 384 spectrophotometer. Data were collected by Softmax 4.6 software and imported into an Excel spreadsheet for analysis.
• RNA polymerase assay was performed at 30 °C using ⁇ reaction mix in 1.5ml tube. Final reaction conditions were 50mM Hepes (pH 7.0), 2mM DTT, ImM MnCl 2 , lOmM KC1, ⁇ UTR-Poly A (self-annealing primer), 10 ⁇ UTP, 26nM RdRp enzyme. The reaction mix with different compounds (inhibitors) was incubated at 30 °C for 1 hour. To assess amount of pyrophosphate generated during polymerase reaction, 30 ⁇ 1 of polymerase reaction mix was mixed with a luciferase coupled-enzyme reaction mix (70 ⁇ 1).
• Huh-7 cells were seeded at 0.5xlO A 6 cells/well in 1 mL of complete media in 12 well tissue culture treated plates. The cells were allowed to adhere overnight at 37°/5% C0 2 .
• a 40 ⁇ stock solution of test article was prepared in 100% DMSO. From the 40 ⁇ stock solution, a 20 ⁇ solution of test article in 25 ml of complete DMEM media was prepared. For compound treatment, the media was aspirated from the wells and 1 mL of the 20 ⁇ solution was added in complete DMEM media to the appropriate wells. A separate plate of cells with "no" addition of the compound was also prepared. The plates were incubated at 37°/5% C0 2 for the following time points: 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours.
• the cells were washed 2X with 1 mL of DPBS.
• the cells were extracted by adding 500 ⁇ of 70% methanol/30%) water spiked with the internal standard to each well treated with test article.
• the non-treated blank plate was extracted with 500 ul of 70%
• mice (6-8 weeks old, female) were acclimated for > 2 days after receipt. Mice were weighed the day before dosing to calculate dosing volumes. Mice were dosed by oral gavage with drug at 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg & 300 mg/kg. The mice were sampled at 8 time points: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 24 hrs (3 mice per time point for test drug). The mice were euthanized and their organs were collected (see below). In order to collected blood, mice with euthanized by C0 2 at the appropriate time point listed above. Blood was obtained by cardiac puncture (0.3 ml) at each time point. Following blood collection, the organs were removed from the mice (see below).
• the blood was processed by inverting Li-Heparin tube with blood gently 2 or 3 times to mix well. The tubes were then placed in a rack in ice water until able to centrifuge ( ⁇ 1 hour). As soon as practical, the blood was centrifuged at ⁇ 2000 x g for 10 min in a refrigerated centrifuge to obtain plasma. Then, using a 200 ⁇ _, pipette, the plasma was transferred to a labeled 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube in ice water. The plasma was then frozen in freezer or on dry ice. The samples were stored at -80 °C prior to analysis. Organs were collected from euthanized mice.
• the organs (lungs, liver, kidney, spleen and heart) were removed, placed in a tube, and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The tubes were then transferred to dry ice. The samples were saved in cryogenic tissue vials. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using an ABSCIEX 5500 QTRAP LC-MS/MS system with a Hypercarb (PGC) column.
• PPC Hypercarb
• Tmax after oral dosing is 0.25 - 0.5hr
• Cmax's are 3.0, 7.7 and 11.7 ng/ml after PO dosing with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg; Bioavailability (versus I P. delivery) is 65% at 30 mg/kg and 39-46% at 100 and 300 mg/kg PO dosing;
• EIDD-1931 plasma ⁇ ⁇ is 2.2 hr after IV dosing and 4.1-4.7 hrs after PO dosing After 300 mg/kg P.O. dose, the 24 hr plasma levels are -0.4 ⁇ ; ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ after 100 mg/kg dose
• mice were injected with 100 pfus CHIK virus in the footpad.
• the test groups consisted of an unifected and untreated group, an infected and untreated group, an infected group receiving a high dose of 35 mg/kg i.p. of EIDD-01931, and an infected group receiving a low dose of 25 mg/kg i.p. of EIDD-01931.
• the two test groups receiving EIDD-01931 received compound 12 hours before challenge and then daily for 7 days. Footpads were evaluated for inflammation (paw thickness) daily for 7 days.
• CHIK virus induced arthritis (histology) was assessed in ankle joints using PCR after 7 days.
• EIDD-01931 is orally available and dose-proportional with a calculated bioavailability (%F) of 28%.
• Organ samples (brain, lung, spleen, kidney and liver) were collected at 2.5 and 24 hours post-dose from the 50 mg/kg dose group.
• EIDD-01931 was well distributed into all tissues tested; of particular note, it was readily distributed into brain tissue at therapeutic levels of drug, based on estimates from cellular data. Once in the brain, EIDD-01931 was rapidly metabolized to its active 5 '-triphosphate form to give brain levels of 526 and 135 ng/g at 2.5 and 24 hours, respectively. Even after 24 hours levels of EIDD- 01931 and its 5 '-triphosphate in the brain are considerable, suggesting that once-daily oral dosing may be adequate for treatment.
• EIDD-01931 has an acceptable toxicology profile after 6 day q.d. intraperitoneal (IP) injections in mice, with the NOEL (NO Effect Level) to be 33 mg/kg; weight loss was observed at the highest dose tested (100 mg/kg), which reversed on cessation of dosing.
• IP intraperitoneal
• NOEL NO Effect Level
• EIDD-01931 Several derivatives of EIDD-01931 have shown antiviral activity in screening against various viruses. Activity data is shown in the tables below.

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