WO2015100682A1 - 一种基于无烟煤的石墨烯及氧化石墨烯的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种基于无烟煤的石墨烯及氧化石墨烯的制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2015100682A1
WO2015100682A1 PCT/CN2013/091258 CN2013091258W WO2015100682A1 WO 2015100682 A1 WO2015100682 A1 WO 2015100682A1 CN 2013091258 W CN2013091258 W CN 2013091258W WO 2015100682 A1 WO2015100682 A1 WO 2015100682A1
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anthracite
graphene oxide
graphene
added
solution
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PCT/CN2013/091258
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French (fr)
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张麟德
张明东
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深圳粤网节能技术服务有限公司
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Priority to PCT/CN2013/091258 priority Critical patent/WO2015100682A1/zh
Priority to EP17205789.5A priority patent/EP3326969A1/en
Priority to US15/106,840 priority patent/US9938150B2/en
Priority to JP2016561046A priority patent/JP6353075B2/ja
Priority to EP13900708.2A priority patent/EP3081530B1/en
Publication of WO2015100682A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015100682A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/182—Graphene
    • C01B32/184—Preparation
    • C01B32/19—Preparation by exfoliation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/20—Graphite
    • C01B32/21—After-treatment
    • C01B32/23—Oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/182—Graphene
    • C01B32/184—Preparation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/182—Graphene
    • C01B32/184—Preparation
    • C01B32/19—Preparation by exfoliation
    • C01B32/192—Preparation by exfoliation starting from graphitic oxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/182—Graphene
    • C01B32/198—Graphene oxide

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for preparing graphene oxide and graphene, in particular to a method for preparing graphene oxide and graphene based on anthracite.
  • the perfect graphene has an ideal two-dimensional structure. It consists of a hexagonal lattice. Each carbon atom is bonded to the other three carbon atoms in the plane of the lattice plane through the ⁇ bond. The electrons that are not ⁇ bond are used as ⁇ . The electrons form a ⁇ -orbital system perpendicular to the plane of the lattice. The ⁇ electrons can move freely on the plane, which gives the graphene excellent conductivity and can withstand current densities six orders of magnitude higher than copper. Similarly, graphene also has a record thermal conductivity. Pure graphene has a thermal conductivity of up to 2000-4000 Wm-l.K-l and has excellent strength and extremely high surface area.
  • the special structure of graphene also gives it a unique band structure, which has a perfect tunneling effect and a semi-integer quantum Hall effect, and its electrical conductivity that never disappears. These unique properties make them a great application prospect in materials and electronic circuits.
  • Traditional graphene synthesis methods can be divided into two types, physical and chemical, and the graphene properties are also different. There are different methods such as mechanical peeling method, arc discharge method and ultrasonic dispersion method in the physical method, and the obtained graphene sheets are relatively complete, but there are problems of low yield, unstable product quality, special equipment and high cost.
  • the chemical methods can be divided into bottom-up organic synthesis, redox, solvothermal and chemical vapor deposition.
  • the organic synthesis method The equipment and raw materials are strict and difficult to mass-produce; the solvothermal method cannot stabilize the product quality, and the average quality is poor; the cost of chemical vapor deposition is too high, and it cannot be produced on a large scale.
  • the redox method does not require special equipment, and the obtained graphene has stable quality, so it is most likely to be an industrialized production scheme of graphene.
  • coal can be regarded as a polymer composed of a large number of fused rings with different groups and different degrees of condensation. There are also some aliphatic rings and heterocyclic rings, as well as carbon-containing groups such as partial alkyl groups. In addition to carbon-containing groups, a large number of different alkoxy groups, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups and mercapto groups, amino groups and the like, which are complex groups containing oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen (mainly oxygen-containing groups) are also present in the coal. Therefore, for coal, the classification of coal can be carried out according to the ratio of the carbon content of the carbon-containing group to the oxygen content of the oxygen-containing group.
  • the anthracite coal with the highest degree of coalification is the coal with the highest carbon content, and its carbon content can generally reach more than 90%, while the aromatic ring number of the unit core in the basic structure of anthracite coal also increases sharply, and the tendency to change to graphite structure gradually This is evident in the Larsen model (Cooper, BR. Petrakis, L. Eds., American Institute of Physics: New York, 66-81 (1981)). In theory, this graphite-like structure can be effectively used as graphene and graphite oxide. A precursor of olefin synthesis. China has abundant coal resources and low prices.
  • anthracite can be used as a raw material of graphene, the production cost of graphene can be effectively reduced, and part of the hydroxyl group and the carbonyl group are always retained in the anthracite, so that the formation of graphene oxide is more advantageous than graphite.
  • the present invention proposes a method for preparing anthracite-based graphene oxide and graphene which can effectively reduce the production cost.
  • a method for preparing graphene oxide based on anthracite coal comprising the following steps:
  • the obtained anthracite powder is treated by molten alkali metal hydroxide to remove excess sulfur and silicon impurities or groups in the anthracite powder, so that the anthracite powder is more pure, and then washed to a pH of 7- 8, that is, near neutral, obtaining ultra-clean anthracite powder after drying;
  • the alkali metal is preferably one or a combination of two or more of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and barium hydroxide.
  • Ultra-clean anthracite powder pretreatment the super-clean anthracite powder obtained in step a is added to the dispersant and sonicated to obtain a dispersion of 0.1-0.5 g/ml, the dispersing agent is deionized water, inorganic One or a mixture of two or more of an acid, a surfactant solution, and a high boiling point solvent; the dispersing agent is preferably deionized water, concentrated phosphoric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid, and hexadecyl three having a concentration of 5%.
  • One or a mixture of two or more of an aqueous solution of decyl ammonium bromide, an aqueous solution of tetrabutylammonium bromide having a mass concentration of 5%, glycerin, ethylene glycol, and N-decylpyrrolidone is mixed.
  • a pre-oxidant is added to the dispersion and ultrasonicated to open the polymerization structure of the polyaromatic structure of the molecules in the anthracite, thereby increasing the spacing between the polyaromatic structures, thereby facilitating the next oxidation treatment;
  • the ultra-clean anthracite powder and The mass ratio of the pre-oxidant is 1:0-5, and the pre-oxidant is one of nitrate, dichromate, persulfate, permanganate, peroxide, phosphorus oxide and iodine oxide or Two or more combinations;
  • the pre-oxidants are preferably ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, potassium nitrate, phosphorus pentoxide and pentaoxide One or a combination of two or more of diiodide.
  • the sonicated pre-oxidant-dispersed liquid is subjected to water filtration treatment to remove excess dispersant, and then heat-treated in a microwave environment of 400-900 W for 5-30 min, and after natural cooling, pulverization and sieving are performed. Processing, obtaining pre-treated ultra-clean anthracite powder;
  • oxidized anthracite dispersion pre-treated ultra-clean anthracite powder prepared in step b is added to an intercalant to prepare an intercalant dispersion of 0.1-5 g/ml, the intercalant is a mineral acid and One or a combination of two or more kinds of inorganic salts; the intercalating agent is preferably one or a mixture of two or more of concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated phosphoric acid, boric acid, ferric chloride, aluminum trichloride, and sodium borate.
  • the intercalant dispersion is sonicated at a temperature of 20 ° C for 0.5-2 h, and then an oxidizing agent is added, and the mass ratio of the oxidizing agent to the prepared pre-treated ultra-clean anthracite powder is 1:2-10.
  • the oxidizing agent is one or a combination of two or more of perchloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, persulfate, permanganate, chlorate and perchlorate; the oxidizing agent is preferably permanganate or chlorine One or a combination of two or more of an acid salt, a fuming nitric acid, and a perchlorate.
  • an aromatization catalyst is added to the intercalant dispersion, and the aromatization catalyst is used to aromatize the non-aryl group in the anthracite coal, so that it can be better oxidized, and the oxidant of the conventional method is reduced.
  • the amount of strong acid and the like and the harsh conditions required for the oxidation of the non-aryl group save the production cost, and at the same time, make the reaction rate of preparing graphene oxide faster and more complete.
  • the mass ratio of the prepared pre-treated ultra-clean anthracite powder to the aromatization catalyst is 100:0-10, and the aromatization catalyst is cuprous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, chlorine One or a combination of two or more of zinc, nickel chloride, manganese chloride, molybdenum trioxide, ammonium molybdate, molybdenum phosphide, and zinc phosphide; the aromatization catalyst is preferably ferric chloride, chlorinated One or a combination of two or more of nickel and molybdenum trioxide.
  • the intercalant dispersion liquid to which the oxidizing agent and the aromatization catalyst are added is ultrasonically dispersed and treated in an environment of 30-50 ° C for 0.5-2 h; after oxidation and aromatization are completed, and then the volume of the intercalating agent dispersion is added.
  • Deionized water, hydrolyzed at a temperature of 70-100 ° C for 1-5 min, that is, hydrolyzed for l-5 min, maintaining a temperature of 70-100 ° C can protect the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite from being destroyed;
  • step d Preparation of colloidal solution of graphene oxide: the oxidized anthracite dispersion prepared by step c is subjected to ultrasonic stripping treatment, the ultrasonic power is 100-600 W, and the time is l-5 h, and the graphene oxide colloid solution is obtained; the preferred drying process is Dry in a vacuum oven for 2 h.
  • a method for preparing graphene based on graphene oxide prepared by the above preparation method which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
  • the dispersing agent is deionized water, inorganic acid, surfactant solution, high boiling point solvent One or a mixture of two or more; the dispersing agent is preferably deionized water, concentrated phosphoric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid, a 5% cetyltridecyl ammonium bromide aqueous solution having a mass concentration of 5
  • tetrabutylammonium bromide aqueous solution glycerin, ethylene glycol, and N-decylpyrrolidone is mixed.
  • the graphene oxide-dispersant solution prepared in step f is added to the microwave oven for 5-20 min, and the microwave oven power is 900 W; or
  • the mass ratio of the reducing agent to graphene oxide is 1:1-5, and the reducing agent is 1% by mass.
  • the g-processed graphene oxide-dispersant solution is sonicated for 0.5-3 h, and the ultrasonic treatment power is 100-300 W;
  • the sonicated graphene oxide-dispersant solution is subjected to suction filtration and drying treatment, and the suction filtration step serves to remove excess dispersant and reducing agent to obtain graphene.
  • the method for preparing graphene oxide and graphene in the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the present invention uses anthracite as graphene oxide and graphene, and the cost of anthracite is much lower than that of graphite from the raw material.
  • the anthracite molecule has a part of the oxygen-containing group, so that the process of preparing the graphite is simpler and the production cost is reduced.
  • the pre-oxidation of the anthracite coal by the pre-oxidant is used in the invention, so that the polyaromatic structure of the anthracite is The polymerization bond is opened, increasing the distance between the polyaromatic structures, so that the next oxidation is more rapid and complete;
  • the present invention uses an aromatization catalyst to aromatize the non-aryl groups in the anthracite coal, It can be better oxidized, reducing the amount of oxidant, strong acid, etc. and the harsh conditions required for oxidation of non-aryl groups in conventional methods, saving production costs and making the reaction rate for preparing graphene oxide more Faster, more complete, and easy to achieve large-scale industrial production.
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur-containing and silicon-containing impurities or groups in the anthracite powder are removed by treatment with molten sodium hydroxide, and then washed with water to pH 7 and dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Take lg anthracite powder disperse in 10 ml concentrated sulfuric acid by ultrasonication, add 4 g of potassium dichromate, and sonicate for 0.5 h, dilute with water, and filter the solvent by suction.
  • anthracite powder for the sake of brevity, in the following part, abbreviated as anthracite powder in the embodiment).
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, sonicated at 20 ° C for 0.5 h, and then potassium permanganate having a mass ratio of 1:4 with anthracite powder was slowly added, and added to the system in the form of lg per minute. Further, O.lg ferric chloride was added, and ultrasonication was continued after the addition, and the temperature was controlled at 40 ° C, and sonicated for 1 h. After the oxidation and aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system, and high temperature hydrolysis is carried out for 5 min.
  • the controlled temperature is below 100 ° C, and the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite are not broken. Bad.
  • hydrogen peroxide is added in a ratio of anthracite to hydrogen peroxide of 1:5 to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic treatment at 120 W, and the mixture was treated for 0.5 h to obtain a graphene oxide colloid solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 2% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide of one of the target products, 1.2 g in total.
  • the yield based on anthracite is 120%.
  • the above-obtained graphene oxide was redispersed in glycerol at a mass concentration of 0.1 g/ml, and then subjected to heat treatment in a microwave oven for 900 minutes for 10 minutes. After the treatment, it was placed in a 120-w ultrasonic cleaning machine, sonicated for 0.5 hour, and then pumped. Filtration, vacuum drying at 120 ° C for 1 h, to obtain a graphene of the target product of two, a total of 0.83 g, a yield of 83% in terms of anthracite.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the D peak of the graphene oxide is at 1602 cm- 1 in the S ⁇ m- ⁇ G peak, the 2D peak is at 2833 cm" 1 ; the D peak of the graphene is at 1335 cm, the G peak is at 1587 cm" 1 , and the 2D peak is at 2674 cm.
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur and silicon impurity or group in the anthracite powder is removed by treatment with molten sodium hydroxide, and then washed with water to a pH of 8 to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Take lg anthracite powder disperse in 5 ml of deionized water by ultrasonication, add 5 g of ammonium persulfate, and sonicate for 0.5 h, dilute with water, and filter to remove the solvent by suction.
  • anthracite powder for the sake of brevity, in the following part, abbreviated as anthracite powder.
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 10 ml of concentrated phosphoric acid, sonicated at 20 ° C for 1 h, and then slowly added with potassium chlorate and 1:2 potassium permanganate at a mass ratio of 1:3 to anthracite powder, at lg per minute.
  • the form was added to the system, and 0.05 g of nickel chloride was added.
  • the ultrasonic treatment was continued, and the temperature was controlled at 40 ° C and sonicated for 1 h. After the oxidation and aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system.
  • High temperature hydrolysis was carried out for 5 min, at which time the temperature was controlled below 100 ° C, and the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite were kept unbroken.
  • hydrogen peroxide is added in a ratio of anthracite to hydrogen peroxide of 1:10 to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation of 300 W, and treated for 1 hour to obtain a graphene oxide colloidal solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 2% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 h to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, for a total of 1.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite is 1 10%.
  • the graphene oxide obtained above was redispersed in glycerol at a mass concentration of 0.1 g/ml, and then subjected to heat treatment in a microwave oven for 900 minutes for 10 minutes. After the treatment, it was placed in a 120-w ultrasonic cleaning machine, sonicated for 0.5 hour, and then filtered. After drying at 120 ° C for 1 h under vacuum, the graphene of the target product was obtained in a total of 0.64 g, and the yield was 64% in terms of anthracite.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the graphitized graphene has a D peak at 1365 cm- 1 , a G peak at 1589 cm- 1 , a 2D peak at 2865 cm" 1 ; a graphene D peak at 1325 cm" 1 , a G peak at 1582 cm" 1 , and a 2D peak at 2696 cm.
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur and silicon impurity or group in the anthracite powder is removed by treatment with molten potassium hydroxide, and then washed with water to a pH of 7.5 and dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Take lg anthracite powder disperse in 10 ml of 5% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide aqueous solution by ultrasonication, add 3 g of potassium persulfate, and sonicate for 0.5 h, dilute with water, and filter off the solvent by suction.
  • anthracite powder for short.
  • control temperature is below 100 ° C, and the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite are kept intact.
  • hydrogen peroxide is added in a ratio of anthracite to hydrogen peroxide of 1:10 to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation of 300 W, and treated for 1 hour to obtain a graphene oxide colloidal solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 2% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, totaling 1.32 g.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite was 132%.
  • the above-obtained graphene oxide was redispersed in ethylene glycol at a mass concentration of 0.1 g/ml, and then heat-treated in a microwave oven for 900 minutes for 20 minutes. After the treatment, it was placed in a 300-w ultrasonic cleaning machine, sonicated for 1 hour, and then filtered. After drying at 120 ° C for 1 h under vacuum, the graphene of the target product was obtained in a total of 0.96 g, and the yield was 96% in terms of anthracite.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • D is the peak graphene oxide Scm ⁇ G peak at 1583cm- 1, 2D peak at 2810cm "1; D graphene peak at 1380cm, G peak at 1588cm". 1, 2D peak at 2759 cm 1
  • Example 4
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur-containing and silicon-containing impurities or groups in the anthracite powder are removed by treatment with molten cesium hydroxide, and then washed with water to pH 7.8 and then dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Take lg anthracite powder disperse in 10 ml of 70% aqueous solution of ethylene glycol by ultrasonication, add 5 g of potassium nitrate, and sonicate for 0.5 h, dilute with water, and filter off the solvent by suction.
  • anthracite powder in the following part.
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid and 2 ml of concentrated phosphoric acid, sonicated at 20 ° C for 1 h, then slowly added with a mass ratio of 1 : 7 to the anthracite powder, and then 0.01 g of molybdic acid was added. Ammonium, after the addition, the ultrasonic treatment was continued, the temperature was controlled at 35 ° C, and sonicated for 2 h. After the oxidation and the aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system, and high temperature hydrolysis is carried out for 3 minutes.
  • the controlled temperature is below 100 ° C, and the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite are kept intact.
  • hydrogen peroxide is added in a ratio of anthracite to hydrogen peroxide of 1:20 to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation of 600 W, and the mixture was treated for 1 hour to obtain a graphene oxide colloid solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 2% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, totaling 1.28 g.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite was 128%.
  • the above-obtained graphene oxide was redispersed in N-mercaptopyrrolidone at a mass concentration of lg/ml, and then heat-treated in a microwave oven for 900 minutes for 20 minutes. After the treatment, it was placed in a 300-w ultrasonic cleaning machine, sonicated for 3 hours, and then pumped. Filtration, vacuum drying at 120 ° C for 1 h, to obtain the target product of the second graphene, a total of 0.9 g, the yield in anthracite is 90%.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • D peak graphene oxide in 1356cm- 1 G peak at 1610cm- 1, 2D peak at 2782cm "1;
  • D graphene peak at 1346cm 1, G peak at 1577cm "1, 2D peak at 2739 cm 1
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur and silicon impurity or group in the anthracite powder is removed by the molten sodium hydroxide treatment, and then washed with water until the pH is 7.2, and then dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Take lg anthracite powder dispersed by ultrasound In 5 ml of N-decylpyrrolidone, 3 g of diiodium pentoxide was further added, and ultrasonicated for 1 hour, diluted with water, and the solvent was filtered off with suction.
  • anthracite powder for the sake of brevity, in the following part, abbreviated as anthracite powder in the embodiment).
  • the controlled temperature is below 70 ° C, and the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite are not destroyed.
  • hydrogen peroxide is added in a ratio of anthracite to hydrogen peroxide of 1:15 to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonication of 500 W power, and treated for 1 hour to obtain a graphene oxide colloidal solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 2% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, totaling 1.19 g.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite was 1 19%.
  • the above-obtained graphene oxide was redispersed in deionized water at a mass concentration of 0.1 g/ml, and then 80% hydrazine hydrate having a mass ratio of 1:5 to graphene oxide was added, refluxed for 1 hour, and 300 w after the treatment was completed.
  • the ultrasonic cleaning machine was sonicated for 3 h, and then suction filtered, and dried under vacuum at 120 ° C for 1 h to obtain a graphene of the target product, a total of 0.76 g, and a yield of 76% in terms of anthracite.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the D peak of graphene oxide is 1603 cm- 1 in the A ⁇ m- ⁇ G peak, the 2D peak is 2722 cm" 1 ; the D peak of graphene is 1370 cm, the G peak is 1591 cm" 1 , and the 2D peak is 2706 cm.
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the molten sulfuric acid is used to remove excess sulfur and silicon impurities or groups in the anthracite powder, and then After washing to pH 7.4, it was dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Take lg anthracite powder disperse in 10 ml of concentrated S history by ultrasonication, add 4 g of potassium nitrate, and sonicate for 0.5 h, dilute with water, and filter off the solvent by suction filtration.
  • anthracite powder for the sake of brevity, in the following part, abbreviated as anthracite powder.
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, sonicated at 20 ° C for 0.5 h, and then slowly added with potassium permanganate and 1:2 potassium persulfate with an anthracite powder mass ratio of 1:4.
  • minute lg the system was added with O. lg molybdenum trioxide.
  • the ultrasonic treatment was continued. The temperature was controlled at 40 ° C and sonicated for 1 h. After the oxidation and aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system, and high temperature hydrolysis is carried out for 5 minutes.
  • the controlled temperature is below 100 ° C, and the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite are not destroyed.
  • hydrogen peroxide is added in a ratio of anthracite to hydrogen peroxide of 1:5 to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized non-bituminous coal.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation of 600 W, and treated for 2 hours to obtain a graphene oxide colloidal solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 2% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, for a total of 1.5 g.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite was 150%.
  • the above-obtained graphene oxide was redispersed in N-mercaptopyrrolidone at a mass concentration of 0.1 g/ml, and a 5% metal lithium-ethylenediamine solution having a mass ratio of 1:5 to graphene oxide was added thereto, and refluxed.
  • Lh after the completion of the treatment, put into a 120w ultrasonic cleaning machine, sonicated for lh, and then suction filtration, vacuum drying at 120 ° C for 1 h, to obtain the target product of the second graphene, a total of 0.97g, 97% yield in anthracite .
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the graphitized graphene has a D peak at 131 lcm- ⁇ G peak at 1595 cm- 1 , a 2D peak at 2881 cm" 1 ; graphene has a D peak at 1376 cm, a G peak at 1580 cm" 1 , and a 2D peak at 2754 cm.
  • the lg graphite powder was taken, and the graphene oxide was synthesized by the standard Hummers method to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, for a total of 0.89 g. The yield in terms of graphite was 89%.
  • Graphene was obtained by the above-described obtained graphene oxide and chopper thermal reduction method, and the graphene of the target product was obtained in a total amount of 0.45 g, and the yield in terms of graphite was 45%.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the graphene oxide has a D peak at 1364 cm -1 and a G peak at 1600 cm -1 .
  • the 2D peak is at 2835 cm; the graphene has a D peak at 1374 cm, the G peak at 1582 cm, and the 2D peak at 2759 cm" 1 .
  • the yield of graphene oxide and graphene prepared by using anthracite was significantly higher than that obtained by conventional methods using graphite as a raw material.
  • the cost of graphite is higher than that of anthracite, and the same weight of raw materials, the output of graphene oxide and graphene produced by anthracite is higher than that of graphite, which is prepared by traditional methods, which effectively reduces the production cost.
  • the anthracite powder was taken and the graphene oxide was synthesized by the standard Hummers method.
  • the inventors discovered through extensive experiments that the anthracite powder was used as a raw material to synthesize graphene oxide and graphene by the standard Hummers method, and the corresponding product could not be obtained. It can be seen that the solution of the present invention overcomes the technical prejudice that the prior art cannot synthesize graphene oxide and graphene by using anthracite as a raw material, and reduces the cost of existing graphene and graphene oxide production by an original process.
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur-containing and silicon-containing impurities or groups in the anthracite powder are removed by treatment with a mixture of molten barium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, and then washed with water to a pH of 7.2 and then dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Ultra-clean anthracite powder disperse in 10 ml of deionized water by ultrasonication, add 2 g of ammonium persulfate, and sonicate for 1 h, dilute with water, and filter off the solvent by suction.
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 0.2 ml of concentrated phosphoric acid, sonicated at 20 ° C for 0.5 h, then 0.2 g of potassium permanganate was slowly added, and then 0.02 g of cuprous chloride was added, and ultrasonication was continued after the addition.
  • the temperature was controlled at 30 ° C and sonicated for 0.5 h.
  • deionized water is added to the reaction system and the like, and high temperature hydrolysis is carried out for 1 min. At this time, the temperature is controlled at 70 ° C to keep the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite coal from being destroyed.
  • 8 g of hydrogen peroxide was added to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation of 100 W, and treated for 1 hour to obtain a graphene oxide colloidal solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 2% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 h to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, for a total of 1.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite is 1 10%.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the D peak of graphene oxide at S cm ⁇ G peak is 1602 cm - 1
  • the 2D peak is at 2843 cm “ 1
  • the D peak of graphene is 1369 cm “ 1
  • the G peak is at 1579 cm “ 1
  • the 2D peak is at 2710 cm .
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur-containing and silicon-containing impurities or groups in the anthracite powder are removed by treatment with a mixture of molten sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, and then washed with water to a pH of 7.2 and dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Ultra-clean anthracite powder disperse in 20ml concentrated nitric acid by ultrasound, then add 3g of phosphorus pentoxide, and ultrasonic After lh, diluted with water, the solvent was filtered off with suction.
  • anthracite powder for the sake of brevity, in the following part, abbreviated as anthracite powder in the embodiment).
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 1 ml of boric acid, sonicated at 20 ° C for 1 h, then slowly added O.lg fuming nitric acid, and then added 0.05 g of ferrous chloride. After the addition, the ultrasonic treatment was continued, and the temperature was controlled. 40 ° C, sonication 0.8h. After the oxidation and aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system for high-temperature hydrolysis for 2 minutes, at which time the temperature is controlled at 75 ° C to keep the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite coal from being destroyed. After the completion of the hydrolysis, 15 g of hydrogen peroxide was added to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation of 200 W, and treated for 2 hours to obtain a graphene oxide colloidal solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 3% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, totaling 1.24 g.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite was 124%.
  • the above obtained graphene oxide was added to 1.24 ml of concentrated nitric acid, and then 4 g of hydrazine hydrate having a concentration of 80% was added, and refluxed for 1 hour. After the treatment, the ultrasonic cleaning machine was placed in a 150 W, sonicated for 1 hour, and then filtered, 120 Drying under vacuum at °C for 1 h gave the graphene of the target product, a total of 0.83 g, and the yield was 83% in terms of anthracite.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the D peak of graphene oxide is 1587 cm- 1 in the SOcm ⁇ G peak, the 2D peak is 2839 cm" 1 ; the D peak of graphene is 1372 cm, the G peak is 1578 cm, and the 2D peak is 2700 cm -1 .
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur-containing and silicon-containing impurities or groups in the anthracite powder are removed by treatment with a mixture of molten sodium hydroxide and barium hydroxide, and then washed with water to a pH of 7.2 and dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • the pure anthracite powder is ultrasonically dispersed in 30ml of a 5% strength aqueous solution of tetrabutylammonium bromide, and then a mixture of 4g of potassium persulfate and lg of diiodide is added, and ultrasonically diluted for 1 hour.
  • the solvent was filtered off with suction. Then, it was heat-treated in a microwave environment of 600 W for 15 min, air-dried, and pulverized and sieved to obtain pretreated super-clean anthracite powder (for the sake of brevity, in the following part, abbreviated as anthracite powder in the embodiment).
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 4 ml of ferric chloride, sonicated at 20 ° C for 2 h, then slowly added 0.3 g of potassium perchlorate, and then added 0.06 g of zinc chloride. After the addition, the ultrasonic treatment was continued, and the temperature was controlled. 50 ° C, sonicated for 1 h. After the oxidation and aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system, and high temperature hydrolysis is carried out for 3 minutes. At this time, the temperature is controlled at 80 ° C to keep the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite coal from being destroyed. After the completion of the hydrolysis, 18 g of hydrogen peroxide was added to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation of 300 W, and treated for 4 hours to obtain a graphene oxide colloidal solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 4% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, totaling 1.48 g.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite was 148%.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • D is the peak graphene oxide ⁇ ⁇ - 1 ⁇ peak at 1585cm- 1, 2D peak at 2845cm "1; D graphene peak at 1370cm, G peak at 1580cm, 2D peak at 2705 cm -1.
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • a mixture of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and barium hydroxide is then melted.
  • Excessive removal of anthracite powder The sulfur-containing and silicon-based impurities or groups are washed with water to a pH of 7.2 and dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 6 ml of ferric chloride, sonicated at 20 ° C for 0.8 h, then slowly added a mixture of O. lg potassium perchlorate and 0.4 g potassium permanganate, and then added 0.08 g of manganese chloride. After the addition, the ultrasonic treatment was continued, and the temperature was controlled at 50 ° C and sonicated for 1.5 h. After the oxidation and aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system for high-temperature hydrolysis for 4 minutes. At this time, the temperature is controlled at 90 ° C to keep the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite coal from being destroyed. After the completion of the hydrolysis, 20 g of hydrogen peroxide was added to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonication of 500 W power for 3 hours to obtain a graphene oxide colloidal solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities were precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, was taken out, and an equal volume of 3.5% ammonium sulfate solution was added for salting out, followed by suction filtration.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide, one of the target products, for a total of 1.05 g.
  • the yield based on anthracite is 105%.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the D peak of graphene oxide is 1588 cm- 1 in the nSScm ⁇ G peak, and the 2D peak is 2850 cm" 1 ;
  • the D peak of graphene is 1370 cm, the G peak is 1582 cm, and the 2D peak is 2700 cm -1 .
  • the anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur and silicon impurity or group in the anthracite powder is removed by treatment with molten potassium hydroxide, and then washed with water until the pH is 7.2, and then dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • Ultra-clean anthracite powder ultrasonically dispersed in a mixture of 20ml deionized water and 30ml ethylene glycol, and ultrasonically lh, diluted with water, and filtered to remove the solvent.
  • anthracite powder for the sake of brevity, in the following part, abbreviated as anthracite powder in the embodiment).
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 8 ml of aluminum trichloride, sonicated at 20 ° C for 1.2 h, and then slowly added a mixture of O.lg fuming nitric acid, O. lg potassium permanganate and 0.2 g sodium perchlorate. Then, O. lg molybdenum phosphide was added, and after ultrasonication, the ultrasonic treatment was continued, and the temperature was controlled at 35 ° C and sonicated for 1.8 h. After the oxidation and aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system, and high temperature hydrolysis is carried out for 4.5 min.
  • the temperature is controlled at 95 ° C to keep the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite coal from being destroyed.
  • 10 g of hydrogen peroxide was added to remove excess oxidant, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized non-bituminous coal.
  • the stripping treatment was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation at 550 W, and the mixture was treated for 3.5 hours to obtain a graphene oxide colloid solution. After further centrifugation at 4000 r/min for 5 min, the unpeeled oxidized anthracite coal and other carbon impurities are precipitated, and the supernatant liquid, that is, the graphene oxide solution, is taken out, and an equal volume of an ammonium sulfate solution having a mass concentration of 2.5% is added after salting out.
  • the above obtained graphene oxide was added to a mixture of 6 ml of deionized water, 2 ml of glycerin and 1 ml of ethylene glycol, and then 4.5 g of phosphite was added thereto, and refluxed for 1 hour. After the treatment, the ultrasonic cleaning machine was placed in a 300 W, ultrasonication. After treatment for 2.5 h, suction filtration, and vacuum drying at 120 ° C for 1 h, the graphene of the target product was obtained, a total of 0.90 g, and the yield was 90% in terms of anthracite.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak, a G peak and a 2D peak characteristic of graphene.
  • the D peak of graphene oxide is at 1590 at the S m- ⁇ G peak.
  • graphene has a D peak at 1375 cm, a G peak at 1580 cm, and a 2D peak at 2707 cm.
  • Example 12 The anthracite raw material is washed with water, dried, pulverized, and passed through a 200 mesh sieve to obtain a relatively pure anthracite powder.
  • the excess sulfur and silicon impurity or group in the anthracite powder is removed by the molten sodium hydroxide treatment, and then washed with water until the pH is 7.2, and then dried to obtain ultra-clean anthracite powder.
  • anthracite powder for the sake of brevity, in the following part, abbreviated as anthracite powder in the embodiment).
  • the anthracite powder was dispersed in 10 ml of sodium borate and sonicated at 20 ° C for 1.8 h, then slowly added a mixture of O.lg fuming nitric acid, 0.2 g potassium permanganate and 0.2 g sodium perchlorate, and then added.
  • O. lg zinc phosphide after the addition, continue to ultrasonic treatment, control temperature at 45 ° C, sonication for 2h. After the oxidation and aromatization are completed, an equal volume of deionized water is added to the reaction system, and high temperature hydrolysis is carried out for 5 minutes.
  • the temperature is controlled at 100 ° C to keep the oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized anthracite coal from being destroyed.
  • 5 g of hydrogen peroxide was added to remove excess oxidizing agent, followed by suction filtration and washing to obtain a dispersion of oxidized anthracite.
  • the filter cake was further washed with 5 ml of deionized water, and finally the filter cake was washed with 5 ml of ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene oxide of one of the target products, a total of 1.3 g.
  • the yield in terms of anthracite was 130%.
  • the above-obtained graphene oxide was added to 8 ml of N-mercaptopyrrolidone, and a mixture of 5 g of sodium thiosulfate and 1.5 g of sodium sulphate was added thereto, and the mixture was refluxed for 1 hour. After the completion of the treatment, a 280 W ultrasonic cleaning machine was placed. After sonication for 3 h, suction filtration, vacuum drying at 120 ° C for 1 h, to obtain the target product of the second graphene, a total of 0.86 g, 86% yield in anthracite.
  • the graphene oxide and graphene of the product are characterized by Raman light, and each has a D peak unique to graphene. G peak and 2D peak.

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Abstract

提供一种基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法，包括如下步骤：a.超净无烟煤粉制备；b.超净无烟煤粉预处理；c.氧化无烟煤分散液制备；d.氧化石墨烯胶体溶液制备；e.氧化石墨烯制备。还提供一种由上述方法制得的氧化石墨烯制备石墨烯的方法，包括如下步骤：f.氧化石墨烯-分散剂溶液制备；g.还原氧化石墨烯；h.抽滤、干燥制得石墨烯。

Description

一种基于无烟煤的石墨烯及氧化石墨烯的制备方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种氧化石墨烯及石墨烯的制备方法， 具体涉及一种基于无烟 煤的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯的制备方法。
背景技术
自从 2004年英国曼彻斯特大学的 Andre Geim及 Konstantin Novoselof首次 成功剥离热解石墨并观测到石墨婦以来 (Novoselov, K.S. ； Geim, A.K. ； Morozov, S.V. ； Jiang, D. ； Zhang, Y. ； Dubonos , S.V. ； Grigorieva, I.V. ； Firsov, A. A. Science 2004, 306, 666-9), 学界内对于新型碳材料的研究热度就一直没有 消退过。 石墨烯的成功分离意味着理论对于二维晶体热力学不稳定的预言被破 除， 也就带来了许多新领域研究的可能。
完美的石墨烯具有理想的二维结构， 它由六边形晶格组成， 每个碳原子通 过 σ键在晶格平面方向上与其他的三个碳原子结合， 未成 σ键的电子则作为 π 电子， 组成了垂直于晶格平面的 π轨道体系。 π电子可在平面上任意移动， 这 赋予了石墨烯极好的导电性， 能够承受比铜高六个数量级的电流密度。 同样， 石墨烯也具有创纪录的导热性。純净石墨烯的导热率高达 2000-4000Wm-l.K-l , 且具有极好的强度和极高的表面积。 不仅如此， 石墨烯的特殊结构也赋予其独 特的能带结构， 使其具有完美的隧穿效应和半整数的量子霍尔效应、 以及它从 不消失的电导率。 这些独特的性能使其在材料和电子电路等方面有着极大的应 用前景。
传统的石墨烯合成方法可分为两种， 分别是物理方法和化学方法， 得到的 石墨烯性状也有所不同。 物理法中有机械剥离法、 电弧放电法、 超声分散法等 不同方案， 得到的石墨烯片层比较完整， 但是都存在产率过低、 产品质量不稳 定、 需要特种设备和成本过高的问题； 而化学方法可以分为自下而上的有机合 成法、 氧化还原法、 溶剂热法和化学气相沉积法等几种。 其中， 有机合成法对 设备和原料要求严格，难以量产； 溶剂热法无法稳定产品质量， 平均质量较差； 化学气相沉积法的成本过高， 而且无法规模化生产。 这当中氧化还原法无需特 种设备， 得到的石墨烯质量稳定， 因此是最有可能作为石墨烯工业化生产的方 案。
在氧化还原法制备石墨烯的过程中， 涉及氧化石墨烯中间体的形成。 这种 中间体要经过强酸插层， 并由强氧化剂对插层石墨进行深度氧化， 使石墨从片 层外围形成大量羧基和叛基后， 再向片层内部形成大量的羟基和环氧基， 经过 超声剥离， 才能形成一定分散程度的氧化石墨烯。 这一步中存在大量的强酸和 强氧化剂的使用， 且存在大量放热的问题， 由此使石墨烯制备中的设备要求始 终高居不下， 无法进行有效的批量化生产。 不仅如此， 在氧化还原法制备石墨 烯的过程中， 对石墨本身的品质也有较高的要求， 一般以价格较高的、 高純的 鳞片石墨作为主要反应原料。 这使石墨烯的生产成本被进一步被提升。 其中， 高品质的单层石墨烯的生产成本更是居高不下。 因此， 开发出一种低成本的石 墨烯或氧化石墨烯的生产原料， 并基于该原料设计一套更合理的生产工艺， 可 以有效地降低石墨烯或氧化石墨烯的生产难度和生产成本， 从而使石墨烯的量 产成为可能。
煤炭作为一种被广泛应用在化工、 能源上的传统材料， 其化学组成可以被 视作由大量带有不同基团、缩合度不同的稠环聚合而成的高分子，在稠环之外， 还有一些脂肪环和杂环， 以及部分烷基等含碳基团。 除了含碳基团之外， 煤中 也存在大量不同的烷氧基， 羟基， 羧基和巯基， 氨基等含氧、 硫、 氮的复杂基 团 （主要是含氧基团）。 因此， 对于煤， 可根据其含碳基团对应的碳含量和含氧 基团的氧含量之比来进行煤的分类。 其中， 最高煤化程度的无烟煤是含碳量最 高的煤，其含碳量一般可达到 90%以上， 而无烟煤基本结构中单元核的芳香环数 也急剧增大， 逐渐有向石墨结构转变的倾向， 这在 Larsen的模型中被体现的较为 明显 ( Cooper, B. R.. Petrakis, L. Eds., American Institute of Physics: New York, 66-81 (1981) )。 理论上， 这种类似石墨的结构可以有效地作为石墨烯及氧化石墨 烯合成的前体。 我国煤炭资源丰富， 价格低廉。 因此， 若能以无烟煤作为石墨 烯的原料， 则可以有效地降低石墨烯的生产成本， 且无烟煤中始终保留部分羟 基及羰基½基团， 因此对于氧化石墨烯的形成较石墨更有优势。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术生产氧化石墨烯及石墨烯生产成本过高的问题， 本发明 提出能够有效降低生产成本的一种基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯的制备方 法。
为解决上述问题， 本发明所釆用的技术方案如下：
一种基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法， 包括如下步骤：
a.超净无烟煤粉制备：将无烟煤原料经水洗、干燥、粉碎，然后过 200目筛， 制得无烟煤粉；
接着， 将制得的无烟煤粉经熔融碱金属氢氧化物处理， 能够除去无烟煤粉 中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 使得无烟煤粉更加純净， 然后经水洗至 pH 值为 7-8,即接近中性，干燥后获得超净无烟煤粉；所述碱金属优选为氢氧化钾、 氢氧化钠和氢氧化铯中一种或两种以上组合。
b.超净无烟煤粉预处理：将经过 a步骤制得的超净无烟煤粉加入分散剂中并 经超声处理制得 0.1-0.5g/ml的分散液， 所述分散剂为去离子水、 无机酸、 表面 活性剂溶液、 高沸点溶剂中的一种或者两种以上的混合； 所述分散剂优选去离 子水、 浓磷酸、 浓硫酸、 浓硝酸、 质量浓度为 5%的十六烷基三曱基溴化铵的水 溶液、质量浓度为 5%的四丁基溴化铵的水溶液、 丙三醇、 乙二醇和 N-曱基吡咯 烷酮中的一种或两种以上混合。
接着， 在分散液中加入预氧化剂并进行超声处理， 使无烟煤中分子的多芳 结构的聚合结构被打开， 增大多芳结构间的间距， 便于下一步进行氧化处理； 所述超净无烟煤粉与预氧化剂的质量比为 1 :0-5 , 所述预氧化剂为硝酸盐、 重铬 酸盐、 过硫酸盐、 高锰酸盐、 过氧化物、 磷氧化物和碘氧化物中的一种或两种 以上组合； 预氧化剂优选为过硫酸铵、 过硫酸钾、 硝酸钾、 五氧化二磷和五氧 化二碘中的一种或两种以上组合。
接着， 将经超声处理的加入预氧化剂的分散液进行加水抽滤处理， 以除去 多余的分散剂，然后在 400-900W的微波环境下加热处理 5-30min,自然冷却后， 进行粉碎、 过筛处理， 获得预处理的超净无烟煤粉；
c.氧化无烟煤分散液制备：将 b步骤制得的预处理的超净无烟煤粉加入插层 剂中， 配制成 0.1-5g/ml的插层剂分散液， 所述插层剂为无机酸和无机盐中的一 种或者两种以上的组合； 所述插层剂优选为浓硫酸、 浓磷酸、硼酸、 三氯化铁、 三氯化铝和硼酸钠中的一种或两种以上混合。
接着，将插层剂分散液在 20°C的温度下超声处理 0.5-2h,然后加入氧化剂， 所述氧化剂与制得的预处理的超净无烟煤粉的质量比为 1 :2-10,所述氧化剂为高 氯酸、 硝酸、 硫酸、 过硫酸盐、 高锰酸盐、 氯酸盐和高氯酸盐中的一种或者两 种以上的组合； 所述氧化剂优选为高锰酸盐、 氯酸盐、 发烟硝酸和高氯酸盐中 的一种或两种以上的组合。
接着， 在插层剂分散液中加入芳构化催化剂， 釆用芳构化催化剂， 使得无 烟煤中的非芳基团进行芳构化， 使得其能够更好的被氧化， 而减少传统方法的 氧化剂、 强酸等的用量以及非芳基团氧化所须的苛刻条件， 节约了生产成本， 同时也能够使得制备氧化石墨烯的反应速率变得更快、 更完全。 所述制得的预 处理的超净无烟煤粉与芳构化催化剂的质量比为 100:0-10,所述芳构化催化剂为 氯化亚铜、 三氯化铁、 氯化亚铁、 氯化锌、 氯化镍、 氯化锰、 三氧化钼、 钼酸 铵、 磷化钼和磷化锌中的一种或两种以上的组合； 芳构化催化剂优选为三氯化 铁、 氯化镍和三氧化钼中的一种或两种以上的组合。
接着， 将加入氧化剂和芳构化催化剂的插层剂分散液在 30-50°C的环境下超 声分散处理 0.5-2h; 完成氧化及芳构化后， 然后加入与插层剂分散液等体积的去 离子水， 在 70-100°C的温度水解 l-5min, 即水解 l-5min, 保持 70-100 °C的温度 能够保护氧化无烟煤上的含氧官能团不被破坏；
接着， 在插层剂分散液中加入过氧化氢， 以除去多余的氧化剂， 所述过氧 化氢与制得的预处理的超净无烟煤粉的质量比为 1 :5-20, 然后进行抽滤、 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤分散液；
d.氧化石墨烯胶体溶液制备：将经 c步骤制得的氧化无烟煤分散液进行超声 剥离处理， 超声功率为 100-600W, 时间为 l-5h, 获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液； 优 选的干燥工艺为在真空烘箱中干燥 2h。
e.氧化石墨烯制备： 将 d步骤制备的氧化石墨烯胶体溶液进行离心处理， 使 得未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其它碳杂质被沉淀下去， 转速为 4000r/min, 离心时间 为 5min, 取上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液；
接着， 在上清液中加入质量浓度为 2-5%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽滤， 用去离 子水清洗滤饼， 然后经醇洗、 干燥， 制得氧化石墨烯。
一种基于上述制备方法制得的氧化石墨烯来制备石墨烯的方法， 其特征在 于包括如下步骤：
f.将所述氧化石墨烯加入分散剂中，配制成 0.1-lg/ml的氧化石墨烯 -分散剂溶 液， 所述分散剂为去离子水、 无机酸、 表面活性剂溶液、 高沸点溶剂中的一种 或者两种以上的混合； 所述分散剂优选去离子水、 浓磷酸、 浓硫酸、 浓硝酸、 质量浓度为 5%的十六烷基三曱基溴化铵水溶液、质量浓度为 5%的四丁基溴化铵 水溶液、 丙三醇、 乙二醇和 N-曱基吡咯烷酮中的一种或两种以上混合。
g.将经 f步骤制得的氧化石墨烯-分散剂溶液在微波炉中加入处理 5-20min,微 波炉功率为 900W; 或
在由 f步骤制得的氧化石墨烯 -分散剂溶液中加入还原剂并回流 lh,所述还原 剂与氧化石墨烯的质量比为 1 : 1-5 , 所述还原剂为质量浓度为 1%的氨合电子溶液、 质量浓度为 80%的水合肼、硫代硫酸钠、联二亚硫酸钠和亚磷酸酯中的一种或两 种以上组合； 所述还原剂优选质量浓度为 80%的水合肼、 质量浓度为 1%的氨合 电子溶液和联二亚硫酸钠中的一种或两种以上的组合。
h.将经过 g步骤处理的氧化石墨烯-分散剂溶液超声处理 0.5-3h, 超声处理的 功率为 100-300W; 接着， 将经超声处理的氧化石墨烯 -分散剂溶液进行抽滤、 干燥处理， 抽滤 步骤作用为去除多余的分散剂及还原剂 , 制得石墨烯。
本发明中的氧化石墨烯与石墨烯的制备方法， 相比现有技术， 具有如下优 点： 本发明釆用无烟煤作为氧化石墨烯及石墨烯， 首先从原料上相比， 无烟煤 成本远低于石墨， 并且无烟煤分子上带有部分含氧基团， 使得较石墨制备的过 程简单， 降低了生产的成本； 其次， 本发明中利用预氧化剂对无烟煤进行了预 氧化， 使得无烟煤的多芳结构间的聚合键被打开， 增大了多芳结构间的距离， 使得下一步的氧化更加迅速、 完全； 此外， 本发明釆用芳构化催化剂， 使得无 烟煤中的非芳基团进行芳构化， 使得其能够更好的被氧化， 而减少传统方法的 氧化剂、 强酸等的用量以及非芳基团氧化所须的苛刻条件， 节约了生产成本， 同时也能够使得制备氧化石墨烯的反应速率变得更快、 更完全， 便于实现大规 模工业生产。
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细说明。
具体实施方式
实施例 1
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钠处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经 过水洗至 pH为 7后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg无烟煤粉， 经超声分散在 10ml浓硫酸中， 再加入重铬酸钾 4g, —并超声 0.5h, 加入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除 溶剂。 再在 900w微波环境下加热处理 5min, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得预处理的 超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁， 在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 10ml浓硫酸中，在 20°C下超声处理 0.5h,接着緩慢 加入与无烟煤粉质量比为 1 :4的高锰酸钾， 以每分钟 lg的形式加入体系当中， 再加入 O.lg的三氯化铁， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温度在 40°C , 超声处 理 lh。 完成氧化及芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离子水， 进行高温水 解 5min, 此时控制温度在 100°C以下， 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官能团不被破 坏。 最后水解完成后，按照无烟煤和过氧化氢的质量比为 1 :5的比例加入过氧化 氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的分散液。
再经 120W功率的超声进行剥离处理， 处理 0.5h, 获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶 液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉 淀下去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 2%的硫酸铵溶液盐析 后抽滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml 乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘 箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.2g。 以无烟煤计产 率为 120%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯按照 0.1g/ml的质量浓度重新分散在丙三醇中， 再经过微波炉 900w加热处理 lOmin, 处理完成后放入 120w的超声波清洗机， 超声处理 0.5h, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石墨烯， 共 0.83g, 以无烟煤计产率为 83%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯， 经拉曼光语表征， 均具有石墨烯类特有的 D 峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 S^m-^G峰在 1602cm-1 , 2D 峰在 2833cm"1 ;石墨烯的 D峰在 1335cm ,G峰在 1587cm"1 , 2D峰在 2674 cm 实施例 2
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钠处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经 过水洗至 pH为 8干燥，获得超净无烟煤粉。取 lg无烟煤粉， 经超声分散在 5ml 去离子水中， 再加入过硫酸铵 5g, —并超声 0.5h, 加入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除溶 剂。 再在 900w微波环境下加热处理 lOmin, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得预处理的超 净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁， 在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 10ml浓磷酸中， 在 20°C下超声处理 lh, 接着緩慢 加入与无烟煤粉质量比为 1 :3的氯酸钾和 1 : 2的高锰酸钾， 以每分钟 lg的形式 加入体系当中， 再加入 0.05g的氯化镍， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温度在 40 °C ,超声处理 lh。完成氧化及芳构化后，加入与反应体系等体积的去离子水， 进行高温水解 5min, 此时控制温度在 100°C以下， 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官 能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成后， 按照无烟煤和过氧化氢的质量比为 1 : 10的比 例加入过氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤 的分散液。
再经 300W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 lh,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 2%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml 乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 l . lg。 以无烟煤计产率为 1 10%。
将上述得到的氧化石墨烯按照 0.1g/ml的质量浓度重新分散在丙三醇中， 再 经过微波炉 900w加热处理 lOmin, 处理完成后放入 120w的超声波清洗机， 超 声处理 0.5h, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石墨烯， 共 0.64g, 以无烟煤计产率为 64%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征，均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 1365cm-1,G峰在 1589cm-1 , 2D峰在 2865cm"1 ; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1325cm"1,G峰在 1582cm"1 , 2D峰在 2696 cm
实施例 3
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钾处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经 过水洗至 pH为 7.5后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg无烟煤粉， 经超声分散 在 10ml5%的十六烷基三曱基溴化铵水溶液中， 再加入过硫酸钾 3g, —并超声 0.5h, 加入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除溶剂。 再在 900w微波环境下加热处理 lOmin, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得预处理的超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁， 在该实施例中接 下来部分简称无烟煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 5ml浓硫酸中， 在 20 °C下超声处理 lh, 接着緩慢加 入与无烟煤粉质量比为 1 :3的氯酸钾和 1 : 3的发烟硝酸， 以每分钟 lg的形式加 入体系当中，再加入 0.1 g的氯化锌，加入后继续进行超声处理，控制温度在 45 °C， 超声处理 2h。 完成氧化及芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离子水， 进行 高温水解 5min, 此时控制温度在 100°C以下， 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官能团 不被破坏。 最后水解完成后， 按照无烟煤和过氧化氢的质量比为 1 : 10的比例加 入过氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的分 散液。
再经 300W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 lh,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 2%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.32g。 以无烟煤计产率为 132%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯按照 0.1g/ml的质量浓度重新分散在乙二醇中， 再经过微波炉 900w加热处理 20min, 处理完成后放入 300w的超声波清洗机， 超声处理 lh, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石墨烯， 共 0.96g, 以无烟煤计产率为 96%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征，均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 Scm^G峰在 1583cm-1 , 2D峰在 2810cm"1 ; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1380cm ,G峰在 1588cm"1 , 2D峰在 2759 cm 1. 实施例 4
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化铯处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经 过水洗至 pH为 7.8后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg无烟煤粉， 经超声分散 在 10ml乙二醇的 70%水溶液中， 再加入硝酸钾 5g, —并超声 0.5h, 加入水稀释 后， 抽滤滤除溶剂。 再在 400w 波环境下加热处理 30min, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得预处理的超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁， 在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟 煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 1ml浓硫酸与 2ml的浓磷酸中， 在 20°C下超声处理 lh, 接着緩慢加入与无烟煤粉质量比为 1 : 7的发烟硝酸， 再加入 0.01 g的钼酸 铵， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温度在 35 °C , 超声处理 2h。 完成氧化及芳 构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离子水， 进行高温水解 3min, 此时控制温 度在 100°C以下， 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成后， 按照无烟煤和过氧化氢的质量比为 1 :20的比例加入过氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧 化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的分散液。
再经 600W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 lh,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 2%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml 乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.28g。 以无烟煤计产率为 128%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯按照 lg/ml的质量浓度重新分散在 N-曱基吡咯 烷酮中 , 再经过微波炉 900w加热处理 20min, 处理完成后放入 300w的超声波 清洗机， 超声处理 3h, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石 墨烯， 共 0.9g, 以无烟煤计产率为 90%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征，均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 1356cm-1,G峰在 1610cm-1 , 2D峰在 2782cm"1 ; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1346cm"1,G峰在 1577cm"1 , 2D峰在 2739 cm 1. 实施例 5
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钠处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经 过水洗至 pH为 7.2后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg无烟煤粉， 经超声分散 在 5mlN-曱基吡咯烷酮中，再加入五氧化二碘 3g,—并超声 lh,加入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除溶剂。 再在 400w微波环境下加热处理 30min, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得 预处理的超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁，在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟煤粉）。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 10ml的硫酸中， 在 20 °C下超声处理 lh, 接着緩慢 加入与无烟煤粉质量比为 1 : 3的发烟硝酸和 1 :2的高氯酸钾， 再加入 0.1 g的磷 化钼， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温度在 45 °C , 超声处理 2h。 完成氧化及 芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离子水， 进行高温水解 5min, 此时控制 温度在 70°C以下，保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官能团不被破坏。最后水解完成后， 按照无烟煤和过氧化氢的质量比为 1 : 15的比例加入过氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧 化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的分散液。
再经 500W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 lh,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 2%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml 乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.19g。 以无烟煤计产率为 1 19%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯按照 0.1g/ml的质量浓度重新分散在去离子水中 , 再加入与氧化石墨烯质量比为 1 :5的 80%水合肼，回流 lh,处理完成后放入 300w 的超声波清洗机， 超声处理 3h, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物 之二的石墨烯， 共 0.76g, 以无烟煤计产率为 76%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征，均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 A^m-^G峰在 1603cm-1 , 2D峰在 2722cm"1 ; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1370cm ,G峰在 1591cm"1 , 2D峰在 2706 cm
实施例 6
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钠处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经 过水洗至 pH为 7.4后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg无烟煤粉， 经超声分散 在 10ml浓疏 S史中， 再加入硝酸钾 4g, —并超声 0.5h, 加入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除 溶剂。 再在 900w微波环境下加热处理 5min, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得预处理的 超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁， 在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 10ml浓硫酸中，在 20°C下超声处理 0.5h,接着緩慢 加入与无烟煤粉质量比为 1 :4的高锰酸钾和 1 :2的过硫酸钾， 以每分钟 lg的形 式加入体系当中， 再加入 O. lg的三氧化钼， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温 度在 40 °C , 超声处理 lh。 完成氧化及芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离 子水， 进行高温水解 5min, 此时控制温度在 100°C以下， 保持氧化无烟煤上的 含氧官能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成后， 按照无烟煤和过氧化氢的质量比为 1 :5 的比例加入过氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无 烟煤的分散液。
再经 600W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 2h,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 2%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.5g。 以无烟煤计产率为 150%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯按照 0.1g/ml的质量浓度重新分散在 N-曱基吡 咯烷酮中， 再加入与氧化石墨烯质量比为 1 :5 的 5%金属锂-乙二胺溶液， 回流 lh, 处理完成后放入 120w的超声波清洗机， 超声处理 lh, 再抽滤， 120°C下真 空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石墨烯， 共 0.97g, 以无烟煤计产率为 97%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯， 经拉曼光语表征， 均具有石墨烯类特有的 D 峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 131 lcm-^G峰在 1595cm-1 , 2D 峰在 2881cm"1 ;石墨烯的 D峰在 1376cm ,G峰在 1580cm"1 , 2D峰在 2754 cm 对照例 1 : 取 lg石墨粉， 以标准 Hummers法合成氧化石墨烯， 得到目标产物之一的 氧化石墨烯， 共 0.89 g。 以石墨计产率为 89%。 将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯和敫 波热还原方法制备石墨烯， 得到目标产物之二的石墨烯， 共 0.45g, 以石墨计产 率为 45%。 产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯， 经拉曼光语表征， 均具有石墨烯类特 有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。其中，氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 1364cm-1 ,G峰在 1600cm-1。 2D峰在 2835cm ；石墨烯的 D峰在 1374cm ,G峰在 1582cm , 2D峰在 2759 cm"1。
从上述实施例 1-6与对比例 1所制得的产品产率来看，釆用无烟煤制备的氧化 石墨烯与石墨烯产率明显高于石墨为原料釆用传统方法得到的产量， 首先从材 料上看， 石墨成本高于无烟煤， 并且相同重量的原料， 无烟煤制得氧化石墨烯 和石墨烯的产量高于以石墨为原料釆用传统方法制备， 有效降低了生产成本。
从上述实施例 1-6与对比例 1中的数据可以看出，釆用相同重量的原料， 以无 烟煤粉为原料制备氧化石墨烯与石墨烯， 釆用本方法制备的产率要高于传统用 石墨为原料制备的方法， 可以看出， 本发明方案可以有效降低氧化石墨烯与石 墨烯的生产成本。
对照例 2:
取无烟煤粉， 以标准 Hummers法合成氧化石墨烯， 发明人经过大量实验发 现， 以无烟煤粉为原料， 以标准 Hummers法合成氧化石墨烯及石墨烯， 无法得 到相应的产物。 可以看出， 本发明方案克服了现有技术不能釆用无烟煤为原料 合成氧化石墨烯及石墨烯的技术偏见， 以独创的工艺降低了现有生产石墨烯与 氧化石墨烯的成本。
实施例 7
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化铯和氢氧化钾的混合物处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元 素杂质或基团， 再经过水洗至 pH为 7.2后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg超净无 烟煤粉， 经超声分散在 10ml去离子水中， 再加入过硫酸铵 2g, —并超声 lh, 加 入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除溶剂。 再在 400w微波环境下加热处理 5min, 风干后粉碎 过筛， 获得预处理的超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁， 在该实施例中接下来部分简 称无烟煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 0.2ml浓磷酸中， 在 20°C下超声处理 0.5h, 接着緩 慢加入 0.2g高锰酸钾， 再加入 0.02g的氯化亚铜， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温度在 30°C , 超声处理 0.5h。 完成氧化及芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体 积的去离子水， 进行高温水解 lmin, 此时控制温度在 70°C , 保持氧化无烟煤上 的含氧官能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成后， 加入 8克过氧化氢， 来除去多余的 氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的分散液。
再经 100W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 lh,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 2%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml 乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 l . lg。 以无烟煤计产率为 1 10%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯加入 1 1ml浓硫酸中， 再加入 l . lg质量浓度为 1%的氨合电子溶液， 回流 lh, 处理完成后放入 lOOw的超声波清洗机， 超声处 理 0.5h,再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh,得到目标产物之二的石墨烯，共 0.79g, 以无烟煤计产率为 79%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征，均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 S cm^G峰在 1602cm-1 , 2D峰在 2843cm"1 ; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1369cm"1, G峰在 1579cm"1 , 2D峰在 2710 cm
实施例 8
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾的混合物处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元 素杂质或基团， 再经过水洗至 pH为 7.2后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg超 净无烟煤粉， 经超声分散在 20ml浓硝酸中， 再加入五氧化二磷 3g, —并超声 lh, 加入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除溶剂。 再在 500w微波环境下加热处理 lOmin, 风 干后粉碎过筛， 获得预处理的超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁， 在该实施例中接下 来部分简称无烟煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 lml硼酸中， 在 20°C下超声处理 lh, 接着緩慢加入 O.lg发烟硝酸， 再加入 0.05g的氯化亚铁， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温度 在 40°C , 超声处理 0.8h。 完成氧化及芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离 子水， 进行高温水解 2min, 此时控制温度在 75°C , 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官 能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成后， 加入 15g过氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的分散液。
再经 200W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 2h,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 3%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml 乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.24g。 以无烟煤计产率为 124%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯加入 1.24ml浓硝酸中， 再加入 4g质量浓度为 80%的水合肼， 回流 lh,处理完成后放入 150w的超声波清洗机，超声处理 lh, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石墨烯， 共 0.83g, 以无烟 煤计产率为 83%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征， 均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 SOcm^G峰在 1587cm-1 , 2D峰在 2839cm"1; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1372cm ,G峰在 1578cm , 2D峰在 2700 cm-1。
实施例 9
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钠和氢氧化铯的混合物处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元 素杂质或基团， 再经过水洗至 pH为 7.2后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg超 净无烟煤粉， 经超声分散在 30ml质量浓度为 5%的四丁基溴化铵水溶液中， 再 加入 4克过硫酸钾和 lg五氧化二碘的混合物， 一并超声 lh, 加入水稀释后， 抽 滤滤除溶剂。 再在 600w微波环境下加热处理 15min, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得预 处理的超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁，在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟煤粉）。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 4ml三氯化铁中， 在 20°C下超声处理 2h, 接着緩慢 加入 0.3g高氯酸钾， 再加入 0.06g的氯化锌， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制 温度在 50°C , 超声处理 lh。 完成氧化及芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去 离子水， 进行高温水解 3min, 此时控制温度在 80°C , 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧 官能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成后，加入 18g过氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的分散液。
再经 300W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 4h,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 4%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml 乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.48g。 以无烟煤计产率为 148%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯加入 10ml质量浓度为 5%的四丁基溴化铵水溶 液中，再加入 3g疏代疏 S史钠，回流 lh,处理完成后放入 200w的超声波清洗机， 超声处理 1.5h, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石墨烯， 共 0.94g, 以无烟煤计产率为 94%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征， 均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 ό η-1^峰在 1585cm-1 , 2D峰在 2845cm"1; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1370cm ,G峰在 1580cm , 2D峰在 2705 cm-1。
实施例 10
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钠、 氢氧化钾和氢氧化铯的混合物。 处理除去无烟煤粉中多余 的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经过水洗至 pH为 7.2后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤 粉。 取 lg超净无烟煤粉， 经超声分散在 40ml浓磷酸中， 再加入 0.5g硝酸钾和 lg五氧化二磷的混合物，一并超声 lh,加入水稀释后，抽滤滤除溶剂。再在 700w 微波环境下加热处理 20min, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得预处理的超净无烟煤粉（为 表述简洁， 在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 6ml三氯化铁中， 在 20°C下超声处理 0.8h, 接着緩 慢加入 O. lg高氯酸钾和 0.4g高锰酸钾的混合物， 再加入 0.08g的氯化锰， 加入 后继续进行超声处理，控制温度在 50°C ,超声处理 1.5h。完成氧化及芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离子水，进行高温水解 4min,此时控制温度在 90 °C , 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成后， 加入 20克过氧化 氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的分散液。
再经 500W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 3h,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 3.5%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后 抽滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱 中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.05g。 以无烟煤计产 率为 105%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯加入 70ml质量浓度为 5%的十六烷基三曱基溴 化铵水溶液中 , 再加入 2g联二亚石 _iS史钠， 回流 lh, 处理完成后放入 250w的超 声波清洗机， 超声处理 2h, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二 的石墨烯， 共 0.78g, 以无烟煤计产率为 78%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征， 均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 nSScm^G峰在 1588cm-1 , 2D峰在 2850cm"1; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1370cm ,G峰在 1582cm , 2D峰在 2700 cm-1。
实施例 11
将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钾处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经 过水洗至 pH为 7.2后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg超净无烟煤粉， 经超声 分散在 20ml去离子水和 30ml乙二醇的混合液中 ,一并超声 lh,加入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除溶剂。 再在 800w微波环境下加热处理 25min, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得 预处理的超净无烟煤粉（为表述简洁，在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟煤粉）。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 8ml三氯化铝中， 在 20°C下超声处理 1.2h, 接着緩 慢加入 O.lg发烟硝酸、 O. lg高锰酸钾和 0.2g 高氯酸钠的混合物， 再加入 O. lg 磷化钼， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温度在 35°C , 超声处理 1.8h。 完成氧 化及芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离子水， 进行高温水解 4.5min, 此 时控制温度在 95°C , 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成 后， 加入 10克氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无 烟煤的分散液。
再经 550W功率的超声进行剥离处理， 处理 3.5h, 获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶 液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉 淀下去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的质量浓度为 2.5%的硫 酸铵溶液盐析后抽滤，再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼，最后用 5ml乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55°C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.37g。 以无烟煤计产率为 137%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯加入 6ml去离子水、 2ml丙三醇和 1ml乙二醇的 混合液中 , 再加入 4.5g亚磷酸酯， 回流 lh, 处理完成后放入 300w的超声波清 洗机， 超声处理 2.5h, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石墨 烯， 共 0.90g, 以无烟煤计产率为 90%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征， 均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。其中，氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 S m-^G峰在 1590。 cm , 2D峰在 2850。 2842、 2847cm"1; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1375cm , G峰在 1580cm , 2D峰在 2707 cm 。
实施例 12 将无烟煤原料经水洗， 干燥， 粉碎， 过 200目筛， 获得较純净的无烟煤粉。 再经熔融氢氧化钠处理除去无烟煤粉中多余的含硫及硅元素杂质或基团， 再经 过水洗至 pH为 7.2后干燥， 获得超净无烟煤粉。 取 lg超净无烟煤粉， 经超声 分散在 30ml质量浓度为 5%的十六烷基三曱基溴化铵水溶液和 20ml丙三醇的混 合液中， 再加入 lg过石 炱铵、 lg过石 炱钾、 lg硝酸钾、 lg五氧化二磷和 lg五 氧化二碘的混合物， 一并超声 lh, 加入水稀释后， 抽滤滤除溶剂。 再在 900w 微波环境下加热处理 30min, 风干后粉碎过筛， 获得预处理的超净无烟煤粉（为 表述简洁， 在该实施例中接下来部分简称无烟煤粉） 。
再取该无烟煤粉分散于 10ml硼酸钠中，在 20 °C下超声处理 1.8h,接着緩慢 加入 O.lg发烟硝酸、 0.2g高锰酸钾和 0.2g 高氯酸钠的混合物， 再加入 O. lg磷 化锌， 加入后继续进行超声处理， 控制温度在 45 °C , 超声处理 2h。 完成氧化及 芳构化后， 加入与反应体系等体积的去离子水， 进行高温水解 5min, 此时控制 温度在 100°C , 保持氧化无烟煤上的含氧官能团不被破坏。 最后水解完成后， 加 入 5g过氧化氢， 来除去多余的氧化剂， 再进行抽滤， 洗涤， 获得氧化无烟煤的 分散液。
再经 600W功率的超声进行剥离处理，处理 5h,获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液。 再进行 4000r/min的离心 5min, 使未剥离的氧化无烟煤及其他碳杂质被沉淀下 去， 取出上清液， 即氧化石墨烯溶液， 加入等体积的 5%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽 滤， 再用去离子水 5ml清洗滤饼， 最后用 5ml 乙醇清洗滤饼， 再在真空烘箱中 55 °C干燥 2h, 便得到目标产物之一的氧化石墨烯， 共 1.3g。 以无烟煤计产率为 130%。
将上述的得到的氧化石墨烯加入 8mlN-曱基吡咯烷酮中， 再加入 5g硫代硫 酸钠和 1.5g联二亚疏 S史钠的混合物， 回流 lh, 处理完成后放入 280w的超声波 清洗机， 超声处理 3h, 再抽滤， 120°C下真空干燥 lh, 得到目标产物之二的石 墨烯， 共 0.86g, 以无烟煤计产率为 86%。
产物的氧化石墨烯及石墨烯经拉曼光语表征， 均具有石墨烯类特有的 D峰， G峰及 2D峰。 其中， 氧化石墨烯的 D峰在 1364cm-1,G峰在 1603cm-1 , 2D峰在 2847cm"1; 石墨烯的 D峰在 1368cm ,G峰在 1582cm , 2D峰在 2703 cm-1。
从上述实施例 7-12与对比例 1中的数据可以看出， 釆用相同重量的原料， 以 无烟煤粉为原料制备氧化石墨烯与石墨烯， 釆用本方法制备的产率要高于传统 用石墨为原料制备的方法， 可以看出， 本发明方案可以有效降低氧化石墨烯与 石墨烯的生产成本。
上述实施方式仅为本发明的优选实施方式， 不能以此来限定本发明保护的 范围， 本领域的技术人员在本发明的基础上所做的任何非实质性的变化及替换 均属于本发明所要求保护的范围。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1. 一种基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法， 其特征在于包括如下步骤： a.超净无烟煤粉制备：将无烟煤原料经水洗、干燥、粉碎，然后过 200目筛， 制得无烟煤粉；
接着， 将制得的无烟煤粉经熔融碱金属氢氧化物处理， 然后经水洗至 pH值 为 7-8, 干燥后获得超净无烟煤粉；
b.超净无烟煤粉预处理：将经过 a步骤制得的超净无烟煤粉加入分散剂中并 经超声处理制得 0.1-0.5g/ml的分散液， 所述分散剂为去离子水、 无机酸、 表面 活性剂溶液、 高沸点溶剂中的一种或者两种以上的混合；
接着， 在分散液中加入预氧化剂并进行超声处理， 所述超净无烟煤粉与预 氧化剂的质量比为 1 :0-5 , 所述预氧化剂为硝酸盐、 重铬酸盐、 过硫酸盐、 高锰 酸盐、 过氧化物、 磷氧化物和碘氧化物中的一种或两种以上组合；
接着， 将经超声处理的加入预氧化剂的分散液进行加水抽滤处理， 然后在 400-900W的微波环境下加热处理 5-30min, 自然冷却后，进行粉碎、过筛处理， 获得预处理的超净无烟煤粉；
c.氧化无烟煤分散液制备：将 b步骤制得的预处理的超净无烟煤粉加入插层 剂中， 配制成 0.1-5g/ml的插层剂分散液， 所述插层剂为无机酸和无机盐中的一 种或者两种以上的组合；
接着，将插层剂分散液在 20°C的温度下超声处理 0.5-2h,然后加入氧化剂， 所述氧化剂与制得的预处理的超净无烟煤粉的质量比为 1 :2-10,所述氧化剂为高 氯酸、 硝酸、 硫酸、 过硫酸盐、 高锰酸盐、 氯酸盐和高氯酸盐中的一种或者两 种以上的组合；
接着， 在插层剂分散液中加入芳构化催化剂， 所述制得的预处理的超净无 烟煤粉与芳构化催化剂的质量比为 100:0-10,所述芳构化催化剂为氯化亚铜、三 氯化铁、 氯化亚铁、 氯化锌、 氯化镍、 氯化锰、 三氧化钼、 钼酸铵、 磷化钼和 磷化锌中的一种或两种以上的组合。
接着， 将加入氧化剂和芳构化催化剂的插层剂分散液在 30-50°C的环境下超 声分散处理 0.5-2h,然后加入与插层剂分散液等体积的去离子水，在 70-100°C的 温度放置 l-5min;
接着， 在加入去离子水的插层剂分散液中加入过氧化氢， 所述过氧化氢与 制得的预处理的超净无烟煤粉的质量比为 1 :5-20, 然后进行抽滤、 洗涤， 获得氧 化无烟煤分散液；
d.氧化石墨烯胶体溶液制备：将经 c步骤制得的氧化无烟煤分散液进行超声 剥离处理， 超声功率为 100-600W, 时间为 l-5h, 获得氧化石墨烯胶体溶液； e.氧化石墨烯制备： 将 d步骤制备的氧化石墨烯胶体溶液进行离心处理， 转 速为 4000r/min, 离心时间为 5min, 取上清液；
接着， 在上清液中加入质量浓度为 2-5%的硫酸铵溶液盐析后抽滤， 用去离 子水清洗滤饼， 然后经醇洗、 干燥， 制得氧化石墨烯。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法，其特征在于: 所述 a步骤中的碱金属氢氧化物为氢氧化钾、 氢氧化钠和氢氧化铯中一种或两种 以上组合。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法，其特征在于: 所述 b步骤中的分散剂为去离子水、 浓磷酸、 浓硫酸、 浓硝酸、 质量浓度为 5%的 十六烷基三曱基溴化铵的水溶液、 质量浓度为 5%的四丁基溴化铵的水溶液、 丙 三醇、 乙二醇和 N-曱基吡咯烷酮中的一种或两种以上混合。
4. 根据权利要求 1所述的基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法，其特征在于: 所述 b步骤中的预氧化剂为过硫酸铵、 过硫酸钾、 硝酸钾、 五氧化二磷和五氧化 二碘中的一种或两种以上组合。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法，其特征在于: 所述 c步骤中的插层剂为浓硫酸、 浓磷酸、 硼酸、 三氯化铁、 三氯化铝和硼酸钠 中的一种或两种以上混合。
6. 根据权利要求 1所述的基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法，其特征在于: 所述 c步骤中的氧化剂为高锰酸盐、 氯酸盐、 发烟硝酸和高氯酸盐中的一种或两 种以上的组合。
7. 根据权利要求 1所述的基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法，其特征在于: 所述 c步骤中的芳构化催化剂为三氯化铁、 氯化镍和三氧化钼中的一种或两种以 上的组合。
8. 根据权利要求 1所述的基于无烟煤的氧化石墨烯的制备方法，其特征在于: 所述 e步骤中的干燥工艺为在真空烘箱中干燥 2h。
9. 一种石墨烯的制备方法， 其特征在于包括如下步骤：
f.将权利要求 1-8任一项所制得的氧化石墨烯加入分散剂中，配制成 0.1-lg/ml 的氧化石墨烯-分散剂溶液，所述分散剂为去离子水、无机酸、表面活性剂溶液、 高沸点溶剂中的一种或者两种以上的混合；
g.将经 f步骤制得的氧化石墨烯-分散剂溶液在微波炉中加入处理 5-20min,微 波炉功率为 900W; 或
在由 f步骤制得的氧化石墨烯 -分散剂溶液中加入还原剂并回流 lh,所述还原 剂与氧化石墨烯的质量比为 1 : 1-5 , 所述还原剂为质量浓度为 1%的氨合电子溶液、 质量浓度为 80%的水合肼、硫代硫酸钠、联二亚硫酸钠和亚磷酸酯中的一种或两 种以上组合；
h.将经过 g步骤处理的氧化石墨烯-分散剂溶液超声处理 0.5-3h, 超声处理的 功率为 100-300W;
接着， 将经超声处理的氧化石墨烯 -分散剂溶液进行抽滤、 干燥处理， 制得 石墨婦。
10. 根据权利要求 9所述的石墨烯的制备方法， 其特征在于： 所述 g步骤中 的还原剂为质量浓度为 80%水合肼、 质量浓度为 1%的氨合电子溶液和联二亚硫 酸钠中的一种或两种以上的组合； 或
所述 f步骤中的分散剂为去离子水、 浓磷酸、 浓硫酸、 浓硝酸、 质量浓度为 5%的十六烷基三曱基溴化铵水溶液、 质量浓度为 5%的四丁基溴化铵水溶液、 丙 三醇、 乙二醇和 N-曱基吡咯烷酮中的一种或两种以上混合。
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