WO2013062093A1 - 食感を改良した魚介類加工品の製造方法 - Google Patents
食感を改良した魚介類加工品の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013062093A1 WO2013062093A1 PCT/JP2012/077756 JP2012077756W WO2013062093A1 WO 2013062093 A1 WO2013062093 A1 WO 2013062093A1 JP 2012077756 W JP2012077756 W JP 2012077756W WO 2013062093 A1 WO2013062093 A1 WO 2013062093A1
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- emulsified solution
- treatment
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L17/00—Food-from-the-sea products; Fish products; Fish meal; Fish-egg substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L17/70—Comminuted, e.g. emulsified, fish products; Processed products therefrom such as pastes, reformed or compressed products
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L17/00—Food-from-the-sea products; Fish products; Fish meal; Fish-egg substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L17/65—Addition of, or treatment with, microorganisms or enzymes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a texture improvement technique for processed seafood.
- Patent Document 1 Many methods for improving the texture after cooking by impregnating fish meat with an oil-in-water emulsified solution are known, but most of the impregnation methods are immersion (Patent Document 1) and injection (Patent Document 2). In these methods, physical processing such as tendering on an object is not performed. The emulsified solution does not easily penetrate into fish meat that has not been subjected to physical treatment. On the other hand, when the injection method is applied to fish meat with a soft quality, problems such as cracking occur.
- Patent Document 3 Regarding the emulsion particle size of the oil-in-water emulsified solution, there is a method (Patent Document 3) in which the average oil droplet size is set to less than 1 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of emulsification stability and ease of penetration into the food. There is no description regarding the physical treatment, and the impregnation method is not pressure reduction treatment but assumes injection or tumbling.
- Patent Document 4 A method of impregnating a liquid component in a food by vacuum treatment (Patent Document 4) and a method of impregnating a potato with an emulsified solution using a vacuum treatment (Non-Patent Document 1) have already been proposed. There is no mention of any physical treatment.
- Patent Document 5 A method of adsorbing and retaining a hydrophobic substance in an emulsion by causing transglutaminase to act on casein having emulsifying ability (Patent Document 5) has already been proposed. However, transglutaminase acts on an emulsifier to strengthen the emulsion interface. In addition, there is no idea of increasing the binding force between the raw material and the emulsion by acting on seafood proteins.
- An object of the present invention is to improve the texture of processed fishery products to be soft and fluffy by impregnating and holding an emulsified solution in the raw materials for seafood.
- the present inventor has intensively studied a method for improving the texture of processed fishery products without causing problems such as cracking.
- physical processing by tenderization treatment and decompression treatment are used in combination, so that the emulsion size of the emulsion solution is less than 1 ⁇ m, so that the emulsion solution can be efficiently introduced into the raw materials for fishery products, and at the time of soaking,
- the texture of processed fishery products can be improved to be soft and fluffy by causing glutaminase to act and preventing the emulsion solution from escaping from the raw material during the heating process.
- the present invention is as follows.
- a process of tenderizing seafood ingredients (ii) a step of subjecting the fish and shellfish raw material subjected to the tenderization treatment to a reduced pressure treatment; (iii) The step of immersing the reduced-pressure seafood raw material in an emulsified solution containing transglutaminase and impregnating the seafood raw material with the emulsified solution, wherein the emulsion of the emulsified solution has a nano-size texture Process for producing processed seafood products improved.
- the quality of seafood ingredients is known to have a significant impact on the quality of processed products, but by improving the texture, for example, raw materials with poor quality (low lipid content, frozen storage, etc. Even if the conditions are poor, the processed fishery product obtained by the production method of the present invention can produce a product close to a product obtained by processing a high-quality raw material.
- the production method of the present invention it is possible to improve the texture of processed fishery products to be soft and plump.
- raw materials with poor quality low lipid content, poor frozen storage conditions
- Etc. low lipid content, poor frozen storage conditions
- the present invention improves the characteristics of fish raw materials by subjecting fish and shellfish raw materials to tenderizing treatment, further reducing pressure, impregnating the fish and shellfish raw materials with an emulsion of an emulsified solution, and performing transglutaminase treatment. It is a method of improving.
- the emulsified solution is efficiently impregnated into the fish and shellfish raw material by the tenderizing process and the decompression process, and further, the transglutaminase is mixed into the emulsified solution used for the soaking process, thereby preventing the impregnated emulsified solution from escaping from the raw material. it can.
- the texture of the processed product such as cooking is improved without causing damage to the processed food such as cracks.
- Raw materials for seafood include fish, licorice, shellfish, etc., and may be fresh or frozen and thawed.
- the processing form of the seafood raw material processed by the method of the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include processing forms processed by cooking, for example, grilled fish, canned foods, etc., but are not limited thereto. is not.
- processed fishery products are: (i) a process for tenderizing a seafood raw material, (ii) a process for depressurizing a tenderized seafood raw material, and (iii) a seafood that has been depressurized.
- a step of immersing a raw material in an emulsified solution containing transglutaminase and impregnating the raw material for seafood with the emulsified solution, wherein the emulsion of the emulsified solution has a nano-size process, and the seafood having improved texture Includes processed seafood by cooking.
- a tenderization treatment is performed on the raw material before dipping in the emulsified solution.
- the tenderization process refers to a process of adding a physical process such as piercing a needle-like instrument and cutting hard muscles and fibers of seafood while maintaining the original shape.
- the tenderization process is performed for the purpose of efficiently introducing the emulsified solution into the raw material from the holes by cutting the muscle fibers, and the instrument used for the tenderization process is a fine needle with a sharp point Any shape can be used. For example, it is possible to use a toothpick, a driver, a cone, a threader, or the like.
- a household fork used as tableware, a sword mountain for ikebana, a tenderizer, or the like may be used. Further, it includes an automatic drilling machine including cutters, drills, sewing machines, etc., blades such as knives, scratching processing using laser, ultrasonic waves, wind pressure, water pressure, and the like.
- the tenderization treatment is preferably performed with a hole density of 1 hole / 7.5 mm ⁇ 7.5 mm or more, preferably 1 hole / 5.0 mm ⁇ 5.0 mm or more, for example, 1 hole / 4.5 mm ⁇ 4.5 mm.
- the density of the hole at the time of tenderization may be expressed by the needle density of the instrument used in addition to the drilling density.
- the numerical value is the same as the above-described perforation density, but can be expressed as, for example, “1 piece / 4.5 mm ⁇ 4.5 mm”.
- the depth of the hole for the tenderization process is preferably a hole that is drilled from one side of the raw material to reach 3/4 of the thickness of the raw material, and the raw material has a skin on one side In order to prevent the skin from being scratched and the appearance after firing from getting worse, it is preferable to make a hole from the surface without the skin.
- the tendering process can also be referred to as a boring process or physical processing including a boring process.
- Emulsified solution used in the present invention is an oil-in-water emulsified solution.
- oil-in-water type emulsion solution used by this invention For example, the following emulsion solutions can be used.
- the composition of the emulsified solution is oil, fat, buffer solution, sugar, emulsifier and the like.
- trehalose can be used as the sugar.
- sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, maltitol, mannitol, erythritol may be used instead of trehalose.
- Trehalose and these sugar alcohols assist emulsification and can suppress protein denaturation during freezing when seafood and processed products thereof are frozen.
- the emulsifier is not limited as long as it is suitable as a food additive. Examples thereof include lecithin such as soybean lecithin and egg yolk lecithin, and sodium caseinate. Casein degradation products can be used as sodium caseinate.
- a surfactant such as glycerin fatty acid ester, sucrose fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, or propylene glycol fatty acid ester can also be used as an emulsifier.
- a solution can be used.
- the fat content is 10 to 40%, preferably 20 to 30%. Any oil and fat may be used as long as it is suitable for edible use, and examples thereof include canola oil, rice oil, and soybean oil.
- the buffer solution may be any edible one such as McIlvaine® Buffer (Mcquilbain buffer solution), and the pH is preferably 8.5 or more in order to improve the water retention of the raw muscle fibers.
- McIlvaine Buffer Mcquilbain buffer solution
- the pH of the resulting emulsified solution is about 0.5 lower than the buffer solution pH, so it is necessary to consider the pH when added to the emulsified solution in advance. What is necessary is just to prepare and add.
- the difference between the pH of the seafood and the pH of the emulsified solution is 1.0 or more, preferably 1.5 or more. If the difference between the emulsified solution pH and the seafood pH is less than 1.0, the water retention effect cannot be obtained, and the mouthfeel becomes unpleasant.
- the emulsified solution used in the present invention can be produced by the following steps (1) to (3): (1) The aqueous phase components (in the above example, trehalose, buffer and sodium caseinate) are dissolved by stirring at room temperature (10-30 ° C). In addition, the oil phase components (in the above example, fats and oils and soybean lecithin) are stirred and homogenized; (2) The above prepared aqueous phase and oil phase are mixed and pre-emulsified with a high-speed rotary dispersing / emulsifying machine such as TK homomixer (manufactured by PRIMIX); and (3) the ultra-high pressure homogenizer It uses for a process and the emulsion size in an emulsified solution is atomized to nano level, and is set to nano size.
- TK homomixer manufactured by PRIMIX
- an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer In order to obtain an emulsified solution having an emulsion particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m, it is desirable to use an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer.
- the “emulsion particle size” as used herein refers to the average value of the emulsion particle size measured by the dynamic light scattering method, and Zetasizer Nano ZS (manufactured by Malvern Instruments Ltd.) was used for particle measurement.
- a seasoning such as sodium chloride or sodium glutamate may be added to the emulsified solution.
- the emulsion solution should just contain the component as described above, for example, it is not necessary to add starch, curdlan, and egg white.
- the decompression treatment and the immersion treatment under normal pressure are performed.
- the depressurization treatment is carried out under a reduced pressure of 100 mmHg or less, preferably 40 mmHg or less for 1 to 30 minutes, preferably 1 to 15 minutes, more preferably 1 to 10 minutes, particularly preferably 5 minutes, and then This is done by performing an operation to return to normal pressure.
- the residual pressure refers to the absolute pressure when the inside of the vacuum desiccator is decompressed.
- the depressurizing operation for depressurizing and returning to normal pressure is preferably performed twice or more.
- the decompression process includes a vacuum process.
- a process at a residual pressure of 40 mmHg or less may be referred to as a vacuum process.
- Immersion treatment is performed by immersing the seafood raw material in the emulsified solution under normal pressure.
- the emulsified solution is further impregnated in the fish and shellfish raw material, and the transglutaminase reaction proceeds.
- the immersion treatment involves a reaction of transglutaminase, it is preferable that the immersion treatment is performed after the emulsified solution and the transglutaminase are sufficiently impregnated in the seafood raw material by a reduced pressure treatment.
- the dipping treatment is preferably performed at a low temperature, that is, 2 to 10 ° C., more preferably about 5 ° C.
- the time for which the raw material is subjected to the immersion treatment after the pressure reduction treatment is 30 minutes or longer, preferably 1 hour or longer, more preferably 2 hours or longer, particularly preferably 4 hours or longer. If the immersion time is short, for example, depending on the size of the raw material for seafood, but if it is shorter than 1 hour, the emulsified solution is not sufficiently impregnated inside the raw material, and the effect of the transglutaminase treatment becomes difficult to obtain. Further, a sufficient effect can be obtained by immersion for a certain period of time or more, and the effect is not improved even after immersion for that period of time.
- the upper limit of the immersion time is 12 hours, preferably 8 hours, more preferably 6 hours, and further preferably 4 hours.
- the decompression treatment and the immersion treatment are preferably performed at a weight ratio of the seafood raw material to the emulsified solution of 1: 1.25 to 1.5.
- the degree of impregnation of the emulsified solution into the final processed seafood product is referred to as product yield.
- product yield the degree of impregnation of the emulsified solution into the final processed seafood product.
- the yield is expressed by the following equation: Can do. It can be judged that the higher the yield is, the better the yield is when the fish is treated by the method of the present invention and fired, and the yield is higher than when the tenderization treatment is not performed, for example, 80% or more, preferably 90%. % Or more.
- Product yield (%) 100 x weight after firing (g) / raw material (g)
- Transglutaminase treatment Transglutaminase is added when the raw material is introduced into the emulsified solution, and is allowed to act on the emulsion and seafood protein during the immersion treatment after the decompression treatment. What is necessary is just to add transglutaminase to the emulsification solution to be used. What is necessary is just to set the density
- transglutaminase in the emulsified solution is added to 0.001 to 0.05% (w / w), preferably 0.003 to 0.03% (w / w), more preferably 0.006 to 0.02% (w / w). Good.
- a commercially available glutaminase preparation can be used for the transglutaminase treatment, and examples of the commercially available preparation include Activa KS-CT (Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) and Activa TG-K (Ajinomoto Co., Inc.).
- the transglutaminase treatment By the transglutaminase treatment, the emulsion interface of the emulsified solution is strengthened and the impregnated emulsified solution can be prevented from coming off from the raw material, and the effect of the emulsified solution treatment is increased. Furthermore, it acts on the protein of the seafood raw material, the protein molecules are connected, the meat of the seafood is modified, and a good texture can be brought about.
- Examples of the method for confirming the effect of the transglutaminase treatment include a method comprising the following steps (1) to (3): (1) Transglutaminase is added to the emulsified solution at a set concentration and allowed to react for a predetermined time at a predetermined temperature; (2) Take the reacted emulsified solution in an aluminum cup and subject it to heat treatment at 105 ° C. for 30 minutes. The liquid volume is such that the depth from the liquid surface to the bottom surface of the aluminum cup is 0.5 to 1.0 cm; and (3) The reaction level of transglutaminase is determined from the liquid level of the emulsified solution after heating. When the reaction is sufficient under the conditions, a thin film is stretched on the liquid surface. If the reaction is not sufficient, separation of the water and oil phases is observed.
- the effect of the transglutaminase treatment can be evaluated by the amount of drip flowing out in the baking step, and the drip rate can be calculated by the following equation: it can.
- Drip rate (%) 100 ⁇ (1 ⁇ weight after firing (g) / weight before firing (g))
- the drip rate when the fish is treated and fired by the method of the present invention is lower than the drip rate when treated without adding TG, for example, 0.8% or more.
- the effect of the transglutaminase treatment can be evaluated by the lipid content after the baking step.
- the higher the lipid content the better.
- the lipid content when fish is treated by the method of the present invention and baked is higher than the lipid content when treated without adding TG. More than 1.5g.
- emulsified solution component and transglutaminase can be detected from the inside of the fish and shellfish raw material of the present invention. Furthermore, emulsified components and transglutaminase are also detectable in the interior of processed products that have been baked, canned, or the like.
- “detectable” means that each component can be detected when it is measured by a physicochemical measurement method such as chromatography or a biochemical measurement method such as an antigen-antibody reaction.
- the seafood raw material processed by the method of the present invention can be subjected to a baking process, a canning process and the like to obtain a processed seafood product. That is, the present invention includes a method for producing a processed seafood product having an improved texture.
- the processed seafood product is put in a greasy state and can be improved to a soft and fluffy texture.
- the softness of the processed seafood can be expressed by, for example, a load value when the thickness of the processed raw material is 80%.
- the load value can be measured using, for example, a texture analyzer.
- the texture can be improved by performing an evaluation test by performing a sensory test using a plurality of panels.
- Example 1 Effect of tenderization treatment and emulsion solution emulsion particle size (mackerel)
- the emulsified solution used for the immersion was prepared using any of a hand mixer (Braun Turbo), a homomixer (TK homomixer, manufactured by Primics), or an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer (LAB 2000, manufactured by SMT).
- the obtained emulsion particle size (average particle size) was 2.388 ⁇ m when a hand mixer was used, 1.747 ⁇ m when a homomixer was used, and 357 nm when an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer was used.
- the emulsified solution composition was prepared with the following composition.
- the pH of the obtained emulsified solution was 8.0.
- the mackerel fillet used was 30-60g.
- the treatment process was raw material thawing ⁇ fillet, processing ⁇ tenderization treatment (needle density: 1 / 4.5 ⁇ 4.5 mm) ⁇ decompression treatment ⁇ immersion treatment ⁇ firing (center temperature 70 ° C. or more).
- a plastic container containing approximately 200 g of raw material and 300 g of the emulsified solution was placed in a vacuum desiccator (VLH type, manufactured by ASONE Co., Ltd.).
- the depressurization treatment was repeated 4 times by holding for 5 minutes under a residual pressure of 40 mmHg and returning to normal pressure.
- the subsequent immersion time was 2 hours.
- an emulsified solution prepared using an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer was used after preliminary emulsification with a TK homomixer.
- Example 2 Effect of adding transglutaminase (TG) to emulsified solution (mackerel) ⁇ Processing>
- the mackerel fillet was 30-60g.
- the treatment process was as follows: raw material thawing ⁇ fillet processing ⁇ tenderization treatment (needle density: 1 / 4.5 ⁇ 4.5 mm) ⁇ decompression treatment ⁇ immersion treatment ⁇ firing (center temperature of 70 ° C. or higher).
- a plastic container containing approximately 200 g of the raw material and 300 g of the emulsified solution was placed in a vacuum desiccator (VLH type ASONE Co., Ltd.).
- the depressurization treatment was repeated 4 times by holding for 5 minutes under a residual pressure of 40 mmHg and returning to normal pressure. Thereafter, the immersion treatment time under normal pressure was 2 hours.
- the emulsified solution composition was prepared with the following composition.
- the pH of the obtained emulsified solution was 8.0.
- Drip rate (%) 100 ⁇ (1 ⁇ weight after firing (g) / weight before firing (g))
- the drip rate in the TG addition group was lower than that in the control group, and the effect of TG addition was recognized.
- the drip rate in the TG addition group was 4 hours ⁇ 8 hours, and after the TG reaction sufficiently progressed, it was considered that the effect was not great even if the immersion time was further extended.
- Example 3 Effect of immersion treatment in emulsion solution and immersion under reduced pressure (Silver Wallet) ⁇ Processing> Silver wallet fillets were cut into thicknesses of 1.5-2.0cm (40g-70g).
- the treatment process was as follows: raw material thawing ⁇ fillet processing ⁇ tenderization treatment (needle density: 1 / 4.5 ⁇ 4.5 mm) ⁇ decompression treatment ⁇ immersion treatment ⁇ firing (center temperature of 70 ° C. or higher).
- the depressurization treatment was repeated 4 times by holding for 5 minutes under a residual pressure of 40 mmHg and returning to normal pressure. Thereafter, the immersion treatment time under normal pressure was 5 hours.
- the test section is (1) immersion treatment under reduced pressure using seasoning solution (seasoning solution + immersion under reduced pressure), (2) immersion treatment under normal pressure using emulsion solution (emulsion solution + immersion under normal pressure), (3) The emulsification solution was used for immersion treatment under reduced pressure (emulsion solution + immersion under reduced pressure).
- seasoning solution seasoning solution + immersion under reduced pressure
- emulsion solution + immersion under normal pressure immersion treatment under reduced pressure
- the frozen product was later thawed at room temperature (about 20 ° C.) and analyzed.
- the water content and lipid content were measured by the method described in Example 4, and the product yield was calculated by the following equation.
- Product yield (%) 100 x weight after firing (g) / raw material (g)
- the emulsified solution was prepared with the following composition.
- the pH of the obtained emulsified solution was 8.0. 3.0 parts of sodium chloride was added to 97.0 parts of the prepared emulsified solution.
- the transglutaminase (TG) preparation (Ajinomoto, KS-CT) was dissolved so that the concentration in the solution was 0.6% (the TG concentration was 0.006%) immediately before the fillet was added to the emulsified solution.
- the seasoning solution was prepared with the following composition, and the pH of the solution was 8.0. 3.0 parts of salt was added to 97.0 parts of the prepared seasoning solution.
- Example 4 Measurement of physical properties of grilled fish (salmon) ⁇ Processing> Salmon fillets were cut into thicknesses of 1.5 to 2.0 cm (50 to 100 g). The treatment process was as follows: raw material thawing ⁇ fillet processing ⁇ tenderization treatment (needle density: 1 / 4.5 ⁇ 4.5 mm) ⁇ decompression treatment or no decompression treatment ⁇ immersion treatment ⁇ firing. Since salmon was hard, the tenderization process was repeated 3 times, and the decompression process was held for 5 minutes under a residual pressure of 40 mmHg, and the operation of returning to normal pressure was repeated 6 times. There were 4 test sections in all, with or without the tenderizing treatment and the soaking solution. The immersion time was 2 hours.
- ⁇ Solution for immersion> not only an emulsified solution but also a seasoning solution was used.
- the emulsified solution was prepared with the following composition, salt and sodium glutamate were added to adjust the taste, and the pH was adjusted to 8.3 with trisodium phosphate.
- the seasoning solution was prepared by dissolving the same amount of sodium chloride, sodium glutamate and trisodium phosphate as in the emulsified solution in water, and the pH of the solution was 8.9.
- a texture analyzer (TA XT plus, manufactured by Eihiro Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used for measuring physical properties. The load value when a ⁇ 12 mm cylindrical plunger was pushed down to 80% of the sample thickness at 1 mm / sec was recorded.
- Example 5 Texture improvement effect by emulsion solution immersion treatment (Silver Wallet) ⁇ Processing> Silver wallet fillets were cut into thicknesses of 1.5-2.0cm (40g-70g).
- the test sections were an untreated section and a treated section. In the untreated section, the prepared fillet was baked as it was (center temperature of 70 ° C. or higher).
- the treatment process in the treatment section was as follows: raw material thawing ⁇ fillet processing ⁇ tenderization treatment (needle density: 1 / 4.5 ⁇ 4.5 mm) ⁇ decompression treatment ⁇ immersion treatment ⁇ firing (center temperature 70 ° C. or more).
- the depressurization treatment was repeated 4 times by holding for 5 minutes under a residual pressure of 40 mmHg and returning to normal pressure. Thereafter, the immersion treatment time under normal pressure was 5 hours. Both the untreated group and the treated group were frozen after firing, and thawed at room temperature (about 20 ° C.) at a later date for sensory evaluation test and analysis. In addition, the water content and fat content were measured. The water content was determined by a normal pressure heating drying method, and the fat content was determined by a Soxhlet extraction method.
- the emulsified solution was prepared with the following composition.
- the pH of the emulsified solution was 8.0.
- the transglutaminase (TG) preparation (Ajinomoto, KS-CT) was dissolved so that the concentration in the solution was 0.6% (the TG concentration was 0.006%) immediately before the fillet was added to the emulsified solution.
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Abstract
Description
(ii) テンダライズ処理した魚介類原料に対して減圧処理する工程、
(iii) 減圧処理した魚介類原料を、トランスグルタミナーゼを含む乳化溶液に浸漬し、魚介類原料に乳化溶液を含浸させる工程であって、乳化溶液のエマルションがナノサイズである工程を含む、食感を改良した魚介類加工品の製造方法。
(i) 焼成後に式 ドリップ率(%)=100×(1-焼成後重量(g)/焼成前重量(g))により算出されるドリップ率が17%以下である;及び
(ii) 焼成後に式 製品歩留(%)=100×焼成後重量(g)/原料(g)により算出される製品歩留りが80%以上である。
処理対象となる魚介類原料は、魚類、イカタコ類、貝類等を含み、生鮮原料でも凍結解凍原料でも良い。また、本発明の方法により処理した魚介類原料の加工形態は特に制限されず、加熱調理等により加工した加工形態が挙げられ、例えば、焼き魚、缶詰等が考えられるが、これに限定されるものではない。
本発明では、乳化溶液に漬け込む前の原料に対してテンダライズ処理を行う。テンダライズ処理とは、針状の器具を刺し通し、原形を保ったまま魚介類の硬い筋や繊維を切断する等の物理的加工を加える処理をいう。本発明において、テンダライズ処理は、筋繊維を切断することで、その孔より、乳化溶液を原料内部へ効率良く導入する目的で行うものであり、テンダライズ処理に用いる器具は、先の尖った細い針状のものであれば何でも用いることができる。例えば、ようじ、ドライバー、錐、千枚通し等を用いることができる。また、一度に複数の孔をあけるために、食器として用いられる家庭用フォークや生け花用の剣山、及びテンダライザー等も用い得る。さらに、カッター、ドリル、ミシン等を含む自動穴あけ機、ナイフなどの刃物類、レーザー、超音波、風圧及び水圧等を利用した傷つけ処理も含む。テンダライズ処理は、孔1個/7.5mm×7.5mm以上、好ましくは孔1個/5.0mm×5.0mm以上の、例えば孔1個/4.5mm×4.5mmの穿孔密度で行うことが好ましい。なお、テンダライズするときの孔の密度を穿孔密度の他に用いた器具の針密度で表すこともある。この場合、数値は上記の穿孔密度と同じであるが、例えば「1本/4.5mm×4.5mm」のように表すことができる。また、テンダライズ処理する場合の孔の深さは、原料の片側から孔をあけ、原料の厚さの3/4に達する程度の孔が望ましく、また、片側に皮がついているような原料の場合、皮目に傷がつき、焼成後の見た目が悪くなるのを防ぐため、皮がついていない面から孔をあけるのが良い。
本発明で用いる乳化溶液(エマルション)は水中油型乳化溶液である。本発明で用いる水中油型乳化溶液に制限はないが、例えば、以下の乳化溶液を用いることができる。
(1) 水相成分(上記の例の場合、トレハロース、緩衝液及びカゼインナトリウム)を室温(10~30℃)で攪拌して溶解する。また、油相成分(上記の例の場合、油脂及び大豆レシチン)は攪拌して均一化する;
(2) 上記調製した水相と油相を混ぜ合わせ、TKホモミキサー(プライミクス社製)などの高速回転式分散・乳化機で予備乳化する;及び
(3) 予備乳化した溶液を超高圧式ホモジナイザー処理に供し、乳化溶液中のエマルションサイズをナノレベルまで微粒化しナノサイズとする。
上記2のテンダライズ処理を行った魚介類原料を上記3の乳化溶液へ入れた状態で、減圧処理及び常圧下での浸漬処理を行う。減圧処理は、残存圧100mmHg以下、好ましくは40mmHg以下とした状態で、1~30分間、好ましくは1~15分間、さらに好ましくは1~10分間、特に好ましくは5分間減圧下に保持し、その後常圧に戻す操作を行うことにより行う。ここで、残存圧とは、真空デシケーター内を減圧した際の絶対圧力を指す。減圧し、常圧に戻す減圧処理操作は好ましくは2回以上行う。この処理により、減圧から常圧とした際に、乳化溶液が魚介類原料中に含浸する。減圧処理は真空処理も含み、例えば、残存圧40mmHg以下での処理を真空処理ということがある。
製品歩留(%)=100×焼成後重量(g)/原料(g)
乳化溶液に原料を投入する際にトランスグルタミナーゼを添加し、減圧処理の後の浸漬処理中にエマルション及び魚介類タンパク質に対して作用させる。トランスグルタミナーゼは、用いる乳化溶液に添加すればよい。添加するトランスグルタミナーゼの濃度は、浸漬可能な時間内で効果が得られる濃度を設定すれば良い。例えば、乳化溶液中のトランスグルタミナーゼが0.001~0.05%(w/w)、好ましくは0.003~0.03%(w/w)、さらに好ましくは0.006~0.02%(w/w)になるように添加すればよい。
(1) 乳化溶液に対して、設定した濃度でトランスグルタミナーゼを添加し、所定の温度下で一定時間反応させる;
(2) 反応させた乳化溶液をアルミカップに取り、105℃30分の加熱処理に供する。液量は液面からアルミカップ底面までの深さが0.5~1.0cmとなる程度とする;及び
(3) 加熱後の乳化溶液液面から、トランスグルタミナーゼの反応度合いを判断する。その条件で反応が十分であった場合、液面は薄い膜が張ったようになる。反応が十分でなかった場合、水相と油相の分離が認められる。
ドリップ率(%)=100×(1-焼成後重量(g)/焼成前重量(g))
浸漬に用いる乳化溶液の調製は、ハンドミキサー(Braun Turbo)、ホモミキサー(TKホモミキサー、プライミクス社製)、超高圧式ホモジナイザー(LAB 2000、SMT社製)のいずれかを用いて行った。得られたエマルション粒径(平均粒径)は、ハンドミキサーを用いた場合2.388μm、ホモミキサーを用いた場合1.747μm、超高圧式ホモジナイザーを用いた場合357nmであった。乳化溶液組成は、以下の組成で調製した。得られた乳化溶液のpHは8.0であった。
以下に示す式より、製品歩留を算出し、乳化溶液の魚肉への含浸度合いを評価した。
製品歩留(%)=100×焼成後重量(g)/原料(g)
表1に各処理で調製した焼きサバの製品歩留を示した(n=4)。テンダライズあり+高圧ホモ(超高圧式ホモジナイザー)区の製品歩留が最も高く、テンダライズ処理を行った原料をエマルション粒径の小さい乳化溶液に漬け込みことは、乳化溶液を魚肉内部に含浸するために有効であることが示された。
<処理>
サバ切り身は、30~60gとした。処理工程は、原料解凍→切り身加工→テンダライズ処理(針密度:1本/4.5×4.5mm)→減圧処理→浸漬処理→焼成(中心温度70℃以上)とした。原料およそ200gと乳化溶液300gが入ったプラスチック容器を真空デシケーター(VLH型 アズワン株式会社製)に入れた。減圧処理は残存圧40mmHg下で5分間保持し、常圧に戻す操作を4回繰り返した。その後、常圧下での浸漬処理時間は2時間とした。乳化溶液組成は、以下の組成で調製した。得られた乳化溶液のpHは8.0であった。
TGを添加しない対照区とTG添加区を設け、TG添加区には、乳化溶液にTG製剤(味の素、KS-CT)が0.6%(TG濃度としては0.006%)となるように添加した。浸漬時間は、4時間又は8時間とした。
以下に示す式よりドリップ率を算出し、焼成工程において流出するドリップ量を評価した。
ドリップ率(%)=100×(1-焼成後重量(g)/焼成前重量(g))
表2に対照区、TG添加区サンプルのドリップ率を示した(n=3)。浸漬時間4時間、8時間の場合いずれも、TG添加区のドリップ率が対照区よりも低い結果となり、TG添加の効果が認められた。浸漬時間で比較すると、TG添加区のドリップ率は4時間<8時間となり、TGの反応が十分に進行した後は、それ以上浸漬時間を延長しても効果は大きくないと考えられた。
<処理>
シルバーワレフ切り身は厚さ1.5~2.0cm(40g~70g)に切り分けた。処理工程は、原料解凍→切り身加工→テンダライズ処理(針密度:1本/4.5×4.5mm)→減圧処理→浸漬処理→焼成(中心温度70℃以上)とした。減圧処理は残存圧40mmHg下で5分間保持し、常圧に戻す操作を4回繰り返した。その後の常圧下での浸漬処理時間は5時間とした。試験区は、(1)調味溶液を用い減圧下で浸漬処理を行う(調味溶液+減圧下浸漬)、(2)乳化溶液を用い常圧下し浸漬処理を行う(乳化溶液+常圧下浸漬)、(3)乳化溶液を用い減圧下で浸漬処理を行う(乳化溶液+減圧下浸漬)、とした。焼成処理に供した後、凍結したものを後日、室温下(約20℃)で解凍し、分析を行った。水分含量及び脂質含量は、実施例4に記載の方法で測定し、製品歩留りは以下の式により算出した。
製品歩留(%)=100×焼成後重量(g)/原料(g)
乳化溶液は以下の組成で調製した。得られた乳化溶液のpHは8.0であった。調製した乳化溶液97.0部に対して、3.0部の食塩を添加した。トランスグルタミナーゼ(TG)製剤(味の素、KS-CT)は切り身を乳化溶液に投入する直前に溶液中の濃度が0.6%(TG濃度としては0.006%)となるように溶解した。
調味溶液は以下の組成で調製し、溶液のpHは8.0であった。調製した調味溶液97.0部に対して、3.0部の食塩を添加した。
(1)調味溶液+減圧下浸漬、(2)乳化溶液+常圧下浸漬、(3)乳化溶液+減圧下浸漬の製品歩留まりと、製品の水分含量及び乾燥重量に対する脂質含量を示した。製品歩留まりは(1)調味溶液+減圧下浸漬で最も高くなった。これは、調味溶液に浸漬したことで水分が多く含浸されたためであるが、脂質は含浸されていない。(2)乳化溶液+常圧下浸漬は、製品歩留まり、水分含量、脂質含量のいずれも3試験区のうち最も低く、よって、常圧下浸漬では、魚肉中に水分、脂質を含浸するのが難しいことが分かる。(3)乳化溶液+減圧下浸漬のように、乳化溶液と減圧下浸漬処理を組み合わせることで、魚肉中に脂質をより多く導入できることが示された。
<処理>
サケ切り身は厚さ1.5~2.0cm(50g~100g)に切り分けた。処理工程は、原料解凍→切り身加工→テンダライズ処理(針密度:1本/4.5×4.5mm)→減圧処理、または減圧処理なし→浸漬処理→焼成とした。なお、サケは身質がかたいため、テンダライズ処理は3回、減圧処理は残存圧40mmHg下で5分間保持し、常圧に戻す操作を6回繰り返した。テンダライズ処理の有無、漬け込み溶液を変え、全部で4試験区を設けた。浸漬時間は、2時間とした。
浸漬処理には、乳化溶液だけでなく調味溶液をも用いた。乳化溶液は、以下の組成で調製したものに、食塩、グルタミン酸ナトリウムを加え、味を整えるとともに、リン酸三ナトリウムでpH8.3に調整した。調味溶液は、水に、乳化溶液に添加したのと同量の食塩、グルタミン酸ナトリウムとリン酸三ナトリウムを溶解したものとし、溶液のpHは8.9とした。
物性測定には、テクスチャーアナライザー(TA XT plus,英弘精機社製)を用いた。φ12mm円柱プランジャーを1mm/secでサンプル厚みの80%まで押し込んだ際の荷重値を記録した。
焼き魚のかたさは、テンダライズ処理に供したもので、調味溶液よりも乳化溶液を用いて浸漬処理したもののほうがやわらかい結果となった。テンダライズ処理によって、切り身に物理的加工が加えられたことに加えて、乳化溶液による浸漬処理では、油脂がサケ繊維間を滑りやすくしたものと考えられた。
<処理>
シルバーワレフ切り身は厚さ1.5~2.0cm(40g~70g)に切り分けた。試験区は未処理区と処理区とし、未処理区は調製した切り身をそのまま焼成(中心温度70℃以上)した。処理区の処理工程は、原料解凍→切り身加工→テンダライズ処理(針密度:1本/4.5×4.5mm)→減圧処理→浸漬処理→焼成(中心温度70℃以上)とした。減圧処理は残存圧40mmHg下で5分間保持し、常圧に戻す操作を4回繰り返した。その後の常圧下での浸漬処理時間は5時間とした。未処理区、処理区とも、焼成後に凍結し、後日、室温下(約20℃)で解凍し、官能評価試験および分析を行った。また、水分含量と油脂含量を測定した。水分含量は常圧加熱乾燥法、油脂含量はソックスレー抽出法によって求めた。
乳化溶液は以下の組成で調製した。乳化溶液のpHは8.0であった。トランスグルタミナーゼ(TG)製剤(味の素、KS-CT)は切り身を乳化溶液に投入する直前に溶液中の濃度が0.6%(TG濃度としては0.006%)となるように溶解した。
官能評価は二点識別法にて行った。処理区の製品と未処理区の製品の2品を盲検、無作為化して同時にパネルに提供し、それら食感について、それぞれ「やわらかい」、「ふっくらしている」、又は「脂のりが良い」のコメントが当てはまるほうの食品サンプルを選択してもらった。
過半数以上のパネルが、乳化溶液を含浸した処理区製品を「やわらかい」「ふっくらしている」「脂のりが良い」と評価した。製品歩留まりは未処理区製品で82.9%、処理区製品で88.0%であり、歩留まりの違いを補正するため、原料100gに対する脂質、水分含量を算出したところ、脂質、水分ともに、処理区製品が未処理区製品よりも多い結果となった。油脂又は水分のみを魚肉に含浸させるのではなく、乳化溶液の形態で含浸させたことで、このような食感の改善が認められたと考えられた。
Claims (9)
- (i) 魚介類原料に対してテンダライズ処理する工程、
(ii) テンダライズ処理した魚介類原料に対して減圧処理する工程、
(iii) 減圧処理した魚介類原料を、トランスグルタミナーゼを含む乳化溶液に浸漬し、魚介類原料に乳化溶液を含浸させる工程であって、乳化溶液のエマルションがナノサイズである工程を含む、食感を改良した魚介類加工品の製造方法。 - テンダライズ処理が、針密度が、1本/7.5mm×7.5mm以上である器具を用いて魚介類原料に穿孔をあける処理である、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 減圧処理を、常圧下から残存圧が100mmHg以下となるように減圧し、1~30分間の条件で行う、請求項1又は2に記載の製造方法。
- 浸漬に使用する乳化溶液のエマルションサイズが1μm未満である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 浸漬に使用する乳化溶液のpHが8.0以上である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 浸漬の際に使用する乳化溶液中のトランスグルタミナーゼ濃度が0.001~0.05%(w/w)の範囲である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 乳化溶液の油脂含量が10~40%(w/w)である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の製造方法により製造された、内部に乳化溶液及びトランスグルタミナーゼが含浸した魚介類加工品。
- 以下の特性を有する、請求項8記載の魚介類加工品:
(i) 焼成後に式 ドリップ率(%)=100×(1-焼成後重量(g)/焼成前重量(g))により算出されるドリップ率が17%以下である;及び
(ii) 焼成後に式 製品歩留(%)=100×焼成後重量(g)/原料(g)により算出される製品歩留りが80%以上である。
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JP5530044B1 (ja) * | 2014-02-05 | 2014-06-25 | 株式会社極洋 | 表皮蒸散生鮮魚およびその製造装置 |
WO2017126598A1 (ja) * | 2016-01-20 | 2017-07-27 | 株式会社林原 | α,α-トレハロース二含水結晶含有粉末とその製造方法並びに用途 |
JPWO2017126598A1 (ja) * | 2016-01-20 | 2018-11-08 | 株式会社林原 | α,α−トレハロース二含水結晶含有粉末とその製造方法並びに用途 |
US11337910B2 (en) | 2016-01-20 | 2022-05-24 | Hayashibara Co., Ltd. | Particulate composition comprising crystalline alpha, alpha-trehalose dihydrate, its preparation and uses |
JP7117417B1 (ja) | 2021-05-18 | 2022-08-12 | マルハニチロ株式会社 | 食肉加工食品の製造方法 |
JP2022177486A (ja) * | 2021-05-18 | 2022-12-01 | マルハニチロ株式会社 | 食肉加工食品の製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN103974632B (zh) | 2016-02-24 |
JP5613844B2 (ja) | 2014-10-29 |
CN103974632A (zh) | 2014-08-06 |
JPWO2013062093A1 (ja) | 2015-04-02 |
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