WO2013057887A1 - エピタキシャルウエーハ及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
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- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/322—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to modify their internal properties, e.g. to produce internal imperfections
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- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an epitaxial wafer for manufacturing an image sensor and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Silicon wafers used in solid-state imaging devices have uniform operation when generating photodiodes (imaging devices) using the photoelectric effect and storing the carriers with a well-type potential.
- an epitaxial wafer that can make the in-plane and inter-wafer resistivity uniform is used.
- the photodiode is formed in this epitaxial layer.
- a two-layer epitaxial layer or a multilayer that forms an epitaxial layer having a low resistivity below the layer that forms the photodiode.
- An epitaxial layer may be used.
- an epitaxial layer having a low resistivity is grown on an n-type silicon wafer (n + layer: often expressed by adding + because there are many dopants), and an epitaxial layer having a normal resistivity is grown thereon.
- n + layer often expressed by adding + because there are many dopants
- an epitaxial layer having a normal resistivity is grown thereon.
- a structure such as n / n + / n is used relatively frequently.
- Characterization of gettering technology is a characteristic of silicon wafers for manufacturing image sensors. It is known that defects on the image called white scratches may occur in the image sensor, which are caused by impurities or the like. As a method for preventing this impurity, oxygen precipitates (BMD) are formed in the silicon wafer (intrinsic gettering), or mechanical damage or distortion is formed on the lower surface side of the silicon wafer (extrinsic getter).
- BMD oxygen precipitates
- a gettering technique for trapping impurities in a strain field using a thermal environment during manufacturing of an image sensor is known.
- a method of improving (increasing and controlling) BMD by doping carbon disclosed in Patent Documents 1 and 2 has been used. .
- the epitaxial layer not only the uniformity of resistivity described above but also the thickness of the epitaxial layer is characteristic.
- a photodiode is formed in the epitaxial layer.
- a photoelectric effect is caused by light condensed by a lens and color-coded by a color filter, and the number of carriers generated thereby is detected as light intensity.
- the light penetration depth varies depending on the wavelength. For example, the depth at which the light intensity is halved is about 0.3 ⁇ m for blue and about 3 ⁇ m for red.
- the thickness of the epitaxial layer is required to be at least about 3 ⁇ m.
- Patent Documents 3 to 5 describe that the thickness is 2-10 ⁇ m or 1-20 ⁇ m although there is little discussion about the thickness. Further, in Patent Documents 6 and 7, the thickness of an epitaxial layer of 11 ⁇ m or 12 ⁇ m is described in the embodiments, and there are examples in the past in which a thick epitaxial layer is used for an image sensor. However, if the thickness of the epitaxial layer is increased, the cost increases accordingly, so it cannot be increased without limit. Therefore, the actual thickness of the actual epitaxial layer used for the image pickup device is about 4-6 ⁇ m. Thickness.
- a silicon wafer is generally cut out from a silicon single crystal grown by the CZ method (including the MCZ method).
- CZ method including the MCZ method
- a silicon raw material is melted in a quartz crucible and a silicon single crystal is grown therefrom, and oxygen atoms eluted from the quartz crucible are included in a supersaturated state in the silicon single crystal. It is.
- This oxygen atom is useful as the BMD of the above-described intrinsic gettering. That is, through a thermal process such as device manufacturing, excess oxygen atoms in the silicon single crystal react with Si and precipitate in the silicon single crystal in the form of SiO 2 . This is called BMD (Bulk Micro Defect).
- the silicon single crystal by the CZ method contains a dopant to control the resistivity. Atoms such as Group 3 B, Group 5 P, As, and Sb are common. Further, carbon atoms are contained as impurities in the silicon single crystal doped with carbon. These dopants and oxygen / carbon atoms are taken into the silicon single crystal by segregation.
- the concentration of impurities in the silicon melt is not completely uniform, and the growth rate is not constant and varies depending on the temperature variation in the furnace and the diameter of the crystal, so the effective segregation coefficient changes in conjunction with the growth rate. As a result, the impurity concentration in the silicon single crystal becomes non-uniform.
- a concentric striped light and shade distribution is formed from the point that the growth interface of the silicon single crystal is not flat but generally has an upward convex shape and the point that the silicon single crystal is grown while rotating. This is called striation or growth stripe.
- Patent Document 8 proposes to suppress the growth rate within a certain range.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an epitaxial wafer in which the adverse effects of impurities such as oxygen in a silicon wafer do not reach the imaging element forming portion of the epitaxial layer, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and includes growing a silicon single crystal by a CZ method, producing a silicon wafer from the silicon single crystal, and growing an epitaxial layer on the silicon wafer.
- the epitaxial wafer is grown with a thickness of 6 ⁇ m or more.
- the concentration of oxygen diffused from the silicon wafer into the epitaxial layer by the thermal process of manufacturing the image sensor can be expressed as a function of the thickness X. Since the diffusion coefficient of oxygen decreases dramatically as the heat treatment temperature decreases, calculating the concentration of oxygen that diffuses only for the hottest thermal process during imaging device manufacture eliminates the need for complicated calculations. And a highly versatile calculation method.
- a multilayer epitaxial layer can be grown as an epitaxial layer.
- the thickness of the region where the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer is less than 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 after the manufacture of the imaging device is further 6 ⁇ m. It is preferable that the epitaxial layer is grown to a thickness of 9 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the heat treatment for forming a gate oxide film is often the highest temperature process, and the thickness of the region in which the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer becomes 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more after this process.
- the length is estimated to be about 3 ⁇ m. Therefore, it is desirable to form the epitaxial layer with a thickness of 9 ⁇ m or more, and it is preferable that the epitaxial layer is thicker. Moreover, if it is 20 micrometers or less, cost performance is good.
- carbon is doped so that the carbon concentration becomes 1.3 ⁇ 10 16 ⁇ 22 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'74), and the oxygen concentration becomes 8 ⁇ 10 17 ⁇ .
- a silicon single crystal can be grown by controlling to 16 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79).
- the carbon concentration is 1.3 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or more, the effect of improving BMD is obtained, and the carbon concentration is 22 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3. If it is less than cm 3 , the solid solution limit of carbon in the silicon single crystal is not reached, so that single crystallization is easy.
- the oxygen concentration is 8 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more, it is easy to form BMD, and if the oxygen concentration is 16 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less, the number and size of BMD are both good and the gettering ability is good. improves.
- the silicon single crystal is grown by controlling the oxygen concentration to be 16 ⁇ 10 17 -24 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) without doping carbon. be able to.
- the BMD grows sufficiently when the oxygen concentration is 16 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) or more. Moreover, if the oxygen concentration is 24 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) or less, the amount of precipitated oxygen does not become too large, and the possibility of causing other problems such as wafer warpage can be suppressed.
- the present invention is an epitaxial wafer for manufacturing an imaging device in which an epitaxial layer is grown on a silicon wafer produced from a silicon single crystal grown by the CZ method,
- oxygen is diffused from the silicon wafer into the epitaxial layer in the manufacture of the imaging device, so that the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer is 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more after the imaging device is manufactured.
- a region serving as said are those a region where the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer after the production of the image sensor is less than 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 is formed, the oxygen concentration of 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm Provided is an epitaxial wafer characterized in that the thickness of the region of less than 3 is 6 ⁇ m or more.
- the epitaxial wafer manufacturing method of the present invention can manufacture an epitaxial wafer in which the adverse effect of impurities such as oxygen in the silicon wafer does not reach the imaging element forming portion of the epitaxial layer. Further, the calculation of the thickness X of the region where the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer becomes 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more after the imaging device is manufactured does not require a complicated calculation, and is performed by a highly versatile method. be able to. Furthermore, an epitaxial wafer having excellent gettering ability can be manufactured by using a silicon wafer having an appropriate carbon concentration and oxygen concentration.
- the epitaxial wafer manufactured according to the present invention can be suitably used for a solid-state imaging device such as a CCD or CIS used in a digital camera or a mobile phone.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an oxygen concentration distribution when a thermal simulation is performed on the epitaxial wafer under the conditions of Example 1.
- 6 is a diagram showing an oxygen concentration distribution when a thermal simulation is performed on an epitaxial wafer under the conditions of Example 2.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an oxygen concentration distribution when a thermal simulation is performed on the epitaxial wafer under the conditions of Example 1.
- the present inventors have calculated the thickness of the region of the epitaxial layer that is adversely affected by impurities such as oxygen in the silicon wafer, and in addition to this thickness, the adverse effects of impurities such as oxygen
- the thickness of the epitaxial layer region (image sensor forming portion) that does not reach the thickness is 6 ⁇ m or more, and by growing the epitaxial layer, the adverse effect of impurities such as oxygen in the silicon wafer can reach the image sensor forming portion of the epitaxial layer.
- the present invention was completed by finding out that the epitaxial wafer was unacceptable.
- FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of a method for manufacturing an epitaxial wafer of the present invention.
- a silicon single crystal is grown by the CZ method
- a silicon wafer 1 is manufactured from the silicon single crystal (FIG. 1A)
- the thickness X of the region where the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer is 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more is calculated (FIG. 1B).
- the epitaxial layer 4 is further thickened such that the region where the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer 4 after manufacturing the imaging device is less than 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 is 6 ⁇ m or more.
- the epitaxial wafer 10 for manufacturing the imaging device is manufactured (FIG. 1C).
- oxygen is diffused from the silicon wafer 1 into the epitaxial layer 4 by the thermal environment during the process of manufacturing the imaging device.
- a region where the oxygen concentration diffused in the epitaxial layer 4 is high and a region where the oxygen concentration is low are formed.
- the region close to the silicon wafer in which the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer becomes 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) or higher after manufacturing the image sensor is the buffer layer 2 ′, and the region after the image sensor is manufactured.
- a region away from the silicon wafer where the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer is less than 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 is referred to as an effective layer 3 ′.
- Both the buffer layer 2 ′ and the effective layer 3 ′ are the epitaxial layer 4 before the image sensor is manufactured.
- the thickness of the entire epitaxial layer 4 to be grown is the sum of the thickness of the region 2 to be the buffer layer 2 ′ and the thickness of the region 3 to be the effective layer 3 ′ after manufacturing the imaging device.
- a P-type well gate oxide film 5 is formed on the epitaxial layer 4, and an n-type impurity implantation portion 6 and a p-type impurity implantation portion 7 are selectively formed therein. Then, a transfer portion and a photodiode are formed.
- an image pickup device can be formed by forming a light shielding film 9 on a portion excluding the polysilicon electrode 8 and the light receiving portion thereon.
- the thickness of the region 2 to be the buffer layer 2 ′ is calculated in advance (FIG. 1B), and in addition to this, the thickness of the region 3 to be the effective layer 3 ′ for manufacturing the imaging device is 6 ⁇ m or more.
- the epitaxial layer 4 is grown with a thickness of (FIG. 1C).
- the region that becomes the effective layer after manufacturing the imaging device is a region in which the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer after manufacturing the imaging device is less than 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79), and the thickness thereof Required 6 ⁇ m or more.
- a photodiode (image sensor) part that photoelectrically converts incident light to generate carriers and store it, and a part that discharges unnecessary charges underneath are formed Is done.
- a portion such as a transfer unit for reading the intensity of light felt by the photodiode is also formed.
- the light penetration depth varies depending on the wavelength.
- the depth at which the light intensity is halved is about 0.3 ⁇ m for blue and about 3 ⁇ m for red.
- the thickness of the photodiode is required to be at least about 3 ⁇ m.
- the thickness necessary for manufacturing the image sensor including the region where unnecessary charges are discharged is at least 4 ⁇ m.
- the necessary thickness is inherently related to the design of the image sensor and is not generally determined, in view of the recent increase in sensitivity of the image sensor, in the present invention, the necessary thickness for the region serving as an effective layer is 6 ⁇ m or more. did.
- the region that becomes the buffer layer after the image sensor was manufactured was a region in which the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer was 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) or more after the image sensor was manufactured.
- the oxygen concentration of 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) is used to separate the region that becomes the buffer layer and the region that becomes the effective layer after manufacturing the image sensor, such as wiring and packages performed in the post-process of the image sensor This is because oxygen donors may be generated by low-temperature heat treatment. Oxygen donors decrease dramatically as the oxygen concentration decreases. According to the experimental data of the present inventors, when heat treatment is performed at 450 ° C.
- the carrier is about 8 when the oxygen concentration is 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79).
- the oxygen concentration is 8 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79)
- carriers are generated at about 5 ⁇ 10 13 atoms / cm 3 and the oxygen concentration is further 12 ⁇ 10.
- 17 atoms / cm 3 ASTM '79
- about 6 ⁇ 10 14 atoms / cm 3 of carriers were generated.
- the number of carriers due to oxygen donors increases by an order of magnitude as the oxygen concentration doubles and triples.
- the oxygen donor concentration in the vicinity of manufacturing the photodiode is about 10 14 to 10 15 , it is desirable that the oxygen donor concentration be about two orders of magnitude lower than this in order to prevent adverse effects due to oxygen donor-derived carriers. Therefore, a portion having an oxygen concentration of 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) or more is used as a buffer layer, and the oxygen concentration excluding the portion is less than 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79). This area is an area to be an effective layer for manufacturing a photodiode or the like.
- the cost increases as the thickness of the epitaxial layer increases.
- the process time is most limited in the process of growing the epitaxial layer. This is because the growth rate of the epitaxial layer is very slow. Therefore, growing the epitaxial layer thickly directly leads to an increase in cost. For this reason, it is usual not to increase the thickness of the epitaxial layer beyond the required thickness.
- the greatest feature of the present invention is that a buffer layer for suppressing the influence from the silicon wafer is provided in addition to the thickness necessary for manufacturing a photodiode or the like that has been conventionally required. is there. As a result, it is possible to expect an improvement in performance by increasing the thickness of the epitaxial layer in response to a demand for miniaturization and high sensitivity expected in the future, and finally it is possible to provide a product with excellent cost performance.
- the work of confirming the oxygen concentration after manufacturing the imaging device can be omitted.
- the thickness of the region serving as the buffer layer is X
- the concentration C of oxygen diffused from the silicon wafer into the epitaxial layer by the thermal process is the thickness of X. It is expressed as the following equation as a function.
- erf is an abbreviation of an error function (error function), and is generally used for obtaining the concentration of diffusion.
- the thickness at which the oxygen concentration is 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79), that is, the thickness X of the region serving as the buffer layer.
- the diffused oxygen concentration is calculated by the maximum processing temperature during the manufacture of the image sensor, but the oxygen concentration in all the heat treatments such as the heat treatment during the epitaxial layer growth and other heat treatments during the image sensor manufacture is calculated. Diffusion can also be calculated. However, if the calculation for each heat treatment is performed, the calculation formula may become complicated, and the versatility of the calculation formula may be impaired.
- the epitaxial growth is high temperature but is a short time, and the details of the heat treatment during the manufacturing of the image sensor is a problem related to the know-how of the device manufacturer, and is appropriately changed when the image sensor is manufactured. In addition, the number of processes for heat treatment at high temperatures is decreasing with the recent overall decrease in manufacturing temperature of imaging devices.
- the oxygen diffusion coefficient decreases dramatically as the heat treatment temperature decreases. From the above, in order to give simplicity and versatility to the formula for calculating the diffused oxygen concentration, the above formula is calculated on behalf of the hottest imaging device manufacturing process, and the thickness of the region that will be the approximate buffer layer It was decided to decide.
- the epitaxial wafer manufacturing method of the present invention not only a single epitaxial layer is grown, but also a multilayer epitaxial layer of two or more layers is grown, for example, when a part of an image pickup device structure is formed during epitaxial growth. You can also.
- a multilayer epitaxial wafer if the total thickness of the epitaxial layers is the sum of the thicknesses of the respective epitaxial layers, the thickness of the region serving as the buffer layer and the region serving as the effective layer is as described above. good.
- epitaxial layers having different resistivity and conductivity type can be grown in multiple layers.
- the object of the present invention is to prevent the adverse effects of impurities such as oxygen in the silicon wafer from reaching the photodiode-forming portion of the epitaxial layer. Even if the resistivity is different in this way, oxygen atoms and carbon atoms in the epitaxial layer are not affected. Since the concentration is so low that it can be said that there is nothing compared with a silicon wafer, any resistivity layer can serve as a region serving as a buffer layer.
- the thickness of the region serving as the buffer layer is a numerical value depending on the design of the imaging element manufacturing process, but in recent processes, the heat treatment for forming the gate oxide film is often the hottest process. For example, assuming that the initial oxygen concentration of the substrate is 14.5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) and the temperature and time for forming the oxide film are 1000 ° C. and 60 minutes, the oxygen concentration is 4 ⁇ 10 17. The depth at which atoms / cm 3 or more is about 2.6 ⁇ m. Accordingly, it is estimated that the thickness of the region serving as an approximate buffer layer in recent image sensors is about 3 ⁇ m. Since the area to be an effective layer is required to be 6 ⁇ m or more, the minimum thickness of the entire epitaxial layer for the image sensor is estimated to be 9 ⁇ m.
- the total thickness of the epitaxial layer is 9 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the upper limit is set to 20 ⁇ m because the cost may be higher than the performance. If the epitaxial growth technique is improved in the future and a measure for reducing the cost is found, it can be said that the thicker the epitaxial layer, the better.
- the carbon concentration is 1.3 ⁇ 10 16 -22 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / Preferably it is cm 3 (ASTM '74). If the carbon concentration is 1.3 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or more, an effect of improving BMD can be obtained, and if the carbon concentration is 22 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less, the solid solution limit of carbon in the silicon single crystal is not reached. Easy to crystallize.
- the oxygen concentration of the carbon-doped silicon single crystal is preferably controlled to 8 ⁇ 10 17 -16 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79). If it is 8 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more, it is easy to form a BMD. Further, if it is 16 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less, the number and size of BMDs are good and the gettering ability is improved.
- the oxygen concentration is 16 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) or more, the BMD is sufficiently grown. Accordingly, it is also effective to use a silicon wafer having an oxygen concentration of 16 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) or higher without doping carbon as a silicon wafer for white scratch countermeasures of the image sensor. Moreover, if it is 24 * 10 ⁇ 17 > atoms / cm ⁇ 3 >(ASTM'79) or less, an oxygen precipitation amount will not become large too much, and the possibility of causing another problem, such as a curvature of a wafer, can be suppressed.
- Example 1 Using the MCZ method, which is a CZ method applying a magnetic field, a carbon concentration of 5.4 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'74) and an oxygen concentration of 14.2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79). A silicon single crystal having a diameter of 300 mm was grown, and the wafer cut out from this was polished to obtain a silicon wafer.
- the heat treatment most likely to affect the diffusion of oxygen was a gate oxidation heat treatment, and specifically, it was planned to be performed in a dry oxygen atmosphere at 1000 ° C. for 60 minutes. From the above oxygen concentration and this heat treatment condition, the thickness of the region where the oxygen concentration of the epitaxial layer after manufacturing the imaging device is 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) or more is 2 as shown in FIG. Calculated as 3 ⁇ m. If the photodiode formation region depth is 6 ⁇ m, the necessary thickness is 8.3 ⁇ m because it is not affected by the silicon wafer.
- an epitaxial layer of 9 ⁇ m thicker than 8.3 ⁇ m obtained by trial calculation was grown on a silicon wafer and put into an image sensor process.
- a P-doped n-type layer was formed.
- a P-type well gate oxide film is formed in an n-type epitaxial layer, n-type and p-type impurities are selectively ion-implanted in the well, and a transfer unit and a photodiode Form.
- An image pickup device was formed by forming a light shielding film on the portion excluding the polysilicon electrode and the light receiving portion thereon.
- Example 1 As a result, no streak dark current abnormality was detected in Example 1. Further, BMD, which seems to be sufficient for suppressing white scratches of 1 ⁇ 10 9 / cm 3 or more, was detected on the silicon wafer by a light scattering method. Therefore, it is considered that it was proved that the result that the thickness of the epitaxial layer obtained by the above calculation is 8.3 ⁇ m or more was appropriate.
- the silicon wafer was cut out from the same silicon single crystal (carbon concentration 5.4 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'74), oxygen concentration 14.2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79)).
- the same epitaxial wafer as in Example 1 was produced except that the thickness of the epitaxial layer was 6 ⁇ m, which was thinner than 8.3 ⁇ m obtained by the above calculation.
- This wafer was put into the same imaging device process as that in Example 1.
- Example 1 From the calculation result of Example 1, the necessary thickness to avoid the influence of the silicon wafer is 8.3 ⁇ m. For this reason, it is considered that a problem occurred when the thickness of the epitaxial layer was 6 ⁇ m.
- the epitaxial wafer used in the comparative example and Example 1 was subjected to a thermal simulation that imitated the imaging device manufacturing process.
- the distribution of oxygen concentration was measured from the surface in the depth direction using SIMS (Secondary Ion-microprobe Mass Spectrometer).
- SIMS Single Ion-microprobe Mass Spectrometer
- the oxygen concentration gradually increased from the surface to the back, and the oxygen concentration was 4 ⁇ 10 17 at 3.7 ⁇ m from the surface (2.3 ⁇ m from the silicon wafer-epitaxial layer interface).
- atoms / cm 3 ASTM'79
- the oxygen concentration gradually increases from the surface to the back, and the depth is about 6.5 ⁇ m (the interface between the silicon wafer and the epitaxial layer). To 2.5 ⁇ m), the oxygen concentration became 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79).
- the depth required for the effective layer is approximately 6 ⁇ m, it should have a sufficient buffer layer, and the oxygen concentration is 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (for functioning as an effective layer). It was confirmed that it was necessary to be ASTM'79) or less.
- Example 2 Unlike the silicon wafers used in the comparative example and Example 1, a silicon wafer was formed from a silicon single crystal grown without doping carbon and with an oxygen concentration of 17 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79). Formed. Using these silicon wafers having different oxygen concentrations, a thermal simulation simulating the imaging device manufacturing process is performed, and then the oxygen concentration distribution is measured to confirm whether or not the effective layer has a sufficient thickness. At this time, assuming that the conditions of the imaging device manufacturing process were changed, the heat treatment for forming the oxide film in the thermal simulation used in Example 1 was set to 1000 ° C. and half the time of 30 minutes.
- the oxygen concentration in the epitaxial layer calculated from the oxygen concentration and the heat treatment conditions is as shown in FIG. 3 by the above equation, and the thickness satisfying the oxygen concentration of 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) is 1.9 ⁇ m. It was estimated. Therefore, an epitaxial layer having a thickness of 8 ⁇ m, which is expected to be 6 ⁇ m or more as an effective layer, was grown on this high oxygen concentration silicon wafer not doped with carbon. Thereafter, a device simulation heat treatment was performed at a heat treatment for forming an oxide film at 1000 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the wafer was measured for the distribution of oxygen concentration in the depth direction from the surface by using a SIMS (Secondary Ion-microprobe Mass Spectrometer).
- the oxygen concentration gradually increases from the surface to the back, and the oxygen concentration is 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (ASTM'79) at 6.2 ⁇ m (1.8 ⁇ m from the silicon wafer-epitaxial layer interface) from the surface. became.
- the thickness of the effective layer necessary for forming the photodiode was 6 ⁇ m, as predicted by calculation.
- BMD which seems to be sufficient for suppressing white scratches of 1 ⁇ 10 9 / cm 3 or more, was detected in the silicon wafer by a light scattering method.
- the thickness of the epitaxial layer for securing the effective layer thickness using the manufacturing method of the present invention can be grown in anticipation of this in advance, which can produce an epitaxial wafer in which the adverse effects of oxygen and other impurities in the silicon wafer do not reach the imaging element forming portion of the epitaxial layer, thereby reducing the defect rate. Is possible.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has substantially the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention, and any device that exhibits the same function and effect is the present invention. It is included in the technical scope of the invention.
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Abstract
Description
前記エピタキシャル層の成長前に、前記撮像素子の製造において前記シリコンウエーハから前記エピタキシャル層に酸素が拡散することで、前記撮像素子の製造後において前記エピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3以上となる領域の厚さXを計算し、
前記エピタキシャル層の成長において、前記エピタキシャル層を、前記厚さXに加えて、更に前記撮像素子の製造後におけるエピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3未満となる領域の厚さが6μm以上となる厚さで成長することを特徴とするエピタキシャルウエーハの製造方法を提供する。
4×1017=([Oi]ini+[Oi]sol(T))/2-([Oi]ini-[Oi]sol(T))/2×erf[X/{2√(D(T)t)}]
(式中、[Oi]iniは前記シリコンウエーハの初期酸素濃度、Tは前記撮像素子製造中の最も高温の熱プロセスの温度、[Oi]sol(T)は前記温度Tにおける酸素の固溶度、D(T)は前記温度Tにおける酸素の拡散係数、tは前記温度Tの熱プロセスの処理時間、erfはエラー関数を示す。)
前記エピタキシャル層は、前記撮像素子の製造において前記シリコンウエーハから前記エピタキシャル層に酸素が拡散することで、前記撮像素子の製造後において前記エピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3以上となる領域と、前記撮像素子の製造後にエピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3未満となる領域とが形成されるものであり、該酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3未満の領域の厚さは6μm以上となるものであることを特徴とするエピタキシャルウエーハを提供する。
C(X)=([Oi]ini+[Oi]sol(T))/2-([Oi]ini-[Oi]sol(T))/2×erf[X/{2√(D(T)t)}]
(式中、[Oi]iniはシリコンウエーハの初期酸素濃度、Tは撮像素子製造中の最も高温の熱プロセスの温度、[Oi]sol(T)は温度Tにおける酸素の固溶度、D(T)は温度Tにおける酸素の拡散係数、tは温度Tの熱プロセスの処理時間、erfはエラー関数を示す。)
磁場を印加したCZ法であるMCZ法を用いて、炭素濃度5.4×1016atoms/cm3(ASTM’74)、酸素濃度14.2×1017atoms/cm3(ASTM’79)の直径300mmのシリコン単結晶を育成し、これから切り出したウエーハを研磨してシリコンウエーハとした。
次にシリコンウエーハは全く同じシリコン単結晶(炭素濃度5.4×1016atoms/cm3(ASTM’74)、酸素濃度14.2×1017atoms/cm3(ASTM’79))から切り出したものを用い、エピタキシャル層の厚さを上記の試算で求めた8.3μmより薄い6μmとしたこと以外は実施例1と全く同じエピタキシャルウエーハを作製した。このウエーハを実施例1と同じ撮像素子プロセスに投入した。
比較例と実施例1で用いたシリコンウエーハとは異なり、炭素をドープせず、酸素濃度を17×1017atoms/cm3(ASTM’79)と高くして育成したシリコン単結晶からシリコンウエーハを形成した。この酸素濃度の異なるシリコンウエーハを用いて、撮像素子製造プロセスを模した熱シミュレーションを施した後に酸素濃度分布を測定し、有効層の厚さが充分取れるかの確認実験を行う。このとき撮像素子製造プロセスの条件変更を想定して、実施例1で用いた熱シミュレーションのうち酸化膜形成熱処理を1000℃、30分と半分の時間に設定した。
Claims (7)
- CZ法によりシリコン単結晶を育成し、該シリコン単結晶からシリコンウエーハを作製し、該シリコンウエーハ上にエピタキシャル層を成長することで撮像素子製造用のエピタキシャルウエーハを製造する方法であって、
前記エピタキシャル層の成長前に、前記撮像素子の製造において前記シリコンウエーハから前記エピタキシャル層に酸素が拡散することで、前記撮像素子の製造後において前記エピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3以上となる領域の厚さXを計算し、
前記エピタキシャル層の成長において、前記エピタキシャル層を、前記厚さXに加えて、更に前記撮像素子の製造後におけるエピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3未満となる領域の厚さが6μm以上となる厚さで成長することを特徴とするエピタキシャルウエーハの製造方法。 - 前記エピタキシャル層の成長前に、前記厚さXを下記式により計算することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエピタキシャルウエーハの製造方法。
4×1017=([Oi]ini+[Oi]sol(T))/2-([Oi]ini-[Oi]sol(T))/2×erf[X/{2√(D(T)t)}]
(式中、[Oi]iniは前記シリコンウエーハの初期酸素濃度、Tは前記撮像素子製造中の最も高温の熱プロセスの温度、[Oi]sol(T)は前記温度Tにおける酸素の固溶度、D(T)は前記温度Tにおける酸素の拡散係数、tは前記温度Tの熱プロセスの処理時間、erfはエラー関数を示す。) - 前記エピタキシャル層の成長において、前記エピタキシャル層として多層エピタキシャル層を成長することを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載のエピタキシャルウエーハの製造方法。
- 前記エピタキシャル層の成長において、前記エピタキシャル層を、前記厚さXに加えて、更に前記撮像素子の製造後にエピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3未満となる領域の厚さが6μm以上となる厚さであって、該エピタキシャル層全体の厚さが9μm以上20μm以下となる厚さで成長することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のエピタキシャルウエーハの製造方法。
- 前記シリコン単結晶の育成において、炭素濃度が1.3×1016-22×1016atoms/cm3(ASTM’74)となるように炭素をドープし、酸素濃度が8×1017-16×1017atoms/cm3(ASTM’79)となるように制御して前記シリコン単結晶を育成することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のエピタキシャルウエーハの製造方法。
- 前記シリコン単結晶の育成において、炭素をドープせず、酸素濃度が16×1017-24×1017atoms/cm3(ASTM’79)となるように制御して前記シリコン単結晶を育成することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のエピタキシャルウエーハの製造方法。
- CZ法により育成したシリコン単結晶から作製されたシリコンウエーハに、エピタキシャル層を成長させた撮像素子製造用のエピタキシャルウエーハであって、
前記エピタキシャル層は、前記撮像素子の製造において前記シリコンウエーハから前記エピタキシャル層に酸素が拡散することで、前記撮像素子の製造後において前記エピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3以上となる領域と、前記撮像素子の製造後にエピタキシャル層中の酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3未満となる領域とが形成されるものであり、該酸素濃度が4×1017atoms/cm3未満の領域の厚さは6μm以上となるものであることを特徴とするエピタキシャルウエーハ。
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DE112012003985B4 (de) | 2022-06-30 |
JP5772491B2 (ja) | 2015-09-02 |
TW201340299A (zh) | 2013-10-01 |
KR102000457B1 (ko) | 2019-07-16 |
TWI523206B (zh) | 2016-02-21 |
US9425345B2 (en) | 2016-08-23 |
DE112012003985T5 (de) | 2014-08-21 |
KR20140084049A (ko) | 2014-07-04 |
JP2013089858A (ja) | 2013-05-13 |
US20140374861A1 (en) | 2014-12-25 |
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