WO2013051205A1 - 反応性乳化剤を用いた乳化重合方法、それにより得られる水系ポリマーディスパージョン及びポリマーフィルム - Google Patents
反応性乳化剤を用いた乳化重合方法、それにより得られる水系ポリマーディスパージョン及びポリマーフィルム Download PDFInfo
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
- C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
- C08F2/22—Emulsion polymerisation
- C08F2/24—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
- C08F220/14—Methyl esters, e.g. methyl (meth)acrylate
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/20—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or phenols, e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate or glycerol mono-(meth)acrylate
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F236/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
- C08F236/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F236/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
- C08F236/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds
- C08F236/04—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds conjugated
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- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/38—Esters containing sulfur
- C08F220/382—Esters containing sulfur and containing oxygen, e.g. 2-sulfoethyl (meth)acrylate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/10—Esters
- C08F222/1006—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols
- C08F222/102—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols of dialcohols, e.g. ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/10—Esters
- C08F222/1006—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols
- C08F222/103—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols of trialcohols, e.g. trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an emulsion polymerization method using a reactive emulsifier, and to an aqueous polymer dispersion and a polymer film obtained thereby.
- the protection of objects includes anti-corrosion, anti-stain, waterproof, chemical-resistant, fire-resistant, pest repellent and antibacterial, etc.
- aesthetics include smoothing, glossing, coloring, pattern, design
- the creation of landscapes, etc., and the addition of functionality include the provision of performances such as adhesion, adhesion, water / oil repellency, light control, heat control, and adsorption.
- the emulsion polymerization method is an extremely effective method for industrial production of polymer dispersions, but the emulsifier (surfactant), which is an essential component, is present in the free state in the system.
- the emulsifier which is an essential component
- foam troubles may be caused and production efficiency may be reduced.
- the air bubbles generated in these steps remain until the polymer dispersion treatment step, the strength properties, protective properties, cosmetics, functional properties, etc. of the coating film are adversely affected, leading to a reduction in commercial value. There is a case.
- the wastewater load due to the outflow of the surfactant is also a problem.
- the reactive emulsifier When preparing a polymer dispersion by an emulsion polymerization method using a reactive emulsifier having a radical polymerizable group, the reactive emulsifier is used in the initial stage from the start of polymerization to form micelles and monomers as in the case of general surfactants. It contributes to solubilization and emulsification, and it is considered that the reactive emulsifier itself is copolymerized with monomers in the system and contributes to the stabilization of dispersion of polymer particles in the middle to late stages of polymerization.
- the reactive emulsifier has a reactive group because it has a function as an emulsifier in the emulsion polymerization process and is itself copolymerized with a monomer in the system and fixed to the polymer skeleton by a chemical bond.
- the amount of emulsifier (surfactant) present in the polymer dispersion in a free state is greatly reduced compared to the case where a conventional emulsifier is not used, eliminating the above-mentioned foam trouble, improving the water resistance of the coating film, and wastewater This contributes to reducing the load.
- the use of reactive emulsifiers greatly improved various problems caused by conventional emulsifiers, but the reaction rate of reactive emulsifiers in the system depends on the reactive emulsifier species, monomer species, polymerization conditions, etc. Since the (copolymerization ratio with the monomer) is low and many free emulsifiers remain in the system, there are cases in which such problems cannot be solved.
- the combination of the monomer used and the reactive emulsifier causes a decrease in monomer conversion, a change in molecular weight distribution (increase in polydispersity), an increase in the amount of oligomer, etc.
- Various physical properties of the polymer coating film may be reduced, and the use of reactive emulsifiers has not always sufficiently solved various practical problems.
- the use of reactive emulsifiers has not always sufficiently solved various practical problems.
- the amount of by-product oligomers increases during the emulsion polymerization process, it may be difficult to defoam the air bubbles generated in the polymerization process and subsequent processes using conventional antifoaming agents. It was.
- the polymer dispersion prepared by the emulsion polymerization method is usually used for i) coating film formation as a paint or a pressure-sensitive adhesive, or ii) solid polymer recovery using a precipitating agent, but each has the following problems. .
- the most important requirement for its use is to improve water resistance. Even when a reactive emulsifier is used, its own reaction rate (copolymerization rate with monomers) ) Is low, it may adversely affect the water resistance of the coating film. Specifically, when the coating film is brought into contact with water, or when the coating film is placed in water, a whitening (white turbidity) phenomenon of the coating film, a water absorption / swelling phenomenon, a decrease in adhesive strength, and the like may occur.
- the solid polymer is recovered from the dispersion or latex by a precipitation step such as a salting-out method or an acid precipitation method.
- the solid polymer is solidified by the free emulsifier or the precipitation step.
- the oligomers that were not obtained flowed into the aqueous waste liquid at the time of washing the solid polymer with water or the accompanying production line, and there was a concern that the waste water load increased in the factory waste water treatment process. Further, mixing of these free emulsifiers and oligomers into the recovered solid polymer due to insufficient washing with water can cause hue deterioration during heating of the polymer.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and improves the copolymerization ratio of the reactive emulsifier with the monomer, thereby eliminating foam troubles, further improving the water resistance of the coating film, and wastewater for solid polymer recovery.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an emulsion polymerization method using a reactive emulsifier capable of solving various problems such as load reduction, an aqueous polymer dispersion free from foam trouble, and a polymer film having improved water resistance. .
- the reaction rate of the reactive emulsifier in the system is low, and a large amount of free emulsifier remains in the system or undesired by-products.
- the waste water load due to the discharged liquid is greatly reduced, and when the polymer coating is brought into contact with water, or when the coating is placed in water, the whitening (white turbidity) of the coating, water absorption / swelling,
- the purpose is to suppress a decrease in adhesive strength.
- the emulsion polymerization method of the present invention is an emulsion polymerization method in which a monomer is emulsion-polymerized using a reactive emulsifier in the presence of a polymerization initiator in an aqueous medium, and in order to solve the above problems, a carbon-carbon
- One or more polymerizable unsaturated monomers X having at least one double bond in the molecule and at least a polymerizable group represented by any one of the following chemical formulas (1) to (3) in the molecule
- R 1 represents hydrogen or a methyl group
- n represents an integer of 1 to 5.
- the polyfunctional monomer Z1 or the hydrophilic monomer Z2 includes at least one group represented by any one of the following chemical formulas (4) to (6) as a polymerizable unsaturated group in the molecule. It is preferable to have.
- R 2 in the formula (4) and R 3 in the formula (6) each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
- n in the formula (4) represents an integer of 1 to 5.
- polyfunctional monomer Z1 examples include ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, One or more selected from the group consisting of allyl cyanurate, trimethallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trimethallyl isocyanurate, and octaallyl sucrose can be suitably used.
- hydrophilic monomer Z2 examples include hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2- (2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate, 2- (2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2- (2-hydroxypropoxy) propyl acrylate, 2- (2-hydroxypropoxy) propyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl allyl ether, hydroxypropyl allyl ether, 2- (2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl allyl ether, 2- (2-hydroxypropoxy)
- One or more selected from the group consisting of propyl allyl ether and methoxylated derivatives thereof can be suitably used.
- the effect of the present invention is particularly remarkably obtained.
- the polymer dispersion of the present invention is obtained by the emulsion polymerization method of the present invention.
- the polymer film of the present invention is obtained by drying the polymer dispersion obtained by the above emulsion polymerization method.
- incompatibility of the monomer species and / or polymerization conditions may adversely affect the copolymerizability of the reactive emulsifier and the monomer.
- the amount of the free emulsifier in the system remains, or when the content of undesired by-products increases, the problems caused by these are solved. More specifically, the following effects can be obtained.
- the copolymerizability of the reactive emulsifier with various monomers is improved.
- the copolymerizability of styrene when a styrene monomer is copolymerized using a reactive emulsifier having no nonylphenol skeleton is greatly improved.
- water-based polymer dispersion of this invention obtained by the emulsion polymerization method of the said invention becomes a thing by which the bubble trouble was eliminated as above-mentioned.
- the polymer film of the present invention obtained from the aqueous polymer dispersion has greatly improved water resistance as described above.
- polymer dispersion the polymer aqueous dispersion obtained by the emulsion polymerization method
- polymer film refers to both a coating film in a state formed on the surface of a substrate and a film obtained by peeling it from the substrate.
- Polymerizable unsaturated monomer X used in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- methacrylic esters such as 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, undecyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, tridecyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide
- Examples include methacrylamide, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and the like.
- Aromatic monomers such as styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, dimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, divinylbenzene, sodium styrenesulfonate, vinyl acetate, VeoVa® 9 (neononanoic acid vinyl ester, MOMENTIVE ), VeoVa (registered trademark) 10 (neodecanoic acid vinyl ester, MOMENTIVE), etc., vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, trichloroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, 2-chloropropene, 2 -Halogenated olefin monomers such as fluorinated propene and hexafluoropropene; conjugated diolefin monomers such as butadiene, isoprene and chloroprene; ethylene, maleic anhydride, male Methy
- These monomers may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, styrene, conjugated diolefin monomers and the like can be suitably used, and the effect of the present invention is remarkably exhibited particularly when styrene is used as one of the copolymerization monomers. .
- the reactive emulsifier Y used in the present invention has at least one polymerizable group represented by the following chemical formulas (1) to (3) in the molecule as described above, and in the formula (1), R 1 is hydrogen or Represents a methyl group, and n represents an integer of 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3.
- the polymerizable group represented by the chemical formula (1) includes allyl group (2-propenyl group), methallyl group (2-methyl-2-propenyl group), isopropenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 3-methyl-3-butenyl group.
- the above-mentioned polymerizable group may be substituted on the aromatic group, for example, allylphenyl group, methallylphenyl group, isoallylphenyl group, allylalkylphenol group, methallylalkylphenol, isopropenylalkylphenol. Is an example of a polymerizable group that can be suitably used.
- the polymerizable group represented by the chemical formula (2) is a 1-propenyl group, and an aromatic group may be substituted with a 1-propenyl group, such as a 1-propenylphenyl group or a 1-propenylalkylphenyl group. Is an example of a polymerizable group that can be suitably used.
- the polymerizable group represented by the chemical formula (3) is derived from maleic acid or fumaric acid.
- the hydrophilic group of the reactive emulsifier Y may be nonionic, anionic, or cationic. Moreover, they can be mixed and used by arbitrary compounding ratios.
- Examples include the combined use of an anionic reactive emulsifier and a nonionic reactive emulsifier, and the combined use of a cationic reactive emulsifier and a nonionic reactive emulsifier.
- a nonionic hydrophilic group a polyoxyalkylene chain is preferable, but a polyoxyethylene chain is more preferable.
- Polyhydric alcohol is also a hydrophilic group that can be suitably used.
- Examples of the anionic hydrophilic group include sulfonate, carboxylate, sulfate ester salt, phosphate ester salt, and sulfosuccinate.
- As the cationic hydrophilic group a quaternary ammonium salt and an amine salt are preferable.
- reactive emulsifiers applicable to the present invention are shown below, but the reactive emulsifiers only need to satisfy the above requirements, and are not limited to the following examples.
- a reactive emulsifier having an anionic group introduced Nonionic reactive emulsifier obtained by adding alkylene oxide, alkyl glycidyl ether or phenyl glycidyl ether to allyl alcohol and a reactive emulsifier additionally introduced with an anionic group, described in JP-T-2005-536621 ; Addition of ⁇ -olefin epoxide or alkyl glycidyl ether to 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol described in JP-A No. 2002-80506 and JP-A No.
- a reactive emulsifier incorporating a salt Nonionic reactive emulsifier in which an alkylene oxide chain is introduced into a reaction product of branched olefin oxide or internal olefin oxide and allyl alcohol or methallyl alcohol described in JP-A No. 2002-275115, and an oxyalkylene chain terminal
- a reactive emulsifier in which a sulfate ester salt is introduced After introducing an alkylene oxide chain into a reaction product of an ⁇ -olefin epoxide having 8 to 32 carbon atoms and allyl alcohol or methallyl alcohol described in JP-A-7-18809, a carboxylate group is introduced at the terminal.
- Reactive emulsifiers Nonionic reactive emulsifier obtained by adding alkylene oxide to propenyl nonylphenol described in JP-A-4-50204; Reactive emulsifiers obtained by adding an alkylene oxide to propenyl nonylphenol and then sulfate esterifying its oxyalkylene chain end as described in JP-A-4-53802; A reactive emulsifier obtained by adding a carboxylic acid salt after adding an alkylene oxide to propenyl nonylphenol, as described in JP-A-6-248005; Reactive emulsifiers obtained by adding alkylene oxide to propenyl nonylphenol and then phosphoric acid ester described in JP-A-4-550401; Reaction obtained by reacting a reaction product of maleic anhydride with 1,2-dihydroxyalkane or 1,2-dihydroxyalkane and alkylene oxide described in JP-A-2011-6684 and neutralizing with alkali Emulsifiers; After reacting male
- the resulting reactive emulsifier is also reacted with a reaction product of maleic anhydride and 1,2-dihydroxyalkane or 1,2-dihydroxyalkane and alkylene oxide, followed by addition of alkylene oxide, and then sulfate ester salt or A reactive emulsifier obtained by introducing a phosphate ester salt; A reactive emulsifier obtained by reacting maleic anhydride with a higher alcohol and then sulfonating as described in JP-A-58-45236.
- allyl alcohol derivatives are also examples of reactive emulsifiers that can be used in the present invention.
- a nonionic reactive emulsifier obtained by adding alkylene oxide to allyl alcohol, and the terminal is sulfated, sulfonated, ether carboxylated, phosphoric esterified, or a quaternary ammonium base is introduced at the terminal.
- ionic reactive emulsifiers obtained from the above are examples of reactive emulsifiers obtained from the above.
- the amount of the reactive emulsifier used in the emulsion polymerization method of the present invention is usually preferably 0.1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.2 to 10% by weight, based on the total monomer weight.
- Multifunctional monomer Z1 As the polyfunctional monomer Z1 having two or more polymerizable unsaturated groups in the molecule used in the present invention, a polyfunctional monomer having a molecular weight per functional group of less than 150 is preferable.
- the molecular weight per functional group is 150 or more, the effect of the polymer coating film on water resistance is poor, specifically, the effect of improving the copolymerization rate of the reactive emulsifier is poor, and the coating film is whitened (white turbidity). ) Insufficient effect in suppressing the phenomenon and water absorption / swelling phenomenon.
- this polyfunctional monomer is added in a large amount to compensate for the effect, the coating is less than when no polyfunctional monomer is added.
- the polyfunctional monomer Z1 preferably has at least one group represented by chemical formulas (4) to (6) in the molecule as a polymerizable unsaturated group.
- R 2 in the formula (4), R 3 in the formula (6) each represent a hydrogen or a methyl group.
- n represents an integer of 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3.
- the polymerizable unsaturated group represented by the chemical formula (4) is an allyl group (2-propenyl group) or a methallyl group (2-methyl-2-propenyl group), specifically, triallyl isocyanurate, trimeta Allyl isocyanurate, triallyl cyanurate, trimethallyl cyanurate, diallylamine, triallylamine, diallyl adipate, diallyl carbonate, diallyldimethylammonium chloride, diallyl fumarate, diallyl isophthalate, diallyl malonate, diallyl oxalate, diallyl phthalate, Diallylpropyl isocyanurate, diallyl sebacate, diallyl succinate, diallyl terephthalate, diallyl tartrate, diallylbenzene, dimethallylbenzene, 2,6-diallylphenol, 2,6-dia Le phenol derivatives, 2,6-di-methallyl, 2,6
- the polymerizable unsaturated group represented by the chemical formula (5) is a 1-propenyl group, and specific examples thereof include di-1-propenylbenzene, di-1-propenylphenol and di-1-propenylphenol derivatives.
- the polymerizable unsaturated group represented by the chemical formula (6) is an acrylate group or a methacrylate group, and specific examples of the bifunctional monomer include ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and triethylene.
- Glycol diacrylate triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene Glycol dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol Diacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexane Examples include diol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, other alkylene diol diacrylates, alkylene diol dimethacrylates, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glyco
- diols derived from hydrocarbons or diacrylates and dimethacrylates of alkylene oxide derivatives thereof can be used.
- the trifunctional monomer include trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, tris (acryloxyethyl) isocyanurate, and the like.
- examples of the tetrafunctional or higher functional monomer include pentaerythritol acrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, dipentaerythritol polyacrylate, dipentaerythritol polymethacrylate, and octaallyl sucrose.
- the present invention it is preferable to use one selected from the above-mentioned bifunctional, trifunctional, or higher polyfunctional monomers, but it does not adversely affect the problems to be solved by the present invention. If it is in the range, two or more kinds can be used in combination.
- the polyfunctional monomer Z1 triallyl cyanurate, trialmethallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl cyanurate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, diallyl Fumarate, diallyl malate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, octaallyl sucrose Etc. are preferably used.
- the effect of the reactive emulsifier on improving the copolymerization rate will be poor, and the water resistance of the coating film will deteriorate, specifically the whitening (white turbidity) phenomenon of the coating film.
- it tends to promote water absorption / swelling phenomenon, and is not desirable from the viewpoint of foaming of polymer dispersion, deterioration of mechanical properties of coating film and reduction of adhesive strength.
- the addition amount of the polyfunctional monomer Z1 is larger than the above range and the Z1 / Y ratio is Z1 / Y> 1/3, the amount of aggregates is increased during emulsion polymerization, the solid content of the polymer dispersion is decreased, and the yield is increased. Deterioration and process delay due to clogging of filtration filter may occur, and compared with the case where this polyfunctional monomer is not added, the mechanical properties of the coating film and adhesive strength are greatly reduced. Or problems such as failure to create a good coating film.
- hydrophilic monomer Z2 The hydrophilic monomer Z2 having one polymerizable unsaturated group in the molecule used in the present invention has one polymerizable unsaturated group in the molecule, and the hydrophilic group is hydroxyethyl group, 2-hydroxyethoxy. It has an ethyl group, a hydroxypropyl group, a 2-hydroxypropoxypropyl group, a polyoxyethylene group, a polyoxypropylene group, a glyceryl group, a polyglyceryl group, or an alkoxylated derivative having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the molecule. Examples thereof include hydrophilic monomers having a molecular weight of less than 250, and one or more of them can be selected and used.
- the average molecular weight of the hydrophilic monomer Z2 is preferably less than 250.
- the average molecular weight is 250 or more, the effect on the water resistance of the polymer coating film is poor.
- the copolymerization rate of the reactive emulsifier The effect for improvement is poor, and it is not desirable from the viewpoint of suppression of the whitening (white turbidity) phenomenon of the coating film and suppression of water absorption / swelling phenomenon.
- the amount of agglomerates increases during emulsion polymerization, causing problems such as a decrease in the solid content of the polymer dispersion, a decrease in yield, and a process delay due to clogging of the filtration filter.
- the hydrophilic monomer Z2 preferably has one group represented by the above chemical formulas (4) to (6) in the molecule as a polymerizable unsaturated group.
- hydrophilic monomer Z2 hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2- (2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate, 2- (2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate, Hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, polyoxyethylene acrylate, polyoxyethylene methacrylate, or methoxy derivatives thereof are preferably used.
- the effects of the present invention are the polymerization unsaturated groups represented by the chemical formulas (1) to (3) of the reactive emulsifier Y and the polymerization of the hydrophilic monomer Z2 preferably represented by the chemical formulas (4) to (6).
- the amount of hydrophilic monomer Z2 added is greater than the above range and the Z2 / Y ratio is Z2 / Y> 1/1, the amount of aggregates increases during emulsion polymerization, the solid content of the polymer dispersion decreases, and the yield decreases. , Problems such as process delay due to clogging of the filtration filter may occur, and compared with the case where this hydrophilic monomer is not added, the mechanical properties of the coating film are greatly reduced and the adhesive strength is greatly reduced. Or troubles such as inability to create a good coating film.
- nonionic surfactant examples include polyoxyalkylene alkyl phenyl ether, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether, polyoxyalkylene styrenated phenyl ether, polyoxyalkylene benzylated phenyl ether. , Polyoxyalkylene cumyl phenyl ether, fatty acid polyethylene glycol ether, polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, and the like.
- anionic surfactants include fatty acid soap, rosin acid soap, alkyl sulfonate, alkyl Aryl sulfonate, alkyl sulfate ester salt, alkyl sulfosuccinate, sulfate ester salt of nonionic surfactant having polyoxyalkylene chain, Phosphate ester salts, ether carboxylate, sulfosuccinic acid salts, and the like can be preferably used.
- cationic surfactant examples include stearyl trimethyl ammonium salt, cetyl trimethyl ammonium salt, lauryl trimethyl ammonium salt, dialkyl dimethyl ammonium salt, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium salt, and alkyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium salt.
- a known protective colloid agent can be used in combination for the purpose of improving the polymerization stability during emulsion polymerization.
- protective colloid agents that can be used in combination include fully saponified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), partially saponified PVA, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and the like.
- the kind of polymerization initiator and the amount added are not particularly limited, but persulfates such as ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate are desirable, and peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide are used. Can be used. Further, if necessary, as a redox polymerization initiator capable of starting a polymerization reaction at a low temperature, a reducing agent such as a persulfate and an alkali metal sulfite or bisulfite may be used in combination.
- the molecular weight regulator used in an emulsion polymerization process can be used suitably as needed in the range which does not have a bad influence with respect to the subject which should be solved by this invention.
- molecular weight modifiers include mercaptans such as n-dodecyl mercaptan, octyl mercaptan, t-butyl mercaptan, thioglycolic acid, thiomalic acid, thiosalicylic acid, sulfides such as diisopropylxanthogen disulfide, diethylxanthogen disulfide, diethylthiuram disulfide, and iodoform.
- halogenated hydrocarbons such as diphenylethylene, p-chlorodiphenylethylene, p-cyanodiphenylethylene, and ⁇ -methylstyrene dimer.
- the emulsion polymerization method applicable in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a method in which the respective components used in the present invention are blended in an aqueous medium and emulsion polymerization is performed. Based on the batch polymerization method, the monomer dropping method, the emulsion dropping method, the seed polymerization method, the multistage polymerization method, the power feed polymerization method and the like classified based on the above.
- the polymer dispersion obtained by the emulsion polymerization method of the present invention is used for forming a coating film as a paint or an adhesive or recovering a solid polymer by a precipitating agent according to a conventional method. That is, a polymer film is obtained by drying the obtained polymer dispersion at room temperature or, if necessary, by heating.
- the solid polymer can be recovered by adding an acid or salt conventionally used as a precipitating agent, stirring, aggregating the polymer, and performing filtration or the like.
- part or % means “part by weight” or “% by weight”, respectively.
- Reactive emulsifier The reactive emulsifier that can be used in the present invention may be a commercial product or a prototype as long as it satisfies the requirements limited in the present invention. The example was used for the purpose of illustrating the effect. In addition, about what could not be obtained as a commercial item, the reactive emulsifier synthesize
- Reactive emulsifier [1] A reactive emulsifier having the following structural formula (AQUALON KH-10 manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) was used.
- Reactive emulsifier [2] Reaction of 20 mole equivalent of ethylene oxide with potassium hydroxide as a catalyst to the reaction product of ⁇ -olefin epoxide having 12 and 14 carbon atoms and allyl alcohol which is a precursor of the reactive emulsifier [1] (before addition reaction of ethylene oxide)
- a nonionic reactive emulsifier [2] represented by the following structural formula was obtained.
- Reactive emulsifier [3] React the precursor of the reactive emulsifier [1] (before the ethylene oxide addition reaction) with the reaction product of ⁇ -olefin epoxide having 12 and 14 carbon atoms and allyl alcohol with 5 mole equivalent of ethylene oxide using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. After that, a reactive emulsifier [3] represented by the following structural formula was obtained according to a known method (described in JP-A-7-18809).
- Reactive emulsifier [4] A 3 L stainless steel pressure reactor equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet tube, ethylene oxide inlet tube and having heating / cooling functions was added with 678 g (3 mol) of isopentadecene oxide, 174 g (3 mol) of allyl alcohol, and 30 g of sodium hydroxide was charged as a catalyst, and the atmosphere in the reactor was replaced with nitrogen, followed by reaction at 90 ° C. for 5 hours, and then at 130 ° C. and 0.25 MPa while sequentially introducing 1320 g (30 mol) of ethylene oxide. Thereafter, aging was performed by continuing stirring for 1 hour while maintaining the temperature.
- Reactive emulsifier [5] A 3L stainless steel pressure reactor equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet tube, ethylene oxide inlet tube and heating / cooling function was charged with 517 g (3 mol) of isoundecyl alcohol and 10 g of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. After replacing the atmosphere in the reactor with nitrogen, 342 g (3 mol) of allyl glycidyl ether was charged at 90 ° C. and then aged at 90 ° C. for 5 hours, and then 1320 g (30 mol) of ethylene oxide at 130 ° C. and 0.25 MPa. ) Were sequentially introduced, followed by aging by continuing stirring for 1 hour while maintaining the temperature.
- Reactive emulsifier [6] A 3 L stainless steel pressure reactor equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, nitrogen introduction tube, alkylene oxides introduction tube and having heating and cooling functions was charged with 228 g (2 mol) of allyl alcohol and 14 g of potassium methoxide as a catalyst, Methanol was removed under reduced pressure. Thereafter, the reaction was carried out while sequentially introducing 464 g (8 mol) of propylene oxide while heating to 130 ° C., and then aging was carried out by continuing stirring for 1 hour while maintaining the temperature.
- Reactive emulsifier [7] In the production example of the reactive emulsifier [6], propylene oxide and phenyl glycidyl ether were changed to butylene oxide and 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether, respectively.
- Reactive emulsifier [8] A 3 L glass pressure reactor equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, a reflux condenser, and a nitrogen introduction pipe and having a heating / cooling function was charged with 491 g (5 mol) of maleic anhydride and 290 g (5 mol) of allyl alcohol. The reaction was continued for 2 hours with stirring at 60 ° C., and then 930 g (5 mol) of lauryl alcohol, 15 g of paratoluenesulfonic acid, and 15 g of hydroquinone were added, and gradually removed up to 140 ° C. while removing the water produced while stirring. The mixture was heated to 5 hours and reacted for 5 hours to obtain allyl lauryl maleate.
- Reactive emulsifier [9] A 3 L glass pressure reactor equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, a reflux condenser, and a nitrogen introduction pipe and having a heating / cooling function was charged with 294 g (3 mol) of maleic anhydride and 558 g (3 mol) of lauryl alcohol. To 80 ° C. for 2 hours with stirring. Subsequently, 1000 ml of heptane was added, and when the reaction crude product became uniform, it was cooled to room temperature. Then, after leaving still at room temperature for 5 hours, deposits were collect
- Reactive emulsifier A reactive emulsifier represented by the following structural formula (AQUALON BC-10 (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.)) was used.
- Reactive emulsifier A reactive emulsifier (HITENOL A-10 manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) represented by the following structural formula was used.
- Reactive emulsifier [12] A 3 L stainless steel pressure reactor equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet tube, ethylene oxide inlet tube and heating / cooling function was added to 558 g (3 mol) of lauryl alcohol and 1.8 g of boron trifluoride ether as a catalyst. After replacing the atmosphere in the reactor with nitrogen, 426 g (3 mol) of glycidyl methacrylate was charged, and then aged at 80 ° C. for 5 hours, and then 1320 g (30 mol) of ethylene oxide at 130 ° C. and 0.25 MPa in order. After reacting while introducing, the mixture was aged by continuing stirring for 1 hour while maintaining the temperature.
- Reactive emulsifier [13] In the production example of the reactive emulsifier [5], the same procedure was followed except that allyl glycidyl ether was changed to vinyl benzyl glycidyl ether and isoundecyl alcohol was changed to lauryl alcohol.
- a reactor equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser, thermometer, nitrogen inlet tube and dropping funnel was charged with 122 g of ion-exchanged water and 0.25 g of sodium bicarbonate, and stirring was continued while venting nitrogen.
- a part of 36 g of the previously prepared mixed monomer emulsion was charged and heated to 80 ° C.
- dissolved ammonium persulfate 0.5g in the ion-exchange water 20g was added as a polymerization initiator, and superposition
- 15 minutes after the addition of the polymerization initiator the remaining 324 parts of the mixed monomer emulsion was dropped and polymerized over 3 hours. Further, after aging for 2 hours in succession, the mixture was cooled and adjusted to pH 8 with aqueous ammonia to obtain a polymer dispersion for use in the evaluation experiment of the present invention.
- Example 2 Preparation of Styrene / Butyl Acrylate Polymer Dispersion
- Examples 2-1 to 2-8, Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-11) Emulsification in the same manner as in Experiment 1 except that the monomer component in Experiment 1 was changed from methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate to styrene and butyl acrylate, and the emulsifier and multifunctional monomer were changed to the conditions shown in Table 2. Polymerization was performed to obtain a polymer dispersion to be used in the evaluation experiment of the present invention.
- Example 3 Preparation of Styrene / Butadiene Dispersion
- Examples 3-1 to 3-9 Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-7
- a reactor 60 g of ion-exchanged water was charged into a pressure-resistant glass bottle, specifically, an empty bottle for carbonated beverages, dissolved oxygen was removed with nitrogen gas, and the glass bottle was cooled in an ice-water bath.
- 0.12 g of naphthalene sulfonic acid holymarin condensate, 0.12 g of sodium carbonate and 0.12 g of dodecyl mercaptan are added, and the glass bottle is temporarily plugged with a rubber stopper, and the contents of the glass bottle are added.
- the bottle was opened, charged with 20 g of styrene and 0.12 g of potassium persulfate, and the glass bottle was temporarily plugged with a rubber stopper and allowed to cool in an ice-water bath.
- butadiene was introduced from a butadiene cylinder into a graduated sampling tube in a methanol dry ice bath, liquefied and weighed 20 g of butadiene was charged into a glass bottle using a syringe with a stopcock, and immediately covered with a predetermined metal crown.
- the bottle polymerization reactor was prepared by stoppering.
- the stoppered glass bottle was vigorously shaken to make the content liquid in the glass bottle milky.
- a glass bottle was set in a holder in a rotary polymerization tank for bottle polymerization adjusted to a water temperature of 50 ° C., polymerized at a rotation speed of 50 rpm for 20 hours, and emulsion polymerization was performed by a bottle polymerization method. Thereafter, the glass bottle is put into an ice-water bath, cooled, then opened, 0.12 g of p-tert-butylcatechol is added, and unreacted butadiene is distilled off by nitrogen gas bubbling in a fume hood. A polymer dispersion was obtained.
- Example 4 Preparation of Acrylonitrile / Butadiene / Styrene Resin
- Examples 4-1 to 4-8, Comparative Examples 4-1 to 4-8) A 0.75 L stainless steel pressure reactor equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet tube, and gas inlet tube, with heating and cooling functions, 100 g of ion-exchanged water, 0.5 g of naphthalenesulfonic acid polymarine condensate, sodium carbonate 0.5 g and 0.5 g of dodecyl mercaptan were charged, the emulsifier shown in Table 4 (3.0 g) was added, 0.3 g of potassium persulfate was further added, and the inside of the reactor was purged with nitrogen.
- a reactor having a stirrer, a reflux condenser, a thermometer, a nitrogen introduction tube, and a dropping funnel, and having a heating and cooling function, 64 g of polybutadiene dispersion prepared by the above operation in terms of solid content of 40%, ion Mixed monomer milk obtained by adding 36 g of exchanged water, then adding 75 g of styrene, 19 g of acrylonitrile, 100 g of ion exchanged water, and further adding the reactive emulsifier (1.9 g) and polyfunctional monomer shown in Table 4 and mixing and stirring them separately.
- Solid content 2 g of polymer dispersion was weighed into an aluminum cup, the solid content weight was determined from the weight of the residue after drying at 105 ° C. for 2 hours, and the solid content weight was expressed as% by weight of the dispersion weighed.
- Polymerization stability Agglomerates produced during the emulsion polymerization process were filtered with a 80 mesh wire mesh, and the filtration residue was washed with water and dried at 105 ° C. for 2 hours. The weight of the dispersion was based on the solid content of the dispersion. It is shown in wt%. In this measurement, the smaller the aggregate amount, the higher the polymerization stability in the emulsion polymerization step.
- Average particle diameter A part of the polymer dispersion was taken, and the particle diameter was measured with a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution measuring device (MICROTRAC UPA 9340, manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.).
- Copolymerization rate of reactive emulsifier A certain amount of polymer dispersion was weighed, and excess methanol was added. This methanol diluted solution was centrifuged and separated into a polymer and a supernatant. Then, the supernatant was recovered, and the emulsifier copolymerization ratio was measured from 1H-NMR measurement of the residue obtained after distillation under reduced pressure.
- Foaming property Take 100 ml of polymer dispersion and 100 ml of water in a 1 L graduated cylinder and adjust the temperature to 25 ° C. 2 (40-50 ⁇ m) was passed through nitrogen gas at 300 ml / min for 1 minute, then the nitrogen gas flow was stopped, and the bubble height (bubble amount) immediately thereafter was read as the bubble height (ml). Further, the bubble height (bubble amount) 5 minutes after stopping the nitrogen gas aeration was read as the bubble height (ml) after 5 minutes, and the bubble breakability (%) was determined by the following formula. In this case, the lower the foam height (ml) immediately after, and the lower the foam breakability (%), the lower the foamability of the polymer dispersion.
- Bubble breakability (%) Bubble height after 5 minutes (ml) / Immediately after bubble height (ml) x 100
- Filter filterability Gravity filtration of 80 g of the obtained polymer dispersion with a 200 mesh wire mesh, the time required for the filtration is measured, and the status of the aggregate residue remaining on the wire mesh is visually confirmed. The filter filterability was evaluated based on the criteria. In this measurement, the shorter the filtration time and the smaller the residue on the wire mesh, the higher the polymerization stability in the emulsion polymerization process, the higher the yield rate in commercial production, and the fewer troubles caused by clogging of the filtration filter. To do.
- the filtration time is within 15 seconds and no solid substance is seen on the wire mesh.
- the filtration time is less than 15 seconds, but a solid residue is slightly seen on the wire mesh.
- the filtration time is 15 More than 30 seconds and less than 30 seconds, solid residue can be seen on the wire mesh.
- Filtration time exceeds 30 seconds or clogging is observed, and many solid residue is seen on the wire mesh.
- Water whitening resistance test The obtained polymer dispersion was applied to a commercially available glass plate so as to have a film thickness of 120 ⁇ m (dry) and dried at 20 ° C. ⁇ 65% RH for 24 hours at 25 ° C. It was immersed in ion-exchanged water, a glass plate was placed on 16-point printed characters, and the number of days until the characters were not visible when the characters were seen through the polymer film was measured.
- Peeling state evaluation In the water whitening test, the state of the polymer film when 16-point characters disappeared was visually observed and evaluated based on the following criteria.
- the obtained polymer dispersion was applied to a commercially available glass plate so as to have a film thickness of 120 ⁇ m (dry), dried in an atmosphere of 20 ° C. ⁇ 65% RH for 24 hours, and the polymer film was carefully removed from the glass plate. It peeled off, the polymer film was cut out to the magnitude
- Water absorption rate (% by weight) ⁇ (polymer film weight after immersion ⁇ initial polymer film weight) / initial polymer film weight ⁇ ⁇ 100
- Polymer recovery rate After dewatering the agglomerated polymer obtained in the polymer recovery step, the polymer was dried under reduced pressure at 105 ° C. to determine the weight of the recovered polymer. Indicated.
- Total organic carbon (TOC) measurement Total waste water (including polymer wash water) obtained in the polymer recovery process is recovered, concentrated to 100 ml, and a portion of the waste water is collected, and total organic carbon meter TOC manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation -Total organic carbon (TOC) content (ppm) was measured using -VCPH.
- TOC Total organic carbon
- TOC value the smaller the TOC value, the smaller the amount of organic substances such as emulsifiers, unreacted monomers and oligomer components that flow into the wastewater, which means that the wastewater load in the polymer recovery process is reduced.
- the copolymerization ratio of the reactive emulsifier with the monomer is improved regardless of the reactive emulsifier species and the monomer species, and the foam trouble in the production process is eliminated. It can be seen that a highly stable polymer dispersion can be obtained and the wastewater load can be greatly reduced. It can also be seen that the polymer film obtained therefrom has solved the problems of whitening due to contact with water, water absorption and swelling.
- a reactor equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser, thermometer, nitrogen inlet tube and dropping funnel was charged with 122 g of ion-exchanged water and 0.25 g of sodium bicarbonate, and stirring was continued while venting nitrogen.
- a part of 36 g of the previously prepared mixed monomer emulsion was charged and heated to 80 ° C.
- dissolved ammonium persulfate 0.5g in the ion-exchange water 20g was added as a polymerization initiator, and superposition
- 15 minutes after the addition of the polymerization initiator the remaining 324 parts of the mixed monomer emulsion was dropped and polymerized over 3 hours. Further, after aging for 2 hours in succession, the mixture was cooled and adjusted to pH 8 with aqueous ammonia to obtain a polymer dispersion for use in the evaluation experiment of the present invention.
- Example 6 Preparation of Styrene / Butyl Acrylate Polymer Dispersion
- Examples 6-1 to 6-7, Comparative Examples 6-1 to 6-9 The same operation as in Experiment 5 except that the monomer components methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate in Experiment 5 were changed to styrene and butyl acrylate, and the reactive and polyfunctional monomers were changed to the conditions shown in Table 6.
- Emulsion polymerization was performed to obtain a polymer dispersion to be used for the evaluation experiment of the present invention.
- Example 7 Preparation of Styrene / Butadiene Dispersion
- Examples 7-1 to 7-10 Comparative Examples 7-1 to 7-6
- a reactor 60 g of ion-exchanged water was charged into a pressure-resistant glass bottle, specifically, an empty bottle for carbonated beverages, dissolved oxygen was removed with nitrogen gas, and the glass bottle was cooled in an ice-water bath.
- 0.12 g of naphthalene sulfonic acid holymarin condensate, 0.12 g of sodium carbonate and 0.12 g of dodecyl mercaptan are added, and the glass bottle is temporarily plugged with a rubber stopper, and the contents of the glass bottle are added.
- the bottle was opened, charged with 20 g of styrene and 0.12 g of potassium persulfate, and the glass bottle was temporarily plugged with a rubber stopper and allowed to cool in an ice-water bath.
- butadiene was introduced from a butadiene cylinder into a graduated sampling tube in a methanol dry ice bath, liquefied and weighed 20 g of butadiene was charged into a glass bottle using a syringe with a stopcock, and immediately covered with a predetermined metal crown.
- the bottle polymerization reactor was prepared by stoppering.
- the stoppered glass bottle was vigorously shaken to make the content liquid in the glass bottle milky.
- a glass bottle was set in a holder in a rotary polymerization tank for bottle polymerization adjusted to a water temperature of 50 ° C., polymerized at a rotation speed of 50 rpm for 20 hours, and emulsion polymerization was performed by a bottle polymerization method. Thereafter, the glass bottle is put into an ice-water bath, cooled, then opened, 0.12 g of p-tert-butylcatechol is added, and unreacted butadiene is distilled off by nitrogen gas bubbling in a fume hood. A polymer dispersion was obtained.
- the copolymerization rate of the reactive emulsifier with the monomer is improved regardless of the type of reactive emulsifier and the type of monomer, and the foam trouble in the production process is eliminated. It can be seen that a highly stable polymer dispersion can be obtained. It can also be seen that the polymer film obtained therefrom has solved the problems of whitening due to contact with water, water absorption and swelling.
- the water-based polymer dispersion obtained by the present invention has low foaming properties, and the polymer film obtained therefrom is excellent in water resistance, so that it is a building structure, residential interior / exterior, automobile, railway, various vehicles, ships, storage containers, electric machines. It can be suitably used as paints, coating materials, etc. used for electronic equipment, precision equipment, display equipment, metal products, resin products, furniture, leather products, textile products, and the like. Further, it can also be suitably used as an adhesive or pressure sensitive adhesive for paper, rubber, resin, leather, fiber, wood, metal, glass, ceramics and the like.
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Abstract
Description
本発明で使用する重合性不飽和モノマーXは、特に限定されず、例えば、アクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸エチル、アクリル酸ブチル、アクリル酸イソブチル、アクリル酸ターシャリーブチル、アクリル酸ペンチル、アクリル酸ヘキシル、アクリル酸シクロヘキシル、アクリル酸ヘプチル、アクリル酸オクチル、アクリル酸2-エチルヘキシル、アクリル酸ノニル、アクリル酸デシル、アクリル酸ウンデシル、アクリル酸ラウリル、アクリル酸トリデシル、アクリル酸ステアリル等のアクリル酸エステル類が挙げられる。また、例えば、メタクリル酸メチル、メタクリル酸エチル、メタクリル酸プロピル、メタクリル酸ブチル、メタクリル酸イソブチル、メタクリル酸ターシャリーブチル、メタクリル酸ペンチル、メタクリル酸ヘキシル、メタクリル酸シクロヘキシル、メタクリル酸ヘプチル、メタクリル酸オクチル、メタクリル酸2-エチルヘキシル、メタクリル酸ノニル、メタクリル酸デシル、メタクリル酸ウンデシル、メタクリル酸ラウリル、メタクリル酸トリデシル、メタクリル酸ステアリル、メタクリル酸グリシジル等のメタクリル酸エステル類の他、アクリロニトリル、メタクリロニトリル、アクリルアミド、メタクリルアミド、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸等が挙げられる。また、スチレン、α-メチルスチレン、ビニルトルエン、ジメチルスチレン、tert-ブチルスチレン、ジビニルベンゼン、スチレンスルホン酸ナトリウム等の芳香族モノマー、酢酸ビニル、VeoVa(登録商標)9(ネオノナン酸ビニルエステル、MOMENTIVE社)、VeoVa(登録商標)10(ネオデカン酸ビニルエステル、MOMENTIVE社)等のビニルエステル系モノマー、塩化ビニル、塩化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニル、フッ化ビニリデン、トリクロロエチレン、テトラフルオロエチレン、2-クロロプロペン、2-フッ化プロペン、ヘキサフルオロプロペン等のハロゲン化オレフィンモノマー、ブタジエン、イソプレン、クロロプレン等の共役系ジオレフィン系モノマー等の他、エチレン、無水マレイン酸、マレイン酸メチル、ビニルスルホン酸ナトリウム等も挙げられる。これらのモノマーは1種のみ使用してもよく、2種以上使用してもよい。上記の中でも、アクリル酸エステル類、メタクリル酸エステル類、スチレン、共役ジオレフィン系モノマー等が好適に利用でき、特にスチレンを共重合モノマーの1種として用いた場合に本発明の効果は著しく発現する。
本発明で用いる反応性乳化剤Yは、上記の通り次の化学式(1)~(3)で示される重合性基を分子内に少なくとも1個有し、式(1)中、R1は水素或いはメチル基を表し、nは1~5の整数を示し、好ましくは1~3である。
特開昭58-203960号公報に記載された、高級アルコール或いは高級アルコールアルキレンオキサイド付加体とアリルグリシジルエーテル又はメタリルグリシジルエーテル由来のスルホコハク酸ジエステル塩;
特開昭62-104802号公報に記載された、炭素数8~24のアルコールやアルキルフェノールとアリルグリシジルエーテル又はメタリルグリシジルエーテルとの反応物にアルキレンオキシド鎖を導入した非イオン性反応性乳化剤並びにアルキレンオキシド鎖を導入後、アニオン性基を導入した反応性乳化剤;
特開2002-301353号公報に記載された、分岐型高級アルコールとアリルグリシジルエーテル又はメタリルグリシジルエーテルとの反応物にアルキレンオキシド鎖を導入した非イオン性反応性乳化剤並びにアルキレンオキシド鎖を導入後、アニオン性基を導入した反応性乳化剤;
特表2005-536621号公報に記載された、アリルアルコールにアルキレンオキシド、アルキルグリシジルエーテル又はフェニルグリシジルエーテルを付加させて得られる非イオン性の反応性乳化剤並びに加えてアニオン性基を導入した反応性乳化剤;
特開2002-80506号公報、特開2002-97212号公報に記載された、3-メチル-3-ブテン-1-オールにα-オレフィンエポキサイド又はアルキルグリシジルエーテルを付加し、次いでエチレンオキサイドを付加して得られる非イオン性の反応性乳化剤、更にオキシエチレン鎖末端に硫酸エステル塩を導入した反応性乳化剤;
特開昭63-319035号公報に記載された、炭素数10~32のα-オレフィンエポキサイドとアリルアルコール又はメタリルアルコールとの反応物にアルキレンオキシド鎖を導入した非イオン性反応性乳化剤;
特開平1-99638号公報に記載された、炭素数10~32のα-オレフィンエポキサイドとアリルアルコール又はメタリルアルコールとの反応物にアルキレンオキシド鎖を導入した後、そのオキシアルキレン鎖末端に硫酸エステル塩を導入した反応性乳化剤;
特開2002-275115号公報に記載された、分岐オレフィンオキシド又は内部オレフィンオキシドとアリルアルコール又はメタリルアルコールとの反応物にアルキレンオキシド鎖を導入した非イオン性反応性乳化剤、並びにそのオキシアルキレン鎖末端に硫酸エステル塩を導入した反応性乳化剤;
特開平7-18009号公報に記載された、炭素数8~32のα-オレフィンエポキサイドとアリルアルコール又はメタリルアルコールとの反応物にアルキレンオキシド鎖を導入した後、その末端にカルボン酸塩基を導入した反応性乳化剤;
特開平4-50204号公報に記載された、プロペニルノニルフェノールにアルキレンオキサイドを付加して得られる非イオン性の反応性乳化剤;
特開平4-53802号公報に記載された、プロペニルノニルフェノールにアルキレンオキサイドを付加した後、そのオキシアルキレン鎖末端に硫酸エステル化して得られる反応性乳化剤;
特開平6-248005号公報に記載された、プロペニルノニルフェノールにアルキレンオキサイドを付加した後、カルボン酸塩を導入して得られる反応性乳化剤;
特開平4-55401号公報に記載された、プロペニルノニルフェノールにアルキレンオキサイドを付加した後、リン酸エステル化して得られる反応性乳化剤;
特開2011-6684号公報に記載された、無水マレイン酸と1,2-ジヒドロキシアルカン又は1,2-ジヒドロキシアルカンとアルキレンオキサイドの反応物を反応させた後、アルカリで中和して得られる反応性乳化剤;
特開2011-16996号公報に記載された、無水マレイン酸と高級アルコールのアルキレンオキシド付加体を反応させた後、更にアルキレンオキシドを付加させ、その後、硫酸エステル塩又はリン酸エステル塩を導入して得られる反応性乳化剤、また、無水マレイン酸と1,2-ジヒドロキシアルカン又は1,2-ジヒドロキシアルカンとアルキレンオキサイドの反応物を反応させた後、更にアルキレンオキシドを付加させ、その後、硫酸エステル塩又はリン酸エステル塩を導入して得られる反応性乳化剤;
特開昭58-45236号公報に記載された、無水マレイン酸と高級アルコールを反応させた後、次いでスルホン化して得られる反応性乳化剤。
本発明で使用する重合性不飽和基を分子内に2個以上有する多官能性モノマーZ1としては、1官能基当たりの分子量が150未満の多官能性モノマーが好ましい。1官能基当たりの分子量が150以上の場合、ポリマー塗膜の耐水性に対する効果が乏しく、具体的には、反応性乳化剤の共重合率向上への効果が乏しく、また、塗膜の白化(白濁)現象の抑制や、吸水・膨潤現象の抑制において効果が乏しく、その効果を補うためにこの多官能モノマーを多量に添加した場合には、この多官能モノマー無添加の場合に比較して、塗膜の力学特性が低下したり、粘接着力が低下したり、或いは良好な塗膜が作成できないなどといった不具合が発生する。また、乳化重合時に凝集物量が増加し、ポリマーディスパージョンの固形分低下、歩留まり低下、ろ過フィルターの目詰まりによる工程遅延などの不具合が発生する。また、固形ポリマーを取り出す場合や製造ラインの洗浄時に排出される廃液の廃水負荷低減効果が見られないばかりか、排水負荷を悪化させるなどといった問題が発生する。
本発明で使用する重合性不飽和基を分子内に1個有する親水性モノマーZ2としては、重合性不飽和基を分子内に1個有し、親水性基としてヒドロキシエチル基、2-ヒドロキシエトキシエチル基、ヒドロキシプロピル基、2-ヒドロキシプロポキシプロピル基、ポリオキシエチレン基、ポリオキシプロピレン基、グリセリル基、ポリグリセリル基、又はこれらの炭素数1~4のアルコキシ化誘導体を分子内に有し、平均分子量が250未満である親水性モノマーが挙げられ、これらから1種又は2種以上を選択して使用することができる。このとき、親水性モノマーZ2の平均分子量は250未満であることが好ましく、平均分子量が250以上の場合、ポリマー塗膜の耐水性に対する効果が乏しく、具体的には、反応性乳化剤の共重合率向上への効果が乏しく、また、塗膜の白化(白濁)現象の抑制や、吸水・膨潤現象の抑制の観点から望ましくない。また、乳化重合時に凝集物量が増加し、ポリマーディスパージョンの固形分低下、歩留まり低下、ろ過フィルターの目詰まりによる工程遅延などの不具合が発生する。また、固形ポリマーを取り出す場合や製造ラインの洗浄時に排出される廃液の廃水負荷低減効果が見られないばかりか、排水負荷を悪化させるなどといった問題が発生する。また、親水性モノマーZ2は、重合性不飽和基として上記化学式(4)~(6)で示される基を分子内に1個有することが好ましい。式(4)中のR2、式(6)中のR3は、上記と同様、それぞれ水素又はメチル基を表し、nは1~5の整数を示し、好ましくは1~3である。
本発明の乳化重合においては、乳化重合時の重合安定性の向上や後工程における顔料、フィラー類の混和性向上、基材へのぬれ性向上などを意図して、本発明で解決すべき課題に対して悪影響を及ぼさない範囲でラジカル重合性の重合性基を持たない一般的な界面活性剤の1種又は2種以上を併用することもできる。併用する界面活性剤は特に限定されないが、例えば、非イオン性界面活性剤としては、ポリオキシアルキレンアルキルフェニルエーテル、ポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテル、ポリオキシアルキレンスチレン化フェニルエーテル、ポリオキシアルキレンベンジル化フェニルエーテル、ポリオキシアルキレンクミルフェニルエーテル、脂肪酸ポリエチレングリコールエーテル、ポリオキシアルキレンソルビタン脂肪酸エステル、ソルビタン脂肪酸エステルなどが挙げられ、アニオン性界面活性剤としては、脂肪酸セッケン、ロジン酸セッケン、アルキルスルホン酸塩、アルキルアリールスルホン酸塩、アルキル硫酸エステル塩、アルキルスルホコハク酸塩の他、上記ポリオキシアルキレン鎖を有する非イオン界面活性剤の硫酸エステル塩、リン酸エステル塩、エーテルカルボン酸塩、スルホ琥珀酸塩等も好適に使用できる。また、カチオン性界面活性剤としては、ステアリルトリメチルアンモニウム塩、セチルトリメチルアンモニウム塩、ラウリルトリメチルアンモニウム塩、ジアルキルジメチルアンモニウム塩、アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム塩、アルキルジメチルヒドロキシエチルアンモニウム塩などが挙げられる。また、乳化重合時の重合安定性を向上させる目的で、公知の保護コロイド剤を併用することができる。併用できる保護コロイド剤の一例としては、完全けん化ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)、部分けん化PVA、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、ポリアクリル酸、ポリビニルピロリドン等が挙げられる。また、本発明の乳化重合において重合開始剤の種類及びその添加量は特に限定されないが、過硫酸アンモニウム、過硫酸カリウムなどの過硫酸塩が望ましく、過酸化水素、過酸化ベンゾイルなどの過酸化物を用いることができる。また、必要に応じて、低い温度で重合反応を開始できるレドックス系重合開始剤として、過硫酸塩とアルカリ金属の亜硫酸塩、重亜硫酸塩などの還元剤を組み合わせて用いることもできる。また、本発明で解決すべき課題に対して悪影響を及ぼさない範囲で、必要に応じて、乳化重合工程において使用される分子量調整剤を適宜使用することができる。分子量調整剤としては、n-ドデシルメルカプタン、オクチルメルカプタン、t-ブチルメルカプタン、チオグリコール酸、チオリンゴ酸、チオサリチル酸等のメルカプタン類、ジイソプロピルキサントゲンジスルフィド、ジエチルキサントゲンジスルフィド、ジエチルチウラムジスルフィド等のスルフィド類、ヨードホルム等のハロゲン化炭化水素、ジフェニルエチレン、p-クロロジフェニルエチレン、p-シアノジフェニルエチレン、α-メチルスチレンダイマー等を用いることができる。
本発明で適用できる乳化重合方法は、本発明で用いる上記各成分を水媒体中に配合して、乳化重合せしめる方法であれば特に限定されることはなく、モノマーの投入方法にもとづいて分類される一括重合法、モノマー滴下法、エマルション滴下法、シード重合法、多段階重合法、パワーフィード重合法などから適宜選択することができる。
上記本発明の乳化重合方法により得られるポリマーディスパージョンは、常法に従い、塗料や粘着剤としての塗膜形成や沈殿剤による固形ポリマーの回収に用いられる。すなわち、得られたポリマーディスパージョンを、常温下、又は必要に応じて加熱により乾燥させることによりポリマーフィルムが得られる。また、沈殿剤として従来から使用されている酸や塩を添加し、撹拌して、ポリマーを凝集させ、ろ過等を行うことにより、固形ポリマーの回収を行うことができる。
本発明で使用できる反応性乳化剤は、本発明で限定した要件を満たすものであれば市販品であっても試作品であってもよく、以下に示した反応性乳化剤を本発明の効果を例示する目的で実施例に供試した。なお、市販品として入手し得なかったものについては、以下の条件にて合成した反応性乳化剤を供試した。
上記反応性乳化剤〔1〕の前駆体(エチレンオキサイド付加反応前)である炭素数12及び14のα-オレフィンエポキサイドとアリルアルコールの反応物に水酸化カリウムを触媒として20モル相当のエチレンオキサイドを反応させて、下記構造式で表される非イオン性の反応性乳化剤〔2〕を得た。
上記反応性乳化剤〔1〕の前駆体(エチレンオキサイド付加反応前)である炭素数12及び14のα-オレフィンエポキサイドとアリルアルコールの反応物に水酸化カリウムを触媒として5モル相当のエチレンオキサイドを反応させた後、公知の方法(特開平7-18009号公報に記載)に従い、下記構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔3〕を得た。
攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管、エチレンオキサイド導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのステンレス製加圧反応装置に、イソペンタデセンオキシド678g(3モル)、アリルアルコール174g(3モル)及び触媒として水酸化ナトリウム30gを仕込み、反応装置内の雰囲気を窒素で置換後、90℃で5時間反応させ、次いで130℃、0.25MPaでエチレンオキシド1320g(30モル)を順次導入しながら反応させた後、温度を維持したまま1時間攪拌を継続して熟成を行った。熟成終了後、40℃まで冷却し、触媒に対して中和等量の酢酸を仕込み、30分間攪拌した後、濾過助剤を用いて沈殿物を濾過してアリルアルコールのイソペンタデセンオキシド1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体を得た。次いで、得られたアリルアルコールのイソペンタデセンオキシド1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体1448gを、攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのガラス製反応装置に仕込み、スルファミン酸196gを仕込み、120℃で3時間、強攪拌条件下で反応させて硫酸化を行い、下記構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔4〕を得た。
攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管、エチレンオキサイド導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのステンレス製加圧反応装置に、イソウンデシルアルコール517g(3モル)及び触媒として水酸化ナトリウム10gを仕込み、反応装置内の雰囲気を窒素で置換後、アリルグリシジルエーテル342g(3モル)を90℃で仕込み、その後、90℃で5時間熟成し、次いで130℃、0.25MPaで、エチレンオキシド1320g(30モル)を順次導入しながら反応させた後、温度を維持したまま1時間攪拌を継続して熟成を行った。熟成終了後、40℃まで冷却し、触媒に対して中和等量の酢酸を仕込み、30分間攪拌した後、濾過助剤を用いて沈殿物を濾過してイソウンデシルアルコールのアリルグリシジルエーテル1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体を得た。次いで、得られたイソウンデシルアルコールのアリルグリシジルエーテル1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体を得た。次いで、得られたイソウンデシルアルコールのアリルグリシジルエーテル1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体1453gを、攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのガラス製反応装置に仕込み、スルファミン酸196gを仕込み、120℃で3時間、強攪拌条件下で反応させて硫酸化を行い、下記構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔5〕を得た。
攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管、アルキレンオキサイド類導入管を備え、加熱、冷却機能を有する3Lのステンレス製加圧反応装置に、アリルアルコール228g(2モル)及び触媒としてカリウムメトキシド14gを仕込み、減圧条件下でメタノールを除去した。その後、130℃まで加温しながらプロピレンオキサイド464g(8モル)を順次導入しながら反応させた後、温度を維持したまま1時間攪拌を継続して熟成を行った。次いで、40℃まで冷却した後、フェニルグリシジルエーテル330g(2.2モル)を仕込み、再び90℃まで昇温した後、15時間攪拌し、更に0.25MPaでエチレンオキシド1056g(24モル)を順次導入しながら反応させた後、温度を維持したまま1時間攪拌を継続して熟成を行った。熟成終了後、40℃まで冷却し、触媒に対して中和等量の酢酸を仕込み、30分間攪拌した後、濾過助剤を用いて沈殿物を濾過してアリルアルコールのプロピレンオキサイド4モル・フェニルグリシジルエーテル1モル・エチレンオキサイド12モル付加体を得た。次いで、得られたアリルアルコールのプロピレンオキサイド4モル・フェニルグリシジルエーテル1モル・エチレンオキサイド12モル付加体1039gを、攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのガラス製反応装置に仕込み、スルファミン酸98gを仕込み、120℃で3時間、強攪拌条件下で反応させて硫酸化を行い、下記構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔6〕を得た。
上記反応性乳化剤〔6〕の製造実施例において、プロピレンオキサイド、フェニルグリシジルエーテルをそれぞれブチレンオキサイド、2-エチルヘキシルグリシジルエーテルに変更した以外は同様の操作にて、アリルアルコールのブチレンオキサイド3モル・2-エチルヘキシルグリシジルエーテル1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体の硫酸エステルアンモニウム塩である、下記構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔7〕を得た。
攪拌機、温度計、還流冷却管、窒素導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのガラス製圧反応装置に、無水マレイン酸491g(5モル)及びアリルアルコール290g(5モル)を仕込み、徐々に加熱して60℃で2時間攪拌しながら反応させた後、ラウリルアルコール930g(5モル)及びパラトルエンスルホン酸15g、ハイドロキノン15gを仕込み、攪拌しながら生成する水を除去しながら140℃まで徐々に昇温し、5時間反応させてアリルラウリルマレイン酸エステルを得た。次いで、得られたアリルラウリルマレイン酸エステル320gを別に用意した同様の5Lのガラス製反応装置に仕込んだ後、1000mlの蒸留水を撹拌しながら仕込み、更に酸性亜硫酸ナトリウム104gを加えて90℃で5時間反応させ、次いで、減圧下で濃縮して次の構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔8〕(アリルラウリルスルホコハク酸ナトリウム)の40%水溶液を得た。
攪拌機、温度計、還流冷却管、窒素導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのガラス製圧反応装置に、無水マレイン酸294g(3モル)及びラウリルアルコール558g(3モル)を仕込み、徐々に加熱して80℃で2時間攪拌しながら反応させた。次いで、ヘプタン1000mlを加え、反応粗製物が均一になったところで室温まで冷却した。その後、室温で5時間静置した後、ろ過により析出物を回収してマレイン酸モノラウリルエステル740gを得た。次いで、水酸化カリウム145gをtert-ブチルアルコール1500mlに懸濁させ、そこへマレイン酸モノラウリルエステルの740gを加えて室温で1時間攪拌した後、減圧下でtert-ブチルアルコールを除去して下記構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔9〕を得た。
攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管、エチレンオキサイド導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのステンレス製加圧反応装置に、ラウリルアルコール558g(3モル)及び触媒として三フッ化ホウ素エーテル1.8gを仕込み、反応装置内の雰囲気を窒素で置換後、グリシジルメタクリレート426g(3モル)を仕込み、その後、80℃で5時間熟成し、次いで130℃、0.25MPaでエチレンオキシド1320g(30モル)を順次導入しながら反応させた後、温度を維持したまま1時間攪拌を継続して熟成を行った。熟成終了後、40℃まで冷却し、触媒に対して中和等量の酢酸を仕込み、30分間攪拌した後、濾過助剤を用いて沈殿物を濾過してラウリルアルコールのグリシジルメタクリレート1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体を得た。次いで、得られたイソウンデシルアルコールのアリルグリシジルエーテル1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体を得た。次いで、得られたラウリルアルコールのグリシジルメタクリレート1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体の1152gを、攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管を備え、加熱・冷却機能を有する3Lのガラス製反応装置に仕込み、スルファミン酸196gを仕込み、120℃で3時間、強攪拌条件下で反応させて硫酸化を行い、下記構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔12〕(特開昭63-183998号公報に開示の化合物)を得た。
上記反応性乳化剤〔5〕の製造例において、アリルグリシジルエーテルをビニルベンジルグリシジルエーテルに、イソウンデシルアルコールをラウリルアルコールに変更した以外は同様の操作にて、ラウリルアルコールのビニルベンジルグリシジルエーテル1モル・エチレンオキサイド10モル付加体の硫酸エステルアンモニウム塩である、下記構造式で表される反応性乳化剤〔13〕(特開平8-41113号公報に開示の化合物)を得た。
〔実験1:メタクリル酸メチル/アクリル酸ブチル系ポリマーディスパージョンの調製〕(実施例1-1~1-10、比較例1-1~1-9)
モノマーとして、メタクリル酸メチル123.75g、アクリル酸ブチル123.75g、アクリル酸2.5gを配合し、次いで表1に記載の乳化剤及び多官能性モノマーの所定量、更にイオン交換水105gをホモミキサーで混合して、混合モノマー乳濁液を調製した。
上記実験1におけるモノマー成分をメタクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸ブチルからスチレン、アクリル酸ブチルに変更し、乳化剤及び多官能性モノマーを表2に記載の条件に変更した以外は実験1と同様の操作で乳化重合を行い、本発明の評価実験に供試するポリマーディスパージョンを得た。
反応器として、耐圧性を有するガラス瓶、具体的には炭酸飲料用の空き瓶にイオン交換水60gを仕込み、窒素ガスにて溶存酸素を除去し、ガラス瓶を氷水浴中で冷却した後、表3に記載の乳化剤及び多官能性モノマーを加え、更にナフタレンスルホン酸ホリマリン縮合物0.12g、炭酸ナトリウム0.12g、ドデシルメルカプタン0.12gを加え、ゴム栓でガラス瓶を仮栓し、ガラス瓶内容物を軽く手振りして均一化させた後、開栓し、スチレン20g、過硫酸カリウム0.12gを仕込み、ガラス瓶を再度ゴム栓で仮栓し、氷水浴中に冷静置した。次いで、メタノールドライアイス浴中の目盛付き試料採取管にブタジエンボンベからブタジエンを導入し、液化させて計量したブタジエン20gをストップコック付きのシリンジを用いてガラス瓶に仕込み、直ちに所定の金属製王冠を被せて打栓して瓶重合反応器を準備した。次いで、打栓した該ガラス瓶を強振して、ガラス瓶中の内容液を乳濁状態とした。次に、水温50℃に調整した瓶重合用の回転式重合槽内のホルダーにガラス瓶をセットし、回転数50rpmにて20時間重合させ、瓶重合法により乳化重合を行った。その後、ガラス瓶を氷水浴中に投入して冷却した後、開栓し、p-tert-ブチルカテコール0.12gを添加し、ドラフト内で窒素ガスバブリングにて未反応ブタジエンを気散留去してポリマーディスパージョンを得た。
攪拌機、温度計、窒素導入管、ガス導入管を備え、加熱、冷却機能を有する0.75Lのステンレス製加圧反応装置に、イオン交換水100g、ナフタレンスルホン酸ホリマリン縮合物0.5g、炭酸ナトリウム0.5g、ドデシルメルカプタン0.5gを仕込み、表4に記載の乳化剤(3.0g)を加え、更に過硫酸カリウム0.3gを加えた後、反応器内を窒素置換した。続いて、反応装置ジャケット部に-5℃の冷媒水を通水して内容物を冷却した後、ブタジエンボンベから反応器にブタジエン100gを導入し、高速攪拌により内容物を乳濁状態とした。次に、反応器内を60℃まで昇温し、撹拌条件下で重合させ、固形分40~43%(ブタジエン転化率80±3%)の範囲内で反応を終了した。その際、その所要時間は約35時間であった。
以下の方法に従い、固形分、重合安定性、平均粒子径、反応性乳化剤の共重合率、起泡性、機械的安定性、フィルターろ過性を測定又は評価した。
○:ろ過所要時間は15秒以内であるが金網上に固形状残渣が僅かに見られる
△:ろ過所要時間は15秒超、30秒以内であり、金網上に固形状残渣が見られる
×:ろ過所要時間は30秒超或いは目詰まりが観察され、金網上に多くの固形状残渣が見られる
以下の方法に従い、耐水白化性、剥がれ状態、及び吸水率を測定又は評価した。
○:周りがわずかに剥がれている
△:ほとんどの部分がガラスから剥がれている
×:完全にガラスから剥がれている
以下の方法に従い、ポリマー回収率及び全有機炭素(TOC)を測定した。
〔実験5:メタクリル酸メチル/アクリル酸ブチル系ポリマーディスパージョンの調製〕
(実施例5-1~5-8、比較例5-1~5-8)
モノマーとして、メタクリル酸メチル123.75g、アクリル酸ブチル123.75g、アクリル酸2.5gを配合し、次いで表5に記載の乳化剤及び多官能性モノマーの所定量、更にイオン交換水105gをホモミキサーで混合して、混合モノマー乳濁液を調製した。
上記実験5におけるモノマー成分のメタクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸ブチルを、スチレン、アクリル酸ブチルに変更し、反応性及び多官能性モノマーを表6に記載の条件に変更した以外は実験5と同様の操作で乳化重合を行い、本発明の評価実験に供試するポリマーディスパージョンを得た。
反応器として、耐圧性を有するガラス瓶、具体的には炭酸飲料用の空き瓶にイオン交換水60gを仕込み、窒素ガスにて溶存酸素を除去し、ガラス瓶を氷水浴中で冷却した後、表7に記載の乳化剤及び多官能性モノマーを加え、更にナフタレンスルホン酸ホリマリン縮合物0.12g、炭酸ナトリウム0.12g、ドデシルメルカプタン0.12gを加え、ゴム栓でガラス瓶を仮栓し、ガラス瓶内容物を軽く手振りして均一化させた後、開栓し、スチレン20g、過硫酸カリウム0.12gを仕込み、ガラス瓶を再度ゴム栓で仮栓し、氷水浴中に冷静置した。次いで、メタノールドライアイス浴中の目盛付き試料採取管にブタジエンボンベからブタジエンを導入し、液化させて計量したブタジエン20gをストップコック付きのシリンジを用いてガラス瓶に仕込み、直ちに所定の金属製王冠を被せて打栓して瓶重合反応器を準備した。次いで、打栓した該ガラス瓶を強振して、ガラス瓶中の内容液を乳濁状態とした。次に、水温50℃に調整した瓶重合用の回転式重合槽内のホルダーにガラス瓶をセットし、回転数50rpmにて20時間重合させ、瓶重合法により乳化重合を行った。その後、ガラス瓶を氷水浴中に投入して冷却した後、開栓し、p-tert-ブチルカテコール0.12gを添加し、ドラフト内で窒素ガスバブリングにて未反応ブタジエンを気散留去してポリマーディスパージョンを得た。
Claims (7)
- 水媒体中で重合開始剤の存在下、反応性乳化剤を用いてモノマーの乳化重合を行う乳化重合方法であって、
炭素-炭素二重結合を分子内に少なくとも1個有する重合性不飽和モノマーXの1種又は2種以上と、
下記化学式(1)~(3)のいずれかで表される重合性基を分子内に少なくとも1個有する反応性乳化剤Yの1種又は2種以上と、
重合性不飽和基を分子内に2個以上有し、1官能基当たりの分子量が150未満である多官能性モノマーZ1の1種若しくは2種以上、又は重合性不飽和基を分子内に1個有し、かつヒドロキシエチル基、2-ヒドロキシエトキシエチル基、ヒドロキシプロピル基、2-ヒドロキシプロポキシプロピル基、ポリオキシエチレン基、ポリオキシプロピレン基、グリセリル基、ポリグリセリル基、及びこれらの炭素数1~4のアルコキシ化誘導体から選択された親水性基を分子内に有し、平均分子量が250未満である親水性モノマーZ2の1種若しくは2種以上とを使用して乳化重合を行い、
前記反応性乳化剤Yの総使用量に対する多官能性モノマーZ1又は親水性モノマーZ2の総使用量の割合が、質量比で、Z1/Y=1/3~1/30又はZ2/Y=1/1~1/30の範囲内である
ことを特徴とする、乳化重合方法。
- 前記多官能性モノマーZ1が、エチレングリコールジアクリレート、エチレングリコールジメタクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリメタクリレート、1,6-ヘキサンジオールジアクリレート、1,3-ブチレングリコールジメタクリレート、トリアリルシアヌレート、トリメタリルシアヌレート、トリアリルイソシアヌレート、トリメタアリルイソシアヌレート、及びオクタアリルスクロースからなる群から選択された1種又は2種以上であることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の乳化重合方法。
- 前記親水性モノマーZ2が、ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート、ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、2-(2-ヒドキシエトキシ)エチルアクリレート、2-(2-ヒドロキシエトキシ)エチルメタクリレート、ヒドロキシプロピルアクリレート、ヒドロキシプロピルメタクリレート、ポリオキシエチレンアクリレート、ポリオキシエチレンメタクリレート、及びこれらのメトキシ誘導体からなる群から選択された1種又は2種以上であることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の乳化重合方法。
- 前記重合性不飽和モノマーXとして、少なくともスチレンを用いることを特徴とする、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の乳化重合方法。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の乳化重合方法により得られるポリマーディスパージョン。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の乳化重合方法により得られるポリマーディスパージョンを乾燥させてなるポリマーフィルム。
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CN101724116B (zh) * | 2009-12-08 | 2012-05-30 | 南京工业大学 | 一种聚合物乳液及其制备方法 |
WO2012011696A2 (ko) * | 2010-07-22 | 2012-01-26 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 접착력이 우수한 이차전지용 바인더 |
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- 2012-09-19 EP EP12837696.9A patent/EP2765142A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-09-19 JP JP2013537389A patent/JPWO2013051205A1/ja active Pending
- 2012-09-19 CN CN201280049309.9A patent/CN103906768A/zh active Pending
- 2012-09-19 KR KR1020147008654A patent/KR20140068136A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-09-19 US US14/349,159 patent/US20140249272A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-09-19 WO PCT/JP2012/005946 patent/WO2013051205A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2012-09-25 TW TW101135081A patent/TW201331233A/zh unknown
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2014
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CN104418974A (zh) * | 2013-09-11 | 2015-03-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种聚丙烯酰胺乳液的制备方法 |
CN104418974B (zh) * | 2013-09-11 | 2016-08-17 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种聚丙烯酰胺乳液的制备方法 |
JP2016508534A (ja) * | 2013-11-18 | 2016-03-22 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | カルボン酸変性ニトリル系共重合体ラテックス組成物、この製造方法、及びこれを含むディップ成形用ラテックス組成物 |
US9820517B2 (en) | 2013-11-18 | 2017-11-21 | Lg Chem. Ltd. | Carboxylic acid-modified nitrile-based copolymer latex composition, preparation method thereof, and latex composition for dip molding including the same |
JP6114868B1 (ja) * | 2016-09-29 | 2017-04-12 | 第一工業製薬株式会社 | 界面活性剤組成物 |
WO2018061533A1 (ja) * | 2016-09-29 | 2018-04-05 | 第一工業製薬株式会社 | 界面活性剤組成物 |
JP2018051484A (ja) * | 2016-09-29 | 2018-04-05 | 第一工業製薬株式会社 | 界面活性剤組成物 |
CN117866146A (zh) * | 2023-12-29 | 2024-04-12 | 黄山联固新材料科技有限公司 | 一种水性高光工业漆乳液及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2765142A4 (en) | 2015-05-27 |
EP2765142A1 (en) | 2014-08-13 |
TW201331233A (zh) | 2013-08-01 |
KR20140068136A (ko) | 2014-06-05 |
CN103906768A (zh) | 2014-07-02 |
US20140249272A1 (en) | 2014-09-04 |
IN2014CN03315A (ja) | 2015-07-03 |
JPWO2013051205A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
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