WO2012157162A1 - 半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法、半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ、および固体撮像素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法、半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ、および固体撮像素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor epitaxial wafer, a semiconductor epitaxial wafer, and a method for manufacturing a solid-state imaging device.
- the present invention relates to a method for more efficiently manufacturing a semiconductor epitaxial wafer capable of suppressing metal contamination by exhibiting higher gettering ability.
- Metal contamination is a factor that degrades the characteristics of semiconductor devices.
- metal mixed in a semiconductor epitaxial wafer serving as the substrate of this device causes a dark current of the solid-state imaging device to increase and causes a defect called a white defect.
- the back-illuminated solid-state image sensor has a wiring layer, etc., placed below the sensor part, so that external light can be taken directly into the sensor and clearer images and videos can be taken even in dark places. In recent years, it has been widely used in mobile phones such as digital video cameras and smartphones. Therefore, it is desired to reduce white defect as much as possible.
- Metal contamination in the wafer mainly occurs in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor epitaxial wafer and the manufacturing process (device manufacturing process) of the solid-state imaging device.
- Metal contamination in the former semiconductor epitaxial wafer manufacturing process is caused by heavy metal particles from the components of the epitaxial growth furnace, or because the chlorine gas is used as the furnace gas during epitaxial growth, the piping material is corroded by metal. The thing by the heavy metal particle to generate
- a gettering sink for capturing metal on a semiconductor epitaxial wafer is formed, or a substrate having a high metal capture capability (gettering capability) such as a high-concentration boron substrate is used. The metal contamination was avoided.
- oxygen precipitates commonly called silicon oxide precipitates, which are crystal defects
- dislocations are formed inside the semiconductor wafer.
- An intrinsic gettering (IG) method and an extrinsic gettering (EG) method in which a gettering sink is formed on the back surface of a semiconductor wafer are generally used.
- Patent Document 1 describes a manufacturing method in which carbon ions are implanted from one surface of a silicon wafer to form a carbon ion implanted region, and then a silicon epitaxial layer is formed on the surface to form a silicon epitaxial wafer.
- the carbon ion implantation region functions as a gettering site.
- Patent Document 2 carbon ions are implanted into a silicon wafer to form a carbon implanted layer, and then heat treatment for recovering the crystallinity of the wafer disturbed by the ion implantation is performed with an RTA (Rapid Thermal Annealing) apparatus.
- RTA Rapid Thermal Annealing
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 both inject single ions into a semiconductor wafer before forming an epitaxial layer.
- white scratch defects cannot be sufficiently suppressed, and this semiconductor epitaxial wafer is more powerful. It was found that gettering ability was required.
- recovery heat treatment a heat treatment for recovering the crystallinity of the semiconductor wafer before the epitaxial layer formation is performed at a high temperature for a long time. It is necessary to apply in. However, long-term recovery heat treatment at high temperatures hinders throughput improvement. Even in Patent Document 2, even if the recovery heat treatment itself takes a short time, the recovery heat treatment is performed by an RTA apparatus separate from the epitaxial apparatus, so that high throughput cannot be obtained.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for more efficiently manufacturing a semiconductor epitaxial wafer capable of suppressing metal contamination by exhibiting higher gettering ability.
- the semiconductor wafer is irradiated with cluster ions to form a modified layer composed of the constituent elements of the cluster ions on the surface of the semiconductor wafer, And a second step of forming an epitaxial layer on the modified layer of the semiconductor wafer.
- the semiconductor wafer may be a silicon wafer.
- the semiconductor wafer may be an epitaxial silicon wafer having a silicon epitaxial layer formed on the surface of the silicon wafer.
- the modified layer is formed on the surface of the silicon epitaxial layer in the first step.
- the second step can be performed by transferring the semiconductor wafer to an epitaxial growth apparatus without performing a heat treatment for recovering crystallinity on the semiconductor wafer.
- the cluster ions preferably contain carbon as a constituent element, and more preferably contain two or more elements containing carbon as a constituent element.
- the cluster is arranged such that a peak of a concentration profile in the depth direction of the constituent element in the modified layer is located within a depth of 150 nm or less from the surface of the semiconductor wafer. Ions can be irradiated.
- the first step is preferably performed under the conditions that the acceleration voltage of cluster ions is less than 100 keV / Cluster, the cluster size is 100 or less, and the cluster dose is 1 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 2 or less. Furthermore, it is more preferable that the first step is performed under the conditions that the acceleration voltage of cluster ions is 80 keV / Cluster or less, the cluster size is 60 or less, and the cluster dose is 5 ⁇ 10 13 atoms / cm 2 or less.
- a semiconductor epitaxial wafer includes a semiconductor wafer, a modified layer formed on the surface of the semiconductor wafer and made of a predetermined element dissolved in the semiconductor wafer, and an epitaxial layer on the modified layer.
- the half-value width of the concentration profile in the depth direction of the predetermined element in the modified layer is 100 nm or less.
- the semiconductor wafer may be a silicon wafer.
- the semiconductor wafer may be an epitaxial silicon wafer in which a silicon epitaxial layer is formed on the surface of a silicon wafer.
- the modified layer is located on the surface of the silicon epitaxial layer.
- the peak of the concentration profile in the modified layer is located within a depth of 150 nm or less from the surface of the semiconductor wafer, and the peak concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 3 or more. And preferred.
- the predetermined element includes carbon, and it is more preferable that the predetermined element includes two or more elements including carbon.
- the manufacturing method of the solid-state image sensor of this invention forms a solid-state image sensor in the epitaxial layer located in the surface of the epitaxial wafer manufactured by the said any one manufacturing method, or the said any one epitaxial wafer. It is characterized by that.
- the semiconductor wafer is irradiated with cluster ions, and the modified layer made of the constituent elements of the cluster ions is formed on the surface of the semiconductor wafer.
- the semiconductor epitaxial wafer capable of suppressing metal contamination can be manufactured.
- damage to the crystal can be reduced as compared with single ion implantation, so that the recovery heat treatment performed after ion irradiation can be omitted, and a semiconductor epitaxial wafer can be manufactured more efficiently.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor epitaxial wafer 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is a model cross section explaining the manufacturing method of the semiconductor epitaxial wafer 200 by other embodiment of this invention.
- (A) is a schematic diagram explaining the irradiation mechanism in the case of irradiating cluster ions
- (B) is a schematic diagram explaining the injection mechanism in the case of injecting single ions.
- 6 is a graph (concentration profile) showing the distribution of carbon concentration with respect to the depth from the surface of a silicon wafer in Example 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-2. 6 is a graph comparing the gettering ability of Ni for Example 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-2.
- 6 is a graph comparing Cu gettering ability in Example 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-2.
- 2 is an LPD map of Example 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-2.
- 6 is a graph (concentration profile) showing the distribution of carbon concentration with respect to the depth from the surface of a silicon wafer in Example 2-2 and Comparative Example 2-2.
- 6 is a graph comparing the gettering ability of Ni for Example 2-2 and Comparative Example 2-2.
- 6 is a graph comparing Cu gettering ability in Example 2-2 and Comparative Example 2-2.
- 2 is an LPD map of Example 2-2 and Comparative Example 2-2.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a semiconductor epitaxial wafer 100 obtained as a result of this manufacturing method.
- Examples of the semiconductor wafer 10 include a bulk single crystal wafer made of silicon and a compound semiconductor (GaAs, GaN, SiC) and having no epitaxial layer on the surface. Specifically, a bulk single crystal silicon wafer is used. Moreover, the semiconductor wafer 10 can use what sliced the single crystal silicon ingot grown by the Czochralski method (CZ method) and the floating zone melting method (FZ method) with the wire saw etc. Also, carbon and / or nitrogen may be added to obtain higher gettering ability. Further, an arbitrary impurity may be added to be n-type or p-type.
- the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is an example in which a bulk semiconductor wafer 12 having no epitaxial layer on the surface is used as the semiconductor wafer 10.
- an epitaxial semiconductor wafer in which a semiconductor epitaxial layer (first epitaxial layer) 14 is formed on the surface of the bulk semiconductor wafer 12 can be exemplified.
- a semiconductor epitaxial layer first epitaxial layer
- the silicon epitaxial layer can be formed under general conditions by a CVD method.
- the first epitaxial layer 14 preferably has a thickness in the range of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 0.2 to 5 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 1D is a schematic cross-sectional view of a semiconductor epitaxial wafer 200 obtained as a result of this manufacturing method.
- the characteristic process of the present invention is a cluster ion irradiation process shown in FIG. 1 (A) and FIG. 2 (B).
- the technical significance of adopting this process will be described together with the effects.
- the modified layer 18 formed as a result of irradiating the cluster ions 16 is a region where the constituent elements of the cluster ions 16 are locally present as a solid solution in the interstitial positions or substitution positions of crystals on the surface of the semiconductor wafer. Work as a gettering site. The reason is presumed as follows. That is, elements such as carbon and boron irradiated in the form of cluster ions are localized at a high density in the substitution position / interstitial position of the silicon single crystal.
- the cluster ions 16 are irradiated in the present invention, higher gettering ability can be obtained compared with the case of implanting single ions, and recovery heat treatment can also be omitted. Therefore, it becomes possible to more efficiently manufacture the semiconductor epitaxial wafers 100 and 200 having high gettering capability, and the back-illuminated solid-state imaging device manufactured from the semiconductor epitaxial wafers 100 and 200 obtained by this manufacturing method has white scratches. The occurrence of defects is further reduced.
- the “cluster ion” means an ionized product in which a plurality of atoms or molecules are aggregated to give a cluster having a lump to give a positive charge or a negative charge.
- a cluster is a massive group in which a plurality (usually about 2 to 2000) of atoms or molecules are bonded to each other.
- the inventors of the present invention consider the action that can obtain such an effect as follows.
- the single ions are blown off silicon atoms constituting the silicon wafer and implanted at a predetermined depth in the silicon wafer.
- the implantation depth depends on the type of constituent elements of the implanted ions and the acceleration voltage of the ions.
- the carbon concentration profile in the depth direction of the silicon wafer is relatively broad, and the region where the implanted carbon is present is approximately 0.5 to 1 ⁇ m.
- lighter elements are implanted deeper, that is, implanted at different positions according to the mass of each element, so the concentration profile of the implanted elements becomes broader.
- the diffusion of the implanted element due to heat also causes the concentration profile to become broad.
- single ions are generally implanted at an acceleration voltage of about 150 to 2000 keV. Since each ion collides with silicon atoms with its energy, the crystallinity of the surface of the silicon wafer into which the single ions are implanted is disturbed. The crystallinity of the epitaxial layer grown on the wafer surface is disturbed. Also, the higher the acceleration voltage, the more the crystallinity is disturbed. Therefore, it is necessary to perform heat treatment (recovery heat treatment) for recovering disordered crystallinity after ion implantation at a high temperature for a long time.
- heat treatment recovery heat treatment
- cluster ions made of, for example, carbon and boron are implanted into a silicon wafer, as shown in FIG. 3A
- the energy is instantaneously 1350 to 1400. It becomes a high temperature of about °C and silicon melts. Thereafter, the silicon is rapidly cooled, and carbon and boron are dissolved in the vicinity of the surface in the silicon wafer.
- the “modified layer” in this specification means a layer in which constituent elements of irradiated ions are solid-solved at interstitial positions or substitution positions of crystals on the surface of a semiconductor wafer, and the depth direction of the silicon wafer by SIMS
- concentration distribution of constituent elements in it is specified as a range in which constituent elements are detected more than the background.
- concentration profile of carbon and boron in the depth direction of the silicon wafer depends on the accelerating voltage and cluster size of cluster ions, but is sharper than that of single ions, and the area of irradiated carbon and boron is roughly The region is 500 nm or less (for example, about 50 to 400 nm).
- the irradiated ions form a cluster compared to the monomer ions, the crystal lattice is not channeled and the thermal diffusion of the constituent elements is suppressed. It is. As a result, the carbon and boron precipitation regions can be locally and highly concentrated. Further, since the modified layer 18 is formed in the vicinity of the surface of the silicon wafer, closer gettering is possible. As a result, it is considered that higher gettering ability can be obtained.
- the constituent elements of the irradiated ions can be positioned near the surface without being implanted at different depths. preferable.
- cluster ions are generally irradiated at an acceleration voltage of about 10 to 100 keV / Cluster.
- a cluster is an aggregate of a plurality of atoms or molecules, it must be implanted with a small energy per atom or molecule. Therefore, damage to the crystal of the semiconductor wafer is small.
- the cluster ion irradiation does not disturb the crystallinity of the semiconductor wafer more than the single ion implantation. Therefore, after the first step, the second step can be performed by transporting the semiconductor wafer 10 to the epitaxial growth apparatus without performing a recovery heat treatment on the semiconductor wafer 10.
- the cluster ion 16 has various clusters depending on the bonding mode, and can be generated by a known method as described in the following document, for example.
- a method for generating a gas cluster beam (1) JP-A-9-41138, (2) JP-A-4-354865, and as an ion beam generating method, (1) charged particle beam engineering: Junzo Ishikawa: ISBN978 -4-339-00734-3 IV: Corona, (2) Electron and ion beam engineering: The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan: ISBN4-88686-217-9 IV: Ohm, (3) Cluster ion beam basics and applications: ISBN4-526-05765 -7: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun.
- a Nielsen ion source or a Kaufman ion source is used to generate positively charged cluster ions
- a large current negative ion source using a volume generation method is used to generate negatively charged cluster ions. It is done.
- the irradiation element is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include carbon, boron, phosphorus, and arsenic.
- the cluster ions preferably contain carbon as a constituent element. Since the carbon atom at the lattice position has a smaller covalent bond radius than that of the silicon single crystal, a contraction field of the silicon crystal lattice is formed, so that the gettering ability to attract impurities between the lattices is high.
- two or more elements including carbon are included as constituent elements. This is because the types of metals that can be efficiently gettered differ depending on the types of deposited elements, so that two or more types of elements can be dissolved to cope with a wider range of metal contamination. For example, in the case of carbon, nickel can be efficiently gettered, and in the case of boron, copper and iron can be efficiently gettered.
- the compounds to be ionized are not particularly limited, enumeration of compounds suitable for ionization includes carbon sources such as ethane, methane, propane, benzyl gas (C 7 H 7 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and boron.
- the source include diborane and decaborane gas (B 10 H 14 ).
- a gas obtained by mixing benzyl gas and decaborane gas is used as a material gas
- a hydrogen compound cluster in which carbon, boron and hydrogen are aggregated can be generated.
- cyclohexane C 6 H 12
- cluster ions composed of carbon and hydrogen can be generated.
- cluster size means the number of atoms or molecules constituting one cluster.
- the concentration of the constituent elements in the modified layer 18 in the depth direction is within a range where the depth from the surface 10A of the semiconductor wafer 10 is 150 nm or less.
- the cluster ions 16 are irradiated so that the profile peak is located.
- the “concentration profile in the depth direction of the constituent element” means not a total but a profile of each single element when the constituent element includes two or more elements. .
- the acceleration voltage of the cluster ions is more than 0 keV / Cluster and less than 100 keV / Cluster, preferably 80 keV / Cluster or less, more preferably 60 keV / Cluster or less.
- the cluster size is 2 to 100, preferably 60 or less, more preferably 50 or less.
- the cluster size can be adjusted by adjusting the gas pressure of the gas ejected from the nozzle, the pressure of the vacuum vessel, the voltage applied to the filament during ionization, and the like.
- the cluster size can be obtained by obtaining a cluster number distribution by mass spectrometry using a quadrupole high-frequency electric field or time-of-flight mass spectrometry and taking an average value of the number of clusters.
- the dose amount of cluster ions can be adjusted by controlling the ion irradiation time.
- the cluster dose is 1 ⁇ 10 13 to 1 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 2 , preferably 5 ⁇ 10 13 atoms / cm 2 or less. If it is less than 1 ⁇ 10 13 atoms / cm 2 , the gettering ability may not be sufficiently obtained, and if it exceeds 1 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 2 , the epitaxial surface may be greatly damaged. It is.
- the crystallinity of the semiconductor wafer 10 can be sufficiently recovered by a hydrogen baking process prior to epitaxial growth in an epitaxial apparatus for forming the epitaxial layer 20 described below.
- the general conditions for the hydrogen baking are as follows: the inside of the epitaxial growth apparatus is in a hydrogen atmosphere, and the temperature is raised from about 1100 to 1115 ° C. to about 1120 to 1150 ° C. at a rate of 1 to 15 ° C./second. It is maintained for a second to 1 minute.
- the recovery heat treatment may be performed using a rapid quenching heating device separate from the epitaxial device.
- the crystallinity can be sufficiently recovered under conditions shorter than the conventional temperature of 1000 ° C. or less and less than 10 seconds.
- Examples of the second epitaxial layer 20 formed on the modified layer 18 include a silicon epitaxial layer, which can be formed under general conditions.
- hydrogen can be used as a carrier gas
- a source gas such as dichlorosilane or trichlorosilane can be introduced into the chamber and epitaxially grown on the semiconductor wafer 10 at about 1000 to 1150 ° C. by CVD.
- the epitaxial layer 20 preferably has a thickness in the range of 1 to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 3 to 5 ⁇ m. When the thickness is less than 1 ⁇ m, the resistivity of the second epitaxial layer 20 may change due to the outward diffusion of the dopant from the semiconductor wafer 10.
- the second epitaxial layer 20 becomes a device layer for manufacturing a back-illuminated solid-state imaging device.
- the second embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is characterized in that the cluster ion irradiation is performed not on the bulk semiconductor wafer 12 but on the first epitaxial layer 14.
- a bulk semiconductor wafer has an oxygen concentration about two orders of magnitude higher than that of an epitaxial layer. Therefore, in the modified layer formed in the bulk semiconductor wafer, more oxygen is diffused than the modified layer formed in the epitaxial layer, and much oxygen is captured. The trapped oxygen is re-emitted from the capture site during the device process and diffuses into the active region of the device, forming point defects, thus adversely affecting the electrical properties of the device. Therefore, it is an important design condition in the device process to implant ions into an epitaxial layer having a low concentration of dissolved oxygen and to form a gettering layer in the epitaxial layer where the influence of oxygen diffusion can be almost ignored.
- semiconductor epitaxial wafers 100 and 200 obtained by the above manufacturing method will be described.
- the semiconductor epitaxial wafer 100 according to the first embodiment and the semiconductor epitaxial wafer 200 according to the second embodiment are formed on the semiconductor wafer 10 and the surface of the semiconductor wafer 10 as shown in FIG. 1 (C) and FIG. 2 (D).
- the half width W of the concentration profile in the depth direction of the predetermined element in the modified layer 18 is 100 nm or less.
- the precipitation region of the elements constituting the cluster ions can be locally and highly concentrated, and as a result, the half width W is 100 nm or less. It became possible to do. Further, from the viewpoint of obtaining high gettering ability, the half width W is more preferably 85 nm or less, and the lower limit can be set to 10 nm.
- the “concentration profile in the depth direction” means a concentration distribution in the depth direction measured by SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometer).
- the predetermined element is not particularly limited as long as it is an element other than the main material of the semiconductor wafer (silicon in the case of a silicon wafer), but it is preferable to use carbon or two or more elements containing carbon as described above. It is.
- the peak of the concentration profile in the modified layer 18 is located in the semiconductor epitaxial wafers 100 and 200 within the depth of 150 nm or less from the surface of the semiconductor wafer 10. Is preferred. Further, the peak concentration of the concentration profile is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 3 or more, more preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 17 to 1 ⁇ 10 22 atoms / cm 3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 19 to 1 More preferably within the range of ⁇ 10 21 atoms / cm 3 .
- the thickness in the depth direction of the modified layer 18 is defined as the thickness of the depth region where a concentration higher than the background is detected in the concentration profile, but can be in the range of 30 to 400 nm.
- the semiconductor epitaxial wafers 100 and 200 of the present embodiment it is possible to further suppress metal contamination by exhibiting higher gettering capability than the conventional one.
- a method for manufacturing a solid-state imaging device includes a solid-state imaging device on the epitaxial wafer manufactured by the above-described manufacturing method or the epitaxial layer 20 positioned on the surface of the epitaxial wafer, that is, the semiconductor epitaxial wafers 100 and 200. It is characterized by forming.
- the solid-state imaging device obtained by this manufacturing method can sufficiently suppress the occurrence of white defect as compared with the conventional case.
- two epitaxial layers may be formed on the semiconductor wafer 10.
- Example 1-1 An n-type silicon wafer (thickness: 725 ⁇ m, dopant type: phosphorus, dopant concentration: 1 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 3 ) obtained from CZ crystal was prepared. Next, cluster ions were generated under the conditions described in Table 1 using a cluster ion generator (manufactured by Nissin Ion Equipment Co., Ltd., model number: CLARIS), and irradiated to the silicon wafer. Thereafter, as a heat treatment sufficient to recover the disordered crystallinity caused by the cluster ion irradiation, a recovery heat treatment under the conditions shown in Table 1 was performed using an RTA apparatus (manufactured by Matson Thermal Products).
- RTA apparatus manufactured by Matson Thermal Products
- the silicon wafer is transferred into a single wafer epitaxial growth apparatus (Applied Materials Co., Ltd.), subjected to a hydrogen baking process at a temperature of 1120 ° C. for 30 seconds, hydrogen is used as a carrier gas, and dichlorosilane is used as a source.
- a silicon epitaxial wafer (thickness: 4 ⁇ m, dopant type: phosphorus, dopant concentration: 1 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 3 ) is epitaxially grown on a silicon wafer by a CVD method at 1150 ° C. as a gas. It was.
- Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-2 A silicon epitaxial wafer according to a comparative example was manufactured in the same manner as in each example except that the single ion implantation step was performed under the conditions shown in Table 1 instead of the cluster ion irradiation step. In Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-2, each single ion is irradiated onto the silicon wafer with energy of 100 keV.
- FIG. 4 shows the carbon concentration profiles of Example 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-2 having the same dose. Note that the depth of the horizontal axis is zero on the surface of the silicon wafer. In Example 1-2, the half width was 83.3 nm, and the peak concentration was 5.83 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 . On the other hand, in Comparative Example 1-2, the half width was 245.9 nm and the peak concentration was 1.50 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 . For other examples and comparative examples, the half-width and peak concentration values are shown in Table 1. The peak depth is also shown in Table 1.
- White scratch defect A back-illuminated solid-state image sensor is produced using each sample produced in the above examples and comparative examples, and then the back-illuminated solid-state image sensor is photo-examined using a semiconductor parameter analyzer. By measuring the dark leakage current of the diode and converting it into pixel data (number data of white defect), the number of white defects per unit area (1 cm 2 ) is measured, and the occurrence of white defect is suppressed. evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2-1 An n-type silicon wafer (thickness: 725 ⁇ m, dopant type: phosphorus, dopant concentration: 1 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 3 ) obtained from the CZ crystal is transferred into a single wafer epitaxial growth apparatus (Applied Materials), After a hydrogen baking process at a temperature of 1120 ° C. for 30 seconds in the apparatus, a silicon first epitaxial layer (thickness) is formed on the wafer by CVD at 1150 ° C. using hydrogen as a carrier gas and dichlorosilane as a source gas.
- Applied Materials Applied Materials
- Example 2-2 to 2-4 A silicon epitaxial wafer according to the present invention was produced in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that the cluster ion irradiation conditions and the recovery heat treatment conditions were changed as shown in Table 2. In Examples 2-2 and 2-4, recovery heat treatment using an RTA apparatus was not performed. In Examples 2-1 to 2-4, the energy received by one carbon atom is 24.6 keV.
- Comparative Examples 2-1 and 2-2 A silicon epitaxial wafer according to a comparative example was manufactured in the same manner as in each example except that the single ion implantation step was performed under the conditions shown in Table 2 instead of the cluster ion irradiation step. In Comparative Examples 2-1 and 2-2, each single ion is irradiated onto the silicon wafer with an energy of 100 keV.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a method for more efficiently manufacturing a semiconductor epitaxial wafer capable of suppressing metal contamination by exhibiting higher gettering ability.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の第1実施形態による半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ100の製造方法は、図1に示すように、半導体ウェーハ10にクラスターイオン16を照射して、半導体ウェーハ10の表面10Aに、このクラスターイオン16の構成元素からなる改質層18を形成する第1工程(図1(A),(B))と、半導体ウェーハ10の改質層18上にエピタキシャル層20を形成する第2工程(図1(C))と、を有することを特徴とする。図1(C)は、この製造方法の結果得られた半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ100の模式断面図である。
次に、上記製造方法により得られる半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ100,200について説明する。第1実施形態による半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ100および第2実施形態による半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ200は、図1(C)および図2(D)に示すように、半導体ウェーハ10と、この半導体ウェーハ10の表面に形成され、半導体ウェーハ10中に固溶した所定元素からなる改質層18と、この改質層18上のエピタキシャル層20と、を有する。そして、いずれにおいても改質層18における所定元素の深さ方向の濃度プロファイルの半値幅Wが100nm以下であることを特徴とする。すなわち、本発明の製造方法によれば、シングルイオン注入に比べて、クラスターイオンを構成する元素の析出領域を局所的かつ高濃度にすることができ、その結果、上記半値幅Wを100nm以下とすることが可能となった。また、高いゲッタリング能力を得る観点から、半値幅Wは85nm以下とすることがより好ましく、下限としては10nmと設定することができる。なお、本明細書における「深さ方向の濃度プロファイル」は、SIMS(二次イオン質量分析計)にて測定した深さ方向の濃度分布を意味する。
本発明の実施形態による固体撮像素子の製造方法は、上記の製造方法で製造されたエピタキシャルウェーハまたは上記のエピタキシャルウェーハ、すなわち半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ100,200の表面に位置するエピタキシャル層20に、固体撮像素子を形成することを特徴とする。この製造方法により得られる固体撮像素子は、従来に比べ白傷欠陥の発生を十分に抑制することができる。
(実施例1-1)
CZ結晶から得たn型シリコンウェーハ(厚さ:725μm、ドーパント種類:燐、ドーパント濃度:1×1015atoms/cm3)を用意した。次に、クラスターイオン発生装置(日新イオン機器社製、型番:CLARIS)を用いて、表1に記載の条件でクラスターイオンを生成し、シリコンウェーハに照射した。その後、クラスターイオン照射により乱れた結晶性を回復するのに十分な熱処理として、RTA装置(マトソンサーマルプロダクト社製)により表1に記載の条件の回復熱処理を行った。その後、シリコンウェーハを枚葉式エピタキシャル成長装置(アプライドマテリアルズ社製)内に搬送し、装置内で1120℃の温度で30秒の水素ベーク処理を施した後、水素をキャリアガス、ジクロロシランをソースガスとして1150℃でCVD法により、シリコンウェーハ上にシリコンのエピタキシャル層(厚さ:4μm、ドーパント種類:燐、ドーパント濃度:1×1015atoms/cm3)をエピタキシャル成長させ、本発明に従うシリコンエピタキシャルウェーハとした。
クラスターイオン照射条件および回復熱処理条件を表1のとおり変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして本発明に従うシリコンエピタキシャルウェーハを製造した。実施例1-2,1-4はRTA装置による回復熱処理を行わなかった。なお、実施例1-1~1-4では、80keV/Clusterでクラスターイオンを照射したが、各クラスターは、3つの炭素原子(原子量12)および3つの水素原子(原子量1)からなる。そのため、炭素原子1つが受けるエネルギーは、80×{12×3/(12×3+1×3)}/3=24.6keVとなる。
クラスターイオン照射工程に替えて、表1に示す条件でシングルイオン注入工程を行った以外は、各実施例と同様にして、比較例にかかるシリコンエピタキシャルウェーハを製造した。なお、比較例1-1~1-2では、各シングルイオンが100keVのエネルギーでシリコンウェーハに照射される。
上記実施例および比較例で作製した各サンプルについて評価を行った。評価方法を以下に示す。
上記実施例および比較例で作製した各サンプルについて、二次イオン質量分析(SIMS)により測定を行い、照射元素の濃度プロファイルを得た。測定結果を代表して、ドーズ量が同じの実施例1-2および比較例1-2についての炭素の濃度プロファイルを図4に示す。なお、横軸の深さはシリコンウェーハの表面をゼロとしている。この実施例1-2では、半値幅が83.3nmであり、ピーク濃度が5.83×1019atoms/cm3であった。一方、比較例1-2では半値幅が245.9nmであり、ピーク濃度が1.50×1019atoms/cm3であった。他の実施例および比較例については、半値幅およびピーク濃度の値を表1に示す。また、ピーク深さも表1に示す。
実施例および比較例で作製した各サンプルのシリコンウェーハ表面を、Ni汚染液およびCu汚染液(ともに1.0×1012/cm2)で、それぞれスピンコート汚染法を用いて故意に汚染し、引き続き900℃、30分の熱処理を施した。その後、SIMS測定を行った。測定結果を代表して、実施例1-2および比較例1-2についてのNi濃度プロファイル(図5)およびCu濃度プロファイル(図6)を、それぞれC濃度プロファイルとともに示す。
上記実施例および比較例で作製した各サンプルを用いて裏面照射型固体撮像素子を作製し、その後、該裏面照射型固体撮像素子について、半導体パラメータ解析装置を用いて、フォトダイオードの暗時リーク電流を測定し画素データ(白傷欠陥の個数データ)に変換することで、単位面積(1cm2)あたりの白傷欠陥の個数を測定し、白傷欠陥の発生の抑制について評価した。結果を表1に示す。
得られたサンプルについて、スピンコート汚染法により、サンプルの表面をニッケル(1.0×1012atoms/cm3)で汚染させた後、900℃で1時間熱処理を施し、その後、サンプルの表面を選択エッチングすることによりサンプル表面の欠陥密度(個/cm2)を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
実施例および比較例で作製した各サンプルについて、ウェーハ表面検査装置(ケーエルエーテンコール社製、SP-1)を用いて、LPDを検出した。測定結果を代表して、実施例1-2および比較例1-2についてのLPDマップを図7に示す。他の実施例および比較例については、LPDの個数を表1に示す。
以上の結果から、表1に示すように、実施例では比較例よりも照射元素の濃度プロファイルの半値幅が小さく、実施例1-2と比較例1-2のようにドーズ量を揃えて比較した場合(図4も参照)、実施例は比較例よりもピーク濃度が大きくなっている。このことから、クラスターイオン照射により、シングルイオン注入よりも局所的かつ高濃度の改質層を形成できたことがわかる。その結果、以下のような特性向上が見られた。
(実施例2-1)
CZ結晶から得たn型シリコンウェーハ(厚さ:725μm、ドーパント種類:燐、ドーパント濃度:1×1015atoms/cm3)を枚葉式エピタキシャル成長装置(アプライドマテリアルズ社製)内に搬送し、装置内で1120℃の温度で30秒の水素ベーク処理を施した後、該ウェーハ上に、水素をキャリアガス、ジクロロシランをソースガスとして1150℃でCVD法によりシリコンの第1エピタキシャル層(厚さ:0.3μm、ドーパント種類:燐、ドーパント濃度:1×1015atoms/cm3)をエピタキシャル成長させた。次に、クラスターイオン発生装置(日新イオン機器社製、型番:CLARIS)を用いて、表2に記載の条件でクラスターイオンを生成し、第1エピタキシャル層に照射した。その後、クラスターイオン照射により乱れた結晶性を回復するのに十分な熱処理として、RTA装置(マトソンサーマルプロダクト社製)により表2に記載の条件の回復熱処理を行った。その後、シリコンウェーハを再度エピタキシャル成長装置内に搬送し、第1エピタキシャル層と同様の条件で、第1エピタキシャル層上に第2エピタキシャル層を形成し、本発明に従うシリコンエピタキシャルウェーハとした。
クラスターイオン照射条件および回復熱処理条件を表2のとおり変更した以外は、実施例2-1と同様にして本発明に従うシリコンエピタキシャルウェーハを製造した。実施例2-2,2-4はRTA装置による回復熱処理を行わなかった。なお、実施例2-1~2-4では、炭素原子1つが受けるエネルギーは24.6keVとなる。
クラスターイオン照射工程に替えて、表2に示す条件でシングルイオン注入工程を行った以外は、各実施例と同様にして、比較例にかかるシリコンエピタキシャルウェーハを製造した。なお、比較例2-1~2-2では、各シングルイオンが100keVのエネルギーでシリコンウェーハに照射される。
上記実施例および比較例で作製した各サンプルについて、実験例1で行ったのと同様の5種類の評価を行い、結果を表2および図8~11に示した。
10 半導体ウェーハ
10A 半導体ウェーハの表面
12 バルク半導体ウェーハ
14 第1エピタキシャル層
16 クラスターイオン
18 改質層
20 第2エピタキシャル層
Claims (17)
- 半導体ウェーハにクラスターイオンを照射して、該半導体ウェーハの表面に、前記クラスターイオンの構成元素からなる改質層を形成する第1工程と、
前記半導体ウェーハの改質層上にエピタキシャル層を形成する第2工程と、
を有することを特徴とする半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。 - 前記半導体ウェーハが、シリコンウェーハである請求項1に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。
- 前記半導体ウェーハが、シリコンウェーハの表面にシリコンエピタキシャル層が形成されたエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハであり、前記第1工程において前記改質層は前記シリコンエピタキシャル層の表面に形成される請求項1に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。
- 前記第1工程の後、前記半導体ウェーハに対して結晶性回復のための熱処理を行うことなく、前記半導体ウェーハをエピタキシャル成長装置に搬送して第2工程を行う請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。
- 前記クラスターイオンが、構成元素として炭素を含む請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。
- 前記クラスターイオンが、構成元素として炭素を含む2種以上の元素を含む請求項5に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。
- 前記第1工程では、前記半導体ウェーハの表面からの深さが150nm以下の範囲内に、前記改質層における前記構成元素の深さ方向の濃度プロファイルのピークが位置するように、前記クラスターイオンを照射する請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。
- 前記第1工程は、クラスターイオンの加速電圧が100keV/Cluster未満、クラスターサイズが100個以下、クラスタードーズ量が1×1016atoms/cm2以下の条件で行う請求項7に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。
- 前記第1工程は、クラスターイオンの加速電圧が80keV/Cluster以下、クラスターサイズが60個以下、クラスタードーズ量が5×1013atoms/cm2以下の条件で行う請求項7に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法。
- 半導体ウェーハと、該半導体ウェーハの表面に形成された、該半導体ウェーハ中に固溶した所定元素からなる改質層と、該改質層上のエピタキシャル層と、を有し、
前記改質層における前記所定元素の深さ方向の濃度プロファイルの半値幅が100nm以下であることを特徴とする半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ。 - 前記半導体ウェーハが、シリコンウェーハである請求項10に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ。
- 前記半導体ウェーハが、シリコンウェーハの表面にシリコンエピタキシャル層が形成されたエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハであり、前記改質層は前記シリコンエピタキシャル層の表面に位置する請求項10に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ。
- 前記半導体ウェーハの表面からの深さが150nm以下の範囲内に、前記改質層における前記濃度プロファイルのピークが位置する請求項10~12のいずれか1項に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ。
- 前記改質層における前記濃度プロファイルのピーク濃度が、1×1015atoms/cm3以上である請求項10~13のいずれか1項に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ。
- 前記所定元素が炭素を含む請求項10~14のいずれか1項に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ。
- 前記所定元素が炭素を含む2種以上の元素を含む請求項15に記載の半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法で製造されたエピタキシャルウェーハまたは請求項10~16のいずれか1項に記載のエピタキシャルウェーハの、表面に位置するエピタキシャル層に、固体撮像素子を形成することを特徴とする固体撮像素子の製造方法。
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|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2012/001892 Ceased WO2012157162A1 (ja) | 2011-05-13 | 2012-03-19 | 半導体エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法、半導体エピタキシャルウェーハ、および固体撮像素子の製造方法 |
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|---|---|
| US (2) | US9496139B2 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5673811B2 (ja) |
| KR (2) | KR101991882B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN103534791B (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE112012002072B4 (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI487007B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2012157162A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TWI487007B (zh) | 2015-06-01 |
| CN103534791B (zh) | 2016-05-11 |
| US9847370B2 (en) | 2017-12-19 |
| US20140080247A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 |
| DE112012002072B4 (de) | 2023-11-16 |
| KR20140009565A (ko) | 2014-01-22 |
| KR101991882B1 (ko) | 2019-06-21 |
| US20170077171A1 (en) | 2017-03-16 |
| DE112012002072T5 (de) | 2014-02-20 |
| KR20150127740A (ko) | 2015-11-17 |
| JP5673811B2 (ja) | 2015-02-18 |
| US9496139B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 |
| TW201246298A (en) | 2012-11-16 |
| JPWO2012157162A1 (ja) | 2014-07-31 |
| CN103534791A (zh) | 2014-01-22 |
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