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  • A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
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  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to solid dispersions comprising an apoptosis- inducing agent, to pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising such dispersions, to processes for preparing such dispersions and dosage forms and to methods of use thereof for treating diseases characterized by overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins.
• Bcl-2 proteins correlates with resistance to chemotherapy, clinical outcome, disease progression, overall prognosis or a combination thereof in various cancers and disorders of the immune system.
• NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• NHL is the sixth most prevalent type of new cancer in the U.S. and occurs primarily in patients 60-70 years of age. NHL is not a single disease but a family of related diseases, which are classified on the basis of several characteristics including clinical attributes and histology.
• One method of classification places different histological subtypes into two major categories based on natural history of the disease, i.e., whether the disease is indolent or aggressive. In general, indolent subtypes grow slowly and are generally incurable, whereas aggressive subtypes grow rapidly and are potentially curable. Follicular lymphomas are the most common indolent subtype, and diffuse large-cell lymphomas constitute the most common aggressive subtype. The oncoprotein Bcl-2 was originally described in non- Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma.
• Treatment of follicular lymphoma typically consists of biologically-based or combination chemotherapy.
• Combination therapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) is routinely used, as is combination therapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (RCVP).
• R-CHOP combination therapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone
• RCVP prednisone
• Single-agent therapy with rituximab targeting CD20, a phosphoprotein uniformly expressed on the surface of B-cells
• fludarabine is also used. Addition of rituximab to chemotherapy regimens can provide improved response rate and increased progression-free survival.
• Radioimmunotherapy agents, high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplants can be used to treat refractory or relapsed NHL.
• First-line treatment of patients with aggressive large B-cell lymphoma typically consists of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP), or dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R).
• lymphomas respond initially to any one of these therapies, but tumors typically recur and eventually become refractory. As the number of regimens patients receive increases, the more chemotherapy-resistant the disease becomes. Average response to first- line therapy is approximately 75%, 60% to second-line, 50%> to third-line, and about 35-40%) to fourth-line therapy. Response rates approaching 20% with a single agent in a multiple relapsed setting are considered positive and warrant further study.
• CLL chronic lymphoid leukemia
• CLL chronic lymphoid leukemia
• Combination chemotherapies are the prevalent treatment, for example fludarabine with cyclophosphamide and/or rituximab, or more complex combinations such as CHOP or R-CHOP.
• Acute lymphocyctic leukemia also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
• ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• New therapies are still needed to provide further improvement in survival rates.
• Compounds that occupy a binding site on Bcl-2 proteins are known. To be therapeutically useful by oral administration, such compounds must have high binding affinity, exhibiting for example K; ⁇ 1 nM, preferably ⁇ 0.1 nM, more preferably ⁇ 0.01 nM, to proteins of the Bcl-2 family, specifically Bcl-2, Bcl- ⁇ and Bcl-w. They must also be formulated in a manner that provides high systemic exposure after oral administration. A typical measure of systemic exposure after oral administration of a compound is the area under the curve (AUC) resulting from graphing plasma concentration of the compound versus time from oral administration.
• AUC area under the curve
• Liquid dosage forms can be useful for some drugs of low aqueous solubility, provided a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solvent system (generally lipid-based) can be found that provides adequate drug loading without posing solubility or storage-stability issues.
• a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solvent system generally lipid-based
• Other approaches that have been proposed for such drugs include solid dispersions, which bring their own challenges.
• a solid dosage form is usually preferred over a liquid dosage form.
• oral solid dosage forms of a drug provide a lower bioavailability than oral solutions of the drug.
• Solid dispersions, or solutions are preferred physical systems because the components therein readily form liquid solutions when contacted with a liquid medium, such as gastric juice.
• a liquid medium such as gastric juice.
• the ease of dissolution may be attributed at least in part to the fact that the energy required for dissolution of the components from a solid dispersion, or solid solution, is less than that required for the dissolution of the components from a crystalline or microcrystalline solid phase.
• the drug released from the solid dispersion, or solid solution remains water-solubilized in the aqueous fluids of the gastrointestinal tract; otherwise, the drug may precipitate in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in low bioavailability.
• International Patent Publication WO 01/00175 relates to mechanically stable pharmaceutical dosage forms which are solid solutions of active ingredients in an auxiliary agent matrix.
• the matrix contains a homopolymer or a copolymer of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and a liquid or semi-solid surfactant.
• International Patent Publication WO 00/57854 relates to mechanically stable pharmaceutical dosage forms for oral administration, containing at least one active compound, at least one thermoplastically moldable, matrix-forming auxiliary and more than 10% and up to 40% by weight of a surface-active substance that has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of between 2 and 18 and is liquid at 20°C, or has a drop point between 20°C and 50°C.
• HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
• U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0208082 relates to a solubilizing composition comprising a mixture of TPGS (a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate or vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate) and linoleic acid.
• TPGS a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate or vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate
• linoleic acid a mixture of TPGS (a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate or vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate) and linoleic acid.
• TPGS a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate or vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate
• Hot melt-extrusion an enabling technology in increasing use for enhancing bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug compounds, is a solvent-free, non-ambient process that has been said to afford many advantages over conventional solid dosage forms in terms of robustness and versatility (Crowley et al. (2007) Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 33:908-926).
• Apoptosis-inducing drugs that target Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl- ⁇ are best administered according to a regimen that provides continual, for example daily, replenishment of the plasma concentration, to maintain the concentration in a therapeutically effective range.
• This can be achieved by daily parenteral, e.g., intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration.
• daily parenteral administration is often not practical in a clinical setting, particularly for outpatients.
• a solid dosage form with acceptable oral bioavailability would be highly desirable.
• Such a dosage form, and a regimen for oral administration thereof would represent an important advance in treatment of many types of cancer, including NHL, CLL and ALL, and would more readily enable combination therapies with other chemotherapeutics.
• R is halo
• R 1 and R 2 are H or are independently methyl or methoxy
• R 3 and R 4 are independently methyl or methoxy if R 1 and R 2 are H, or are H if R 1 and R 2 are independently methyl or methoxy;
• a and B are each independently CH or N;
• R 5 is Ci_4 alkyl or haloalkyl, Ci_ 4 alkylsulfonyl or haloalkylsulfonyl, halo, nitro or cyano;
• X is -O- or -NH-;
• Y is -(CH 2 ) n - where n is 0, 1 , 2 or 3;
• R 6 is an unsubstituted or substituted 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring as defined herein, or is NR 7 R 8 ; wherein, if R 6 is NR 7 R 8 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently H or R 9 -(CH 2 ) m - groups, no more than one of R 7 and R 8 being H, where each R 9 is independently a 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with no more than two Z 1 groups as defined below, and each m is independently 0 or 1 ; and
• R 6 is a substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, substituents thereon are no more than two Z 1 groups and/or no more than one Z 2 group, Z 1 groups being independently selected from (a) Ci_ 4 alkyl, C 2 _ 4 alkenyl, Ci_ 4 alkoxy, Ci_ 4 alkylthio, Ci_ 4 alkylamino, Ci_ 4 alkylsulfonyl, Ci_ 4 alkylsulfonylamino, Ci_ 4 alkylcarbonyl, Ci_ 4 alkylcarbonylamino and Ci_ 4 alkylcarboxy, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, Ci_ 4 alkoxy, amino, Ci_ 4 alkylamino, di-(Ci_ 4 alkyl)amino and cyano, (b) halo, (e) hydroxy, (f) amino and (g) oxo groups, and Z 2 being (i) a further
• a solid orally deliverable dosage form comprising such a solid dispersion, optionally together with one or more additional excipients.
• an active pharmaceutical ingredient that comprises a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable water-soluble polymeric carrier and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant to provide an extrudable semi-solid mixture;
• a “melt” herein is a liquid or semi-solid (e.g., rubbery) state induced by elevated temperature wherein it is possible for a first component to become homogeneously distributed in a matrix comprising a second component.
• the second (matrix) component for example a polymeric carrier
• other components for example including a compound of Formula I or a salt thereof, dissolve in the melt, thus forming a solution.
• elevated temperature herein is meant a temperature above a softening point of the polymeric carrier, as affected by other components if present, such as plasticizers or surfactants.
• Preparation of the melt can take place in a variety of ways.
• Mixing of the components can take place before, during or after formation of the melt.
• the components can be mixed first and then subjected to elevated temperature to form the melt; alternatively mixing and melting can take place simultaneously.
• the polymeric carrier is first melted, optionally with the surfactant component, and the API is then added to the resulting melt.
• the melt is thoroughly mixed while at elevated temperature in order to ensure homogeneous dispersion of the API.
• neoplastic diseases include cancers.
• a specific illustrative type of cancer that can be treated according to the present method is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
• Another specific illustrative type of cancer that can be treated according to the present method is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
• CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
• Fig. 1 is a flow-chart for a process including melt extrusion useful to form a solid dispersion product according to an embodiment of the present technology.
• a solid dispersion in accordance with the present disclosure comprises an active ingredient in an essentially non-crystalline or amorphous form, which is usually more soluble than the crystalline form.
• the term "solid dispersion” herein encompasses systems having small solid-state particles (e.g., essentially non-crystalline or amorphous particles) of one phase dispersed in another solid-state phase. More particularly, the present solid dispersions comprise particles of one or more active ingredients dispersed in an inert carrier or matrix in solid state, and can be prepared by melting or solvent methods or by a combination of melting and solvent methods. According to the present invention a melt-extrusion method as described herein is particularly favored.
• An "amorphous form” refers to a particle without definite structure, i.e., lacking crystalline structure.
• the term "essentially non-crystalline" herein means that no more than about 5%, for example no more than about 2% or no more than about 1% crystallimty, is observed by X-ray diffraction analysis. In a particular embodiment, no detectable crystallimty is observed by one or both of X-ray diffraction analysis or polarization microscopy. In this regard it is to be noted that, when no detectable crystallimty is observed, the solid dispersion referenced herein may additionally or alternatively be described as a solid solution.
• Compounds of Formula I, including salts thereof, useful herein typically have very low solubility in water, being classed as essentially insoluble, i.e., having a solubility of less than about 10 ⁇ / ⁇ 1.
• active ingredients are, for example, Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class IV drug substances that are characterized by low solubility and low permeability (see “Waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate-release solid oral dosage forms based on a biopharmaceutics classification system", U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), August 2000).
• aqueous solubility of many compounds is pH-dependent; in the case of such compounds the solubility of interest herein is at a physiologically relevant pH, for example a pH of about 1 to about 8.
• the drug has a solubility in water, at least at one point in a pH range from about 1 to about 8, of less than about 10 ⁇ g/ml, in some cases less than about 1 ⁇ g/ml or even less than about 0.1 ⁇ g/ml.
• a particular compound useful herein has a solubility in water at pH 4 of ⁇ 0.004 ⁇ g/ml.
• Solid dispersions of the present invention comprise as active ingredient a compound of Formula I as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such a compound.
• they may further comprise a second active ingredient, for example a therapeutic agent useful in combination therapy with the compound of Formula I as indicated hereinbelow.
• the compound has Formula I where R° is chloro.
• the compound has Formula I where R 1 is methyl or methoxy, R 2 is methyl, and R 3 and R 4 are each H.
• the compound has Formula I where R 5 is trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethylsulfonyl, chloro, bromo or nitro.
• R 5 is trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethylsulfonyl, chloro, bromo or nitro.
• the compound has Formula I where (a) R° is chloro, (b) R 1 is methyl or methoxy, R 2 is methyl, and R 3 and R 4 are each H, and (c) R 5 is trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethylsulfonyl, chloro, bromo or nitro.
• R 6 is a 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted as defined above.
• R 6 is a saturated carbocyclic (i.e., cycloalkyl) ring, for example but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, in each case optionally substituted as more fully described below.
• heterocyclic herein embraces saturated and partly and fully unsaturated ring structures having 4 to 7 ring atoms, one or more of which are heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Typically the heterocyclic ring has no more than two such heteroatoms.
• R 6 is a saturated heterocyclic ring, for example but not limited to azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiophanyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl or tetrahydrothiopyranyl, in each case optionally substituted as more fully described below.
• R 6 is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, for example a saturated ring as described immediately above, it can be unsubstituted or substituted at up to three positions on the ring.
• Substituents if present, comprise no more than two Z 1 groups and/or no more than one Z 2 group.
• Z 1 groups are independently selected from (a) Ci_ 4 alkyl, C 2 _ 4 alkenyl, Ci_ 4 alkoxy, Ci_ 4 alkylthio, Ci_ 4 alkylamino, Ci_ 4 alkylsulfonyl, Ci_ 4 alkylsulfonylamino, Ci_ 4 alkylcarbonyl, Ci_ 4 alkylcarbonylamino and Ci_ 4 alkylcarboxy, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, Ci_ 4 alkoxy, amino, Ci_ 4 alkylamino, di-(Ci_ 4 alkyl)amino and cyano, (b) halo, (e) hydroxy, (f) amino and (g) oxo groups.
• Illustrative examples of such Z 1 groups include without limitation methyl, cyanomethyl, methoxy, fluoro, hydroxy, amino and methylsulfonyl.
• the Z 2 group if present, is a further 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with no more than two Z 1 groups as described above.
• Ring Z 2 if present, is typically but not necessarily saturated, and in most cases is not further substituted.
• Z 2 is a saturated carbocyclic ring, for example but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
• Z 2 is a saturated heterocyclic ring, for example but not limited to azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiophanyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl or tetrahydrothiopyranyl.
• R 6 is a group NR 7 R 8 , where R 7 and R 8 are each independently H or R 9 -(CH 2 ) m - groups, no more than one of R 7 and R 8 being H, where each R 9 is independently a 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with no more than two Z 1 groups as defined above, and each m is independently 0 or 1.
• Each of rings R 9 is typically but not necessarily saturated, and in most cases is unsubstituted.
• Illustrative carbocyclic rings at R 7 and/or R 8 include without limitation cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
• Illustrative heterocyclic rings at R 7 and/or R 8 include without limitation azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiophanyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl or tetr ahy drothiopyr any 1.
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of 4- methoxycyclohexyl, czs-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl, trans-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl, 4-morpholin-4-ylcyclohexyl, (3R)- 1 -(methylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl, (3R)- 1 -tetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-ylpyrrolidin-3-yl, tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, (3S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl, 4- methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 4-fluorotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 4-aminotetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-yl, l-(cyanomethyl)piperidin-4-yl, 4-fluoro-l-oxetan-3-ylpiperidin-4
• Compounds of Formula I may contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms in the R- or S-configuration; such compounds can be present as racemates or in an excess of one configuration over the other, for example in an enantiomeric ratio of at least about 85: 15.
• the compound can be substantially enantiomerically pure, for example having an enantiomeric ratio of at least about 95:5, or in some cases at least about 98:2 or at least about 99: 1.
• Compounds of Formula I may alternatively or additionally contain carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-nitrogen double bonds in the Z- or E-configuration, the term “Z” denoting a configuration wherein the larger substituents are on the same side of such a double bond and the term “E” denoting a configuration wherein the larger substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond.
• the compound can alternatively be present as a mixture of Z- and E-isomers.
• Compounds of Formula I may alternatively or additionally exist as tautomers or equilibrium mixtures thereof wherein a proton shifts from one atom to another.
• tautomers illustratively include keto-enol, phenol-keto, oxime-nitroso, nitro-aci, imine- enamine and the like.
• the API present in the solid dispersion is selected from compounds specifically identified in above-referenced U.S. application Serial No. 12/787,682 (U.S. 2010/0305122) in Examples 1-378 thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compounds, independently of whether these compounds are individually embraced by the present Formula I. Compounds 1-378 of these Examples, and illustrative procedures for their synthesis, are reproduced hereinbelow.
• the API present in the solid dispersion is selected from Compounds 1-378 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, but only to the extent that such Examples are individually embraced by the present Formula I.
• the entire disclosure of U.S. application Serial No. 12/787,682 (U.S. 2010/0305122) is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
• This Compound was prepared by substituting 3-(N-morpholinyl)-propylamine for l-(tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methylamine in the procedure for Compound IF.
• This Compound was prepared by substituting 4-amino-N-methylpiperidine for 1- (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methylamine in the procedure for Compound IF.
• This Compound was prepared by substituting Compound 7B for Compound 31 in the procedure for Compound 3J, except here upon completion of the reaction, water and 2N HCl were added to adjust the pH to 2, and the HCl salt of the product was extracted using CHCI 3 /CH 3 OH.
• This Compound was prepared by substituting Compound 7C for Compound IE and Compound 4 A for Compound IF in the procedure for Compound 1G, except here the purification was done by preparative HPLC using a CI 8 column, 250 x 50 mm, 10 ⁇ , and eluting with a gradient of 20-100% CH 3 CN vs. 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water, giving the product as a bistrifluoroacetate salt.
• This Compound was prepared by substituting 3 -(pyrrolidin- l-yl)propan-l -amine for l-(tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methylamine in the procedure for Compound IF.
• This Compound was prepared by substituting Compound 7C for Compound IE and Compound 8 A for Compound IF in the procedure for Compound 1G, except here the purification was done by preparative HPLC using a CI 8 column, 250 x 50 mm, lO ⁇ and eluting with a gradient of 20-100% CH 3 CN vs. 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid in water, giving the product as a bistrifluoroacetate salt.
• trans-4-morpholinocyclohexanamine dihydrochloride [0109] To a solution of trans-tert-butyl-4-morpholinocyclohexylcarbamate (19.2 g, 67.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 ml) was added HC1 (100 ml, 400 mmol) (4M in dioxane) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether and solid salt was filtered off, and dried in an oven.
• This compound was prepared by substituting 2-methoxyethylamine for 1- (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methylamine in the procedure for Compound IF.
• This racemic mixture was prepared by substituting (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3- yl)methanamine for l-(tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methylamine in the procedure for Compound IF.
• the residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC on a C18 column using a gradient of 40-60% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water to give the title compound as the trifluoroacetate salt.
• the trifluoroacetic acid salt was dissolved in dichloromethane (6 ml) and washed with 50% aqueous NaHC0 3 . The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SC"4 and concentrated to give the title compound.
• the mixture was acidified with 5% HC1 and extracted with dichloromethane (100 ml x 3) and washed with water, brine and dried over Na 2 S0 4 . After evaporation, the crude product was loaded on a column and eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to give the product.
• This Compound was prepared by substituting l-(tetrahydropyran-4- yl)methylamine for 2-methoxyethanamine in the procedure for Compound 16A.
• aqueous layer was adjusted to pH ⁇ 4 with IN aqueous HC1 and the organic layer was separated, washed with brine (50 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated.
• the residue was loaded onto silica gel (GraceResolv 40 g) and eluted using a gradient of 0.5% to 7.5% methanol/dichloromethane over 30 minutes. This solid was treated with HC1 (4.0M in dioxane, 5 ml) at room temperature for 1 hour and concentrated to give the title compound.
• N-Benzyl-l,l-dioxotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-amine (2.00 g) was added to ethanol (40 ml) in a pressure bottle.
• Palladium hydroxide on carbon (0.587 g,) was added and the solution was stirred under 30 psi of hydrogen at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered though a nylon membrane and the solvent was removed under vacuum.
• the obtained material was chromatographed on silica gel a second time with 10-40% ethyl acetate in CH 2 CI 2 as the eluent, triturated with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum at 45°C to give the product.

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