WO2012086273A1 - 非水二次電池 - Google Patents
非水二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012086273A1 WO2012086273A1 PCT/JP2011/070494 JP2011070494W WO2012086273A1 WO 2012086273 A1 WO2012086273 A1 WO 2012086273A1 JP 2011070494 W JP2011070494 W JP 2011070494W WO 2012086273 A1 WO2012086273 A1 WO 2012086273A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- composite oxide
- positive electrode
- secondary battery
- negative electrode
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 202
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 194
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 231
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 165
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910007121 Li1+yMO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 88
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 77
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 68
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 56
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- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- IDSMHEZTLOUMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[O].[Co] Chemical class [Li].[O].[Co] IDSMHEZTLOUMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aqua regia Chemical compound Cl.O[N+]([O-])=O QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2].[Li+] QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical class [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous secondary battery having a high capacity and good safety and charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- Non-aqueous secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries have high voltage and high capacity, and thus are highly expected for their development.
- negative electrode material negative electrode active material
- natural or artificial graphite graphitic carbon material that can insert and desorb Li ions in addition to Li (lithium) and Li alloy is applied. Has been.
- SiO x having a structure in which Si ultrafine particles are dispersed in SiO 2 has attracted attention (for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3).
- this material is used as a negative electrode active material, since Si that reacts with Li is ultrafine particles, charging and discharging are performed smoothly.
- the SiO x particles themselves having the above structure have a small surface area. The coating property when forming a coating material for forming the electrode and the adhesion of the negative electrode mixture layer to the current collector are also good.
- JP 2004-47404 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-259697 JP 2007-242590 A
- the high capacity negative electrode material containing Si as a constituent element as described above has a very large volume change accompanying charging / discharging. Therefore, in a battery using this, the battery characteristics are rapidly deteriorated by repeated charging / discharging. There is a fear. Therefore, from the viewpoint of avoiding such a problem, in constructing a battery using the above-described high-capacity negative electrode material, a conventional non-aqueous secondary battery having a negative electrode having a graphitic carbon material or the like as an active material is a negative electrode. It is necessary to greatly change the configuration.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a non-aqueous secondary battery having high capacity and excellent safety and charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention is a non-aqueous secondary battery having a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte and a separator
- the negative electrode includes a material containing Si as a constituent element, and a negative electrode mixture layer containing a graphitic carbon material as a negative electrode active material
- the positive electrode is represented by the following general composition formula (1) and contains a lithium-containing composite oxide containing sulfur in a range of 0.01 mass% to 0.5 mass% as a positive electrode active material. It is characterized by including a layer.
- y is ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3
- M is Ni, Co, Mn and Mg, and Al, Ba, Sr, Ti and Zr.
- FIG. 1A is a plan view of the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the appearance of the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention.
- the negative electrode used in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the present invention has a negative electrode mixture layer containing a material containing Si as a constituent element and a graphitic carbon material as a negative electrode active material.
- a material containing Si as a constituent element in addition to Si alone, Si reacts with Li, such as an alloy of Si with an element other than Si such as Co, Ni, Ti, Fe, Mn, or an oxide of Si.
- a material containing Si and O represented by a general composition formula SiO x (where 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5) as constituent elements is preferably used.
- the graphitic carbon material acts as an active material and also acts as a conductive auxiliary agent, so that the charge / discharge reaction of the material containing Si as a constituent element can be uniformly advanced throughout the negative electrode. Since the material containing Si as a constituent element becomes a buffer material when it expands and contracts, the conductivity of the entire negative electrode can be maintained even after repeated charge and discharge. In particular, when SiO x having poor conductivity is included, the above-described effect is remarkable when the graphitic carbon material is used together.
- the positive electrode used in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the present invention contains lithium that is represented by the following general composition formula (1) and contains sulfur in the range of 0.01 mass% to 0.5 mass%.
- a material having a positive electrode mixture layer containing a composite oxide as a positive electrode active material was used.
- y is ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3
- M is Ni, Co, Mn and Mg, and Al, Ba, Sr, Ti and Zr.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide that contains Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg and also includes a specific additive element and can suppress elution of Mn at the time of charge / discharge of the battery is contained as a positive electrode active material.
- a negative electrode mixture layer containing a negative electrode active material or a binder is used on one or both sides of the current collector.
- a material containing Si as a constituent element and a graphitic carbon material are used for the negative electrode active material related to the negative electrode.
- a material containing Si as a constituent element is referred to as a Si-based material.
- the alloy of Si and an element other than Si may be a single solid solution or an alloy composed of a plurality of phases of a single Si phase and a Si alloy phase. .
- SiO x is not limited to the Si oxide, and may include a Si microcrystalline phase or an amorphous phase.
- the atomic ratio of Si and O may be the Si microcrystalline phase or The ratio includes amorphous phase Si.
- the material expressed by SiO x for example, a SiO 2 matrix of amorphous, Si (e.g., microcrystalline Si) is include the dispersed structure, the SiO 2 in the amorphous
- the particle size of SiO x in order to enhance the effect of compounding with the carbon material described later, and to prevent fineness in charge and discharge, as the number average particle size by laser diffraction scattering type particle size distribution measurement described later, Those having a thickness of 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m are preferably used.
- the Si-based material is preferably combined with a carbon material to form a negative electrode active material.
- a composite of the Si-based material and the carbon material a composite in which the surface of the Si-based material is covered with a carbon material is preferably used. Since materials such as SiO x have poor conductivity as described above, when using this as a negative electrode active material, a conductive material (conductive auxiliary agent) is used from the viewpoint of securing good battery characteristics, It is necessary to form an excellent conductive network. In the case of a composite of a Si-based material and a carbon material, a conductive network in the negative electrode is formed better than when a mixture obtained by simply mixing the two is used.
- examples of the composite of the Si-based material and the carbon material include a granulated body of the Si-based material and the carbon material as well as the Si-based material coated with the carbon material as described above.
- a composite of a Si-based material coated with a carbon material and a carbon material different from the above for example, a mixture of a Si-based material coated with a carbon material and a carbon material different from the above is further included. The granulated body etc. which were granulated are mentioned.
- a Si-based material whose surface is coated with a carbon material the surface of a complex (for example, a granulated body) of a Si-based material and a carbon material having a smaller specific resistance value is further coated with a carbon material.
- a composite of these can also be preferably used.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery using a negative electrode containing a Si-based material as a negative electrode active material because a better conductive network can be formed when the Si-based material and the carbon material are dispersed inside the granule.
- battery characteristics such as heavy load discharge characteristics can be further improved.
- Preferred examples of the carbon material that can be used for forming a complex with a Si-based material include carbon materials such as low crystalline carbon, carbon nanotubes, and vapor grown carbon fibers.
- the carbon material include at least one selected from the group consisting of fibrous or coiled carbon materials, carbon black (including acetylene black and ketjen black), artificial graphite, graphitizable carbon, and non-graphitizable carbon.
- a seed material is preferred.
- Fibrous or coil-like carbon materials are preferable in that they easily form a conductive network and have a large surface area.
- Carbon black (including acetylene black and ketjen black), graphitizable carbon, and non-graphitizable carbon have high electrical conductivity and high liquid retention, and the Si-based material particles expand and contract. However, it is preferable in that it has a property of easily maintaining contact with the particles.
- the carbon material may be a graphitic carbon material used in combination with a Si-based material as a negative electrode active material.
- Graphite carbon material like carbon black, has high electrical conductivity and high liquid retention, and even when Si-based material particles expand and contract, it is easy to maintain contact with the particles. Since it has properties, it can be preferably used to form a composite with a Si-based material.
- a fibrous carbon material is particularly preferable as a material used when the complex with the Si-based material is a granulated body.
- the fibrous carbon material has a thin thread shape and high flexibility, so that it can follow the expansion and contraction of the Si-based material accompanying charging / discharging of the battery, and because the bulk density is large, This is because it can have many junctions.
- the fibrous carbon include polyacrylonitrile (PAN) -based carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube, and any of these may be used.
- the fibrous carbon material can be formed on the surface of the Si-based material particles by, for example, a vapor phase growth method.
- the specific resistance value of SiO x is usually 10 3 to 10 7 k ⁇ cm, whereas the specific resistance value of the carbon material exemplified above is usually 10 ⁇ 5 to 10 k ⁇ cm.
- the composite of the Si-based material and the carbon material may further have a material layer (a material layer containing non-graphitizable carbon) that covers the carbon material coating layer on the particle surface.
- the ratio of Si-based material to carbon material is Si-based material: 100 mass from the viewpoint of satisfactorily exerting the effect of combining with the carbon material. It is preferable that a carbon material is 5 mass parts or more with respect to a part, and it is more preferable that it is 10 mass parts or more. Further, in the above composite, if the ratio of the carbon material to be combined with the Si-based material is too large, the content of the Si-based material in the negative electrode mixture layer may be decreased, and the effect of increasing the capacity may be reduced. Therefore, the carbon material is preferably 50 parts by mass or less and more preferably 40 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the Si-based material.
- the composite of the Si-based material and the carbon material can be obtained by, for example, the following method.
- a dispersion liquid in which a Si-based material is dispersed in a dispersion medium is prepared, sprayed and dried to produce composite particles including a plurality of particles.
- a dispersion medium for example, ethanol or the like can be used as the dispersion medium. It is appropriate to spray the dispersion liquid in an atmosphere of 50 to 300 ° C.
- similar composite particles can be produced also by a granulation method by a mechanical method using a vibration type or planetary type ball mill or rod mill.
- the carbon material when producing a granulated body of a Si-based material and a carbon material having a specific resistance value smaller than that of the Si-based material, the carbon material is added to a dispersion liquid in which the Si-based material is dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- a dispersion liquid in which the Si-based material is dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- composite particles may be obtained by the same method as in the case of combining Si-based materials.
- the granulated body of Si type material and a carbon material can also be produced also by the granulation method by the mechanical method similar to the above.
- the surface of the Si-based material particles (or the granulated body of the Si-based material and the carbon material) is coated with the carbon material to form a composite
- the Si-based material particles, the hydrocarbon-based gas, Is heated in the gas phase, and carbon generated by pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon-based gas is deposited on the surface of the particles.
- the hydrocarbon-based gas spreads to every corner of the composite particle, and the surface of the particle and the pores in the surface are thin and contain a conductive carbon material. Since a uniform film (carbon material coating layer) can be formed, conductivity can be imparted to the Si-based material particles with good uniformity with a small amount of carbon material.
- the processing temperature (atmospheric temperature) of the vapor deposition (CVD) method varies depending on the type of hydrocarbon gas, but is usually 600 to 1200 ° C., preferably 700 ° C. or higher. More preferably, it is 800 ° C. or higher. This is because the higher the treatment temperature, the less the remaining impurities, and the formation of a coating layer containing carbon having high conductivity.
- toluene As the liquid source of the hydrocarbon-based gas, toluene, benzene, xylene, mesitylene and the like can be used, but toluene that is easy to handle is particularly preferable.
- a hydrocarbon-based gas can be obtained by vaporizing them (for example, bubbling with nitrogen gas).
- methane gas, acetylene gas, etc. can also be used.
- Si-based material particles or granules of Si-based material and carbon material
- a carbon material by vapor deposition (CVD) method
- petroleum-based pitch or granules of Si-based material and carbon material
- thermosetting After adhering at least one organic compound selected from the group consisting of a conductive resin and a condensate of naphthalene sulfonate and aldehydes to a coating layer containing a carbon material, particles to which the organic compound is attached You may bake.
- a dispersion liquid in which a Si-based material particle (or a granulated body of a Si-based material and a carbon material) whose surface is coated with a carbon material and the organic compound is dispersed in a dispersion medium is prepared.
- the dispersion is sprayed and dried to form particles coated with the organic compound, and the particles coated with the organic compound are fired.
- an isotropic pitch can be used.
- thermosetting resin phenol resin, furan resin, furfural resin, or the like can be used.
- condensate of naphthalene sulfonate and aldehydes naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate can be used.
- a dispersion medium for dispersing the Si-based material particles whose surface is coated with a carbon material and the organic compound for example, water or alcohols (ethanol or the like) can be used. It is appropriate to spray the dispersion liquid in an atmosphere of 50 to 300 ° C.
- the firing temperature is usually 600 to 1200 ° C., preferably 700 ° C. or higher, and more preferably 800 ° C. or higher. This is because the higher the processing temperature, the less the remaining impurities, and the formation of a coating layer containing a high-quality carbon material with high conductivity. However, the processing temperature needs to be lower than the melting point of the Si-based material.
- Examples of the graphitic carbon material used as the negative electrode active material together with the composite of the Si-based material and the carbon material include natural graphite such as flake graphite; pyrolytic carbons, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), carbon And artificial graphite obtained by graphitizing easily graphitizable carbon such as fibers at 2800 ° C. or higher.
- the content of the composite of the Si-based material and the carbon material in the negative electrode active material is 0 from the viewpoint of favorably securing the effect of increasing the capacity by using the Si-based material. It is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and more preferably 3% by mass or more. Further, from the viewpoint of better avoiding the problem due to the volume change of the Si-based material accompanying charge / discharge, the content of the composite of the Si-based material and the carbon material in the negative electrode active material is 20% by mass or less. Is preferable, and it is more preferable that it is 15 mass% or less.
- an appropriate solvent (dispersion medium) is added to a mixture (negative electrode mixture) containing a composite of a Si-based material (for example, SiO x ) and a carbon material, a graphitic carbon material, and a binder.
- the paste-like or slurry-like negative electrode mixture-containing composition obtained by sufficiently kneading is applied to one or both sides of the current collector, and the solvent (dispersion medium) is removed by drying or the like to obtain a predetermined thickness and It can be obtained by forming a negative electrode mixture layer having a density.
- the negative electrode which concerns on this invention is not restricted to what was obtained by said manufacturing method, The thing manufactured by the other manufacturing method may be used.
- binder used for the negative electrode mixture layer examples include starch, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, diacetylcellulose, and other polysaccharides and modified products thereof; polyvinylchloride, Thermoplastic resins such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamideimide, polyamide, and their modified products; polyimide; ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene Rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber, polybutadiene, fluororubber, polyethylene oxide and other polymers having rubber-like elasticity and their modified products; It may be used one or two or more of these.
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer
- SBR sulfonated
- a conductive material may be further added to the negative electrode mixture layer as a conductive aid.
- a conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it does not cause a chemical change in the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- carbon black thermal black, furnace black, channel black, ketjen black, acetylene black
- 2 kinds of materials such as carbon fiber, metal powder (powder of copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, etc.), metal fiber, and polyphenylene derivative (described in JP-A-59-20971).
- carbon black is preferably used, and ketjen black and acetylene black are more preferable.
- the particle size of the carbon material used as the conductive auxiliary is, for example, 0.01 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.02 ⁇ m or more, as a number average particle size measured by a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution analyzer described later. More preferably, it is 10 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the total amount of the negative electrode active material (the total of the composite of SiO x and carbon material and the graphitic carbon material) should be 80 to 99% by mass, and the amount of binder should be 1 to 20% by mass. Is preferred.
- these conductive materials in the negative electrode mixture layer are used within a range in which the total amount of the negative electrode active material and the binder amount satisfy the above preferred values. It is preferable to do.
- the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer is preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m per side of the current collector.
- the density of the negative electrode mixture layer (calculated from the mass and thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer per unit area laminated on the current collector) is 1.0 g / cm 3 or more and 1.9 g / cm 3 or less. Is preferred.
- the negative electrode current collector a copper or nickel foil, a punching metal, a net, an expanded metal, or the like can be used, but a copper foil is usually used.
- the upper limit of the thickness is preferably 30 ⁇ m, and the lower limit is 5 ⁇ m in order to ensure mechanical strength. Is desirable.
- a positive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive auxiliary agent and the like is used on one side or both sides of a current collector.
- the positive electrode active material a lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the above general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in a specific amount is used.
- Mn is easily eluted from a positive electrode using a lithium-containing composite oxide containing Mn as a positive electrode active material, and this positive electrode is composed of a composite of SiO x and a carbon material and a graphitic carbon material.
- a battery combined with a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material it has been found that Mn is selectively deposited on the surface of a composite of SiO x and a carbon material.
- the contribution ratio of SiO x related to the composite in terms of capacity is larger than that of a graphitic carbon material. It is presumed that the deterioration of SiO x due to the selective precipitation of the lead leads to the deterioration of the entire negative electrode, thereby impairing the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery.
- a composite of SiO x and a carbon material and graphite represented by the above general composition formula (1) and using a lithium-containing composite oxide containing sulfur in a specific amount as a positive electrode active material Even when combined with a negative electrode using a carbonaceous material as a negative electrode active material, high capacity can be achieved while improving charge / discharge cycle characteristics. This is because in the positive electrode using the lithium-containing composite oxide that is represented by the general composition formula (1) and contains sulfur in a specific amount, the elution amount of Mn when charging and discharging are repeated can be reduced. It is believed that there is.
- Ni is a component that contributes to the capacity improvement.
- the Ni ratio a is 70 mol from the viewpoint of improving the capacity of the lithium-containing composite oxide. % Or more, and more preferably 80 mol% or more.
- the proportion of Ni in the element group M is too large, for example, the amount of Co, Mn, and Mg may be reduced, and the effects of these may be reduced. Therefore, when the total number of elements in the element group M in the general composition formula (1) representing the lithium-containing composite oxide is 100 mol%, the Ni ratio a is 97 mol% or less.
- the capacity of the lithium-containing composite oxide can be adjusted when the driving voltage is 2.5 to 4.3 V based on lithium metal. It can be set to 185 mAh / g or more.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide In the lithium-containing composite oxide, the electrical conductivity decreases as the average valence of Ni decreases. Therefore, the lithium-containing composite oxide preferably has an average valence of Ni of 2.5 to 3.2 measured by the method shown in the examples described later. This also makes it possible to obtain a higher capacity lithium-containing composite oxide when the drive voltage is 2.5 to 4.3 V on the basis of lithium metal.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide when Co is present in the crystal lattice, the lithium-containing composite oxide is caused by insertion and desorption of Li during charge / discharge of the nonaqueous secondary battery. Since the irreversible reaction resulting from this phase transition can be relaxed and the reversibility of the crystal structure of the lithium-containing composite oxide can be increased, a non-aqueous secondary battery having a long charge / discharge cycle life can be formed.
- the Co ratio b is the reversibility improvement of the crystal structure of the lithium-containing composite oxide by Co. From the viewpoint of securing the effect better, it is 0.5 mol% or more, and preferably 1 mol% or more. However, when the proportion of Co in the element group M is too large, for example, the amount of Ni, Mn, and Mg may be reduced, and the effects of these may be reduced. Therefore, when the total number of elements in the element group M in the general composition formula (1) representing the lithium-containing composite oxide is 100 mol%, the Co ratio b is less than 30 mol%.
- the average valence of Co in the lithium-containing composite oxide is a value measured by the method shown in the examples described later from the viewpoint of ensuring the above-described effects of Co better. It is preferable that it is bivalent.
- the Mn ratio c (mol%) and the Mg ratio d (mol%) are set to 0.5 ⁇ c ⁇ .
- the crystal lattice contains Mn and Mg as 30, 0.5 ⁇ d ⁇ 30, ⁇ 10 ⁇ cd ⁇ 10, and 8 ⁇ (cd) / d ⁇ 8.
- the ratio c of Mn is preferably 1 mol% or more, more preferably 2 mol% or more, more preferably 10 mol% or less, and even more preferably 7 mol% or less.
- the Mg ratio d is preferably 1 mol% or more, more preferably 2 mol% or more.
- the Mg ratio d Is preferably 15 mol% or less, more preferably 10 mol% or less, and even more preferably 7 mol% or less.
- the difference in composition ratio between Mn and Mg is desirably small, preferably ⁇ 3 ⁇ cd ⁇ 3, and ⁇ 2 ⁇ (cd) / It is preferable that d ⁇ 2.
- the average valence of Mg is a value measured by the method shown in the examples described later from the viewpoint of further improving the reversibility of the crystal structure of the lithium-containing composite oxide. It is preferably 2.2.
- the average valence of Mn is measured by the method shown in the examples described later, from the viewpoint of stabilizing Mg and allowing its action to be exhibited more effectively.
- the value is preferably 3.5 to 4.2.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ba, Sr, Ti and Zr as well as Ni, Co, Mn and Mg as the element group M.
- the crystal structure of the lithium-containing composite oxide when Al is present in the crystal lattice, the crystal structure of the lithium-containing composite oxide can be stabilized, and the thermal stability thereof can be improved.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery can be configured.
- the presence of Al at the grain boundaries and surfaces of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles can improve the stability over time, suppress side reactions with the non-aqueous electrolyte, and provide a longer-life non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a secondary battery can be configured.
- the ratio is preferably 0.01 mol% or more, while the ratio of Al is preferably 10 mol% or less from the viewpoint of charge / discharge capacity.
- alkaline earth metal elements such as Ba and Sr are contained in the lithium composite oxide particles
- the growth of primary particles is promoted and the crystallinity of the lithium-containing composite oxide is improved. Side reactions are suppressed, and a battery that is less likely to swell during high-temperature storage can be configured.
- Ba is particularly preferred as the alkaline earth metal element.
- the total ratio of Ba and Sr when both are included, The total ratio is preferably 10 mol% or less, more preferably 5 mol% or less, still more preferably 3 mol% or less.
- the ratio of at least one of Ba and Sr is preferably 0.01 mol% or more.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide When Ti is contained in the lithium-containing composite oxide particles, in the LiNiO 2 type crystal structure, the lithium-containing composite oxide is disposed in a crystal defect portion such as an oxygen vacancy to stabilize the crystal structure. The reversibility of the reaction is enhanced, and a non-aqueous secondary battery having better charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be configured.
- the ratio of Ti when the total number of elements in the element group M is 100 mol%, the ratio of Ti is: It is preferable to set it as 0.01 mol% or more, and it is more preferable to set it as 0.1 mol% or more.
- the proportion of Ti when the total number of elements in the element group M is 100 mol%, the proportion of Ti is preferably 10 mol% or less, and preferably 5 mol% or less. More preferably, it is more preferably 2 mol% or less.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide contains Zr
- the presence of the lithium-containing composite oxide on the grain boundaries and surfaces of the lithium-containing composite oxide particles can increase the surface activity without impairing the electrochemical properties of the lithium-containing composite oxide. Suppress. Therefore, it is thought that the elution of Mn accompanying the charge / discharge cycle of the battery can be suppressed more favorably.
- the effect of suppressing the activity of the particle surface by Zr makes it possible to construct a non-aqueous secondary battery with better storage and longer life.
- the ratio of Zr is preferably 0.01 mol% or more, more preferably 0.1 mol% or more.
- the ratio of Zr is preferably 3 mol% or less.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide may contain at least one element selected from Al, Ba, Sr, Ti and Zr as element group M together with Ni, Co, Mn and Mg. Specifically, the lithium-containing composite oxide may contain only one element among Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr, or may contain two or more elements. . However, in the general composition formula (1) representing the lithium-containing composite oxide, when the total number of elements in the element group M is 100 mol%, the total ratio e of Al, Ba, Sr, Ti and Zr is 10 mol. % Or less.
- the element group M in the general composition formula (1) representing the lithium-containing composite oxide may contain elements other than Ni, Co, Mn, Mg, Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr.
- elements such as Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ge, Sn, Ca, Ag, Ta, Nb, Mo, B, P, W, and Ga may be included.
- the elements other than Ni, Co, Mn, Mg, Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr when the total number of elements in the element group M is 100 mol% are used.
- the ratio is preferably 10 mol% or less, and more preferably 3 mol% or less.
- Elements other than Ni, Co, Mn, Mg, Al, Ba, Sr, Ti and Zr in the element group M may be uniformly distributed in the lithium-containing composite oxide, and segregate on the particle surface and the like. It may be.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide having the above composition has a large true density of 4.55 to 4.95 g / cm 3 and is a material having a high volume energy density.
- the true density of the lithium-containing composite oxide containing Al and Mn in a certain range varies greatly depending on the composition, but can be synthesized stably in the narrow composition range as described above and has a large true density as described above. It is considered a thing.
- capacitance per mass of lithium containing complex oxide can be enlarged, and it can be set as the material excellent in reversibility.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide has a higher true density especially when the composition is close to the stoichiometric ratio.
- ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ y ⁇ 0. .3 is preferable, and the true density and reversibility can be improved by adjusting the value of y in this way.
- y is more preferably ⁇ 0.1 or more and 0.1 or less.
- the true density of the lithium-containing composite oxide can be set to a higher value of 4.6 g / cm 3 or more. .
- the lithium-containing composite oxide contains a sulfur component, and the presence of this sulfur component at the grain boundary or surface of the lithium-containing composite oxide does not impair the electrochemical characteristics of the lithium-containing composite oxide. It is considered that the surface activity can be suppressed and the elution of Mn accompanying the charge / discharge cycle of the battery can be suppressed. Therefore, by using such a lithium-containing composite oxide, selective deterioration of SiO x that may occur due to elution of Mn can be suppressed, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- the sulfur content in the lithium-containing composite oxide is 0.01% by mass or more, and preferably 0.04% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of ensuring the above effects satisfactorily.
- the sulfur content in the lithium-containing composite oxide is 0.5 It is preferably at most mass%, more preferably at most 0.3 mass%, most preferably at most 0.15 mass%.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide suppresses gas generation in the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention by moderately suppressing the particle surface activity, and in particular, a battery having a rectangular (rectangular cylindrical) outer package. In such a case, the deformation of the exterior body can be suppressed, and the storability and life can be improved.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide preferably has the following form.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide is in the form of particles, and the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less in all primary particles is preferably 30% by volume or less, and 15% by volume or less. It is more preferable.
- BET specific surface area of the lithium-containing composite oxide is preferably 0.3 m 2 / g or less, and more preferably less 0.25 m 2 / g.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide when the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less in all primary particles is too large or the BET specific surface area is too large, the reaction area is large and the active point is large. Therefore, irreversible reactions with the moisture in the atmosphere, the binder used to form the electrode mixture layer, and the nonaqueous electrolyte of the battery are likely to occur, and gas is generated in the battery, causing deformation of the exterior body. There is a risk of causing this, and there is a risk of causing gelation of a composition (paste, slurry, etc.) containing a solvent used for forming the positive electrode mixture layer.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide may not contain any primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less. That is, the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less may be 0% by volume. Further, the BET specific surface area of the lithium-containing composite oxide is preferably 0.1 m 2 / g or more in order to prevent the reactivity from being lowered more than necessary. Further, the lithium-containing composite oxide preferably has a number average particle size of 5 to 25 ⁇ m.
- the ratio of primary particles contained in the lithium-containing composite oxide having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less, and the number-average particle size of the lithium-containing composite oxide (further, the number-average particle size of other active materials described later) ) Can be measured by a laser diffraction scattering type particle size distribution measuring apparatus, for example, “Microtrac HRA” manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
- the BET specific surface area of the lithium-containing composite oxide is a specific surface area of the surface of the active material and the micropores, which is a surface area measured and calculated using the BET formula which is a theoretical formula of multimolecular layer adsorption. . Specifically, it is a value obtained as a BET specific surface area using a specific surface area measuring device “Macsorb HM model-1201” (Mounttech) by a nitrogen adsorption method.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide particles preferably have a spherical shape or a substantially spherical shape from the viewpoint of increasing the density of the positive electrode mixture layer and further increasing the capacity of the positive electrode and thus the capacity of the nonaqueous secondary battery.
- the pressing step (details will be described later) at the time of producing the positive electrode
- the particles can be moved without difficulty. And the particles are smoothly rearranged. Therefore, since the press load can be reduced, it is possible to reduce the damage to the current collector caused by the press, and it is possible to increase the productivity of the positive electrode and further the productivity of the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the particles of the lithium-containing composite oxide are spherical or substantially spherical, the particles can withstand a larger pressing pressure, so that the positive electrode mixture layer can be made higher in density. .
- the lithium-containing composite oxide preferably has a tap density of 2.3 g / cm 3 or more, and preferably 2.8 g / cm 3 or more, from the viewpoint of enhancing the filling property in the positive electrode mixture layer. More preferred.
- the tap density of the lithium-containing composite oxide is preferably 3.8 g / cm 3 or less. That is, the ratio of the pores is such that the tap density is high and there are no pores inside the particles, or the area ratio of minute pores of 1 ⁇ m or less measured by cross-sectional observation of the particles is 10% or less. By setting it as few particle
- the tap density of the lithium-containing composite oxide is a value obtained as follows using a tap density measuring device “Powder Tester PT-S type” manufactured by Hosokawa Micron. That is, the measurement particles are ground and filled into a measuring cup 100 cm 3, and tapping is performed 180 times while appropriately replenishing the reduced volume. After tapping is completed, excess particles are scraped off with a blade, and then the mass (A) (g) is measured, and the tap density is obtained by the following equation.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide In synthesizing the lithium-containing composite oxide, it can be obtained with high purity by simply mixing and firing raw material compounds such as Li-containing compound, Ni-containing compound, Co-containing compound, Mn-containing compound, and Mg-containing compound. It is very difficult. This is because Ni, Mn, and the like have a low diffusion rate in the solid, so that it is difficult to uniformly diffuse them during the synthesis reaction of the lithium-containing composite oxide. It is thought that Ni, Mn, etc. are difficult to distribute uniformly.
- a composite compound containing Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg as constituent elements, and at least one of Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr It is preferable to employ a method of firing a compound containing an element and a Li-containing compound.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide can be synthesized with high purity relatively easily. That is, a composite compound containing at least Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg is synthesized in advance, and this and a compound containing at least one element of Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr are combined with a Li-containing compound.
- Ni, Co, Mn and Mg are uniformly distributed in the oxide formation reaction, and the lithium-containing composite oxide is synthesized with higher purity.
- a compound containing at least one element selected from Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr In order to produce a more uniform lithium-containing composite oxide, the composite oxide is synthesized in advance.
- a method may be used in which a composite oxide containing Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg and at least one element selected from Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr is produced and fired together with this Li-containing compound.
- the method for synthesizing the lithium-containing composite oxide according to the present invention is not limited to the above method, but depending on what synthesis process is performed, the physical properties of the finally obtained composite oxide, that is, the structure It is estimated that the stability, reversibility of charge / discharge, true density, and the like greatly change.
- the composite compound containing Ni, Co, Mn and Mg for example, a coprecipitation compound containing Ni, Co, Mn and Mg, a hydrothermally synthesized compound, a mechanically synthesized compound, and heat treatment thereof And compounds obtained by the following: Ni 0.90 Co 0.06 Mn 0.02 Mg 0.02 (OH) 2 , Ni 0.90 Co 0.06 Mn 0.02 Mg 0.02 OOH, etc. Ni, Co, Mn and Mg-containing hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, and oxides obtained by heat treatment thereof are preferred.
- a part of the element group M further includes at least one element selected from Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr, and elements other than Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg (for example, Cr, Fe, Cu, (At least one element selected from the group consisting of Zn, Ge, Sn, Ca, Ag, Ta, Nb, Mo, B, P, W, and Ga. These are hereinafter collectively referred to as “element M ′”.)
- the lithium-containing composite oxide containing, for example, a composite compound containing Ni, Co, Mn and Mg, a compound containing at least one element of Al, Ba, Sr, Ti and Zr, and Li-containing The compound can be synthesized by mixing and baking a compound containing the element M ′.
- the amount ratio of at least one element of Al, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr, and Ni, Co, Mn, Mg, and element M ′ in the composite compound depends on the composition of the target lithium-containing composite oxide. What is necessary is just to adjust suitably according to.
- lithium salts can be used, for example, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, lithium acetate, lithium bromide, lithium chloride, citric acid, and the like.
- carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide Lithium hydroxide is preferable in that no gas that adversely affects the environment is generated.
- the above-mentioned various raw material compounds are mixed so that each element contained in these compounds has a ratio approximately corresponding to the composition of the target lithium-containing composite oxide.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide can be obtained by firing the obtained raw material mixture at, for example, 600 to 900 ° C. for 1 to 24 hours.
- the material mixture is once heated to a temperature lower than the firing temperature (for example, 250 to 850 ° C.), and preheated by holding at that temperature, Thereafter, it is preferable to raise the temperature to the firing temperature to advance the reaction, and it is preferable to keep the oxygen concentration in the firing environment constant.
- a temperature lower than the firing temperature for example, 250 to 850 ° C.
- the preheating time is not particularly limited, but is usually about 0.5 to 30 hours.
- the firing atmosphere of the raw material mixture may be an atmosphere containing oxygen (that is, in the air), a mixed atmosphere of an inert gas (such as argon, helium, or nitrogen) and oxygen gas, an oxygen gas atmosphere, or the like.
- the oxygen concentration (volume basis) at that time is preferably 15% or more, and more preferably 18% or more.
- the flow rate of the gas during the firing of the raw material mixture is preferably 2 dm 3 / min or more per 100 g of the mixture. If the gas flow rate is too low, that is, if the gas flow rate is too slow, the homogeneity of the composition of the lithium-containing composite oxide may be impaired. In addition, it is preferable that the flow rate of the said gas at the time of baking of the said raw material mixture shall be 5 dm ⁇ 3 > / min or less per 100 g of the said mixture.
- the dry-mixed mixture may be used as it is.
- the raw material mixture is dispersed in a solvent such as ethanol to form a slurry and mixed for about 30 to 60 minutes using a planetary ball mill or the like. It is preferable to use a dried product, and the homogeneity of the lithium-containing composite oxide to be synthesized can be further improved by such a method.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide satisfying the above particle size, BET specific surface area, number average particle size, and tap density can be obtained by appropriately controlling the gas composition and the firing temperature according to the composition. .
- the positive electrode active material may be used in combination with a lithium-containing composite oxide other than the lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount.
- lithium-containing composite oxides include lithium cobalt oxides such as LiCoO 2 ; lithium manganese oxides such as LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 and Li 2 MnO 3 ; lithium nickel oxides such as LiNiO 2 .
- lithium-containing composite oxides having the above-described oxide as a basic composition and substituted with various elements for example, LiCo 1-x Ni x O 2 , LiNi 1-xy Co x Al y O 2, and the like can be given.
- lithium-containing composite oxides having a spinel structure such as LiMn 2 O 4 and Li 4/3 Ti 5/3 O 4
- lithium-containing composite oxides having an olivine structure such as LiFePO 4 can also be preferably used.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide represented by at least the above general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount is used, and is represented by the above general composition formula (1) and the above.
- Lithium-containing composite oxide containing only sulfur in an amount of or a Li-containing composite oxide represented by the general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount and LiCoO 2 It is more preferable to use together.
- the true density of LiCoO 2 is high, and charging / discharging at a relatively high potential Therefore, a battery having both high electromotive force and relatively large capacity can be configured.
- the general composition formula (1) When the lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount is used in combination with another lithium-containing composite oxide, the general composition formula (1) From the viewpoint of better ensuring the effect of using the lithium-containing composite oxide containing sulfur in the above amount and containing sulfur in the above amount and containing sulfur in the above amount.
- the proportion of the lithium-containing composite oxide is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more, based on the entire active material.
- lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the above general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount and another active material are used in combination, these may be simply mixed and used. More preferably, these particles are used as composite particles integrated by granulation or the like. In this case, the packing density of the active material in the positive electrode mixture layer is improved, and the contact between the active material particles is more improved. Can be sure. Therefore, the capacity and load characteristics of the non-aqueous secondary battery can be further improved.
- the number average particle diameter of any one of the lithium-containing composite oxide containing sulfur in the above amount and the other active material is 1/2 or less of the other number average particle diameter.
- composite particles are formed by combining particles having a large number average particle diameter (hereinafter referred to as “large particles”) and particles having a small number average particle diameter (hereinafter referred to as “small particles”). In this case, small particles can be easily dispersed and fixed around the large particles, and composite particles having a more uniform mixing ratio can be formed. Therefore, non-uniform reaction in the electrode can be suppressed, and charge / discharge cycle characteristics and safety of the nonaqueous secondary battery can be further improved.
- the number average particle diameter of the large particles is preferably 10 to 30 ⁇ m, and the number average particles of the small particles are The diameter is preferably 1 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the composite particles include, for example, lithium-containing composite oxide particles that are represented by the general composition formula (1) and contain sulfur in the above amount and particles of other active materials. It is possible to obtain a composite by mixing using various kneaders such as a kneader and a twin-screw kneader, sliding the particles together and applying a share.
- the kneading is preferably a continuous kneading method in which raw materials are continuously fed in consideration of the productivity of composite particles.
- the shape of the composite particle formed can be kept strong. Further, it is more preferable to add a conductive additive and knead. Thereby, the electroconductivity between active material particles can further be improved.
- any thermoplastic resin or thermosetting resin can be used as long as it is chemically stable in the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- PVDF polyvinylene
- PTFE polymethyl methacrylate
- PHFP poly(ethylene glycol)
- a copolymer may be used.
- the amount of binder added when forming the composite particles is preferably as small as possible so that the composite particles can be stabilized.
- it is preferably 0.03 to 2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total active material.
- the conductive auxiliary agent added during the production of the composite particles may be any one that is chemically stable in the non-aqueous secondary battery.
- graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite
- carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black (trade name), channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black
- conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber
- aluminum Metallic powders such as powders
- Fluorinated carbon Zinc oxide
- Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide
- Organic conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives
- One species may be used alone, or two or more species may be used in combination.
- highly conductive graphite and carbon black excellent in liquid absorption are preferable.
- the form of the conductive auxiliary agent is not limited to primary particles, and secondary aggregates and aggregated forms such as chain structures can also be used. Such an assembly is easier to handle and has better productivity.
- the amount of the conductive assistant added is only required to ensure good conductivity and liquid absorbency, for example, 0.1 to 2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total active material. It is preferable.
- the porosity of the composite particles is preferably 5 to 15%. This is because the composite particles having such a porosity have appropriate contact with the non-aqueous electrolyte and penetration of the non-aqueous electrolyte into the composite particles.
- the shape of the composite particles is also preferably spherical or substantially spherical, similar to the lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount. Thereby, the density of the positive electrode mixture layer can be further increased.
- the positive electrode includes, for example, a positive electrode mixture layer represented by the above general composition formula (1) and containing a lithium-containing composite oxide containing the above-described amount of sulfur or the composite particles as a positive electrode active material. It can be manufactured by forming on one or both sides.
- the positive electrode mixture layer is, for example, a paste containing a lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the above general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount, the composite particles, a binder, and a conductive additive added to a solvent.
- a slurry-like positive electrode mixture-containing composition which is applied to the current collector surface by various coating methods, dried, and further, the thickness and density of the positive electrode mixture layer are adjusted by a pressing process. Can be formed.
- the presence of a conductive additive and a water-repellent agent such as a fluorine-based resin or a silane compound in the positive electrode mixture layer facilitates the formation of a solid-phase / liquid-phase / gas-phase three-phase interface. Gas absorption becomes easy, and it becomes possible to constitute a non-aqueous secondary battery having further excellent storability and long life.
- Examples of the coating method for applying the positive electrode mixture-containing composition to the surface of the current collector include a substrate lifting method using a doctor blade; a coater method using a die coater, comma coater, knife coater, etc .; screen printing, letterpress Printing methods such as printing can be adopted.
- the total active material including the lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the above general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount is set to 80 to 99% by mass, and the binder (in the composite particles) It is preferable that the content of the conductive auxiliary agent (including those contained in the composite particles) is 0.5 to 10% by mass.
- the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer is preferably 15 to 200 ⁇ m per side of the current collector.
- the density of the positive electrode mixture layer is preferably 3.1 g / cm 3 or more, and more preferably 3.52 g / cm 3 or more.
- the density of the positive electrode mixture layer after the press treatment is 4 It is preferably 0.0 g / cm 3 or less.
- roll press can be performed at a linear pressure of about 1 to 100 kN / cm, and by such treatment, a positive electrode mixture layer having the above density can be obtained.
- the density of the positive electrode mixture layer referred to in the present specification is a value measured by the following method.
- the positive electrode is cut into a predetermined area, its mass is measured using an electronic balance with a minimum scale of 0.1 mg, and the mass of the current collector is subtracted to calculate the mass of the positive electrode mixture layer.
- the total thickness of the positive electrode was measured at 10 points with a micrometer having a minimum scale of 1 ⁇ m, and the volume of the positive electrode mixture layer was calculated from the average value obtained by subtracting the thickness of the current collector from these measured values and the area. To do. Then, the density of the positive electrode mixture layer is calculated by dividing the mass of the positive electrode mixture layer by the volume.
- the material of the current collector of the positive electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is a chemically stable electron conductor in the constructed non-aqueous secondary battery.
- a composite material in which a carbon layer or a titanium layer is formed on the surface of aluminum, aluminum alloy, or stainless steel can be used.
- aluminum or an aluminum alloy is particularly preferable. This is because they are lightweight and have high electron conductivity.
- the positive electrode current collector for example, a foil, a film, a sheet, a net, a punching sheet, a lath body, a porous body, a foamed body, a molded body of a fiber group, or the like made of the above materials is used.
- the surface of the current collector can be roughened by surface treatment.
- the thickness of the current collector is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode according to the present invention is not limited to the one manufactured by the above manufacturing method, and may be manufactured by another manufacturing method.
- the composite particle when used as an active material, it is obtained by a method in which the composite particle is fixed as it is on the current collector surface to form a positive electrode mixture layer without using the positive electrode mixture-containing composition.
- the positive electrode obtained may be used.
- a lead body for electrical connection with other members in the non-aqueous secondary battery may be formed according to a conventional method.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention is only required to have the above-described negative electrode and positive electrode, and there are no particular restrictions on other configurations and structures, and it is employed in conventionally known non-aqueous secondary batteries. Any configuration and structure can be applied.
- the separator according to the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention is preferably a porous film composed of polyolefin such as polyethylene, polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer; polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate and copolymer polyester; .
- the separator preferably has a property of closing the pores at 100 to 140 ° C. (that is, a shutdown function). Therefore, the separator is composed of a thermoplastic resin having a melting point, that is, a melting temperature of 100 to 140 ° C. measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) in accordance with the provisions of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) K 7121.
- DSC differential scanning calorimeter
- a resin having a melting point higher than that of polyethylene such as polyethylene and polypropylene is used by mixing or laminating, it is desirable that polyethylene is 30% by mass or more, and 50% by mass or more as a resin constituting the porous membrane. More desirable.
- a resin porous membrane for example, a porous membrane composed of the above-exemplified thermoplastic resin used in a conventionally known non-aqueous secondary battery or the like, that is, a solvent extraction method, a dry type Alternatively, an ion-permeable porous film manufactured by a wet stretching method or the like can be used.
- the average pore size of the separator is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, preferably 1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less.
- a Gurley value represented by the number of seconds for 100 mL of air to pass through the membrane under a pressure of 0.879 g / mm 2 is 10 to 500 sec. It is desirable to be. If the air permeability is too high, the ion permeability is reduced, whereas if it is too low, the strength of the separator may be reduced. Further, the strength of the separator is desirably 50 g or more in terms of piercing strength using a needle having a diameter of 1 mm. If the piercing strength is too small, a short circuit may occur due to the piercing of the separator when lithium dendrite crystals are generated.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the general composition formula (1) and containing sulfur in the above amount is excellent in thermal stability. Therefore, safety can be maintained.
- non-aqueous electrolyte a solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in an organic solvent
- solvent examples include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1, 2 -Dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, nitromethane, methyl formate, methyl acetate, phosphate triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolane derivatives, Sulfolane, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivative, tetrahydrofuran derivative, diethyl ether, 1,3
- Aprotic organic solvents, and the like may be used these alone, or in combination of two or more of these.
- amine imide organic solvents, sulfur-containing or fluorine-containing organic solvents, and the like can be used.
- a mixed solvent of EC, MEC, and DEC is preferable. In this case, it is more preferable to include DEC in an amount of 15% by volume to 80% by volume with respect to the total volume of the mixed solvent. This is because such a mixed solvent can enhance the stability of the solvent during high-voltage charging while maintaining the low temperature characteristics and charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery high.
- a salt of a fluorine-containing compound such as lithium perchlorate, lithium organic boron, trifluoromethanesulfonate, imide salt, or the like is preferably used.
- electrolyte salt for example, LiClO 4, LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3, LiCF 3 CO 2, Li 2 C 2 F 4 (SO 3 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC n F 2n + 1 SO 3 (2 ⁇ n ⁇ 7), LiN (Rf 3 OSO 2 ) 2 , Rf represents a fluoroalkyl group.
- LiPF 6 and LiBF 4 are more preferable because of good charge / discharge characteristics.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt in the solvent is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.5 to 1.7 mol / L.
- vinylene carbonates, 1,3-propane sultone, diphenyl disulfide, cyclohexyl benzene, biphenyl, and fluorobenzene are used for the purpose of improving the safety, charge / discharge cycleability, and high-temperature storage properties of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- Additives such as t-butylbenzene can also be added as appropriate.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide contains Mn, or when an active material containing Mn is used for the composite particles, the surface activity can be stabilized, so an additive containing sulfur element can be added. Particularly preferred.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention is produced, for example, by preparing a laminated electrode body in which the above negative electrode and the above positive electrode are laminated via the above separator, and a wound electrode body in which this is wound in a spiral shape. Such an electrode body and the above-described non-aqueous electrolyte solution are enclosed in an exterior body according to a conventional method.
- the outer can can be made of steel or aluminum.
- the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less and the BET specific surface area in all primary particles of the lithium-containing composite oxide are values measured by the above-described method.
- Example 1 ⁇ Production of negative electrode> SiO (number average particle size 5.0 ⁇ m) is heated to about 1000 ° C. in a boiling bed reactor, and a mixed gas of 25 ° C. composed of methane and nitrogen gas is brought into contact with the heated particles, and CVD is performed at 1000 ° C. for 60 minutes. Processed.
- carbon hereinafter also referred to as “CVD carbon” generated by pyrolyzing the mixed gas is deposited on the composite particles to form a coating layer, and a composite of SiO and a carbon material (carbon-coated SiO) Got.
- the SiO was an oxide in which a microcrystalline phase of Si was dispersed inside the particles.
- a negative electrode precursor sheet was prepared using the above-mentioned composite of SiO and carbon material and graphite.
- the above carbon-coated SiO was mixed by mixing 7% by mass (content in the total solid content, the same shall apply hereinafter), 91% by mass of graphite, 1% by mass of CMC as a binder, 1% by mass of SBR, and further water.
- a containing slurry was prepared.
- the above negative electrode mixture-containing slurry was applied to both sides of a current collector made of copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m, dried at 100 ° C., and then compression-molded with a roller press to obtain a thickness per side. Formed a negative electrode mixture layer having a thickness of 60 ⁇ m.
- the electrode having the negative electrode mixture layer formed on the current collector was dried in vacuum at 100 ° C. for 15 hours.
- the dried electrode was further heat-treated at 160 ° C. for 15 hours using a far infrared heater.
- the adhesion between the negative electrode mixture layer and the current collector was strong, and the negative electrode mixture layer was not peeled off from the current collector even by cutting or bending.
- the electrode was cut into a width of 54 mm to obtain a strip-shaped negative electrode.
- the positive electrode was produced as follows.
- the coprecipitation compound was washed with water, filtered and dried to obtain a hydroxide.
- This hydroxide, LiOH.H 2 O, and BaSO 4 were dispersed in ethanol at a molar ratio of 1: 1: 0.01 to form a slurry, and then mixed for 40 minutes with a planetary ball mill. And dried at room temperature to obtain a mixture.
- the mixture is put in an alumina crucible, heated to 600 ° C. in a dry air flow of 2 dm 3 / min, held at that temperature for 2 hours for preheating, further heated to 900 ° C. and heated to 12 ° C.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide was synthesized by firing for a period of time.
- the obtained lithium-containing composite oxide was washed with water and then heat-treated at 700 ° C. for 12 hours in the air (oxygen concentration: about 20 vol%), and then pulverized in a mortar to obtain a powder.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide after pulverization was stored in a desiccator.
- the composition analysis was performed as follows using ICP (Inductive Coupled Plasma) method. First, 0.2 g of the lithium-containing composite oxide was collected and placed in a 100 mL container. Then, 5 mL of pure water, 2 mL of aqua regia, and 10 mL of pure water are added in order and dissolved by heating. After cooling, the solution is further diluted 25 times with pure water and analyzed by ICP (“ICP-757” manufactured by JARRELASH). (Calibration curve method). When the composition of the lithium-containing composite oxide was derived from the obtained results, the composition represented by Li 1.00 Ni 0.89 Co 0.06 Mn 0.02 Mg 0.02 Ba 0.01 O 2 It was found that the sulfur content was 0.05% by mass.
- ICP Inductive Coupled Plasma
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy was performed at the Ritsumeikan University SR Center using the BL4 beam port of the superconducting small radiation source “Aurora” manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Went.
- the analysis of the obtained data was performed using analysis software “REX” manufactured by Rigaku Electric Co., Ltd. based on the literature [Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 146, p2799-2809 (1999)].
- NiO and LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 both standard samples of Ni-containing compounds having an average valence of 2)
- LiNi 0.82 Co 0.15 Al 0.03 O 2 standard sample of a compound containing Ni having an average valence of 3
- CoO standard sample of a compound containing Co having an average valence of 2
- LiCoO 2 containing Co having an average valence of 3
- Co 3 O 4 standard sample of a compound containing Co having an average valence of 3.5
- MnO standard sample of a compound containing Mn having an average valence of 2
- LiMnO 2 and Mn 2 O 3 all have an average valence.
- Standard sample of a compound containing trivalent Mn LiMn 2 O 4 (standard sample of a compound containing Mn having an average valence of 3.5)
- Mn 1.5 O 4 both standard samples of a compound containing Mn having an average valence of 4
- K absorption of Mn in each standard sample A regression line representing the relationship between the end position and the valence of Mn was created. And from the K absorption edge position of Mn by the said state analysis in the said lithium containing complex oxide, and the said regression line, it turned out that the average valence of Mn is 4.02 valence.
- MgO and MgAl 2 O 4 both are standard samples of a compound containing Mg having an average valence of 2
- Mg the average valence is The same state analysis as that of the lithium-containing composite oxide was performed using a zero-valent Mg standard sample), and a regression line representing the relationship between the Mg K absorption edge position and the Mg valence of each standard sample was created. And it turned out that the average valence of Mg is 2.00 from the K absorption edge position of Mg by the said state analysis in the said lithium containing complex oxide, and the said regression line.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide had a BET specific surface area of 0.23 m 2 / g, and the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less in all primary particles was 11.7% by volume. .
- the positive electrode mixture-containing slurry obtained by mixing methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was applied to both sides of a current collector made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, dried and pressed to obtain a thickness per side. A 70 ⁇ m positive electrode mixture layer was formed. Thereafter, this was cut into a width of 55 mm to obtain a strip-shaped positive electrode.
- FIG. 1A is a plan view
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view, and as shown in FIG. After being wound into a flat shape, it is pressurized so as to be flat, and is accommodated in a rectangular (rectangular tubular) outer can 4 together with a non-aqueous electrolyte as a flat wound electrode body 6.
- a rectangular (rectangular tubular) outer can 4 together with a non-aqueous electrolyte as a flat wound electrode body 6.
- the metal foil, the non-aqueous electrolyte, etc. as a current collector used in the production of the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 are not shown.
- the outer can 4 is made of an aluminum alloy and constitutes an outer casing of the battery.
- the outer can 4 also serves as a positive electrode terminal.
- the insulator 5 which consists of a polyethylene sheet is arrange
- the connected positive electrode lead body 7 and negative electrode lead body 8 are drawn out.
- a stainless steel terminal 11 is attached to an aluminum alloy lid (sealing lid plate) 9 for sealing the opening of the outer can 4 via a polypropylene insulating packing 10.
- a stainless steel lead plate 13 is attached via the body 12.
- the lid 9 is inserted into the opening of the outer can 4 and the joint between the two is welded to seal the opening of the outer can 4 and seal the inside of the battery. Further, in the battery of FIGS. 1A and 1B, the lid 9 is provided with an electrolyte inlet 14, and a sealing member is inserted into the electrolyte inlet 14, for example, by laser welding or the like. It is stopped and the sealing property of the battery is ensured. Therefore, in the batteries of FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2, the electrolyte inlet 14 is actually an electrolyte inlet and a sealing member. However, for ease of explanation, the electrolyte inlet 14 is used as the electrolyte inlet 14. Show. Further, the lid 9 is provided with a cleavage vent 15 as a mechanism for discharging the internal gas to the outside when the battery temperature rises.
- the outer can 4 and the lid 9 function as a positive electrode terminal by directly welding the positive electrode lead body 7 to the lid 9, and the negative electrode lead body 8 is welded to the lead plate 13.
- the terminal 11 functions as a negative electrode terminal by conducting the negative electrode lead body 8 and the terminal 11 through 13, but the sign may be reversed depending on the material of the outer can 4 or the like. .
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the appearance of the battery shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
- FIG. 2 is shown for the purpose of showing that the battery is a square battery.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a battery, and only specific members of the battery are shown. Also in FIG. 1B, the inner peripheral side portion of the electrode body is not cross-sectioned, and hatching indicating the cross-section of the separator 3 is omitted.
- Example 2 A hydroxide containing Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg, LiOH.H 2 O, BaSO 4 , and Al (OH) 3 synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 in a molar ratio of 1: Implemented except that a mixture obtained by dispersing in ethanol at 1: 0.01: 0.01 to form a slurry, mixing with a planetary ball mill for 40 minutes, and drying at room temperature was used. In the same manner as in Example 1, a lithium-containing composite oxide was synthesized.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide was analyzed by ICP in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, Li 1.00 Ni 0.89 Co 0.05 Mn 0.02 Mg 0.02 Ba 0.01 Al 0.01 O 2 and the sulfur content was found to be 0.04% by mass.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide had a BET specific surface area of 0.2 m 2 / g, and the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less in all primary particles was 10.5% by volume. .
- a 494261-type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to the lithium-containing composite oxide.
- Example 3 A hydroxide containing Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, LiOH.H 2 O, SrSO 4 , and Al (OH) 3 in a molar ratio of 1: Implemented except that a mixture obtained by dispersing in ethanol at 1: 0.01: 0.01 to form a slurry, mixing with a planetary ball mill for 40 minutes, and drying at room temperature was used. In the same manner as in Example 1, a lithium-containing composite oxide was synthesized.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide was analyzed by ICP in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, Li 1.00 Ni 0.89 Co 0.05 Mn 0.02 Mg 0.02 Sr 0.01 Al 0.01 O 2 and the sulfur content was found to be 0.03% by mass.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide had a BET specific surface area of 0.16 m 2 / g, and the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less in all primary particles was 10.2% by volume. .
- a 494261-type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to the lithium-containing composite oxide.
- Example 4 A hydroxide containing Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg, LiOH.H 2 O, and TiO 2 synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 has a molar ratio of 1: 1: 0.02. In the same manner as in Example 1, except that a mixture obtained by dispersing in ethanol to form a slurry, mixing with a planetary ball mill for 40 minutes, and drying at room temperature was used. Was synthesized.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide was analyzed by ICP in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, it was expressed as Li 1.00 Ni 0.89 Co 0.06 Mn 0.02 Mg 0.02 Ti 0.01 O 2. It was found that the sulfur content was 0.02 mass%.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide had a BET specific surface area of 0.24 m 2 / g, and the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less in all primary particles was 10.8% by volume. .
- a 494261-type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to the lithium-containing composite oxide.
- Example 5 A hydroxide containing Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg, LiOH.H 2 O, and TiS 2 synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 has a molar ratio of 1: 1: 0.02. In the same manner as in Example 1, except that a mixture obtained by dispersing in ethanol to form a slurry, mixing with a planetary ball mill for 40 minutes, and drying at room temperature was used. Was synthesized.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide was analyzed by ICP in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, it was expressed as Li 1.00 Ni 0.89 Co 0.06 Mn 0.02 Mg 0.02 Ti 0.01 O 2. The sulfur content was found to be 0.05% by mass.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide had a BET specific surface area of 0.18 m 2 / g, and the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less in all primary particles was 10.3% by volume. .
- a 494261-type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to the lithium-containing composite oxide.
- Example 6 A hydroxide containing Ni, Co, Mn, and Mg, LiOH.H 2 O, and ZrO 2 synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 has a molar ratio of 1: 1: 0.02. In the same manner as in Example 1, except that a mixture obtained by dispersing in ethanol to form a slurry, mixing with a planetary ball mill for 40 minutes, and drying at room temperature was used. Was synthesized.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide was analyzed by ICP in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, it was expressed as Li 1.00 Ni 0.89 Co 0.06 Mn 0.02 Mg 0.02 Zr 0.01 O 2. It was found that the sulfur content was 0.02 mass%.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide had a BET specific surface area of 0.16 m 2 / g, and the ratio of primary particles having a particle size of 0.7 ⁇ m or less in all primary particles was 10% by volume.
- a 494261-type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to the lithium-containing composite oxide.
- Example 7 The same lithium-containing composite oxide as synthesized in Example 1 and LiCoO 2 were weighed to a mass ratio of 3: 7, and mixed for 30 minutes using a Henschel mixer. A 494261 type prismatic non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to the mixture thus obtained.
- Example 8 The same lithium-containing composite oxide as synthesized in Example 2 and LiCoO 2 were weighed to a mass ratio of 3: 7 and mixed for 30 minutes using a Henschel mixer. A 494261 type prismatic non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to the mixture thus obtained.
- Example 1 A coprecipitated compound was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a mixed aqueous solution containing nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate at concentrations of 3.79 mol / dm 3 and 0.42 mol / dm 3 was used. Then, a hydroxide containing Ni and Co at a molar ratio of 90:10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above coprecipitation compound was used. Further, a lithium-containing composite oxide was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.196 mol of this hydroxide and 0.204 mol of LiOH.H 2 O were used. Further, a 494261 type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to this lithium composite oxide.
- this hydroxide, LiOH.H 2 O, and BaCO 3 were dispersed in ethanol so that the molar ratio was 1: 1: 0.02, and then a slurry was formed.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a mixture obtained by mixing for 40 minutes and drying at room temperature was used.
- a 494261 type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to this lithium composite oxide.
- a 494261 type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material was changed to this lithium composite oxide.
- Example 6 A positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that all of the positive electrode active material was changed to LiCoO 2 . Further, a negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a negative electrode mixture-containing slurry prepared by mixing 98% by mass of graphite, 1% by mass of CMC as a binder, 1% by mass of SBR, and further water was used. did.
- a 494261 type square non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above positive electrode and negative electrode were used.
- Table 1 shows the configurations of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material used in the nonaqueous secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide other than LiCoO 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Table 2 shows the sulfur content
- Table 3 shows the average valences of Ni, Co, Mn and Mg obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the sulfur content of the lithium-containing composite oxides of Comparative Examples 1, 2, 4, and 5 was less than the analysis limit value.
- Examples 1 to 8 each comprising a positive electrode containing a lithium-containing composite oxide having an appropriate composition and sulfur content, and a negative electrode containing a composite of SiO and a carbon material and graphite.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery has a high capacity and good charge / discharge cycle characteristics and safety.
- the batteries of Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 5 having positive electrodes containing lithium-containing composite oxides whose compositions do not satisfy the general composition formula (1) and whose sulfur content is small are the batteries of the examples. Compared with, charge / discharge cycle characteristics and safety are inferior. Moreover, the battery of the comparative example 3 provided with the positive electrode containing the lithium containing complex oxide whose composition does not satisfy
- the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent battery characteristics, taking advantage of these characteristics, a power supply for a small and multifunctional portable device has been conventionally used. It can be preferably used for various applications to which known non-aqueous secondary batteries are applied.
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Abstract
Description
上記負極は、Siを構成元素に含む材料、及び黒鉛質炭素材料を負極活物質として含有する負極合剤層を含み、
上記正極は、下記一般組成式(1)で表され、かつ硫黄を0.01質量%以上0.5質量%以下の範囲内で含むリチウム含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含有する正極合剤層を含むことを特徴とするものである。
Li1+yMO2 (1)
上記一般組成式(1)中、yは、-0.3≦y<0.3であり、かつ、Mは、Ni、Co、Mn及びMgと、Al、Ba、Sr、Ti及びZrのうちの少なくとも1種とを含有する5種以上の元素群を表し、Mを構成する元素全体に対するNi、Co、Mn及びMgをそれぞれmol%単位でa、b、c及びdとし、Al、Ba、Sr、Ti及びZrの合計割合をmol%単位でeとしたとき、70≦a≦97、0.5<b<30、0.5<c<30、0.5<d<30、-10<c-d<10、-8≦(c-d)/d≦8及びe<10である。
Li1+yMO2 (1)
上記一般組成式(1)中、yは、-0.3≦y<0.3であり、かつ、Mは、Ni、Co、Mn及びMgと、Al、Ba、Sr、Ti及びZrのうちの少なくとも1種とを含有する5種以上の元素群を表し、Mを構成する元素全体に対するNi、Co、Mn及びMgの割合をそれぞれmol%単位でa、b、c及びdとし、Al、Ba、Sr、Ti及びZrの合計割合をmol%単位でeとしたとき、70≦a≦97、0.5<b<30、0.5<c<30、0.5<d<30、-10<c-d<10、-8≦(c-d)/d≦8及びe<10である。
<負極の作製>
SiO(数平均粒径5.0μm)を沸騰床反応器中で約1000℃に加熱し、加熱された粒子にメタンと窒素ガスからなる25℃の混合ガスを接触させ、1000℃で60分間CVD処理を行った。このようにして上記混合ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素(以下「CVD炭素」ともいう)を複合粒子に堆積させて被覆層を形成し、SiOと炭素材料との複合体(炭素被覆SiO)を得た。なお、上記SiOは、粒子内部にSiの微結晶相が分散した酸化物であった。
また、正極を以下のようにして作製した。
次に、上記の負極と上記の正極とを、微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム製のセパレータ(厚み18μm、空孔率50%)を介して重ね合わせてロール状に巻回した後、正負極に端子を溶接し、厚み49mm、幅42mm、高さ61mm(494261型)のアルミニウム合金製外装缶に挿入し、蓋を溶接して取り付けた。その後、蓋の注液口よりEC:DEC=3:7(体積比)にビニレンカーボネートを3質量%溶解させた溶液に、更にLiPF6を1mol%になるように溶解させて調製した非水電解液3.6gを容器内に注入し、密閉して、図1に示す構造で、図2に示す外観の角形非水二次電池を得た。
実施例1と同様にして合成したNiとCoとMnとMgとを含有する水酸化物と、LiOH・H2Oと、BaSO4と、Al(OH)3とを、モル比で、1:1:0.01:0.01になるようにエタノール中に分散させてスラリー状とした後、遊星型ボールミルで40分間混合し、室温で乾燥させて得られた混合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。
実施例1と同様にして合成したNiとCoとMnとMgとを含有する水酸化物と、LiOH・H2Oと、SrSO4と、Al(OH)3とを、モル比で、1:1:0.01:0.01になるようにエタノール中に分散させてスラリー状とした後、遊星型ボールミルで40分間混合し、室温で乾燥させて得られた混合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。
実施例1と同様にして合成したNiとCoとMnとMgとを含有する水酸化物と、LiOH・H2Oと、TiO2とを、モル比で、1:1:0.02になるようにエタノール中に分散させてスラリー状とした後、遊星型ボールミルで40分間混合し、室温で乾燥させて得られた混合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。
実施例1と同様にして合成したNiとCoとMnとMgとを含有する水酸化物と、LiOH・H2Oと、TiS2とを、モル比で、1:1:0.02になるようにエタノール中に分散させてスラリー状とした後、遊星型ボールミルで40分間混合し、室温で乾燥させて得られた混合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。
実施例1と同様にして合成したNiとCoとMnとMgとを含有する水酸化物と、LiOH・H2Oと、ZrO2とを、モル比で、1:1:0.02になるようにエタノール中に分散させてスラリー状とした後、遊星型ボールミルで40分間混合し、室温で乾燥させて得られた混合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。
実施例1で合成したものと同じリチウム含有複合酸化物と、LiCoO2とを、質量比で3:7になるように計量し、ヘンシェルミキサを用いて30分混合した。これにより得られた混合物に正極活物質を変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして494261型角形非水二次電池を作製した。
実施例2で合成したものと同じリチウム含有複合酸化物と、LiCoO2とを、質量比で3:7になるように計量し、ヘンシェルミキサを用いて30分混合した。これにより得られた混合物に正極活物質を変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして494261型角形非水二次電池を作製した。
硫酸ニッケル及び硫酸コバルトを、それぞれ、3.79mol/dm3、0.42mol/dm3の濃度で含有する混合水溶液を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして共沈化合物を合成した。そして、上記の共沈化合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、NiとCoとを90:10のモル比で含有する水酸化物を得た。また、この水酸化物0.196molと、0.204molのLiOH・H2Oとを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。更に、正極活物質を、このリチウム複合酸化物に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして494261型角形非水二次電池を作製した。
硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト及び硫酸マグネシウムを、それぞれ、3.79mol/dm3、0.38mol/dm3、0.04mol/dm3の濃度で含有する混合水溶液を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして共沈化合物を合成した。そして、上記の共沈化合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、NiとCoとMgとを90:9:1のモル比で含有する水酸化物を得た。また、この水酸化物0.196molと、0.204molのLiOH・H2Oとを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。更に、正極活物質を、このリチウム複合酸化物に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして494261型角形非水二次電池を作製した。
硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト及び硫酸マンガンを、それぞれ、3.79mol/dm3、0.21mol/dm3、0.21mol/dm3の濃度で含有する混合水溶液を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして共沈化合物を合成した。そして、上記の共沈化合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、NiとCoとMnとを90:5:5のモル比で含有する水酸化物を得た。また、この水酸化物0.196molと、0.204molのLiOH・H2Oとを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。更に、正極活物質を、このリチウム複合酸化物に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして494261型角形非水二次電池を作製した。
硝酸ニッケル、硝酸コバルト、硝酸マンガン及び硝酸マグネシウムを、それぞれ、3.78mol/dm3、0.25mol/dm3、0.08mol/dm3、0.08mol/dm3の濃度で含有する混合水溶液を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして共沈化合物を合成した。そして、この共沈化合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてNiとCoとMnとMgとを含有する水酸化物を合成した。また、この水酸化物と、LiOH・H2Oと、BaCO3とを、モル比で、1:1:0.02になるようにエタノール中に分散させてスラリー状とした後、遊星型ボールミルで40分間混合し、室温で乾燥させて得られた混合物を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。
実施例1と同様にして合成したNiとCoとMnとMgとを90:6:2:2のモル比で含有する水酸化物0.196molと、0.204molのLiOH・H2Oとを、エタノール中に分散させてスラリー状にした後、遊星型ボールミルで40分間混合し、室温で乾燥させて混合物を得た。次いで、上記混合物をアルミナ製のるつぼに入れ、2dm3/分のドライエアーフロー中で600℃まで加熱し、その温度で2時間保持して予備加熱を行い、更に1100℃に昇温して12時間焼成することにより、リチウム含有複合酸化物を合成した。
正極活物質を全てLiCoO2に変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして正極を作製した。また、黒鉛98質量%と、バインダとしてCMC1質量%と、SBR1質量%と、更に水とを混合して調製した負極合剤含有スラリーを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極を作製した。
実施例1~8及び比較例1~6の各電池を60℃で7時間保存した後、20℃で、定電流-定電圧充電(定電流:900mA、定電圧:4.2V、総充電時間:5時間)を行い、360mAの電流値で電池電圧が3Vに低下するまで放電する充放電サイクルを、放電容量が一定になるまで繰り返した。次いで、定電流-定電圧充電(定電流:900mA、定電圧:4.2V、総充電時間:5時間)を行い、1時間休止後に360mAの電流値で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで放電して標準容量を求めた。なお、標準容量は各電池とも100個の電池について測定し、その平均値を各実施例、比較例の電池の標準容量とした。
実施例1~8及び比較例1~6の各電池を定電流-定電圧充電(定電流:1800mA、定電圧:4.2V、総充電時間:2.5時間)で充電した後、1分休止後に1800mAの電流値で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで放電する充放電サイクルを繰り返し、放電容量が初度の放電容量の80%に低下するまでのサイクル数を求めて、各電池の充電サイクル特性を評価した。なお、充放電サイクル特性における上記のサイクル数は、各電池とも10個の電池について測定し、その平均値を各実施例、比較例の電池のサイクル数とした。
実施例1~8及び比較例1~6の各電池について、定電流-定電圧充電(定電流:900mA、定電圧:4.25V、総充電時間:5時間)を行った後に恒温槽に入れ、2時間休止後、30℃から170℃まで、毎分5℃の割合で昇温し、引き続き170℃で3時間放置して、電池の表面温度を測定した。このときの最高到達温度が180℃以下であった電池をA、180℃を超えた電池をBと評価した。
2 負極
3 セパレータ
4 外装缶
5 絶縁体
6 巻回電極体
7 正極リード体
8 負極リード体
9 封口用蓋板
10 絶縁パッキング
11 端子
12 絶縁体
13 リード板
14 非水電解液注入口
15 開裂ベント
Claims (8)
- 正極、負極、非水電解液及びセパレータを有する非水二次電池であって、
前記負極は、Siを構成元素に含む材料、及び黒鉛質炭素材料を負極活物質として含有する負極合剤層を含み、
前記正極は、下記一般組成式(1)で表され、かつ硫黄を0.01質量%以上0.5質量%以下の範囲内で含むリチウム含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含有する正極合剤層を含むことを特徴とする非水二次電池。
Li1+yMO2 (1)
前記一般組成式(1)中、yは、-0.3≦y<0.3であり、かつ、Mは、Ni、Co、Mn及びMgと、Al、Ba、Sr、Ti及びZrのうちの少なくとも1種とを含有する5種以上の元素群を表し、Mを構成する元素全体に対するNi、Co、Mn及びMgをそれぞれmol%単位でa、b、c及びdとし、Al、Ba、Sr、Ti及びZrの合計割合をmol%単位でeとしたとき、70≦a≦97、0.5<b<30、0.5<c<30、0.5<d<30、-10<c-d<10、-8≦(c-d)/d≦8及びe<10である。 - 前記Siを構成元素に含む材料は、一般組成式SiOxで表される材料であり、
前記一般組成式において、xは、0.5≦x≦1.5である請求項1に記載の非水二次電池。 - 前記一般組成式(1)で表されるリチウム含有複合酸化物において、Niの平均価数が2.5~3.2価であり、Coの平均価数が2.5~3.2価であり、Mnの平均価数が3.5~4.2価であり、Mgの平均価数が1.8~2.2価である請求項1に記載の非水二次電池。
- 前記正極が、正極活物質として、更にリチウムコバルト酸化物を含有している請求項1に記載の非水二次電池。
- 前記Siを構成元素に含む材料は、炭素材料と複合化された複合体である請求項1に記載の非水二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質中の前記複合体の含有量が、0.01~20質量%である請求項5に記載の非水二次電池。
- 前記複合体中の炭素材料の含有量は、前記Siを構成元素に含む材料100質量部に対して5質量部以上50質量部以下である請求項5に記載の非水二次電池。
- 前記一般組成式SiOxで表される材料は、Siの微結晶相または非晶質相を含んでいる請求項2に記載の非水二次電池。
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Cited By (11)
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CN104471755A (zh) * | 2012-08-31 | 2015-03-25 | 三洋电机株式会社 | 非水电解质二次电池用负极、其制造方法及非水电解质二次电池 |
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CN102668218B (zh) | 2015-06-17 |
KR20120103556A (ko) | 2012-09-19 |
JPWO2012086273A1 (ja) | 2014-05-22 |
CN102668218A (zh) | 2012-09-12 |
US8790829B2 (en) | 2014-07-29 |
KR101367393B1 (ko) | 2014-02-24 |
JP5364801B2 (ja) | 2013-12-11 |
US20120282524A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
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