WO2012077785A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材及びその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材及びその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery and a manufacturing method thereof, a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- lithium ion secondary batteries As mobile devices such as mobile phones and notebook computers become more sophisticated, there is a strong demand for higher capacity lithium ion secondary batteries.
- graphite is mainly used as the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- elements with high theoretical capacity and capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions hereinafter referred to as ⁇ specific elements '').
- ⁇ specific elements '' elements with high theoretical capacity and capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions
- specific element bodies As the specific element, silicon, tin, lead, aluminum and the like are well known. Among them, silicon and silicon oxide have advantages such as higher capacity, lower cost, and better workability than those made of other specific elements, and research on negative electrode materials using them is particularly active.
- the powdered negative electrode material containing the composite particles as described above is generally used after being applied to a current collector and adjusting the electrode density by a roll press or the like.
- the composite particles containing many voids as described above have poor compressibility at the time of roll pressing and the electrode density is low, so that a sufficient capacity increasing effect cannot be obtained when a lithium ion secondary battery is configured. There is a case.
- the density is increased by roll pressing at high pressure, the voids in the composite particles are almost crushed, so that the absorption and relaxation action of expansion due to the voids may be reduced, and the improvement effect of cycle characteristics may be reduced.
- a specific element fine particle is used with a large amount of carbonaceous material such as fine graphite, and a void forming material is added as necessary to form composite particles. It is common to do. However, such particles generally have a high specific surface area, and since they contain a large amount of low crystalline carbon, the charge / discharge efficiency is lowered, and the increase in capacity as a battery may be insufficient. Furthermore, in the composite particles as described above, the specific element fine particles are also distributed inside the composite particles. In such a case, the composite particles may expand excessively due to a synergistic action because the composite particles expand while forming a space in the interior as the specific element fine particles present inside the composite particles expand. For this reason, the composite particles and further the negative electrode and the expansion amount thereof are larger than the expansion amount of the specific element fine particles themselves. As a result, the battery cell may swell, which may cause a problem in safety.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in cycle characteristics and safety.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery capable of constituting a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics and safety and suppressing expansion due to charging, and a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the length is 1/8 of the length of the short axis perpendicular to the midpoint of the long axis centered on the midpoint of the long axis that is the maximum length of the composite particle
- the silicon atoms contained in the inner region from the outer periphery of the composite particle to the inner side to the depth of 1/8 the length of the short axis with respect to the content of silicon atoms contained in the inner region of the circle having a radius of Is a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery having a content ratio of 2 or more.
- ⁇ 2> The lithium ion according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the ratio of the content of silicon atoms contained in the inner region of the circle to the total content of silicon atoms contained in the cross section of the composite particle is 0.2 or less. It is a negative electrode material for secondary batteries.
- ⁇ 3> The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the first particles are graphite particles having a circularity of 0.60 to 1.00.
- ⁇ 4> The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the volume average particle diameter of the first particles is 5 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less.
- ⁇ 5> Said ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the first particle is a graphite particle having pores formed by aggregating or bonding a plurality of flat particles so that the orientation planes are non-parallel. It is a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries as described.
- ⁇ 7> The negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to ⁇ 5> or ⁇ 6>, wherein a volume average particle diameter of the flat particles is 2/3 or less of a volume average particle diameter of the first particles. It is a material.
- the content of the carbonaceous substance B is 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less in the entire composite particle, and the carbonaceous substance B is an organic carbonized product, any one of the items ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7> 2.
- First particles containing carbonaceous material A and second particles containing silicon atoms are combined using carbonaceous material B different from carbonaceous material A, and the volume average particle size is The lithium according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 9>, including a step of obtaining composite particles having a volume average particle diameter of 1.0 to 1.3 times the volume average particle diameter of the first particles. It is a manufacturing method of the negative electrode material for ion secondary batteries.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode according to ⁇ 11>, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics and safety.
- a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material capable of constituting a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics and suppressing expansion due to charging, and a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes the first particles containing the carbonaceous material A and the second particles containing silicon atoms. It contains at least one kind of composite particles composited with a carbonaceous material B different from the carbonaceous material A. Furthermore, other components may be included as necessary. Further, when the cross section of the composite particle is observed, the center of the long axis that is the maximum length of the composite particle is the center, and the length of the short axis that is orthogonal to the midpoint of the long axis is 1/8.
- the composite particles are characterized in that the second particles containing silicon atoms are present more in the vicinity of the surface than inside the composite particles.
- the ratio of the content of silicon atoms contained in the inner region of the circle to the total content of silicon atoms contained in the cross section of the composite particle is preferably 0.2 or less.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery formed using a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery containing such composite particles is excellent in cycle characteristics and safety, and further has a battery. Excellent capacity and charge / discharge efficiency.
- the term “process” is not limited to an independent process, and is included in the term if the intended action of the process is achieved even when it cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes. It is.
- a numerical range indicated by using “to” indicates a range including the numerical values described before and after “to” as the minimum value and the maximum value, respectively.
- the content of each component in the composition means the total amount of the plurality of substances present in the composition unless there is a specific notice when there are a plurality of substances corresponding to each component in the composition. The present invention will be described below.
- composite particles In the composite particles, the first particles and the second particles are combined with the carbonaceous material B.
- composite means that a plurality of different elements are integrated.
- the composite particles in the present invention are those in which at least the first particles and the second particles are integrated, and a plurality of second particles are integrated with the first particles to constitute independent particles. It is preferable.
- the carbonaceous substance B exists between the first particle and the second particle, and the second particle adheres to the surface of the first particle and is integrated.
- the first particle and the second particle are in direct contact with each other, and the carbonaceous material B is in contact with both the first particle and the second particle, so that the surface of the first particle is
- An embodiment in which the second particles are attached and integrated is exemplified. That is, the carbonaceous substance B has a function of connecting and integrating the first particles and the second particles.
- the composite state of the first particles and the second particles in the composite particles is determined as follows. Furthermore, a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery including composite particles that satisfies the following requirements is included in the scope of the present invention.
- the composite state of the composite particles is judged from the distribution state of the second particles by observing the cross section of the composite particles.
- the method for observing the cross section of the composite particle is not particularly limited. For example, a slurry containing composite particles and an organic binder as described below is prepared, and this is applied and dried to produce a coated electrode.
- the cross section of the obtained coated electrode is processed by a focused ion beam (FIB), ion milling, or the like to prepare a sample from which the composite particles have been cut. Examples thereof include a method of observing the cross section of the composite particle thus obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a scanning ion microscope (SIM), or the like.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- SIM scanning ion microscope
- a composite particle satisfying the following conditions (a) and (b) is set as a target particle for the composite state determination.
- the definition of the major axis and the minor axis in the cross-sectional observation of (a) and (b) will be described later.
- (A) Particle size The particle size of the composite particles is approximately the same as the volume average particle size (50% D) measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer.
- a target particle is a composite particle having a ratio of a major axis length in cross-sectional observation of the composite particle to the volume average particle diameter of 1.0 to 1.2.
- (B) Particle state The broken composite particles and the broken composite particles are excluded because they are not suitable for the judgment of the composite state. That is, a composite particle in which the number of intersections between the major axis and the minor axis in the cross-sectional observation of the composite particle and the outer periphery of the composite particle are both 2 is a target particle.
- the cross section of the composite particle corresponding to the condition of the target particle of the composite state determination is observed, and the long axis center and the short axis length in the cross section of the composite particle are selected as follows. Two parallel tangents circumscribing the outer periphery of the composite particle, the tangent m 1 and the tangent m 2 having the maximum distance are selected. The distance between the tangent line m 1 and the tangent line m 2 is the maximum length of the composite particle, that is, the length of the long axis.
- the length of the long axis in the cross section of the composite particle is 70% or more with respect to the maximum length of the composite particle obtained by observing the entire image of the composite particle with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or the like. Is preferably selected.
- the cross section of the composite particle is preferably selected so as to include the length of the long axis of the composite particle itself or the length close to that of the composite particle as a whole in three dimensions. Note that the length of the long axis of the composite particle itself is given as a distance between two parallel planes circumscribing the composite particle and having the maximum distance.
- two parallel tangent lines n 1 and tangent line n 2 that are orthogonal to the tangent line m 1 and the tangent line m 2 and circumscribe the outer periphery of the composite particle are selected.
- a straight line parallel to the tangent n 1, a distance equal to the straight line of the distance to the tangent n 2 to the tangent n 1 is the major axis of the composite particles.
- Intersections between the major axis and the tangent line m 1 and tangent line m 2 are defined as intersection point P 1 and intersection point P 2 , respectively, and the midpoint of the line segment connecting intersection point P 1 and intersection point P 2 is defined as the midpoint of the major axis.
- a straight line passing through the midpoint of this long axis and orthogonal to the long axis is taken as the short axis.
- the inner region of the circle is defined as the center of the composite particle.
- the inner region from the outer periphery to the depth of the length R is defined as the surface portion of the composite particle.
- the central portion and the surface portion of the composite particle determined as described above are observed using an SEM, and an element contained in the observed region is applied by applying an X-ray spectrometer to the observed region. Quantitative analysis. Using the element mass concentration thus obtained, the conditions of the following composite state are evaluated, and composite particles satisfying the conditions are identified as constituting the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention.
- the X-ray spectrometer is not particularly limited as long as the elements contained in the observation region can be quantified. For example, an energy dispersion type (EDX) and a wavelength dispersion type (WDX) can be used.
- the ratio of the content of silicon atoms contained in the surface portion of the composite particle to the content of silicon atoms contained in the central portion is 2 or more. This means that the second particles containing silicon atoms are unevenly distributed on the surface of the composite particles.
- the ratio is the ratio of the content of silicon atoms to the total content of carbon atoms, oxygen atoms and silicon atoms in the central portion (Si / (C + O + Si)), and the total content of carbon atoms, oxygen atoms and silicon atoms in the surface portion.
- the ratio of the content of silicon atoms with respect to the amount is obtained and calculated as these ratios.
- the ratio is preferably 3 or more, and more preferably 5 or more.
- the ratio is less than 2
- the expansion of the composite particles may not be sufficiently suppressed, and the cycle characteristics may be deteriorated.
- the ratio of the content of silicon atoms to the total content of carbon atoms, oxygen atoms and silicon atoms in the central portion and the surface portion is specifically the length of one side in each of the central portion and the surface portion.
- the content ratio of the silicon atom with respect to a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, and a silicon atom is measured, respectively, and it calculates as an arithmetic average value of those measured values.
- the ratio of the content of silicon atoms contained in the central portion to the total content of silicon atoms contained in the cross section of the composite particles is preferably 0.2 or less, preferably 0.15 or less. It is more preferable that This means that silicon atoms are not substantially present in the central portion of the composite particle.
- the total content of silicon atoms contained in the cross section of the composite particle and the content of silicon atoms contained in the central portion can be obtained in the same manner as described above.
- the condition of the composite state is evaluated for 10 composite particles satisfying the above conditions (a) and (b), and the present invention is used when 3 or more, preferably 5 or more composite particles satisfy the conditions. It is judged that it is a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Examples of the method for configuring the composite state of the composite particles in the present invention as described above include a method of manufacturing composite particles by a method of manufacturing composite particles as described below.
- the composite particles contained in the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention contain at least one kind of first particles containing the carbonaceous material A.
- the first particles are configured to include a carbonaceous material A.
- the carbonaceous material A preferably has higher crystallinity than the carbonaceous material B described later.
- the carbonaceous substance A preferably has an average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of 0.335 nm to 0.347 nm obtained by measurement based on the Gakushin method.
- Examples of the carbonaceous material satisfying this include artificial graphite, natural graphite, low crystalline carbon, mesophase carbon, and the like.
- the average spacing (d 002 ) is preferably 0.335 nm to 0.345 nm, more preferably 0.335 nm to 0.340 nm, and still more preferably 0.335 nm to 0.337 nm from the viewpoint of battery capacity.
- the average interval is 0.347 nm or less, the crystallinity is high, and both battery capacity and charge / discharge efficiency tend to be improved.
- the theoretical value of the graphite crystal is 0.335 nm, the battery capacity and the charge / discharge efficiency tend to be improved closer to this value.
- the content of the carbonaceous material A contained in the first particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 70% by mass or more, and more preferably 90% by mass or more.
- the volume average particle diameter (50% D) of the first particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably larger than the second particles described below, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, and preferably 5 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m. More preferably, it is 7 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the volume average particle diameter is 5 ⁇ m or more, the specific surface area is prevented from becoming too large, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency is improved. Further, the electrode density is further improved, and a high capacity lithium ion secondary battery can be obtained. On the other hand, when the volume average particle diameter is 40 ⁇ m or less, electrode characteristics such as rate characteristics tend to be improved.
- the volume average particle diameter of the first particles is measured under normal conditions using a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device.
- the form and shape of the first particles containing the carbonaceous substance A are not particularly limited.
- Examples of the form include single particles composed of one particle, and granulated particles formed by granulating a plurality of primary particles.
- the shape if it is a single particle, a scaly shape, a spherical particle and the like can be mentioned.
- Examples of the granulated particles include various shapes such as a spherical shape or a porous shape.
- the form of the first particles containing the carbonaceous substance A granulated particles are preferable to single particles from the viewpoint of rate characteristics when a battery is constructed. This is because, for example, when the first particles are made of highly crystalline graphite particles, when the plurality of granulated particles are pressed and densified when forming the electrode, Since the orientation in the plane direction can be more easily suppressed, the exchange of Li ions in the first particles is performed more efficiently, and it can be considered that the rate characteristics are improved.
- the shape of the granulated particles is preferably porous rather than spherical from the viewpoint of rate characteristics when a battery is constructed.
- porous granulated particles the presence of the internal space makes it easier for Li ions to diffuse, so it can be considered that the rate characteristics are improved.
- porous particles having a small porosity so that the second particles do not enter the center of the granulated particles are preferable.
- the first particles can be obtained, for example, as powdered carbon products commercially available from various companies.
- artificial graphite, natural graphite, low crystalline carbon, mesophase carbon and the like having an average interplanar spacing of 0.335 nm to 0.347 nm may have a desired volume average particle size (preferably 4 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m) by a commonly used method. It can be produced by pulverizing or granulating so as to have.
- first particles from the viewpoint of electrical characteristics, a plurality of graphite particles having a circularity of 0.60 to 1.00 and a plurality of flat particles are assembled or bonded so that their orientation planes are non-parallel. It is preferable to use at least one selected from the group consisting of graphite particles having pores.
- the first particles are preferably graphite particles having a circularity of 0.60 to 1.00 (hereinafter also referred to as “spherical graphite particles”).
- spherical graphite particles By setting it as the 1st particle
- the circularity is preferably 0.60 to 0.95, more preferably 0.65 to 0.90, and still more preferably 0.70 to 0.90 from the viewpoint of particle orientation control. When the circularity is 0.60 or more, the orientation of the composite particles in the plane direction is suppressed in the press at the time of electrode formation, and the rate characteristics tend to be improved.
- 1.00 is a perfect circle and is the upper limit.
- the degree of circularity means the circumference as a circle calculated from the equivalent circle diameter, which is the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected area of the graphite particles, and the circumferential length (contour line) measured from the projected image of the graphite particles. It is a numerical value obtained by dividing by (the length of The circularity is 1.00 for a perfect circle.
- Circularity (perimeter of equivalent circle) / (perimeter of particle cross-sectional image) Specifically, the circularity is measured by observing an image magnified 1000 times with a scanning electron microscope, arbitrarily selecting 10 graphite particles, and measuring the circularity of each first particle by the above method. The average circularity calculated as the arithmetic average value.
- the circularity, the circumference of the equivalent circle, and the circumference of the projected image of the graphite particles can be obtained by commercially available image analysis software.
- the shape and shape of the spherical graphite particles are not particularly limited as long as the circularity is 0.60 to 1.00.
- Examples of the form include single particles composed of one particle, and granulated particles formed by granulating a plurality of primary particles.
- the shape may be a spherical particle if it is a single particle.
- Examples of the granulated particles include various shapes such as a spherical shape or a porous shape.
- the spherical graphite particles preferably have an average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of 0.335 nm to 0.338 nm obtained by measurement based on the Gakushin method.
- Examples of the graphite that satisfies this include artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized MCMB (mesophase carbon microbeads), and the like.
- the average spacing (d 002 ) is more preferably 0.335 nm to 0.337 nm, and further preferably 0.335 nm to 0.336 nm, from the viewpoint of battery capacity.
- the average spacing is 0.338 nm or less, the crystallinity as graphite is high, and both the battery capacity and the charge / discharge efficiency tend to be improved.
- the theoretical value of the graphite crystal is 0.335 nm, the battery capacity and the charge / discharge efficiency tend to be improved closer to this value.
- the volume average particle diameter (50% D) of the spherical graphite particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably larger than the second particles described later, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, and more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m.
- the thickness is preferably 7 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the volume average particle diameter is 5 ⁇ m or more, the specific surface area is prevented from becoming too large, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency is improved. Further, the electrode density is further improved, and a high capacity lithium ion secondary battery can be obtained. On the other hand, when the volume average particle diameter is 40 ⁇ m or less, electrode characteristics such as rate characteristics tend to be improved.
- the spherical graphite particles can be obtained, for example, as powdered carbon products commercially available from various companies. Further, flaky graphite having a circularity of less than 0.6 can be spheroidized by using a commonly used graphite spheroidizing method to obtain a circularity of 0.60 to 1.00. . Further, a spherical graphite particle composed of a plurality of particles may be prepared by granulating the graphite particles so as to have a circularity of 0.60 to 1.00 using a granulation method usually used. Examples of the spheronization treatment include a treatment method such as a mechanochemical method. Examples of the granulation method include treatment methods such as a fluidized bed granulation method, a spray drying granulation method, and a stirring granulation method.
- the first particle is a graphite particle having pores (hereinafter also referred to as “bulk graphite particle”) formed by aggregating or bonding a plurality of flat particles so that their orientation planes are not parallel to each other. Preferably there is.
- the crystal plane of the graphite particles in the negative electrode material layer formed on the current collector is oriented in the plane direction. It becomes difficult to occlude and release lithium on the negative electrode.
- the composite particles in which the second particles containing silicon atoms are combined on the surface have conductivity between the massive graphite particles even after the expansion and contraction of the second particles. It becomes easy to maintain, and more excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the flat particles are particles having a major axis and a minor axis, and are not completely spherical. For example, those having a shape such as a scale shape, a scale shape, or a part of a lump shape are included.
- the orientation planes of the plurality of flat particles are not parallel to each other.
- the flat surfaces of the respective particles in other words, the planes closest to the flat are used as the orientation planes, the plurality of flat surfaces are arranged. A state in which the shaped particles are aggregated without aligning their orientation planes in a certain direction.
- the flat particles are aggregated or bonded.
- bond refers to a state in which individual particles are chemically bonded via a carbonaceous material formed by carbonizing an organic binder such as tar or pitch.
- aggregate refers to a state in which individual particles are not chemically bonded but are kept in the shape of the aggregate due to their shape and the like.
- the massive graphite particles are preferably bonded with flat particles from the viewpoint of mechanical strength.
- the number of flat particles aggregated or bonded is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 5 to 20, and more preferably 5 to 15 It is more preferable that
- the size of the individual flat particles constituting the massive graphite particles is not particularly limited, but the volume average particle diameter is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. More preferably. Further, the volume average particle diameter of the individual flat particles is preferably 2/3 or less of the volume average particle diameter of the massive graphite particles from the viewpoint of battery capacity and cycle characteristics, and is 1/20 to 2/3. More preferably.
- the aspect ratio of the massive graphite particles is not particularly limited.
- the aspect ratio is preferably 1.2 to 5.0, more preferably 1.3 to 4.0, and still more preferably 1.3 to 3.0, from the viewpoint of cycle characteristics and battery capacity.
- the aspect ratio is 1.2 or more, the contact area between the particles increases, and the conductivity tends to be further improved.
- the aspect ratio is 5.0 or less, the rapid charge / discharge characteristics tend to be improved.
- the aspect ratio is represented by A / B when the length (major axis) in the major axis direction of the massive graphite particles is A and the length (minor axis) in the minor axis direction is B.
- the aspect ratio is obtained by enlarging the first particles with a microscope, arbitrarily selecting 100 first particles, measuring each A / B, and taking the arithmetic average value of the measured values. It is.
- the length A in the major axis direction and the length B in the minor axis direction are measured as follows. That is, in the projected image of the first particle observed using a microscope, two parallel tangents circumscribing the outer periphery of the first particle and the tangent line a1 and tangent line a2 having the maximum distance are selected. The distance between the tangent line a1 and the tangent line a2 is defined as a length A in the major axis direction.
- the structure of the massive graphite particles is a porous shape having pores. Thereby, the rate characteristic at the time of comprising a battery improves. This is because, for example, lithium ions can be easily diffused by the presence of an internal space in the particles, so that the rate characteristics can be improved.
- the structure of the massive graphite particles is preferably a porous particle having a small porosity so that the second particles do not enter the central portion. By being such particles, a high tap density can be achieved when the composite particles are formed, and a high volume capacity can be achieved because the electrode density of the formed electrodes is improved.
- the massive graphite particles preferably have an average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) value of 0.335 nm to 0.338 nm obtained by measurement based on the Gakushin method, and 0.335 nm to 0. .337 nm is more preferable, and 0.335 nm to 0.336 nm is more preferable.
- the average interval is 0.338 nm or less, the crystallinity as graphite is high, and both battery capacity and charge / discharge efficiency tend to be improved.
- the theoretical value of the graphite crystal is 0.335 nm, the battery capacity and the charge / discharge efficiency tend to be improved closer to this value.
- the volume average particle diameter (50% D) of the massive graphite particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably larger than the second particles described later, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m. 7 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m is more preferable, and 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m is even more preferable.
- the volume average particle diameter is 5 ⁇ m or more, the specific surface area is prevented from becoming too large, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency is improved. Further, the electrode density is further improved, and a high capacity lithium ion secondary battery can be obtained. On the other hand, when the volume average particle diameter is 40 ⁇ m or less, electrode characteristics such as rate characteristics tend to be improved.
- the method for producing the massive graphite particles is not particularly limited as long as a predetermined structure is formed.
- at least one selected from the group consisting of graphitizable aggregates and graphite and a graphitizable binder (organic binder) are added in an amount of 1% by mass to 50% by mass with respect to the total amount. It can be obtained by mixing, firing, and then pulverizing. Thereby, pores are generated after the graphitization catalyst is removed, and good characteristics are imparted as massive graphite particles.
- the massive graphite particles can also be adjusted to a desired configuration by appropriately selecting the method of mixing graphite or aggregate and binder, adjusting the mixing ratio such as the amount of binder, and pulverizing conditions after firing.
- the graphitizable aggregate is not particularly limited as long as it is a powder material that can be graphitized.
- coke powder, resin carbide, etc. can be used. Among these, coke powder that is easily graphitized such as needle coke is preferable.
- the graphite is not particularly limited as long as it is in powder form.
- natural graphite powder and artificial graphite powder can be used.
- the volume average particle diameter of the graphitizable aggregate or graphite is preferably smaller than the volume average particle diameter of the massive graphite particles, and more preferably 2/3 or less of the volume average particle diameter of the massive graphite particles.
- the graphitizable aggregate or graphite is preferably flat particles.
- graphitization catalysts such as metals such as iron, nickel, titanium, silicon and boron, carbides thereof, oxides thereof and the like can be used. Of these, silicon or boron carbides or oxides are preferred.
- the addition amount of these graphitization catalysts is preferably 1 to 50% by mass, more preferably 5 to 40% by mass, and further preferably 5 to 30% by mass with respect to the obtained massive graphite particles. . If the addition amount of the graphitization catalyst is 1% by mass or more, the increase in the aspect ratio and specific surface area of the massive graphite particles tends to be suppressed, and the graphite crystal growth tends to be improved. Are easy to mix evenly and workability is not impaired.
- the binder is not particularly limited as long as it can be graphitized by firing.
- examples of the binder include organic materials such as tar, pitch, thermosetting resin, and thermoplastic resin.
- the amount of the binder is preferably 5% by mass to 80% by mass, more preferably 10% by mass to 80% by mass, and more preferably 15% by mass with respect to the flat graphitizable aggregate or graphite. More preferably, it is added in an amount of 80% to 80% by weight. By making the addition amount of a binder into an appropriate quantity, it can suppress that the aspect-ratio and specific surface area of the massive graphite particle manufactured become large too much.
- the method of mixing the aggregate or graphite that can be graphitized and the binder and a kneader or the like is used, but it is preferable to mix at a temperature equal to or higher than the softening point of the binder.
- the binder is pitch, tar or the like, it is preferably 50 ° C. to 300 ° C., and when it is a thermosetting resin, it is preferably 20 ° C. to 100 ° C.
- the above-mentioned graphitizable aggregate or a mixture of graphite and binder is fired to perform graphitization.
- the mixture may be formed into a predetermined shape before the graphitization treatment.
- it may be pulverized to adjust the particle diameter and the like, and then the graphitization treatment may be performed. Firing is preferably performed under conditions where the mixture is not easily oxidized.
- the method of baking in conditions, such as nitrogen atmosphere, argon gas atmosphere, and a vacuum, is mentioned.
- the temperature of the graphitization treatment is preferably 2000 ° C. or higher, more preferably 2500 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 2800 ° C. to 3200 ° C.
- the graphitization temperature is 2000 ° C. or higher, the development of graphite crystals tends to be good, and the discharge capacity tends to be improved. Moreover, it can suppress that the added graphitization catalyst remains in the manufactured lump graphite particle. If the graphitization catalyst remains in the massive graphite particles, the discharge capacity may be reduced, so it is preferable that the remaining is suppressed. On the other hand, when the graphitization temperature is 3200 ° C. or lower, it is possible to suppress the sublimation of graphite.
- the obtained graphitized product is preferably pulverized so as to have a desired volume average particle diameter in order to adjust the particle diameter of the massive graphite particles.
- the method for pulverizing the graphitized material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include known methods such as a jet mill, a vibration mill, a pin mill, and a hammer mill.
- graphite particles having pores that is, massive graphite particles, obtained by collecting or combining a plurality of flat particles so that their orientation planes are non-parallel can be obtained.
- Japanese Patent No. 3285520, Japanese Patent No. 3325021 and the like can be referred to.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention contains at least one kind of second particles containing silicon atoms.
- the second particles are not particularly limited as long as they contain silicon atoms. Examples thereof include particles containing silicon and particles containing a silicon compound such as silicon oxide. From the viewpoint of battery capacity, particles containing silicon or silicon oxide are preferable, and particles substantially consisting of silicon or particles consisting essentially of silicon oxide are more preferable.
- substantially means that impurities inevitably mixed are allowed, and the content of impurities is preferably 10% by mass or less in the second particles.
- the volume average particle diameter of the second particles is not particularly limited, but preferably has a volume average particle diameter smaller than the volume average particle diameter of the first particles, and the volume average particle diameter is 0.01 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m. More preferably, 0.03 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m is more preferable, 0.05 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m is further preferable, and 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m is particularly preferable.
- the volume average particle diameter of the second particles is 0.01 ⁇ m or more, the second particles can be obtained with good productivity, excellent handleability, and efficient on the surface of the first particles. Can be done automatically.
- the volume average particle diameter is 5 ⁇ m or less, it is possible to efficiently combine on the surface of the first particle, and to suppress the expansion of the second particle during charging. , Cycle characteristics tend to be improved.
- the silicon oxide is generally represented by SiO x .
- the range of x is preferably 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6, more preferably 0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5, and still more preferably 1.0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.4.
- x is 0.8 or more, production and acquisition are easy.
- x is 1.6 or less, it is possible to suppress an excessive increase in the silicon dioxide portion in the silicon oxide, the diffusion of lithium ions in the silicon oxide is promoted, and the rate characteristics tend to be improved. .
- the ratio of the volume average particle size of the second particles to the volume average particle size of the first particles is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of cycle characteristics and battery capacity, it is preferably 0.0003 to 0.2, and more preferably 0.001 to 0.1.
- the ratio of the long axis length of the second particle to the long axis length of the composite particle is preferably 0.0003 to 0.2 and more preferably 0.001 to 0.1 from the viewpoint of cycle characteristics and battery capacity. preferable.
- the major axis length of the second particle is determined in the same manner as the major axis length of the composite particle.
- the length of the major axis of the second particle is an arithmetic average value of the lengths of the major axes of the three second particles that are arbitrarily selected.
- the content of the second particles contained in the composite particles is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the total amount of the composite particles is preferably 0.5% by mass to 20% by mass, more preferably 1% by mass to 15% by mass, and further preferably 2% by mass to 10% by mass.
- the content of the second particles is 0.5% by mass or more, the battery capacity is further improved.
- cycling characteristics will improve more that it is 20 mass% or less.
- the ratio of the content of the second particles to the content of the first particles in the composite particles can be appropriately selected according to the purpose, but the cycle From the viewpoint of characteristics and battery capacity, it is preferably 0.005 to 0.3, more preferably 0.01 to 0.25 on a mass basis.
- the composite particle in the present invention is formed by combining the first particle and the second particle with at least one carbonaceous material B different from the carbonaceous material A.
- the carbonaceous substance B is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic substance as a precursor and is carbonized by heat treatment or the like, the kind of the organic substance serving as the precursor, the history of the heat treatment, the structure of the carbonaceous substance B, and the like.
- the organic substance include a polymer compound such as a phenol resin and a styrene resin, and a carbonizable solid substance such as pitch. These can be used as a binder at the time of compounding in a dissolved or solid state.
- the composite particles according to the present invention can be obtained by compositing the first particles and the second particles with the precursor of the carbonaceous material B and then carbonizing the precursor.
- the content of the carbonaceous substance B in the composite particles is preferably 1% by mass to 10% by mass in the total composite particles, more preferably 1% by mass to 8% by mass, and more preferably 2% by mass to 8% by mass. More preferably, 2% by mass to 6% by mass is particularly preferable.
- the content of the carbonaceous material B is 10% by mass or less, the content of amorphous carbon can be suppressed, and the first-time charge / discharge efficiency can be suppressed from decreasing.
- binding between the composite particles can be suppressed, and an excessive increase in particle diameter can be suppressed.
- the cycle characteristics tend to be improved. This can be considered, for example, because the second particles are likely to be efficiently combined with the surface of the first particles.
- the content ratio of the carbonaceous material B to the second particles is not particularly limited as long as the first particles and the second particles can be combined.
- it is preferably 0.1 to 10 and more preferably 0.3 to 5 on a mass basis.
- the volume average particle diameter (50% D) of the composite particles in the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, it is preferably 5 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m, still more preferably 7 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles is 5 ⁇ m or more, an increase in the specific surface area can be suppressed, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency is further improved.
- the electrode density can be easily increased, and the capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery can be increased.
- the volume average particle diameter is 40 ⁇ m or less, electrode characteristics such as rate characteristics tend to be further improved.
- the ratio of the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles to the volume average particle diameter of the first particles is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of cycle characteristics and battery capacity, it is preferably 1.0 to 1.3, more preferably 1.01 to 1.25, still more preferably 1.03 to 1.20, and 1.05 to 1.15. Is particularly preferred. If the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles is 1.0 times or more, the composite particles tend to be maintained without being destroyed, while if the composite particles are 1.3 times or less, the composite particles are bound to each other. And there is a high tendency for individual composite particles to exist independently, which is preferable.
- the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles is measured under normal conditions using a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring apparatus.
- the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles can be controlled by appropriately selecting the crushing conditions in the composite particle manufacturing method described later.
- the tap density of the composite particles is not particularly limited. For example, it is preferably 0.6 g / cm 3 to 1.2 g / cm 3 , more preferably 0.7 g / cm 3 to 1.2 g / cm 3 , and 0.8 g / cm 3 to 1.15 g / cm 3. Is more preferably 0.9 g / cm 3 to 1.1 g / cm 3 .
- the tap density is 0.6 g / cm 3 or more, cycle characteristics are improved.
- the compressibility at the time of pressing at the time of forming a negative electrode is improved, a high electrode density is achieved, and a battery with a higher capacity can be obtained.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery further contains at least one material having conductivity in addition to the composite particles.
- the conductive material include carbon black, graphite, coke, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube.
- the type, shape, and the like of the conductive substance can be selected as appropriate according to the purpose. For example, graphite and the like are preferable from the viewpoint of battery capacity and charge / discharge efficiency, and carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes are preferable because the conductivity between the composite particles can be secured with a small amount.
- the content of the conductive substance in the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the content in the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery is preferably 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass, and more preferably 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass.
- 20% by mass to 95% by mass is preferable, and 50% by mass to 90% by mass is more preferable.
- the method for producing the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries is not particularly limited as long as the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries containing the composite particles can be produced.
- it can have the process of obtaining the said composite particle, and another process as needed.
- the step of obtaining the composite particles includes the first particles containing the carbonaceous substance A and the second particles containing silicon atoms from the viewpoint of the cycle characteristics of the battery and the expansion coefficient of the negative electrode material.
- the content of silicon atoms in the surface portion of the composite particles can be made twice or more that of the central portion. Furthermore, it can be set as the state which a silicon atom does not exist substantially in the center part of a composite particle.
- the first particles containing the carbonaceous material A and the second particles containing silicon are made of the carbonaceous material B different from the carbonaceous material A.
- the volume average particle diameter is 1.0 to 1.3 times the volume average particle diameter of the particles, and the first particles and the second particles are combined with the carbonaceous material B. And obtaining a composite particle.
- the composite of the first particle, the second particle, and the carbonaceous material precursor can realize the composition ratio of the first particle, the second particle, and the carbonaceous material B in the composite particle obtained by this manufacturing method. There is no particular limitation as long as these components can be combined at a proper quantitative ratio.
- a composite including the first particles, the second particles, and the carbonaceous material precursor is obtained. Note that the composite obtained in the composite process is obtained by integrating the second particle and the carbonaceous material precursor on the surface of the first particle, and the carbonaceous material precursor is not carbonized. Carbonized composite.
- the second particles and the carbonaceous material precursor are dissolved in the dispersion medium in order to suppress the complexation only by the second particles and the carbonaceous material precursor and more reliably form the uncarbonized composite.
- an organic solvent is preferably used as a dispersion medium used in the case of a dispersion.
- the carbonaceous material precursor is a solid, it is preferably dissolved in the organic solvent.
- the organic solvent to be used is not particularly limited.
- an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene or methylnaphthalene that is soluble thereto is preferable.
- the second particles and the carbonaceous material precursor are highly concentrated in the dispersion medium. It is preferably dispersed.
- the dispersion method is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to ultrasonically disperse the second particles, the carbonaceous material precursor, and the dispersion medium because a more uniform dispersion can be obtained.
- the dispersion method in that case is not particularly limited as long as the first particles are not pulverized during dispersion.
- the dispersion can be performed using a stirring type homogenizer, a bead mill, a ball mill, or the like.
- the amount of the carbonaceous material precursor and the second particle in the dispersion and the first particle are included.
- the structure of the obtained negative electrode material is determined by the structure of the carbonaceous material A.
- the mass of the carbonaceous material precursor is reduced when it is converted into a carbonized product by the firing treatment. Therefore, it is preferable to measure the carbonization rate in advance for the amount of the carbonaceous material precursor at the time of compounding, and use an amount corresponding to the amount of remaining carbon in the composite particles for the compounding treatment. That is, the amount of the carbonaceous material B corresponding to the amount of the carbonaceous material B in the composite particles is set, and the amount of the carbonaceous material precursor obtained in consideration of the carbonization rate as described above is combined. Apply to the above. The amount of the carbonaceous substance B in the composite particles is as described above.
- the amount of the second particles is one of the factors that determine the capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery configured using the negative electrode material according to the present invention. Therefore, it is preferable to appropriately determine the amount of the second particles used for compositing according to the target volume. Specifically, it is preferable to select appropriately such that the content of the second particles in the composite particles is in the range described above.
- the amount of the first particles used for the composite may be set to the amount of the first particles corresponding to the amount of the first particles in the composite particles. For example, it is preferable to select appropriately within the range of 60% by mass to 99% by mass of the total mass of the composite particles.
- the firing step the composite obtained in the composite step is fired.
- the carbonaceous material precursor becomes a carbonized product, and the first particles and the second particles are integrated.
- silicon oxide is contained in the second particles, for example, the silicon oxide is disproportionated to form a structure in which silicon microcrystals are dispersed in the silicon oxide.
- the composite product is fired to obtain a lump.
- the lump is a composite particle having the first particles, the second particles, and the carbonaceous material B gathered and integrated.
- the firing treatment is preferably performed in an inert atmosphere from the viewpoint of suppressing oxidation.
- the inert atmosphere nitrogen, argon or the like is suitable.
- the firing treatment conditions are not particularly limited, but it is preferable to keep the temperature at about 200 ° C. for a certain time, volatilize the residual solvent, and then raise the temperature to the target temperature.
- the firing temperature is preferably 800 ° C to 1200 ° C, more preferably 850 ° C to 1200 ° C, and further preferably 900 ° C to 1200 ° C.
- silicon carbide can be suppressed, and a decrease in battery capacity tends to be suppressed. Further, the growth of the silicon dioxide portion in the silicon oxide can be suppressed, and the inhibition of diffusion of lithium ions and the deterioration of rate characteristics in the silicon oxide can be suppressed.
- shearing force application process In the shearing force application step, a shearing force is applied to the mass obtained in the firing step, and the volume average particle size is 1.0 to 1.3 times the volume average particle size of the first particles.
- the lump obtained by the firing step is formed by composite particles bound together by carbonization of the carbonaceous material precursor.
- an appropriate shearing force is applied to the composite particles bound to each other, and the composite particles are separated into individual composite particles having a predetermined particle diameter.
- the composite particles thus obtained have a form in which many second particles are present on the surface.
- the application of the shearing force is not particularly limited as long as it is an apparatus capable of applying a shearing force in which the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles is in a desired range.
- a general apparatus such as a mixer, a cutter mill, a hammer mill, or a jet mill can be used.
- the condition for applying the shearing force so that the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles is within a desired range varies depending on the apparatus used. For example, when a Waring mixer (7012S) manufactured by WARING is used. Conditions for shearing at a rotational speed of 3000 rpm to 13000 rpm over a period of 30 seconds to 3 minutes may be employed.
- shearing force is common in the industry such as pulverization treatment or pulverization treatment as long as it is a process in which a lump is made into a state of individual composite particles forming a lump and the composite particles are not destroyed. Any of the processes used in the above may be used.
- the composite particles obtained by the shearing force application step are composite particles in which the first particles and the second particles are combined with the carbonaceous material B, and the composite particles have a volume average particle diameter of 1 for the first particles. It has a volume average particle size of not less than 0.0 times and not more than 1.3 times.
- the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles is 1.0 times or more with respect to the volume average particle diameter of the first particles, the destruction of the target composite particles is suppressed, and the second particles are It becomes a state integrated with the particles. As a result, the conductivity can be sufficiently maintained over the course of the cycle, and the cycle performance is further improved.
- the volume average particle diameter of the composite particles is 1.3 times or less than the volume average particle diameter of the first particles, excessive generation of a mass in which the composite particles are bound to each other is suppressed. The presence of the second particles inside the mass is suppressed. As a result, when the volume expansion of the second particles occurs during charging, excessive expansion in the lump can be suppressed.
- the manufacturing method of the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery may include other steps as necessary in addition to the above-described compounding step, firing step, and shearing force application step.
- a classification step for the purpose of sizing after the shearing force application step.
- the composite particle which has a uniform particle diameter can be obtained.
- the classification treatment for example, it is preferable to use a sieve having an opening of 40 ⁇ m.
- the classification method is not particularly limited. For example, it can be removed by an airflow classifier.
- a heat treatment step may be included in which the composite particles obtained by the classification treatment are further heat-treated in an inert atmosphere.
- heat processing conditions it is the same as that of said baking conditions.
- the method for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery may include a carbon coating step after the heat treatment step.
- the composite particles are coated with carbon to further form a low crystalline carbon layer.
- the carbon coating amount is preferably determined as appropriate so that the initial charge / discharge efficiency is not lowered by the increase of amorphous carbon and the characteristics of the negative electrode material are not lowered.
- the carbon coating method include a wet mixing method, a chemical vapor deposition method, and a mechanochemical method.
- the chemical vapor deposition method and the wet mixing method are preferable from the viewpoint that the reaction system can be uniformly controlled and the shape of the composite particles can be maintained.
- the carbon source for forming the low crystalline carbon layer there is no particular limitation on the carbon source for forming the low crystalline carbon layer.
- an aliphatic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an alicyclic hydrocarbon, or the like can be used. Specific examples include methane, ethane, propane, toluene, benzene, xylene, styrene, naphthalene, cresol, anthracene, and derivatives thereof.
- a polymer compound such as a phenol resin or a styrene resin, a carbonizable solid material such as pitch, or the like can be processed as a solid or a dissolved material.
- the treatment temperature is preferably performed under the same conditions as the firing treatment conditions described above.
- the production method may further include a step of mixing other components as necessary.
- other components include the above-described conductive substances (conductive auxiliary materials), binders, and the like.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention has a current collector and a negative electrode material layer containing the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention provided on the current collector, and is necessary. Depending on, it may further have other components. Thereby, it becomes possible to constitute a lithium ion secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics and safety.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery is prepared by, for example, dispersing the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention and the organic binder together with a solvent, such as a stirrer, a ball mill, a super sand mill, and a pressure kneader. Kneading to prepare a negative electrode material slurry and applying this to a current collector to form a negative electrode material layer, or forming a paste-like negative electrode material slurry into a sheet shape, a pellet shape, etc. It can be obtained by integrating with the current collector.
- a solvent such as a stirrer, a ball mill, a super sand mill, and a pressure kneader. Kneading to prepare a negative electrode material slurry and applying this to a current collector to form a negative electrode material layer, or forming a paste-like negative electrode material slurry into a sheet shape, a pellet shape, etc. It can be obtained by integrating
- the organic binder (hereinafter also referred to as “binder”) is not particularly limited.
- styrene-butadiene copolymer ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester (for example, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meta)) ) Acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylonitrile, hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, etc.), ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (eg, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, etc.) (Meth) acrylic copolymer to be formed; polymer compounds such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphosphazene, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamideimide and the like.
- carboxylic acid ester for example, methyl (meth) acrylate
- organic binders may be dispersed or dissolved in water or dissolved in an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) depending on the respective physical properties.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- an organic binder whose main skeleton is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, and polyamideimide is preferable because of excellent adhesion, and the heat treatment temperature is low, and the flexibility of the electrode is high.
- An organic binder having a main skeleton of polyacrylonitrile is more preferable because of its superiority.
- organic binder having polyacrylonitrile as a main skeleton examples include, for example, a product obtained by adding acrylic acid for imparting adhesiveness and a linear ether group for imparting flexibility to a polyacrylonitrile skeleton (manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., LSR7) can be used.
- the content ratio of the organic binder in the negative electrode layer of the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode is preferably 1% by mass to 30% by mass, more preferably 2% by mass to 20% by mass, and more preferably 3% by mass. More preferably, it is ⁇ 15% by mass.
- the content ratio of the organic binder is 1% by mass or more, the adhesion is good, and the negative electrode is prevented from being destroyed by expansion / contraction during charge / discharge. On the other hand, it can suppress that electrode resistance becomes it it it is 30 mass% or less.
- a conductive auxiliary material may be mixed into the negative electrode material slurry as necessary.
- the conductive auxiliary material include carbon black, graphite, acetylene black, or an oxide or nitride that exhibits conductivity.
- the content of the conductive auxiliary material may be about 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass with respect to the negative electrode material for the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention.
- the material and shape of the current collector are not particularly limited. For example, if a belt-like material made of aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel or the like in a foil shape, a punched foil shape, a mesh shape, or the like is used. Good. A porous material such as porous metal (foamed metal) or carbon paper can also be used.
- the method of applying the negative electrode material slurry to the current collector is not particularly limited.
- integration of the negative electrode material slurry formed into a sheet shape, pellet shape, or the like and the current collector can be performed by a known method such as a roll, a press, or a combination thereof.
- the negative electrode material layer formed on the current collector and the negative electrode layer integrated with the current collector are preferably heat-treated according to the organic binder used.
- the temperature is 100 ° C. to 180 ° C.
- an organic binder having a main skeleton as polyimide or polyamideimide is used, 150 ° C. to 450 ° C. It is preferable to heat-treat with. This heat treatment increases the strength by removing the solvent and curing the binder, thereby improving the adhesion between the particles and between the particles and the current collector.
- These heat treatments are preferably performed in an inert atmosphere such as helium, argon, nitrogen, or a vacuum atmosphere in order to prevent oxidation of the current collector during the treatment.
- the negative electrode Before the heat treatment, the negative electrode is preferably pressed (pressurized).
- the electrode density can be adjusted by applying pressure treatment.
- the negative electrode material for the lithium ion secondary battery it is preferable that the electrode density of 1.4g / cm 3 ⁇ 1.9g / cm 3, to be 1.5g / cm 3 ⁇ 1.85g / cm 3 More preferably, it is more preferably 1.6 g / cm 3 to 1.8 g / cm 3 .
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes the above-described negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte.
- a lithium ion secondary battery can be configured by placing the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery and a positive electrode facing each other through a separator as necessary, and injecting an electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte. .
- the positive electrode can be obtained by forming a positive electrode material layer on the current collector surface in the same manner as the negative electrode.
- the current collector may be a band-shaped material made of a metal or an alloy such as aluminum, titanium, or stainless steel in a foil shape, a punched foil shape, a mesh shape, or the like.
- the positive electrode material used for the positive electrode material layer is not particularly limited.
- a metal compound, metal oxide, metal sulfide, or conductive polymer material that can be doped or intercalated with lithium ions may be used.
- lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ), lithium manganate (LiMnO 2 ), and double oxides thereof (LiCo x Ni y Mn z O 2 , x + y + z 1, 0 ⁇ x, 0 ⁇ y; LiNi 2-x Mn x O 4 , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), lithium manganese spinel (LiMn 2 O 4 ), lithium vanadium compound, V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , VO 2 , MnO 2 , TiO 2, MoV 2 O 8, TiS 2, V 2 S 5, VS 2, MoS 2, MoS 3, Cr 3 O 8, Cr 2 O 5, olivine-type LiMPO 4
- the separator for example, a nonwoven fabric, a cloth, a microporous film, or a combination thereof having a polyolefin as a main component such as polyethylene or polypropylene can be used.
- a separator when it is set as the structure where the positive electrode and negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery to produce are not in direct contact, it is not necessary to use a separator.
- electrolyte examples include lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , and LiSO 3 CF 3 that are electrolytes, such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, cyclohexane, and the like.
- lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , and LiSO 3 CF 3 that are electrolytes, such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, cyclohexane, and the like.
- a so-called organic electrolyte solution dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent of a simple substance or a mixture of two or more components such as lofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate can be used.
- an electrolytic solution containing fluoroethylene carbonate is preferable because stable SEI (solid electrolyte interface) tends to
- the structure of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, usually, a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and a separator provided as necessary, are wound into a flat spiral to form a wound electrode group, In general, these are laminated as a flat plate to form a laminated electrode plate group, or the electrode plate group is enclosed in an exterior body.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is used as a paper-type battery, a button-type battery, a coin-type battery, a laminated battery, a cylindrical battery, a rectangular battery, or the like.
- the above-described negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention has been described as being used for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- electrochemical devices having a charge / discharge mechanism that inserts and desorbs lithium ions such as hybrid capacitors It is also possible to apply to.
- Example 1 (Production of composite particles) First, silicon powder having a volume average particle diameter of 25 ⁇ m (purity: 99.9%, manufactured by Toyo Metal Powder Co., Ltd .: HiSi-300, second particles), methylnaphthalene, dispersant (manufactured by Kao Corporation: L-1820) ) And a silicon slurry by pulverizing to a volume average particle size of 0.2 ⁇ m with a bead mill (manufactured by Ashizawa Finetech: LMZ).
- the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries containing the composite particle obtained by the said manufacturing method the content rate of a silicon atom, an average surface space
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- “-” indicates that it has not been evaluated.
- FIG. 1 shows an SEM image showing the entire cross section of the obtained composite particle
- FIG. 2 shows an SEM image showing a surface portion of the cross section of the composite particle.
- the arrow in FIG. 2 shows a silicon particle.
- the electrode cross-section was processed using an ion milling device (E-3500) manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech.
- the cross section of the processed electrode was observed with an SEM (Hitachi High-Tech S-3400N), and quantitative analysis of carbon atoms, oxygen atoms and silicon atoms was performed using EDX (INCA Energy 350, Oxford Instruments).
- SEM Hitachi High-Tech S-3400N
- EDX EDX
- the content ratio of silicon atoms in the entire composite particles was expanded until the length of the long axis of the composite particles to be observed and the width of the observation region were substantially equal, and the content ratio of silicon atoms in the entire observation region was obtained. Further, the content ratio of silicon atoms in the surface portion and the central portion is selected so that three square regions each having a side length of 1 ⁇ m are not overlapped as much as possible in each of the surface portion and the central portion. It was calculated as an arithmetic average value of the measured values. Further, the ratio of the silicon atoms in the surface portion to the central portion (surface / center) and the ratio of the silicon atoms in the surface portion to the entire composite particle (center / total) were also calculated.
- the major axis length ratio was calculated as the ratio of the major axis length of the second particle to the major axis length of the composite particle.
- Table 1 shows values rounded to the second decimal place.
- the length of the major axis of the second particle was an arithmetic average value of the length of the major axis of three arbitrarily selected second particles.
- each value in Table 1 is an average value of 10 pieces. In each composite particle, there were three observation regions. In each comparative example, all 10 composite particles did not satisfy the provisions of the present invention. Each value in Table 1 is also an average value of 10 pieces.
- the tap density was measured by a method based on JIS standard R1628.
- Average particle diameter (50% D) measurement Using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer SALD-3000J (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), a dispersion liquid in which the obtained composite particles are dispersed in purified water together with a surfactant is placed in a sample water tank and pumped while ultrasonically treating. Measured by circulating. The particle diameter (50% D) at which the volume accumulation from the small diameter side of the obtained particle size distribution was 50% was defined as the volume average particle diameter.
- the evaluation cell was produced by injecting an electrolyte solution with a CR2016 type coin cell facing the negative electrode and metallic lithium as a counter electrode through a 20 ⁇ m polypropylene separator.
- the electrolytic solution was obtained by dissolving ethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate in a mixed solvent having a volume ratio of 3 to 7 to a concentration of 1 mol / L of LiPF 6 and adding 1.5% by mass of vinyl carbonate thereto. Furthermore, what added 20 volume% of fluoroethylene carbonate was used.
- the evaluation cell was placed in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C. and subjected to a cycle test. Charging was performed until the current value reached 0.2 mA at a constant voltage of 0 V after charging to 0 V with a constant current of 2 mA. The discharge was performed at a constant current of 2 mA up to a voltage value of 1.5 V. The discharge capacity and charge / discharge efficiency were the results of the initial charge / discharge test. Moreover, after repeating charge / discharge for 5 cycles on the said conditions, the cell for evaluation was disassembled in the charged state, and the ratio of the thickness of the obtained negative electrode to the thickness at the time of producing the negative electrode was defined as the expansion rate. In addition, the cycle characteristics were evaluated as the capacity retention rate by comparing the discharge capacity after 50 charge / discharge tests under the charge / discharge conditions with the initial discharge capacity. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 In Example 1, silicon oxide powder (SiO, manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd .: SiO02PB, second particle) is used instead of silicon powder, and the volume average particle diameter is pulverized to 0.5 ⁇ m. Thus, a silicon oxide slurry was produced. Except that 800 g of this silicon oxide slurry was ultrasonically dispersed with 300 g of coal tar pitch and combined with 2.61 kg of needle coke, composite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same evaluation was performed. It was.
- Example 3 In Example 1, using a jet mill (NJ Pneumatic LJ-3), the lump obtained by firing was crushed at a pressure of 0.1 MPa, the classification zone was 12 mm, and a large louver was used. Except for crushing, composite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same evaluation was performed.
- Example 4 In Example 1, the obtained composite particles were mixed with flaky graphite particles having an average particle diameter of 4 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 14 m 2 / g so that the total amount would be 10%, and this was mixed with the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery. Except for the above, composite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same evaluation was performed.
- Example 5 (Production of composite particles) First, silicon oxide powder having a volume average particle diameter of 30 ⁇ m (SiO, manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd .: SiO02PB, second particles), methylnaphthalene, and a dispersant (manufactured by Kao Corporation: L-1820). Then, a silicon oxide slurry was prepared by pulverizing with a bead mill (manufactured by Ashizawa Finetech: LMZ) to a volume average particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m.
- spherical natural graphite spherical graphite particles, first particles having a volume average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m and a circularity of 0.95 are charged into a pressure kneader, and the dispersion is charged therein.
- Naphthalene was evaporated to obtain a composite composed of spherical natural graphite in which silicon oxide particles were composited with a carbonaceous material.
- the obtained composite was fired in a firing furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere at 900 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the lump obtained by firing is pulverized for 1 minute with a Waring mixer (manufactured by WARING: 7012S) at a rotational speed of 3100 rpm, and then classified with a vibrating screen having an opening of 40 ⁇ m, and composite particles having a volume average particle diameter of 22 ⁇ m. This was made into the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- a Waring mixer manufactured by WARING: 7012S
- the evaluation cell was produced by injecting an electrolyte solution with a CR2016 type coin cell facing the negative electrode and metallic lithium as a counter electrode through a 20 ⁇ m polypropylene separator.
- the electrolytic solution was obtained by dissolving ethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate in a mixed solvent having a volume ratio of 3 to 7 to a concentration of 1 mol / L of LiPF 6 and adding 1.5% by mass of vinyl carbonate thereto. Furthermore, what added 20 volume% of fluoroethylene carbonate was used.
- the evaluation cell was placed in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C. and subjected to a cycle test. Charging was performed until the current value reached 0.2 mA at a constant voltage of 0 V after charging to 0 V with a constant current of 2 mA. The discharge was performed at a constant current of 2 mA up to a voltage value of 1.5 V. The discharge capacity and charge / discharge efficiency were the results of the initial charge / discharge test. Moreover, after repeating charge / discharge for 5 cycles on the said conditions, the cell for evaluation was disassembled in the charged state, and the ratio of the thickness of the obtained negative electrode to the thickness at the time of producing the negative electrode was defined as the expansion rate. In addition, the cycle characteristics were evaluated as the capacity retention rate by comparing the discharge capacity after 50 charge / discharge tests under the charge / discharge conditions with the initial discharge capacity. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 a silicon powder having a volume average particle diameter of 25 ⁇ m (purity 99.9%, manufactured by Toyo Metal Powder Co., Ltd .: HiSi-300, second particles) was used instead of the silicon oxide powder, and the volume average thereof was used.
- a composite particle was prepared in the same manner as in Example 5 except that a silicon slurry was prepared by pulverizing to a particle size of 0.2 ⁇ m, and 200 g of this slurry was subjected to ultrasonic dispersion treatment together with 180 g of coal tar pitch. The same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1. 3 shows an SEM image showing the entire cross section of the obtained composite particle, FIG.
- FIG. 4 shows an SEM image showing the central part of the cross section of the composite particle
- FIG. 5 shows a surface part of the cross section of the composite particle.
- the SEM images shown are shown respectively.
- the arrow in FIG. 5 shows a silicon particle. 3 to 5, it can be seen that in the composite particles according to Example 6, silicon particles are present in the surface portion and no silicon particles are present in the central portion.
- Example 7 Composite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that granulated particles prepared as follows were used instead of spheroidized natural graphite, and the same evaluation was performed.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- -Preparation of granulated particles 980 g of scaly graphite having a volume average particle diameter of 8 ⁇ m and 20 g of carboxymethyl cellulose (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku: WS-C) were mixed with 3000 g of purified water with stirring. This slurry was granulated with a fluidized bed granulator (Powrec: GPCG). The granulated particles were calcined at 900 ° C. for 2 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain granulated particles having a volume average particle diameter of 24 ⁇ m and a circularity of 0.93.
- GPCG fluidized bed granulator
- Example 8 In Example 5, the mass obtained by firing was subjected to a condition using a jet mill (Nihon Pneumatic LJ-3) at a pulverization pressure of 0.1 MPa, a classification zone of 12 mm clearance, and a large louver. Except for crushing, composite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 5, and the same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 9 ⁇ Example 9>
- the obtained composite particles were mixed with flaky graphite particles having a volume average particle diameter of 4 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 14 m 2 / g so as to be 10% in the total amount, and this was mixed with the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery. Except having used it as a material, the composite particle was produced like Example 5 and the same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 10 spheroidized natural graphite having a volume average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m and a circularity of 0.95 was subjected to a 100 MPa cold isostatic pressing process to obtain a spherical natural product having a volume average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m and a circularity of 0.86. Graphite was obtained. Except for using this spheroidized natural graphite, composite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 5, and the same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- First particles (hereinafter also referred to as “bulk graphite particles”) were produced as follows. 2000 g of coke powder having a volume average particle size of 10 ⁇ m, 800 g of coal tar pitch, 400 g of silicon carbide, and 800 g of coal tar were kneaded at 100 ° C. for 1 hour using a pressure kneader. The obtained lump was calcined at 900 ° C. for 2 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere and then graphitized at 2800 ° C. for 2 hours in the same atmosphere. The graphitized lump was pulverized by a jet mill to produce first particles having a volume average particle diameter of 23 ⁇ m and an aspect ratio of 1.5.
- a silicon oxide powder having a volume average particle size of 30 ⁇ m (SiO, manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd .: SiO02PB, second particles) is added together with methylnaphthalene and a dispersant (Kao Co., Ltd .: L-1820). Then, a silicon oxide slurry was prepared by pulverizing with a bead mill (manufactured by Ashizawa Finetech: LMZ) to a volume average particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the lump obtained by firing is pulverized for 1 minute with a Waring mixer (manufactured by WARING: 7012S) at a rotation speed of 3100 rpm, and then classified with a vibrating screen having an opening of 40 ⁇ m, and composite particles having a volume average particle diameter of 25 ⁇ m This was made into the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- a Waring mixer manufactured by WARING: 7012S
- the evaluation cell was prepared by injecting an electrolytic solution with a CR2016 type coin cell facing the negative electrode and metallic lithium through a 20 ⁇ m polypropylene separator.
- the electrolytic solution was obtained by dissolving ethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate in a mixed solvent having a volume ratio of 3 to 7 to a concentration of 1 mol / L of LiPF 6 and adding 1.5% by mass of vinyl carbonate thereto. Furthermore, what added 20 volume% of fluoroethylene carbonate was used.
- the evaluation cell was placed in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C. and subjected to a cycle test. Charging was performed until the current value reached 0.2 mA at a constant voltage of 0 V after charging to 0 V with a constant current of 2 mA. The discharge was performed at a constant current of 2 mA up to a voltage value of 1.5 V. The discharge capacity and charge / discharge efficiency were the results of the initial charge / discharge test. Moreover, after repeating charge / discharge for 5 cycles on the said conditions, the cell for evaluation was disassembled in the charged state, and the ratio of the thickness of the obtained negative electrode to the thickness at the time of producing the negative electrode was defined as the expansion rate. In addition, the cycle characteristics were evaluated as the capacity retention rate by comparing the discharge capacity after 50 charge / discharge tests under the charge / discharge conditions with the initial discharge capacity. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- FIG. 6 shows an SEM image showing the entire cross section of the obtained composite particle
- FIG. 7 shows an SEM image showing the central portion of the cross section of the composite particle
- FIG. 8 shows a surface portion of the cross section of the composite particle.
- the SEM images shown are shown respectively.
- the arrow in FIG. 8 shows a silicon particle. 6 to 8, it can be seen that in the composite particles according to Example 11, silicon particles are present in the surface portion and no silicon particles are present in the central portion.
- Example 12 In Example 11, instead of silicon oxide powder, silicon powder having a volume average particle diameter of 25 ⁇ m (purity 99.9%, manufactured by Toyo Metal Powder Co., Ltd .: HiSi-300, second particles) was used, and the volume average thereof was used.
- a composite particle was prepared in the same manner as in Example 11 except that a silicon slurry was prepared by pulverizing to a particle size of 0.2 ⁇ m, and 200 g of this slurry was subjected to ultrasonic dispersion treatment together with 180 g of coal tar pitch. The same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 13 the mass obtained by firing was analyzed using a jet mill (Nihon Pneumatic LJ-3) under the conditions of a pulverization pressure of 0.1 MPa, a classification zone of 12 mm clearance, and a large louver. Except for crushing, composite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 11, and the same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 14 In Example 11, the obtained composite particles were mixed with flaky graphite particles having a volume average particle diameter of 4 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 14 m 2 / g so that the total amount would be 10%, and this was mixed with the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery. Except having used it as a material, the composite particle was produced like Example 11 and the same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 15 Example 1 except that massive graphite particles having a volume average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m and an aspect ratio of 3.1 were used instead of the first particles having a volume average particle diameter of 23 ⁇ m and an aspect ratio of 1.5.
- Composite particles were prepared in the same manner as in No. 11, and the same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 a needle coke having a volume average particle diameter of 10 ⁇ m was used, and ultrasonic dispersion treatment was carried out in methyl naphthalene together with silicon slurry and coal tar pitch, and this dispersion was combined with a pressure kneader to evaporate methyl naphthalene. The compound was obtained. The obtained composite was fired in the same manner as described above to obtain a lump. The obtained lump was pulverized to a volume average particle size of 23 ⁇ m by a jet mill (AFG manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) under the conditions of a pulverization pressure of 0.4 MPa and a classification rotor rotation speed of 1500 rpm to obtain composite particles. A negative electrode material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composite particles thus obtained were used, and the same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 needle coke having a volume average particle diameter of 10 ⁇ m was used, and ultrasonic dispersion treatment was performed in methyl naphthalene together with silicon slurry and coal tar pitch. Using this dispersion, a composite was obtained using a spray dryer (manufactured by Okawara Chemical Industries Co., Ltd .: CL-8i). A twin jet nozzle was used for spraying, and the spraying conditions were a spray pressure of 0.1 MPa and a spray inlet temperature of 110 ° C. The obtained composite product was fired and ground in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 to obtain composite particles having a volume average particle diameter of 16 ⁇ m. A negative electrode material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composite particles thus obtained were used, and the same evaluation was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- FIG. 9 shows an SEM image showing the entire cross section of the obtained composite particle
- FIG. 10 shows an SEM image showing the central portion of the cross section of the composite particle
- FIG. 11 shows a surface portion of the cross section of the composite particle.
- the SEM images shown are shown respectively.
- the arrow in FIG.10 and FIG.11 shows a silicon particle. 9 to 11, it can be seen that in the composite particles according to Comparative Example 2, silicon particles exist in the central portion in addition to the surface portion.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery constructed using the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention suppresses the expansion of the negative electrode accompanying charging. Moreover, it turns out that the lithium ion secondary battery of this invention comprised using the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries of this invention is excellent in cycling characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
上記特定元素としては、珪素、錫、鉛、アルミニウムなどがよく知られている。その中でも珪素及び珪素酸化物は、他の特定元素からなるものよりも容量が高く、安価、加工性が良いなどといった利点があり、これを用いた負極材の研究が特に盛んである。
この課題に対し、特定元素体を微粒子化し、炭素性物質あるいは樹脂などで、黒鉛と複合化する手法が提案されている。このような複合粒子においては特定元素がLiと合金化し、微細化しても黒鉛あるいは炭素性物質によって導電性が確保できるため、特定元素体単独で負極材として用いるよりもサイクル特性を著しく向上できることが知られている。
しかし、依然としてLi合金化時の膨張が複合粒子構造を破壊することによって複合粒子内の導電性が切断されて十分なサイクル特性が得られない場合があり、主にこの膨張の吸収と緩和を目的に、複合粒子内への空隙の導入に着目した検討が盛んに行われている(例えば、特許第3466576号公報、特開2006-228640号公報、特許第3995050号公報、特許第3987853号公報参照)。
更に上記のような複合粒子においては、特定元素体微粒子が複合粒子内部にも分布している。このような場合、複合粒子内部に存在する特定元素体微粒子の膨張に伴って複合粒子が内部に空間形成しながら膨張するため、相乗作用によって複合粒子が過度に膨張する場合がある。そのため、特定元素体微粒子自体の膨張量よりも、複合粒子さらには負極とその膨張量が大きくなり、その結果、電池セルが膨らみ、安全性に問題が生じる場合がある。
<1> 炭素性物質Aを含有する第一の粒子と、珪素原子を含有する第二の粒子とが、前記炭素性物質Aとは異なる炭素性物質Bで複合化された複合粒子を含み、前記複合粒子の断面を観察したときに、前記複合粒子の最大長さである長軸の中点を中心とし、前記長軸の中点で直交する短軸の長さの1/8の長さを半径とする円の内部領域に含まれる珪素原子の含有量に対する、前記複合粒子の外周から内側に前記短軸の長さの1/8の長さの深さまでの内側領域に含まれる珪素原子の含有量の比率が2以上であるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材である。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材(以下、単に「負極材」ともいう)は、炭素性物質Aを含有する第一の粒子と、珪素原子を含有する第二の粒子とが、前記炭素性物質Aとは異なる炭素性物質Bで複合化された複合粒子の少なくとも1種を含む。さらに必要に応じてその他の成分を含んでいてもよい。
また前記複合粒子は、その断面を観察したときに、前記複合粒子の最大長さである長軸の中点を中心とし、前記長軸の中点で直交する短軸の長さの1/8の長さを半径とする円の内部領域に含まれる珪素原子の含有量に対する、前記複合粒子の外周から内側に前記短軸の長さの1/8の長さの深さまでの内側領域に含まれる珪素原子の含有量の比率が2以上である。
このような複合状態であることによって、充電時における第二の粒子の体積膨張が、もっぱら複合粒子表面近傍で起こり、複合粒子内部ではほとんど起こらないため、複合粒子自体の過度な膨張を抑制することができる。
かかる複合粒子を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を用いて形成されるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極を有して構成されるリチウムイオン二次電池は、サイクル特性及び安全性に優れ、さらに電池容量及び充放電効率に優れる。
以下、本発明について説明する。
前記複合粒子においては、第一の粒子と第二の粒子とが炭素性物質Bで複合化されている。ここで複合化とは、互いに異なる複数の要素が一体化していることを意味する。
本発明における複合粒子は、少なくとも第一の粒子と第二の粒子とが一体化しているものであり、第一の粒子に複数の第二の粒子が一体化して独立した粒子を構成していることが好ましい。
前記複合粒子における複合化の具体的態様としては、第一の粒子と第二の粒子との間に炭素性物質Bが存在して第一の粒子の表面に第二の粒子が付着して一体化している態様、及び、第一の粒子と第二の粒子とが直接接触し、炭素性物質Bが第一の粒子及び第二の粒子の両方に接触することで第一の粒子の表面に第二の粒子が付着して一体化している態様が挙げられる。すなわち前記炭素性物質Bは、第一の粒子と第二の粒子とを互いに連結して一体化する機能を有している。
(a)粒子径
複合粒子の粒子径が概ねレーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置で測定される体積平均粒子径(50%D)と同等のものとする。具体的には、前記体積平均粒子径に対する複合粒子の断面観察における長軸の長さの比が1.0~1.2である複合粒子を対象粒子とする。
(b)粒子状態
割れている複合粒子、裂けている複合粒子は、複合状態の判断対象に適さないため除外する。すなわち、複合粒子の断面観察における長軸及び短軸と、複合粒子の外周との交点の数が共に2である複合粒子を対象粒子とする。
複合粒子の外周に外接する平行な2本の接線であって、その距離が最大となる接線m1及び接線m2を選択する。この接線m1及び接線m2の間の距離を複合粒子の最大長さ、すなわち長軸の長さとする。
ただし、複合粒子の断面における長軸の長さは、複合粒子の全体像を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)等で観察して求められる複合粒子の最大長さに対して、70%以上となるように選択されることが好ましい。すなわち、複合粒子の断面は、3次元的に全体をとらえた複合粒子自体の長軸の長さ又はそれに近い長さの軸を含むように選択されることが好ましい。尚、複合粒子自体の長軸の長さは、複合粒子に外接する平行な2つの平面であって、その距離が最大となる2つの平面の間の距離として与えられる。
接線n1に平行な直線であって、接線n1までの距離と接線n2までの距離が等しい直線を複合粒子の長軸とする。長軸と接線m1及び接線m2との交点をそれぞれ交点P1及び交点P2とし、交点P1と交点P2とを結ぶ線分の中点を長軸の中点とする。この長軸の中点を通り、長軸と直交する直線を短軸とする。短軸と複合粒子の外周との2つの交点Q1及び交点Q2の間の距離を短軸の長さとする。
一方、複合粒子の断面上で、その外周から内側に長さRの深さまでの内側領域を、複合粒子における表面部分とする。
ここで中心部分と表面部分とに重複部分が発生する場合には、複合状態判断の対象粒子から除外する。
尚、前記X線分光装置としては、被観察領域に含有される元素を定量可能であれば特に制限されず、例えば、エネルギー分散型(EDX)及び波長分散型(WDX)を用いることができる。
前記複合粒子の表面部分に含まれる珪素原子の含有量の、中心部分に含まれる珪素原子の含有量に対する比率(表面部分/中心部分)が2以上である。これは複合粒子の表面に珪素原子を含有する第二の粒子が偏在していることを意味する。
前記比率は、中心部分における炭素原子、酸素原子及び珪素原子の総含有量に対する珪素原子の含有量の比率(Si/(C+O+Si))と、表面部分における炭素原子、酸素原子及び珪素原子の総含有量に対する珪素原子の含有量の比率とをそれぞれ求め、これらの比として算出される。
具体的には例えば、EDXで定量分析を行った際、炭素原子、酸素原子及び珪素原子のみについて定量分析を行えば、中心部分と表面部分の珪素原子の質量濃度を単に比較することで、前記比率を得ることができる。
本発明において前記比率は3以上であることが好ましく、5以上であることがより好ましい。前記比率が2未満では、複合粒子の膨張を十分に抑制できない場合があり、またサイクル特性低下する場合がある。
複合粒子の断面に含まれる珪素原子の総含有量、及び、中心部分に含まれる珪素原子の含有量は上記と同様にして得ることができる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材に含まれる複合粒子は、炭素性物質Aを含む第一の粒子の少なくとも1種を含む。
前記第一の粒子は炭素性物質Aを含んで構成される。前記炭素性物質Aは後述する炭素性物質Bよりも結晶性が高いことが好ましい。また前記炭素性物質Aは、学振法に基づいて測定して得られる平均面間隔(d002)の値が0.335nm~0.347nmであることが好ましい。これを満たす炭素性物質としては例えば、人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛、低結晶性炭素、メソフェーズカーボン等が挙げられる。
また第一の粒子に含まれる炭素性物質Aの含有率は特に制限されないが70質量%以上であることが好ましく、90質量%以上であることがより好ましい。
尚、第一の粒子の体積平均粒子径は、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置を用いて、通常の条件で測定される。
なかでも造粒粒子の中心部分にまで、第二の粒子が入り込まないような空隙率が小さい多孔質粒子であることが好ましい。このような造粒粒子であることで、複合粒子を形成した際に高いタップ密度を達成でき、また形成される電極の電極密度が向上するために高い体積容量を達成することができる。
前記第一の粒子としては、円形度が0.60~1.00の黒鉛粒子(以下、「球状黒鉛粒子」ともいう)であることが好ましい。
このような形態の第一の粒子とすることによって、電極形成時における加圧の際に、負極材を構成するそれぞれの複合粒子が面方向に配向してしまうことを抑制できる。これにより、複合粒子におけるLiイオンの授受がし易くなりレート特性に優れた電池を構成することができる。
前記円形度としては、粒子配向制御の観点から、0.60~0.95が好ましく、0.65~0.90がより好ましく、0.70~0.90が更に好ましい。円形度が0.60以上の場合には電極形成時のプレスにおいて複合粒子が面方向に配向することが抑制され、レート特性が向上する傾向がある。一方、1.00は真円で上限にあたる。
円形度=(相当円の周囲長)/(粒子断面像の周囲長)
具体的に円形度は、走査式電子顕微鏡で倍率1000倍に拡大した画像を観察し、任意に10個の黒鉛粒子を選択し、上記方法にて個々の第一の粒子の円形度を測定し、その算術平均値として算出される平均円形度である。なお、円形度及び相当円の周囲長及び黒鉛粒子の投影像の周囲長は、市販されている画像解析ソフトによって求めることが可能である。
また円形度が0.6未満である鱗片状等の黒鉛を、通常用いられる黒鉛の球状化処理方法を用いて球状化処理して、円形度を0.60~1.00とすることができる。さらに黒鉛粒子を通常用いられる造粒方法を用いて、円形度が0.60~1.00となるように造粒処理して複数粒子からなる球状黒鉛粒子を調製してもよい。
前記球状化処理としては、例えば、メカノケミカル法等の処理方法を挙げることができる。また前記造粒方法としては、流動層造粒法、噴霧乾燥造粒法、攪拌造粒法等の処理方法を挙げることができる。
前記第一の粒子としては、扁平状の粒子を複数、配向面が互いに非平行となるように集合または結合させてなる、細孔を有する黒鉛粒子(以下、「塊状黒鉛粒子」ともいう)であることが好ましい。
1つの塊状黒鉛粒子において、扁平状の粒子が集合又は結合する数としては特に制限されないが、3個以上であることが好ましく、5個~20個であることがより好ましく、5個~15個であることがより好ましい。
さらに個々の扁平状の粒子の体積平均粒子径は、電池容量とサイクル特性の観点から、塊状黒鉛粒子の体積平均粒子径の2/3以下であることが好ましく、1/20~2/3であることがより好ましい。
アスペクト比が1.2以上であると、粒子間の接触面積が増加して、導電性がより向上する傾向にある。一方、アスペクト比が5.0以下であると、急速充放電特性が向上する傾向がある。
なおアスペクト比は、塊状黒鉛粒子の長軸方向の長さ(長径)をA、短軸方向の長さ(短径)をBとしたときにA/Bで表される。前記アスペクト比は、顕微鏡で第一の粒子を拡大し、任意に100個の第一の粒子を選択して、それぞれのA/Bを測定し、それらの測定値の算術平均値をとったものである。
塊状黒鉛粒子の構造は、その中心部分にまで、第二の粒子が入り込まないような空隙率が小さい多孔質粒子であることが好ましい。このような粒子であることで、複合粒子を形成した際に高いタップ密度を達成でき、また形成される電極の電極密度が向上するために高い体積容量を達成することができる。
前記塊状黒鉛粒子の製造方法としては、所定の構造が形成される限り特に制限はない。例えば、黒鉛化可能な骨材及び黒鉛からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種と、黒鉛化可能なバインダ(有機結着剤)とに黒鉛化触媒を全量に対して1質量%~50質量%添加して混合し、焼成した後、粉砕することにより得ることができる。これにより、黒鉛化触媒の抜けた後に細孔が生成され、塊状黒鉛粒子として良好な特性が付与される。また、塊状黒鉛粒子は、黒鉛又は骨材とバインダとの混合方法、バインダ量等の混合割合の調整、焼成後の粉砕条件等を適宜選択することにより、所望の構成に調整することもできる。
黒鉛化処理の温度が2000℃以上であると、黒鉛結晶の発達が良好になり、放電容量が向上する傾向がある。また添加した黒鉛化触媒が、製造された塊状黒鉛粒子に残存することを抑制できる。黒鉛化触媒が塊状黒鉛粒子中に残存すると、放電容量が低下する場合があるため、残存が抑制されることが好ましい。一方、黒鉛化処理の温度が3200℃以下であると、黒鉛が昇華することを抑制できる。
上記に示す製造方法により、扁平状の粒子を複数、配向面が非平行となるように集合又は結合させてなる、細孔を有する黒鉛粒子、即ち、塊状黒鉛粒子を得ることができる。
さらに上記製造方法の詳細は、例えば、特許第3285520号公報、特許第3325021号公報等を参照することもできる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材は、珪素原子を含有する第二の粒子の少なくとも1種を含む。前記第二の粒子は珪素原子を含有するものであれば特に制限されない。例えば、珪素を含む粒子、珪素酸化物等の珪素化合物を含む粒子などを挙げることができる。電池容量の観点から、珪素又は珪素酸化物を含む粒子であることが好ましく、実質的に珪素からなる粒子又は実質的に珪素酸化物からなる粒子であることがより好ましい。
ここで実質的とは不可避的に混入する不純物を許容することを意味し、不純物の含有率は第二の粒子中に10質量%以下であることが好ましい。
第二の粒子の体積平均粒子径が0.01μm以上であると、良好な生産性で第二の粒子を得ることができ、取り扱い性に優れ、前記第一の粒子表面への複合化を効率的に行うことができる。一方、体積平均粒子径が5μm以下であると、第一の粒子表面上への複合化を効率的に行うことができ、充電時における第二の粒子の膨張が局在化することを抑制でき、サイクル特性がより向上する傾向がある。
また前記複合粒子の断面の観察において、複合粒子の長軸の長さに対する第二の粒子の長軸の長さの比(第二の粒子の長軸の長さ/複合粒子の長軸の長さ、以下、「長軸長さ比」ともいう)は、サイクル特性と電池容量の観点から、0.0003~0.2であることが好ましく、0.001~0.1であることがより好ましい。さらに任意に選択される複合粒子10個について断面の観察をした場合に、5個以上の複合粒子がこの条件を満たすことが好ましく、全部の粒子がこの条件を満たすことが特に好ましい。
尚、第二の粒子の長軸の長さは、複合粒子の長軸の長さと同様にして求められる。また複合粒子中に複数の第二の粒子が存在する場合、第二の粒子の長軸の長さは、任意に選択される3個の第二の粒子の長軸の長さの算術平均値とする。
さらに複合粒子における第一の粒子の含有量に対する第二の粒子の含有量の比(第二の粒子の含有量/第一の粒子の含有量)は、目的に応じて適宜選択できるが、サイクル特性と電池容量の観点から、質量基準で0.005~0.3であることが好ましく、0.01~0.25であることがより好ましい。
本発明における複合粒子は、前記第一の粒子と第二の粒子とが、前記炭素性物質Aとは異なる炭素性物質Bの少なくとも1種で複合化されてなる。前記炭素性物質Bは有機物を前駆体とし、熱処理等によって炭素化されてなるものであれば、前駆体となる有機物の種類、熱処理の履歴、炭素性物質Bの構造などに特に制限はない。
前記有機物としてはフェノール樹脂、スチレン樹脂等の高分子化合物、ピッチ等の炭素化可能な固体物などが挙げられる。これらは、溶解物もしくは固形の状態で複合化時のバインダとして用いることができる。
第一の粒子と第二の粒子とを炭素性物質Bの前駆体で複合化した後、前記前駆体を炭素化することで本発明にかかる複合粒子を得ることができる。
炭素性物質Bの含有率が10質量%以下であると、非晶質炭素の含有率を抑制でき、初回充放電効率が低下することを抑制できる。また複合粒子を製造する工程において、複合粒子同士の結着を抑制し、粒子径が増加しすぎることを抑制できる。一方、1質量%以上であると、サイクル特性が向上する傾向がある。これは例えば第二の粒子が第一の粒子表面に効率的に複合化されやすくなるためと考えることができる。
複合粒子の体積平均粒子径が5μm以上であることで、比表面積の増大しすぎることを抑制でき、初回の充放電効率がより向上する。また電極密度を上昇させやすく、リチウムイオン二次電池の高容量化が可能になる。一方、体積平均粒子径が40μm以下であることで、レート特性などの電極特性がより向上する傾向がある。
タップ密度が0.6g/cm3以上であると、サイクル特性が向上する。また負極を形成する際のプレス時における圧縮性が向上し、高い電極密度が達成され、より高容量の電池を得ることができる。一方、1.2g/cm3以下であると、電池特性の低下を抑制できる。これは例えば、複合粒子の粒子径や複合粒子自体の密度が、Liイオンの授受、拡散に影響を及ぼすためと考えることができる。
尚、複合粒子のタップ密度は、JIS規格R1628に準じて測定される。
前記リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材は、前記複合粒子に加えて、導電性を有する物質の少なくとも1種をさらに含有することが好ましい。
導電性を有する物質としては、カーボンブラック、黒鉛、コークス、カーボンファイバー、カーボンナノチューブ等を挙げることができる。
また導電性を有する物質の種類、形状等は、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。例えば、黒鉛等は電池容量、充放電効率の面から好ましく、また、カーボンファイバー、カーボンナノチューブ等は少量で複合粒子間の導電性を確保できるため好ましい。
前記リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法は、前記複合粒子を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を製造可能であれば特に制限されない。例えば、前記複合粒子を得る工程と、必要に応じてその他の工程とを有することができる。
本発明において前記複合粒子を得る工程は、電池のサイクル特性と負極材の膨張率の観点から、炭素性物質Aを含有する第一の粒子と、珪素原子を含有する第二の粒子とを、前記炭素性物質Aとは異なる炭素性物質Bを用いて複合化し、体積平均粒子径が前記第一の粒子の体積平均粒子径に対して1.0倍以上1.3倍以下である複合粒子を得る工程を含むことが好ましい。
かかる工程で複合粒子を製造することにより、複合粒子の表面部分における珪素原子の含有量を中心部分の2倍以上とすることができる。さらに複合粒子の中心部分に実質的に珪素原子が存在しない状態とすることができる。
第一の粒子と第二の粒子と炭素性物質前駆体との複合化は、本製造方法により得られる複合粒子における第一の粒子、第二の粒子及び炭素性物質Bの構成比率を実現可能な量比で、これらの構成要素を複合化することが可能であれば特に制限はない。複合化によって、第一の粒子と、第二の粒子と、炭素性物質前駆体とを含む複合化物が得られる。なお、複合化工程で得られる複合化物は、第一の粒子表面に第二の粒子と炭素性物質前駆体とが一体化したものであって、炭素性物質前駆体が炭素化されていない未炭素化複合体である。
分散物とする場合に用いられる分散媒体としては、有機溶剤を用いることが好ましい。これにより例えば、第二の粒子の酸化を抑制できる。また炭素性物質前駆体が固形物の場合、前記有機溶剤に溶解した状態が好ましい。用いられる有機溶剤としては特に制限はないが、例えば、炭素性物質前駆体としてピッチ等を用いる場合、これに対して可溶性を有するトルエンやメチルナフタリンなどの芳香族炭化水素系溶剤が好適である。
なお、分散物を得る際に、第一の粒子を同時に混合してもよい。その場合の分散方法は、第一の粒子が分散の際に粉砕されない限り特に制限されない。例えば、攪拌式のホモジナイザーやビーズミル、ボールミルなどを用いて分散を実施するこができる。
具体的には、複合粒子中の第二の粒子の含有量が既述の範囲となるように適宜選択することが好ましい。
これらの複合化方法では、第一の粒子と前記分散物とが均一に混合されるよう、ペースト状、あるいはスラリー状などの状態で混合することが好ましい。
焼成工程では、複合化工程によって得られた複合化物を焼成処理する。この焼成処理により、炭素性物質前駆体は炭素化物になって、第一の粒子と第二の粒子とが一体化する。また第二の粒子に珪素酸化物が含まれる場合、例えば、珪素酸化物は不均化され、珪素酸化物内に珪素の微結晶が分散した構造体になる。
焼成処理により、複合化物が焼成されて塊状物が得られる。ここで、塊状物は、第一の粒子と、第二の粒子と、炭素性物質Bとを有する複合粒子が集合して一体化したものである。
焼成処理条件は、特に限定されないが、200℃程度で一定時間保持し、残留溶剤を揮発させ、その後、目的温度まで昇温することが好ましい。
焼成温度については800℃~1200℃が好ましく、850℃~1200℃がより好ましく、900℃~1200℃がさらに好ましい。焼成温度を800℃以上とすることで、炭素性物質前駆体の炭素化が十分に進行し、初回充放電効率が向上する傾向がある。一方、焼成温度を1200℃以下とすることで、珪素においては炭化珪素化を抑制でき、電池容量の低下を抑制できる傾向がある。また、珪素酸化物中の二酸化珪素部分の成長を抑制でき、珪素酸化物内におけるリチウムイオンの拡散阻害とレート特性の低下とを抑制できる。
剪断力付与工程では、焼成工程で得られた塊状物に剪断力を付与して、前記第一の粒子の体積平均粒子径に対して1.0倍以上1.3倍以下の体積平均粒子径を有し、前記第一の粒子及び前記第二の粒子が前記炭素性物質Bで複合化された複合粒子を得る。
焼成工程によって得られた塊状物は、炭素性物質前駆体の炭素化によって互いに結着した複合粒子により形成されている。この塊状物に対して剪断力が付与されると、互いに結着した複合粒子に対して適度な剪断力が付与され、所定の粒子径を有する個々の複合粒子に分離する。このようにして得られた複合粒子は、その表面に第二の粒子が多く存在する形態を有するものである。
また、複合粒子の体積平均粒子径が所望の範囲内となる剪断力の付与の条件としては、用いられる装置等によって異なるが、例えば、WARING社製のワーリングミキサー(7012S)を用いた場合には、3000rpm~13000rpmの回転数で、30秒~3分の時間にわたり剪断する条件を採用すればよい。
また剪断力の付与は、塊状物を、塊状物を形成している個々の複合粒子の状態にすると共に複合粒子を破壊しない処理であれば、粉砕処理又は解砕処理等の当業界で一般的に用いられる処理のいずれであってもよい。
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法は、上述した複合化工程、焼成工程及び剪断力付与工程の他に、必要に応じて他の工程を有するものであってもよい。
例えば、剪断力付与工程の後に、整粒を目的として分級工程を含むことが好ましい。これにより、均一な粒子径を有する複合粒子を得ることができる。分級処理には、例えば、目開き40μmの篩を用いることが好ましい。また、分級処理において、1μm以下の微粉をできるだけ除去することが好ましい。
分級処理の方法については特に限定されない。例えば、気流式分級機によって除去することが可能である。
分級工程の後に、分級処理して得られた複合粒子を、不活性雰囲気下でさらに熱処理を行う熱処理工程を含んでもよい。熱処理条件については、上記の焼成条件と同様である。この処理を施すことにより、粉砕で乱れた粒子表面の構造を平滑化でき、初回の充放電効率をより向上することができる。
炭素被覆の方法として、湿式混合法、化学蒸着法、メカノケミカル法などが挙げられる。均一かつ反応系の制御が容易で、複合粒子の形状が維持できるといった点から、化学蒸着法及び湿式混合法が好ましい。
また、湿式混合法及びメカノケミカル法では、フェノール樹脂、スチレン樹脂等の高分子化合物、ピッチ等の炭化可能な固体物などを、固形のまま、または溶解物などにして処理を行うことができる。
処理温度は、前記記載の焼成処理条件と同様の条件で行うことが好ましい。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、集電体と、集電体上に設けられた既述の本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含有する負極材層と有し、必要に応じてその他の構成要素をさらに有していてもよい。これにより、高容量でサイクル特性と安全性に優れるリチウムイオン二次電池を構成することが可能になる。
有機結着剤の含有比率が1質量%以上であると、密着性が良好で、充放電時の膨張・収縮によって負極が破壊されることが抑制される。一方、30質量%以下であると、電極抵抗が大きくなることを抑制できる。
また、シート状、ペレット状等の形状に成形された負極材スラリーと集電体との一体化は、例えば、ロール、プレス、これらの組み合わせ等、公知の方法により行うことができる。
この熱処理により溶剤の除去、バインダの硬化による高強度化が進み、粒子間及び粒子と集電体間の密着性が向上できる。尚、これらの熱処理は、処理中の集電体の酸化を防ぐため、ヘリウム、アルゴン、窒素等の不活性雰囲気、又は真空雰囲気で行うことが好ましい。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、既述の本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、正極と、電解質とを含むことを特徴とする。例えばリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記リチウムイオン二次電池用負極と正極とを、必要に応じてセパレータを介して対向して配置し、電解質を含む電解液を注入することにより構成することができる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、特に限定されないが、ペーパー型電池、ボタン型電池、コイン型電池、積層型電池、円筒型電池、角型電池などとして使用される。
上述した本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材は、リチウムイオン二次電池用と記載したが、リチウムイオンを挿入脱離することを充放電機構とする電気化学装置全般、例えば、ハイブリッドキャパシタなどにも適用することが可能である。
(複合粒子の作製)
まず、体積平均粒子径25μmの珪素粉末(純度99.9%、東洋金属粉株式会社製:HiSi-300、第二の粒子)を、メチルナフタレン、分散剤(花王(株)製:L-1820)とともに、ビーズミル(アシザワファインテック製:LMZ)で体積平均粒子径0.2μmまで粉砕して珪素スラリーを作製した。
この珪素スラリー500g(固形分30%)と、コールタールピッチ(炭素化率50%、炭素性物質Bの前駆体)300gと、メチルナフタレン2000gをSUS製容器に入れて攪拌し、さらに通液型の超音波ホモジナイザー(ギンセン社製:GSD600HAT)で循環しながら30分間、超音波分散処理して分散物を得た。
得られた複合化物を、窒素雰囲気の焼成炉で900℃、2時間焼成して塊状物を得た。得られた塊状物をワーリングミキサー(WARING製:7012S)を用いて回転数3100rpm、1分間の条件で解砕し、次いで目開き40μmの振動ふるいで分級し、体積平均粒子径20μmの複合粒子を得て、これをリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材とした。
また、図1には得られた複合粒子の断面の全体を示すSEM画像を、図2には複合粒子の断面の表面部分を示すSEM画像を示す。なお、図2における矢印は珪素粒子を示す。
電極断面の加工は、日立ハイテク社製イオンミリング装置(E-3500)を用いた。これで加工した電極断面について、SEM(日立ハイテク製S-3400N)で観察しながらEDX(オックスフォードインスツルメンツ製INCA Energy350)を用いて炭素原子、酸素原子及び珪素原子の定量分析を行い、炭素原子、酸素原子及び珪素原子の総含有量に対する珪素原子の含有量の比率として、複合粒子全体及び、表面部分、中心部分における珪素原子の含有比率をそれぞれ求めた。
複合粒子全体における珪素原子の含有比率は、観察対象の複合粒子の長軸の長さと観察領域の幅がほぼ等しくなるまで拡大し、被観察領域全体における珪素原子の含有比率として求めた。また表面部分及び中心部分における珪素原子の含有比率は、表面部分及び中心部分のそれぞれにおいて、一辺の長さが1μmの正方形領域を3箇所、できるだけ重複しないように選択して、それぞれの正方形領域における測定値の算術平均値として算出した。
更に、中心部分に対する表面部分の珪素原子の比率(表面/中心)、及び複合粒子全体に対する表面部分の珪素原子の比率(中心/全体)を併せて算出した。
尚、第二の粒子の長軸の長さは、任意に選択した3個の第二の粒子の長軸の長さの算術平均値とした。
リガク社製広角X線回折測定装置で行い、学振法に基づき、平均面間隔(d002)を算出した。
JIS規格R1628に準拠した方法により、タップ密度を測定した。
窒素吸着測定装置ASAP-2010(島津製作所製)を使用し、相対圧0.04~0.20の範囲において5点、窒素吸着を測定し、BET法を適用してBET比表面積を算出した。
レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置SALD-3000J(島津製作所製)を使用し、得られた複合粒子を界面活性剤と共に精製水中に分散させた分散液を試料水槽に入れ、超音波処理しながらポンプで循環させて測定した。得られた粒度分布の小径側からの体積累積が50%となる粒径(50%D)を体積平均粒子径とした。
複合粒子中に含まれる第二の粒子の含有率は、以下のようにして測定した。得られた複合粒子3gをアルミナ坩堝に入れ、大気下で900℃、60時間熱処理した。得られた灰分は全て酸化されていると見なし、以下の式より、第二の粒子を構成する珪素、又は珪素酸化物の含有率を測定した。
珪素含有率(%)=(灰分量×28.09/60.09)/複合粒子質量×100
珪素酸化物含有率(%)=(灰分量×44.09/60.09)/複合粒子質量×100
得られた複合粒子の95部に対して、バインダとして、ポリアクリロニトリルを主骨格とする樹脂(日立化成工業製、LSR7)を5部添加し、NMP(N-メチル-2-ピロリドン)を適量入れて固練した後、さらにNMPを添加して固形分40%のスラリーを作製した。
得られたスラリーを、アプリケータを用いて固形分塗布量が7mg/cm2になるように銅箔に塗布し、90℃定置運転乾燥機にて2時間、乾燥した。乾燥後、線圧1t/cmの条件でロールプレスし、さらに真空下、160℃で2時間、熱処理して、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極を得た。得られたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極を、14mmφの円形に打ち抜き、これを評価用試料として使用した。
評価用セルは、CR2016型コインセルに上記負極と、対極である金属リチウムとを20μmのポリプロピレン製セパレータを介して対向させ、電解液を注入することにより作製した。電解液はエチルカーボネートとメチルエチルカーボネートを体積比3対7の混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度になるように溶解させ、これに1.5質量%のビニルカーボネートを添加した後、さらにフルオロエチレンカーボネートを20体積%添加したものを使用した。
評価用セルは25℃の恒温槽内に入れ、サイクル試験した。充電は、2mAの定電流で0Vまで充電後、0Vの定電圧で電流値が0.2mAになるまで行った。また放電は、2mAの定電流で1.5Vの電圧値まで行った。放電容量と充放電効率は、初回充放電試験の結果とした。
また、膨張率は上記条件で5サイクル充放電を繰り返した後、充電した状態で評価用セルを解体し、得られた負電極の厚みの負電極作製時の厚みに対する比率を膨張率とした。
また、サイクル特性は、前記充放電条件にて50回充放電試験した後の放電容量を初回の放電容量を比較し、その容量維持率として評価した。
評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、珪素粉末の代わりに珪素酸化物粉末(SiO、株式会社高純度化学研究所製:SiO02PB、第二の粒子)を用い、その体積平均粒子径が0.5μmになるように粉砕して珪素酸化物スラリーを作製した。この珪素酸化物スラリー800gを300gのコールタールピッチと超音波分散処理し、ニードルコークス2.61kgと複合化したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。
実施例1において、焼成して得られた塊状物を、ジェットミル(日本ニューマティック製LJ-3)を用いて、粉砕圧0.1MPaで、分級ゾーンをクリアランス12mm、大型ルーバーを使用する条件で解砕したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。
実施例1において、得られた複合粒子に平均粒径4μm、比表面積14m2/gの鱗片状黒鉛粒子を全量中に10%となるよう混合して、これをリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。
(複合粒子の作製)
まず、体積平均粒子径30μmの珪素酸化物粉末(SiO、株式会社高純度化学研究所製:SiO02PB、第二の粒子)を、メチルナフタレン、分散剤(花王(株)製:L-1820)とともに、ビーズミル(アシザワファインテック製:LMZ)で体積平均粒子径0.5μmまで粉砕して珪素酸化物スラリーを調製した。
この珪素スラリー500g(固形分30%)と、コールタールピッチ(炭素化率50%、炭素性物質Bの前駆体)300gと、メチルナフタレン2000gをSUS製容器に入れて攪拌し、さらに通液型の超音波ホモジナイザー(ギンセン製:GSD600HAT)で循環しながら30分間、超音波分散処理して分散物を得た。
得られた複合化物を、窒素雰囲気の焼成炉で900℃、2時間焼成した。焼成して得られた塊状物は、ワーリングミキサー(WARING製:7012S)で回転数3100rpmの条件で1分間解砕し、次いで目開き40μmの振動ふるいで分級し、体積平均粒子径22μmの複合粒子を得て、これをリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材とした。
第一の粒子について、走査式電子顕微鏡で倍率1000倍に拡大した画像を観察し、任意に10個の球状黒鉛粒子を選択し、住友金属テクノロジー社の粒子解析の画像解析ソフトを用いて、個々の炭素粒子の円形度を測定し、算術平均値として求めた。なお、円形度とは、球状黒鉛粒子の投影面積と同じ面積を持つ円の直径である円相当径から算出される円としての周囲長を、球状黒鉛粒子の投影像から測定される周囲長(輪郭線の長さ)で除して得られる数値であり、下記式で求められる。尚、円形度は真円では1.00となる。
円形度=(相当円の周囲長)/(粒子断面像の周囲長)
得られた複合粒子の95部に対して、バインダとして、ポリアクリロニトリルを主骨格とする樹脂(日立化成工業製、LSR7)を5部添加し、NMP(N-メチル-2-ピロリドン)を適量入れて固練した後、さらにNMPを添加し固形分40%のスラリーを作製した。
得られたスラリーを、アプリケータを用いて固形分塗布量が7mg/cm2になるように銅箔に塗布し、90℃定置運転乾燥機にて2時間、乾燥した。乾燥後、線圧1t/cmの条件でロールプレスし、さらに真空下、160℃で2時間、熱処理して、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極を得た。得られたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極を、14mmφの円形に打ち抜き、これを評価用試料として使用した。
評価用セルは、CR2016型コインセルに上記負極と、対極である金属リチウムとを20μmのポリプロピレン製セパレータを介して対向させ、電解液を注入することにより作製した。電解液はエチルカーボネートとメチルエチルカーボネートを体積比3対7の混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度になるように溶解させ、これに1.5質量%のビニルカーボネートを添加した後、さらにフルオロエチレンカーボネートを20体積%添加したものを使用した。
評価用セルは25℃の恒温槽内に入れ、サイクル試験した。充電は、2mAの定電流で0Vまで充電後、0Vの定電圧で電流値が0.2mAになるまで行った。また放電は、2mAの定電流で1.5Vの電圧値まで行った。放電容量と充放電効率は、初回充放電試験の結果とした。
また、膨張率は上記条件で5サイクル充放電を繰り返した後、充電した状態で評価用セルを解体し、得られた負電極の厚みの負電極作製時の厚みに対する比率を膨張率とした。
また、サイクル特性は、前記充放電条件にて50回充放電試験した後の放電容量を初回の放電容量を比較し、その容量維持率として評価した。評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例5において、珪素酸化物粉末の代わりに体積平均粒子径が25μmの珪素粉末(純度99.9%、東洋金属粉株式会社製:HiSi-300、第二の粒子)を用い、その体積平均粒子径が0.2μmになるように粉砕して珪素スラリーを作製し、このスラリー200gを180gのコールタールピッチと共に超音波分散処理したこと以外は、実施例5と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
また、図3には得られた複合粒子の断面の全体を示すSEM画像を、図4には複合粒子の断面の中心部分を示すSEM画像を、図5には複合粒子の断面の表面部分を示すSEM画像を、それぞれ示す。尚、図5における矢印は珪素粒子を示す。
図3~図5より、実施例6にかかる複合粒子においては、表面部分に珪素粒子が存在し、中心部分には珪素粒子が存在しないことが分かる。
実施例5において、球状化天然黒鉛の代わりに、以下のようにして調製した造粒粒子を用いたこと以外は、実施例5と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
-造粒粒子の調製-
体積平均粒子径が8μmの鱗片状黒鉛980gとカルボキシメチルセルロース20g(第一工業製薬:WS-C)を精製水3000gとともに攪拌混合した。このスラリーを、流動層造粒装置(パウレック製:GPCG)で造粒した。この造粒粒子を窒素雰囲気下、900℃で2時間焼成することによって、体積平均粒子径24μm及び円形度0.93の造粒粒子を得た。
実施例5において、焼成して得られた塊状物を、ジェットミル(日本ニューマティック製LJ-3)を用いて、粉砕圧0.1MPaで、分級ゾーンをクリアランス12mm、大型ルーバーを使用する条件で解砕した以外は、実施例5と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例5において、得られた複合粒子に体積平均粒径4μm、比表面積14m2/gの鱗片状黒鉛粒子を全量中に10%となるよう混合して、これをリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材としたこと以外は、実施例5と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例5において、体積平均粒子径20μm及び円形度0.95の球形化天然黒鉛を、100MPaの冷間静水等方圧プレス処理し、体積平均粒径20μm及び円形度0.86の球形化天然黒鉛を得た。この球形化天然黒鉛を用いた以外は、実施例5と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
(複合粒子の作製)
第一の粒子(以下、「塊状黒鉛粒子」ともいう)を以下のようにして作製した。
体積平均粒子径が10μmのコークス粉末2000g、コールタールピッチ800g、炭化珪素400g、及びコールタール800gを、加圧ニーダを用いて、100℃、1時間混練した。得られた塊状物を、窒素雰囲気中900℃で2時間焼成後、同雰囲気下で2800℃、2時間で黒鉛化した。黒鉛化した塊状物はジェットミルで粉砕し、体積平均粒子径が23μm及びアスペクト比が1.5の第一の粒子を作製した。
この珪素酸化物スラリー500g(固形分30%)と、コールタールピッチ(炭素化率50%、炭素性物質Bの前駆体)300gと、メチルナフタレン2000gをSUS製容器に入れて攪拌し、さらに通液型の超音波ホモジナイザー(ギンセン製:GSD600HAT)で循環しながら30分間、超音波分散処理して分散物を得た。
得られた複合化物を、窒素雰囲気の焼成炉で900℃、2時間焼成した。焼成して得られた塊状物を、ワーリングミキサー(WARING製:7012S)で回転数3100rpmの条件で1分間解砕し、次いで目開き40μmの振動ふるいで分級し、体積平均粒子径25μmの複合粒子を得て、これをリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材とした。
得られた複合粒子を電子顕微鏡で1000倍に拡大して観察し、任意に100個の複合粒子を選択して、複合粒子の短軸方向の長さBに対する長軸方向の長さAの比をそれぞれ算出し、それらの算術平均値として、アスペクト比を求めた。
得られた複合粒子の95部に対して、バインダとして、ポリアクリロニトリルを主骨格とする樹脂(日立化成工業製、LSR7)を5部添加し、NMP(N-メチル-2-ピロリドン)を適量入れて固練した後、さらにNMPを添加し固形分40%のスラリーを作製した。
得られたスラリーを、アプリケータを用いて固形分塗布量が7mg/cm2になるように銅箔に塗布し、90℃定置運転乾燥機にて2時間、乾燥した。乾燥後、線圧1t/cmの条件でロールプレスし、さらに真空下、160℃で2時間、熱処理して、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極を得た。得られたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極を、14mmφの円形に打ち抜き、これを評価用試料として使用した。
評価用セルは、CR2016型コインセルに上記負極と金属リチウムを20μmのポリプロピレン製セパレータを介して対向させ、電解液を注入することにより作製した。電解液はエチルカーボネートとメチルエチルカーボネートを体積比3対7の混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度になるように溶解させ、これに1.5質量%のビニルカーボネートを添加した後、さらにフルオロエチレンカーボネートを20体積%添加したものを使用した。
評価用セルは25℃の恒温槽内に入れ、サイクル試験した。充電は、2mAの定電流で0Vまで充電後、0Vの定電圧で電流値が0.2mAになるまで行った。また放電は、2mAの定電流で1.5Vの電圧値まで行った。放電容量と充放電効率は、初回充放電試験の結果とした。
また、膨張率は上記条件で5サイクル充放電を繰り返した後、充電した状態で評価用セルを解体し、得られた負電極の厚みの負電極作製時の厚みに対する比率を膨張率とした。
また、サイクル特性は、前記充放電条件にて50回充放電試験した後の放電容量を初回の放電容量を比較し、その容量維持率として評価した。
評価結果を表1に示す。
図6~図8より、実施例11にかかる複合粒子においては、表面部分に珪素粒子が存在し、中心部分には珪素粒子が存在しないことが分かる。
実施例11において、珪素酸化物粉末の代わりに体積平均粒子径が25μmの珪素粉末(純度99.9%、東洋金属粉株式会社製:HiSi-300、第二の粒子)を用い、その体積平均粒子径が0.2μmになるように粉砕して珪素スラリーを作製し、このスラリー200gを180gのコールタールピッチと共に超音波分散処理したこと以外は、実施例11と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例11において、焼成して得られた塊状物をジェットミル(日本ニューマティック製LJ-3)を用いて、粉砕圧0.1MPaで、分級ゾーンをクリアランス12mm、大型ルーバーを使用する条件で解砕した以外は、実施例11と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例11において、得られた複合粒子に体積平均粒径4μm、比表面積14m2/gの鱗片状黒鉛粒子を全量中に10%となるよう混合して、これをリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材としたこと以外は、実施例11と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例11において、体積平均粒子径が23μm及びアスペクト比が1.5の第一の粒子の代わりに、体積平均粒径20μm及びアスペクト比3.1の塊状黒鉛粒子を用いた以外は、実施例11と同様にして複合粒子を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、体積平均粒子径が10μmのニードルコークスを用い、珪素スラリー及びコールタールピッチと共にメチルナフタリン中で超音波分散処理をし、この分散物を加圧式ニーダでメチルナフタレンを蒸発させて複合化物を得た。得られた複合化物を上記と同様に焼成して塊状物を得た。
得られた塊状物を、ジェットミル(ホソカワミクロン製AFG)により、粉砕圧0.4MPa、分級ローター回転数1500rpmの条件で体積平均粒子径23μmまで粉砕して、複合粒子を得た。
こうして得られた複合粒子を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極材を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、体積平均粒子径が10μmのニードルコークスを用い、珪素スラリー、コールタールピッチと共にメチルナフタリン中で超音波分散処理をした。この分散物をスプレードライヤー(大川原化工機製:CL-8i)を使用して複合化物を得た。スプレーにはツインジェットノズルを使用し、噴霧条件としては、噴霧圧0.1MPa、噴霧入口温度110℃で実施した。
得られた複合化物を比較例1と同様に焼成・粉砕して、体積平均粒子径16μmの複合粒子を得た。
こうして得られた複合粒子を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極材を作製し、同様の評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
図9~図11より、比較例2にかかる複合粒子においては、表面部分に加えて中心部分にも珪素粒子が存在していることが分かる。
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、及び技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、及び技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書に参照により取り込まれる。
Claims (12)
- 炭素性物質Aを含有する第一の粒子と、
珪素原子を含有する第二の粒子とが、
前記炭素性物質Aとは異なる炭素性物質Bで複合化された複合粒子を含み、
前記複合粒子の断面を観察した場合に、
前記複合粒子の最大長さである長軸の中点を中心とし、前記長軸の中点で直交する短軸の長さの1/8の長さを半径とする円の内部領域に含まれる珪素原子の含有量に対する、
前記複合粒子の外周から内側に前記短軸の長さの1/8の長さの深さまでの内側領域に含まれる珪素原子の含有量の比率が2以上であるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。 - 前記複合粒子の断面に含まれる珪素原子の総含有量に対する前記円の内部領域に含まれる珪素原子の含有量の比率が0.2以下である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記第一の粒子は、円形度が0.60~1.00の黒鉛粒子である請求項1又は請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記第一の粒子の体積平均粒子径が5μm以上40μm以下である請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記第一の粒子は、扁平状の粒子を複数、配向面が非平行となるように集合又は結合させてなる、細孔を有する黒鉛粒子である請求項1又は請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記第一の粒子のアスペクト比が1.2~5.0である請求項5に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記扁平状の粒子の体積平均粒子径が、前記第一の粒子の体積平均粒子径の2/3以下である請求項5又は請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記炭素性物質Bの含有量が前記複合粒子全体において1質量%以上10質量%以下であり、前記炭素性物質Bは有機物の炭素化物である請求項1~請求項7のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 導電性を有する物質をさらに含有する請求項1~請求項8のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 炭素性物質Aを含有する第一の粒子と、珪素原子を含有する第二の粒子とを、前記炭素性物質Aとは異なる炭素性物質Bを用いて複合化し、体積平均粒子径が前記第一の粒子の体積平均粒子径に対して1.0倍以上1.3倍以下である複合粒子を得る工程を含む、請求項1~請求項9のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
- 集電体と、前記集電体上に設けられた請求項1~請求項9のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含有する負極材層と、を有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項11に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、正極と、電解質と、を含むリチウムイオン二次電池。
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- 2011-12-09 KR KR1020137017457A patent/KR101451538B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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CN110635123A (zh) * | 2012-10-26 | 2019-12-31 | 日立化成株式会社 | 锂离子二次电池用负极材料、锂离子二次电池用负极和锂离子二次电池 |
CN110635124A (zh) * | 2012-10-26 | 2019-12-31 | 日立化成株式会社 | 锂离子二次电池用负极材料、锂离子二次电池用负极和锂离子二次电池 |
US11251421B2 (en) | 2012-10-26 | 2022-02-15 | Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary battery, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery, and lithium ion secondary battery |
CN105453310A (zh) * | 2013-08-14 | 2016-03-30 | 东曹株式会社 | 锂二次电池用复合活性物质及其制造方法 |
US20160197345A1 (en) * | 2013-08-14 | 2016-07-07 | Tosoh Corporation | Composite active material for lithium secondary batteries and method for producing same |
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WO2019186828A1 (ja) | 2018-03-28 | 2019-10-03 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材スラリー、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
WO2019220576A1 (ja) * | 2018-05-16 | 2019-11-21 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
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TW201230475A (en) | 2012-07-16 |
US20130302675A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
EP2650954A1 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
KR102032104B1 (ko) | 2019-10-15 |
US9614216B2 (en) | 2017-04-04 |
KR20130087609A (ko) | 2013-08-06 |
EP2650954A4 (en) | 2014-06-18 |
TWI536646B (zh) | 2016-06-01 |
CN103262314A (zh) | 2013-08-21 |
KR20140114874A (ko) | 2014-09-29 |
KR101451538B1 (ko) | 2014-10-15 |
CN103262314B (zh) | 2015-07-01 |
EP2650954B1 (en) | 2016-09-28 |
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