WO2012008405A1 - 被削性に優れた機械構造用鋼 - Google Patents
被削性に優れた機械構造用鋼 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a machine structural steel, and more particularly to a machine structural steel excellent in machinability that can be used for manufacturing high-strength automotive parts.
- the present application is filed on July 14, 2010, Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-160136 filed in Japan, July 14, 2010, Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-160108 filed in Japan, July 14, 2010.
- Priority is claimed based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-160141 filed in Japan and Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-160140 filed in Japan on July 14, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- MnS soft inclusions in the cutting environment
- MnS is larger than particles such as Pb, and therefore stress is likely to concentrate.
- an element effective for improving the machinability is added, the strength is lowered. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve both strength and machinability only by adjusting the component composition.
- Patent Document 4 proposes a steel material having excellent machinability and fatigue characteristics after induction hardening.
- This steel material has a required component composition, and a base material structure includes a ferrite structure and a pearlite structure (a total of both structures is 90 vol% or more). Furthermore, the maximum thickness of the ferrite structure in this steel material is 30 ⁇ m or less.
- Patent Document 5 proposes an induction hardening steel for pinions having excellent machinability.
- This steel has a required component composition, and the average aspect ratio of inclusions containing MnS of this steel is 10 or less.
- the bending fatigue life is 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 times or more at a rotational bending stress of 280 MPa.
- Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-146473 Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2007-131871 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2007-107020 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-28598 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2007-16271
- an object of the present invention is to optimize the component composition of steel, solve the above-described problems, and provide steel for machine structure having excellent machinability.
- the present invention has been made on the basis of the above findings, and the gist thereof is as follows.
- the steel further comprises, in mass%, Cr: 0.01% to 0.8%, Mo: 0.001% to 1.0%, Ni: 0.001% to 5.0%, and Cu: Steel for machine structural use according to any one of (1) to (6) above, which contains one or more of 0.001% to 5.0%.
- Cr: 0.01% to 0.8% is contained, the following formula (6) is substituted for the above formula (1), the following formula (7) is substituted for the above formula (2), The following formula (8) is used instead of the formula (3), and the following formula (9) is used instead of the formula (4).
- the steel further includes, in mass%, Ca: 0.0001% to 0.02%, Mg: 0.0001% to 0.02%, Zr: 0.0001% to 0.02%, and , Rem: 0.0001% to 0.02% of one kind or two or more kinds, wherein the steel for machine structure according to any one of the above (1) to (7).
- the steel further contains, in mass%, Ti: 0.005% to 0.5%, Nb: 0.0005% to 0.5%, W: 0.0005% to 0.5%, V Characterized by containing one or more of 0.0005% to 0.5%, Ta: 0.0001% to 0.2%, and Hf: 0.0001% to 0.2%.
- the machine structural steel according to any one of (1) to (8).
- the steel further comprises, in mass%, Sb: 0.0001% to 0.015%, Sn: 0.0005% to 2.0%, Zn: 0.0005% to 0.5%, Te : 0.0003% to 0.2%, Se: 0.0003% to 0.2%, Bi: 0.001% to 0.5%, and Pb: 0.001% to 0.5%
- Sb 0.0001% to 0.015%
- Sn 0.0005% to 2.0%
- Zn 0.0005% to 0.5%
- Te 0.0003% to 0.2%
- Se 0.0003% to 0.2%
- Bi 0.001% to 0.5%
- Pb 0.001% to 0.5%
- the steel for machine structure according to any one of (1) to (9) above, which contains seeds or two or more kinds.
- the steel is further mass%, Li: 0.00001% to 0.005%, Na: 0.00001% to 0.005%, K: 0.00001% to 0.005%, Ba Any one of (1) to (10) above, characterized by containing one or more of 0.00001% to 0.005% and Sr: 0.00001% to 0.005% Machine structural steel as described in 1.
- Hv hardness
- the ferrite region is large and shows an unfavorable microstructure as a steel for mechanical structures.
- the ferrite region is small, and a preferable microstructure is shown as steel for mechanical structures.
- Indicator RT (33 + 31 ⁇ [C] + 4.5 ⁇ [Si] + 1.5 ⁇ [Mn]), and indicator RT (33 + 31 ⁇ [C] + 4.5 ⁇ [Si] + 1.5 ⁇ [Mn] +2. 4 ⁇ [Cr]) and 300 ° C. tempering hardness (Hv). It is a diagram showing a relationship between 300 ° C. tempered hardness (Hv) and 10 7 times fatigue limit (MPa).
- the steel for machine structure according to the present invention can be suitably used as a steel for induction hardening.
- the steel for machine structural use of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “the steel of the present invention”) is by mass, C: 0.40% to less than 0.75%, Si: 0.01% to 3.0% Mn: 0.1% to 1.8%, S: 0.001% to 0.1%, Al: more than 0.1% to 1.0%, N: 0.001% to 0.02% It is steel which contains and limits P: 0.05% and consists of the remainder Fe and inevitable impurities. Furthermore, in the steel of the present invention, the C amount: [C], the Si amount: [Si], the Mn amount: [Mn], and the Al amount: [Al] satisfy the following formulas (1) and (2).
- [C], [Si], [Mn], and [Al] satisfy one or more of the following formulas (3), (4), or (5). It is preferable. 113-135 ⁇ [C] ⁇ 27 ⁇ [Mn] ⁇ 13 (3) 55 ⁇ 33 + 31 ⁇ [C] + 4.5 ⁇ [Si] + 1.5 ⁇ [Mn] ⁇ 72.45 (4) 1.5 ⁇ [Si] + 1.8 ⁇ [Mn] ⁇ 6.24 (5) The significance of each formula will be described later.
- % means mass%.
- C 0.40% to less than 0.75%
- C is an element added to ensure the strength of the steel and the surface hardness after induction hardening. If the addition amount of C is less than 0.40%, the above effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if it is 0.75% or more, the toughness of steel deteriorates, and the rolled material may be cracked. . Therefore, the C content is set to 0.40% to less than 0.75%. In order to stably obtain the effect of addition, the C content is preferably 0.45% to 0.73%. A more preferable amount of C is 0.48% to 0.70%, and further preferably 0.50% to 0.61%.
- Si 0.01% to 3.0% Si is an element that contributes to deoxidation during steel making and contributes to improving the strength of the steel. If the addition amount of Si is less than 0.01%, the effect of addition cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if it exceeds 3.0%, the toughness and ductility of the steel are reduced, hard inclusions are generated, and machinability is caused. Decreases. Therefore, the Si amount is set to 0.01% to 3.0%. A preferable Si amount is 0.05% to 2.5%, more preferably 0.1% to 1.5%.
- Mn 0.1% to 1.8% Mn, like Si, is an element that contributes to improving the strength of steel.
- the amount of Mn is set to 0.1% to 1.8%.
- a preferable amount of Mn is 0.2% to 1.0%, more preferably 0.4% to 0.8%.
- S 0.001% to 0.1%
- S is an element that contributes to improvement of machinability. If the amount of S is less than 0.001%, the minimum machinability of the steel cannot be ensured. On the other hand, if the amount of S exceeds 0.1%, the toughness and fatigue strength of the steel deteriorate. Therefore, the S amount is set to 0.001% to 0.1%.
- a preferable amount of S is 0.005% to 0.07%, more preferably 0.01% to 0.05%.
- Al more than 0.1% to 1.0% Al is an element that improves machinability.
- Solid solution Al reacts with oxygen during cutting to form an Al 2 O 3 coating on the tool surface, which suppresses tool wear. This coating is formed by reacting solid solution Al in steel with oxygen in the atmosphere, oxygen in cutting oil, or oxygen in Fe 3 O 4 or NiO coating applied to the tool surface. .
- the amount of Al is 0.1% or less, the amount of Al 2 O 3 produced is small, and no Al 2 O 3 film is formed on the tool surface.
- the Al amount exceeds 1.0%, A 3 point of the steel (transformation point to transformation from ferrite phase to austenite phase) increases, the phase transformation does not occur in induction hardening. For this reason, the amount of Al is set to more than 0.1% to 1.0%.
- a preferable amount of Al is 0.12% to 0.8%, more preferably 0.14% to 0.4%.
- N 0.001% to 0.02%
- N is an element that forms AlN and contributes to suppression of coarsening of crystal grains. If the N content is less than 0.001%, the effect of addition cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.02%, hot brittleness is exhibited during rolling. Therefore, the N amount is set to 0.001% to 0.02%. Preferably it is 0.002% to 0.012%, more preferably 0.004% to 0.008%.
- the addition amount of P may be 0% or more than 0%, but when an appropriate amount of P is added, it contributes to improvement of the machinability of steel. If the amount of P exceeds 0.05%, the hardness of the steel increases too much and the workability decreases, so the amount of P is made 0.05% or less.
- the amount of P is preferably 0.005% or more from the viewpoint of machinability, and more preferably 0.008% to 0.02%.
- the steel of the present invention may contain only inevitable impurities and iron in addition to the above elements. Moreover, you may contain another element in this invention steel as a selection component in the range which does not inhibit the characteristic of this invention steel. The selected component will be described later.
- Induction hardening steel has a large amount of C in order to ensure surface hardness after induction hardening (usually 0.4% by mass or more), and thus has high hardness and poor machinability.
- the present inventors investigated the following two types of correlations regarding the hardness of the steel for induction hardening. (A1) Relationship between hardness and carbon equivalent that greatly affects hardness (a2) Relationship between hardness and machinability affected by hardness
- Ceq [C] + 1/7 ⁇ [Si] + 1/5 ⁇ [Mn] by paying attention to C, Si, and Mn affecting the hardness.
- the relationship between hardness and machinability is that Al 2 O 3 is generated, and the amount of Al that forms an Al 2 O 3 film on the tool surface is changed in the range of 0.03% to 1.0%.
- the investigation was as follows.
- a cutting test was performed on a 40 ⁇ 40 ⁇ 250 mm square test piece cut out from the steel bar with a dance tool (fly tool) assuming gear cutting (hobbing).
- the cutter used in the hobbing process at the time of product manufacture has a plurality of cutting edges.
- the dance tool is a cutter having only one hob cutting edge.
- the dance tool is used as a hob cutting substitute test.
- the test method by the dance tool cutting is described in detail in, for example, “TOYOTA Technical Review Vol.52 No.2 Dec.2002 P78”. Table 1 shows the test conditions.
- the above formula (1 ′) is obtained by relating [C], [Si], [Mn], and [Al] in a steel for induction hardening with a large amount of C (usually 0.4 mass% or more). This is an equation that means ensuring the required hardness and machinability. Therefore, the composition of the steel for machine structure according to the present invention satisfies the above (1 '), whereby the problems of high hardness and poor machinability can be solved.
- the problem of conventional structural steel used by induction hardening is that the induction hardening of gears is rapid and short-time heat-hardening, resulting in uneven hardness and insufficient hardness after hardening. There was a problem that it was easy to occur.
- the present inventors investigated the relationship between the index A that takes into account the effects of C and Mn on the structure and the pro-eutectoid ⁇ fraction that affects the hardenability. Since high-frequency heating is a short time, if the pro-eutectoid ferrite region is large, C atoms cannot diffuse into all parts of the ferrite during high-frequency heating. As a result, a martensite structure with low hardness is generated, causing unevenness of hardness and insufficient hardness.
- the survey was conducted as follows.
- FIG. 3A shows a microstructure having a large ferrite region and is not preferable as a steel for mechanical structures
- FIG. 3B shows a microstructure having a small ferrite region and preferable as a steel for mechanical structures.
- the present inventors defined an index A as an index considering the influence of C and Mn on the structure, and further Cr by the following formula.
- Index A 113-135 ⁇ [C] ⁇ 27 ⁇ [Mn] (3 ′)
- Index A 113-135 ⁇ [C] ⁇ 27 ⁇ [Mn] ⁇ 18 ⁇ [Cr] (8 ′)
- Each coefficient in this equation was determined as follows. First, various steel materials having C: 0.40% to less than 0.75%, Mn: 0.1% to 1.8%, and Cr: 0.01% to 0.8% were prepared. The microstructure was observed by the method to determine the pro-eutectoid ⁇ fraction. And the influence which the content of C and Mn of steel materials, and also Cr has on this pro-eutectoid alpha fraction was calculated
- the pro-eutectoid ⁇ fraction was obtained by photographing 20 fields of view with an optical microscope ⁇ 400 (approximately 0.32 mm ⁇ 0.24 mm field of view), measuring the area of the ferrite region by image analysis, and accounting for the ferrite region occupying the total photographing area. It calculated
- FIG. 4 shows that the pro-eutectoid ⁇ fraction (%) increases linearly as the index A increases.
- the pro-eutectoid ferrite does not exist.
- the lower limit value on the left side of Formula (3) and Formula (8) is not particularly required, but the theoretical lower limit value calculated from the component range of each element is ⁇ 51.25.
- RT 33 + 31 ⁇ [C] + 4.5 ⁇ [Si] + 1.5 ⁇ [Mn] (4 ′)
- RT 33 + 31 ⁇ [C] + 4.5 ⁇ [Si] + 1.5 ⁇ [Mn] + 2.4 ⁇ [Cr] (9 ′)
- the index RT is an additive of [C], [Si], [Mn], and further [Cr] that affects the tempering hardness after quenching by weighting the degree of influence of each element. It is an index to evaluate. Note that C, Si, Mn, and Cr are main hardness improving elements.
- the steel bar is kept at 900 ° C. for 1 hour, then air-cooled, a test piece having a large diameter part 26 ⁇ is cut out, and the large diameter part is subjected to induction hardening under the condition that the effective hardened layer depth is 1.5 mm.
- a tempering process was performed at 90 ° C. for 90 minutes. Thereafter, the large-diameter portion was cut in a diametrical section and embedded in a resin, and after polishing the surface layer, Vickers hardness (Hv) was measured at a position of 0.05 mm from the surface layer. The results are shown in FIG.
- the inventors confirmed that the fatigue strength was excellent in a roller pitching test when the 300 ° C. tempering hardness (Hv) was 610 Hv or more.
- the large diameter part (test part) 26 ⁇ roller pitching test piece made from the steel bar was subjected to induction hardening under the condition that the effective hardened layer depth was 1.5 mm, and subsequently 160 ° C. X A tempering treatment was performed for 90 minutes. Thereafter, in order to increase the test accuracy, the grip portion was finished.
- roller pitching test was performed under the conditions of a large roller: SCM420 carburized product, crowning 150R, rotation speed: 2000 rpm, lubricating oil: transmission oil, oil temperature: 80 ° C., slip rate: ⁇ 40%, maximum 10 million times.
- An SN diagram was prepared to determine the fatigue limit (MPa, roller pitting fatigue strength). The test results are shown in FIG.
- the fatigue limit of 10 7 times of JIS-SCr420 often used for carburized gears was also obtained and displayed in the figure.
- the 107 7 fatigue limit of JIS-SCr420 is 2600 MPa.
- the target value of the fatigue limit (roller pitting fatigue strength) of the steel of the present invention was set to 3200 MPa or more, which was improved by about 20%.
- RT is preferably 57 or more, more preferably 59 or more.
- the steel of the present invention defines the component composition by the above formulas (1), (2), (3), and (4) and solves each problem. It has excellent properties as induction hardening steel.
- Both Si and Mn are elements that solidify in the ferrite and strengthen the ferrite.
- the sum of Si and Mn preferably satisfies [Si] + 1.8 ⁇ [Mn]> 1.5.
- the upper limit of [Si] + 1.8 ⁇ [Mn] is not particularly required, but is 6.24 or less due to the upper limit of the amount of each element of Si and Mn.
- the steel of the present invention can contain other elements as selective components as long as the excellent characteristics are not impaired. Addition of a selective component is not essential for achieving the object of the present invention. Below, addition of a selection component and the reason for limitation are demonstrated. In addition,% means the mass%.
- B 0.0001% to 0.015%
- B is an element that imparts hardenability to the steel and also increases the strength of the grain boundaries. Even if a small amount of B is added, it segregates at the ⁇ grain boundary to enhance the hardenability and suppress the breakage of the crystal grain boundary on the surface layer during induction hardening. In order to obtain this effect, 0.0001% or more of B may be added. On the other hand, if added over 0.015%, the material becomes brittle, so B is made 0.0001% to 0.015%.
- a preferable addition amount of B is 0.0005% to 0.010%, more preferably 0.001% to 0.003%.
- Cr 0.01% to 0.8%
- Mo 0.001% to 1.0%
- Ni 0.001% to 5.0%
- Cu 0.001% to 5.0% 1 type or 2 types or more Cr, Mo, Ni, and Cu are all strength improvement elements.
- Cr may be added by 0.01% or more
- Mo, Ni, and Cu may be added by 0.001% or more as long as the excellent characteristics of the steel of the present invention are not impaired.
- the Cr content is 0.8% or less, preferably 0.4% or less.
- Mo exceeds 1.0%, as with Cr, the hardenability is excessively improved, bainite or island martensite is generated, and the workability is lowered.
- the Mo content is 1.0% or less, preferably 0.5% or less, more preferably 0.2% or less, and still more preferably less than 0.05%.
- Ni and Cu exceed 5.0%, as with Cr and Mo, the hardenability is excessively improved, bainite or island martensite is generated, and the workability is lowered. For this reason, the upper limits of the contents of Ni and Cu are both 5.0% or less.
- Ca 0.0001% to 0.02%
- Mg 0.0001% to 0.02%
- Zr 0.0001% to 0.02%
- Rem 0.0001% to 0.02%
- One or two or more types of Ca, Mg, Zr, and Rem are elements that contribute to improvement of mechanical properties by controlling the form of MnS in the steel. In order to obtain this effect, 0.001% or more of Ca, Mg, Zr, and Rem may be added as long as the excellent characteristics of the steel of the present invention are not impaired.
- Ca, Mg, Zr, and Rem exceed 0.02%, the oxide becomes coarse and the fatigue strength decreases, so all of them are made 0.02% or less.
- Rem represents a rare earth metal element and is selected from Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. That's it.
- Ti 0.005% to 0.5%
- Nb 0.0005% to 0.5%
- W 0.0005% to 0.5%
- V 0.0005% to 0.5%
- Ta One or more of 0.0001% to 0.2% and Hf: 0.0001% to 0.2%
- Ti, Nb, Ta, and Hf suppress abnormal growth of crystal grains Contributes to the homogenization of the tissue.
- Ti is added at 0.005% or more
- Nb is added at 0.0005% or more
- Ta and Hf are added at 0.0001% or more as long as the excellent characteristics of the steel of the present invention are not impaired. May be.
- W and V form fine carbides, nitrides and / or carbonitrides with C and / or N to prevent coarsening of crystal grains and contribute to homogenization of the structure.
- 0.0005% or more may be added to the extent that the excellent characteristics of the steel of the present invention are not impaired.
- W and V exceed 0.5%, hard carbides are generated and machinability is lowered, so both are set to 0.5% or less.
- Sb 0.0001% to 0.015%
- Sn 0.0005% to 2.0%
- Zn 0.0005% to 0.5%
- Te 0.0003% to 0.2%
- Se One or more of 0.0003% to 0.2%
- Bi 0.001% to 0.5%
- Pb 0.001% to 0.5%
- Sb, Te, Se, Bi, And Pb is a machinability improving element.
- Sb is 0.0001% or more
- Te and Se are 0.0003% or more
- Bi and Pb are 0 as long as the excellent characteristics of the steel of the present invention are not impaired. 0.001% or more may be added.
- Sn and Zn are elements that make the ferrite brittle, prolong the tool life, and improve the surface roughness. In order to obtain this effect, 0.0005% or more may be added to the extent that the excellent characteristics of the steel of the present invention are not impaired. On the other hand, if Sn exceeds 2.0% and Zn exceeds 0.5%, it becomes difficult to produce steel. Therefore, Sn is 2.0% or less and Zn is 0.5% or less.
- Li 0.00001% to 0.005%
- Na 0.00001% to 0.005%
- K 0.00001% to 0.005%
- Ba 0.00001% to 0.005%
- Sr one or more of 0.00001% to 0.005%
- Li, Na, K, Ba, and / or Sr is an oxide of CaO—Al 2 O 3 —SiO 2 Is taken in to form a low melting point oxide and adheres as a bellows to the tool surface during cutting, thereby improving the machinability.
- the refractory holding the molten steel may be melted, so Li, Na, K, Ba, and Sr are all 0.005% or less.
- the component composition of the steel of the present invention is as described above, and the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities. Depending on the conditions of raw materials, materials, manufacturing equipment, etc., inevitable impurities (for example, As, Co, etc.) are mixed in the steel, but it is allowed as long as the excellent characteristics of the steel of the present invention are not impaired. .
- the conditions in the examples are one example of conditions used for confirming the feasibility and effects of the present invention, and the present invention is based on this one example of conditions. It is not limited.
- the present invention can adopt various conditions as long as the object of the present invention is achieved without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- Steels Nos. 98 and 99 have a large amount of tool wear because an Al 2 O 3 film is not formed on the tool surface because the amount of Al added is insufficient.
- Steel No. 100 since Al amount is excessive, the higher A 3 points, the induction hardening was not possible.
- the steel of No. 103 could not be manufactured due to excessive brittleness of N added, resulting in hot brittleness when rolling steel bars.
- the steels of Nos. 1 to 94 satisfy the component composition and the characteristics (1), (2), (6), and (7), so that their properties reach a desired level. .
- the present invention it is possible to provide a machine structural steel excellent in machinability that can be used for manufacturing a high strength part excellent in fatigue characteristics.
- the present invention has high applicability in the machine manufacturing industry.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2010年7月14日に、日本に出願された特願2010-160136号、2010年7月14日に、日本に出願された特願2010-160108号、2010年7月14日に、日本に出願された特願2010-160141号、及び、2010年7月14日に、日本に出願された特願2010-160140号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
C量:[C]、Si量:[Si]、Mn量:[Mn]、及び、Al量:[Al]が下記の式(1)、及び式(2)を満たすことを特徴とする機械構造用鋼。
139.38≦214×[C]+30.6×[Si]+42.8×[Mn]-14.7×[Al]≦177 ・・・(1)
0.72≦[C]+1/7×[Si]+1/5×[Mn]<1.539 ・・・(2)
113-135×[C]-27×[Mn]≦13 ・・・(3)
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]<72.45 ・・・(4)
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]<72.45 ・・・(4)
1.5<[Si]+1.8×[Mn]<6.24 ・・・(5)
ここで、Cr:0.01%~0.8%を含有する場合は、前記式(1)に代えて下記式(6)を、前記式(2)に代えて下記式(7)を、前記式(3)に代えて下記式(8)を、前記式(4)に代えて下記式(9)を、使用する。
139.38≦214×[C]+30.6×[Si]+42.8×[Mn]+23.8×[Cr]-14.7×[Al]≦177 ・・・(6)
0.72≦[C]+1/7×[Si]+1/5×[Mn]+1/9×[Cr]<1.627 ・・・(7)
113-135×[C]-27×[Mn]-18×[Cr]≦13 ・・・(8)
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]+2.4×[Cr]<74.37 ・・・(9)
さらに、本発明鋼では、C量:[C]、Si量:[Si]、Mn量:[Mn]、及び、Al量:[Al]が下記の式(1)および(2)を満たす。
0.72≦[C]+1/7×[Si]+1/5×[Mn]<1.539 ・・・(2)
113-135×[C]-27×[Mn]≦13 ・・・(3)
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]<72.45 ・・・(4)
1.5<[Si]+1.8×[Mn]<6.24 ・・・(5)
各式の意義については後述する。
Cは、鋼の強度と、高周波焼入れ後の表面硬さを確保するために添加する元素である。Cの添加量が0.40%未満であると、上記の効果が得られず、一方、0.75%以上であると、鋼の靭性が劣化して、圧延材が置き割れすることがある。このため、C量は、0.40%~0.75%未満とする。添加効果を安定的に得るためには、C量は、0.45%~0.73%が好ましい。より好ましいC量は、0.48%~0.70%、さらに好ましくは0.50%~0.61%である。
Siは、製鋼時の脱酸に寄与するとともに、鋼の強度向上に寄与する元素である。Siの添加量が0.01%未満であると添加効果が得られず、一方、3.0%を超えると、鋼の靭性、延性が低下し、硬質介在物が生成して、被削性が低下する。このため、Si量は、0.01%~3.0%とする。好ましいSi量は、0.05%~2.5%、より好ましくは0.1%~1.5%である。
Mnは、Siと同様に、鋼の強度向上に寄与する元素である。Mn量が0.1%未満であると、添加効果が得られず、一方、1.8%を超えると、ベイナイト又は島状マルテンサイトが生成して加工性が低下する。このため、Mn量は、0.1%~1.8%とする。好ましいMn量は、0.2%~1.0%、より好ましくは0.4%~0.8%である。
Sは、被削性の向上に寄与する元素である。S量が0.001%未満であると、鋼の最低限の被削性を確保できず、一方、S量が0.1%を超えると、鋼の靭性や疲労強度が劣化する。このため、S量は、0.001%~0.1%とする。好ましいS量は0.005%~0.07%、より好ましくは0.01%~0.05%である。
Alは被削性を向上させる元素である。固溶Alが、切削中に酸素と反応して工具表面にAl2O3の被膜を生成し、この被膜が、工具の摩耗を抑制する。この被膜は、鋼中の固溶Alが大気中の酸素、切削油中の酸素、又は、工具表面に付けられたFe3O4やNiO被膜中の酸素と反応して形成されるものである。
Nは、AlNを形成し、結晶粒の粗大化の抑制に寄与する元素である。N量が0.001%未満であると、添加効果が得られず、一方、0.02%を超えると、圧延時、熱間脆性が発現する。このため、N量は、0.001%~0.02%とする。好ましくは0.002%~0.012%、より好ましくは0.004%~0.008%である。
Pの添加量は0%または0%超でもよいが、適量のPを添加した場合、鋼の被削性の向上に寄与する。P量が0.05%を超えると、鋼の硬度が上昇しすぎて、加工性が低下するので、P量は、0.05%以下とする。P量は、被削性の点から、0.005%以上が好ましく、より好ましくは、0.008%~0.02%である。
(a1)硬さと、硬さに大きな影響を与える炭素当量との関係
(a2)硬さと、硬さの影響を受ける被削性との関係
硬さ(Hv)=214×Ceq+49 ・・・(a1)
硬さ(Hv)≦14.7×[Al]+226 ・・・(a2)
214×Ceq+49≦14.7×[Al]+226 ・・・(1’ ’)
上の式に炭素当量式を代入して、下式が得られる。
214×[C]+30.6×[Si]+42.8×[Mn]-14.7×[Al]≦177 ・・・(1’)
214×[C]+30.6×[Si]+42.8×[Mn]+23.8×[Cr]-14.7×[Al]≦177 ・・・(6’)
ただし、高強度機械部品用の機械構造用鋼の場合、硬さは200Hv程度以上必要であるので、図1から、Ceqは、0.72以上必要である。即ち、本発明鋼の成分組成は、下記(2)式、又は(7)式も満たす必要がある。
即ち、鋼がCrを含有しない場合は、下記(2)式も満たす必要があり、
0.72≦[C]+1/7×[Si]+1/5×[Mn]<1.539 ・・・(2)
鋼がCrを含有する場合は、下記(7)式も満たす必要がある。
0.72≦[C]+1/7×[Si]+1/5×[Mn]+1/9×[Cr]<1.627 ・・・(7)
(2)式、及び(7)式のCeqの値は好ましくは0.74以上、さらに好ましくは0.76以上、さらに好ましくは0.79以上、さらに好ましくは0.82以上である。Ceqの上限はC、Si、Mn、及びCrの上限により決まる。
なお、上記(1’)式、及び(5’)式における下限は、(2)式、及び(2)式のCeqの下限が0.72であること、及び[Al]の上限が1.0%であることから、
214×0.72-14.7×1.0=139.38 ・・・(1’ ’’)
と決まる。すなわち、(1)式、及び(6)式は下記のようになる。
139.38≦214×[C]+30.6×[Si]+42.8×[Mn]-14.7×[Al]≦177 ・・・(1)
139.38≦214×[C]+30.6×[Si]+42.8×[Mn]+23.8×[Cr]-14.7×[Al]≦177 ・・・(6)
(1)式、及び(6)式における上限は、163以下であることが好ましく、155以下であることがさらに好ましい。
以下に、前記式(3)について説明する。
Crを含有しない場合は、
指標A=113-135×[C]-27×[Mn] ・・・(3’)
とし、Crを含有する場合は、
指標A=113-135×[C]-27×[Mn]-18×[Cr] ・・・(8’)
とする。
113-135×[C]-27×[Mn]≦13 ・・・(3)
113-135×[C]-27×[Mn]-18×[Cr]≦13 ・・・(8)
即ち、高周波焼入れ用鋼の[C]、[Mn]、及び、[Cr]を、上記式(8)を満たすように設定すれば、焼入れ後の硬さむらや、硬さ不足を抑制することができる。
なお、式(3)及び式(8)の左辺は11以下であることが好ましく、9以下であることがさらに好ましい。式(3)及び式(8)の左辺が3.75以下の場合に初析フェライトは存在しなくなる。
式(3)及び式(8)の左辺の下限値は特に定める必要がないが、各元素の成分範囲から算出される理論的な下限値は-51.25である。
高周波焼入れ用鋼の特性において、部品のピッチング疲労強度を向上させるため、焼入れ後の焼戻し硬さは重要である。本発明者らは、高周波焼入れ後の焼戻し硬さを、鋼の成分組成と関係つけて定量的に評価するため、下記指標RTを導入した。
Crを含有しない場合は、下記(4’)式でRTを定義する。
RT=33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn] ・・・(4’)
Crを含有する場合は、下記(9’)式でRTを定義する。
RT=33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]+2.4×[Cr] ・・・(9’)
なお、指標RTの上限はC、Si、Mn、及びCrの上限により決まる。即ち、式(4)及び式(9)は、下記のようになる。
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]<72.45 ・・・(4)
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]+2.4×[Cr]<74.37 ・・・(9)
さらに高強度を得るためにRTは57以上が好ましく、59以上がさらに好ましい。
Si及びMnはいずれもフェライト中に固溶し、フェライトを強化する元素である。高強度が求められる機械構造用鋼の場合、鋼中の軟質組織であるフェライトから鋼材が破壊するのを防ぐために、フェライトを強化することが好ましい。そのため、SiとMn合計では[Si]+1.8×[Mn]>1.5を満たすことが好ましい。[Si]+1.8×[Mn]の上限は特に規定する必要は無いが、Si及びMnの各元素の添加量の上限により6.24以下となる。
Bは、鋼に焼入れ性を付与し、かつ、結晶粒界の強度を高める作用をなす元素である。Bの微量の添加でも、γ粒界に偏析し焼入れ性を高めるとともに、高周波焼入れ時の表層での結晶粒界の破壊を抑制する。この効果を得るために、Bを、0.0001%以上添加してもよい。一方、0.015%を超えて添加すると、材質の脆化を招くので、Bは、0.0001%~0.015%とする。好ましいBの添加量は、0.0005%~0.010%、より好ましくは0.001%~0.003%である。
Cr、Mo、Ni、及びCuは、いずれも、強度向上元素である。この効果を得るためには、本発明鋼の優れた特性を損なわない範囲で、Crは0.01%以上、Mo、Ni、及び、Cuは0.001%以上添加してもよい。
Ca、Mg、Zr、及びRem(希土類元素)は、いずれも、鋼中のMnSの形態を制御して機械特性の向上に寄与する元素である。この効果を得るためには、本発明鋼の優れた特性を損なわない範囲で、Ca、Mg、Zr、及び、Remを、いずれも、0.0001%以上添加してもよい。一方、Ca、Mg、Zr、及び、Remが0.02%を超えると、酸化物が粗大化し、疲労強度が低下するので、いずれも、0.02%以下とする。なお、Remは希土類金属元素を示し、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、及びLuから選択される1種以上である。
Ti、Nb、Ta、及び、Hfは、結晶粒の異常成長を抑制して、組織の均質化に寄与する。この効果を得るためには、本発明鋼の優れた特性を損なわない範囲で、Tiは、0.005%以上、Nbは、0.0005%以上、Ta及びHfは、0.0001%以上添加してもよい。
Sb、Te、Se、Bi、及び、Pbは、被削性向上元素である。この効果を得るためには、本発明鋼の優れた特性を損なわない範囲で、いずれも、Sbは、0.0001%以上、Te及びSeは、0.0003%以上、Bi及びPbは、0.001%以上添加してもよい。
Li、Na、K、Ba、及び/又は、Srは、その酸化物が、CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系酸化物に取り込まれて低融点酸化物を形成し、切削時の工具表面にベラーグとして付着して、被削性を改善する。この効果を得るためには、本発明鋼の優れた特性を損なわない範囲で、いずれも、0.00001%以上添加してもよい。
表2及び3に示す成分組成の鋼を溶製し、65φの棒鋼に圧延した。表4~6に、番号1~105の鋼について、式(1)の値、式(2)の値、式(3)の値、式(4)の値、及び、式(5)の値を示す。鋼がCrを含有する場合は、式(6)の値、式(7)の値、式(8)の値、及び、式(9)の値を示す。番号1~94の鋼が発明例であり、番号95~105の鋼が比較例である。
番号97の鋼は、式(2)を満たしていないので、硬さが低く、高強度機械部品用の機械構造用鋼としては使用できない。
番号100の鋼は、Al添加量が過剰であるため、A3点が高くなり、高周波焼入れが不可能であった。
番号102の鋼は、Cr添加量が過剰であるため、加工性が低下して工具摩耗量が大きい。
番号105の鋼は、C添加量が過剰であるため、置き割れが発生した。
Claims (11)
- 質量%で、
C:0.40%~0.75%未満、
Si:0.01%~3.0%、
Mn:0.1%~1.8%、
S:0.001%~0.1%、
Al:0.1%超~1.0%、及び、
N:0.001%~0.02%を含有し、
P:0.05%以下に制限し、
残部Fe及び不可避的不純物からなる鋼であって、
C量:[C]、Si量:[Si]、Mn量:[Mn]、及び、Al量:[Al]が下記の式(1)、及び式(2)を満たすことを特徴とする機械構造用鋼。
139.38≦214×[C]+30.6×[Si]+42.8×[Mn]-14.7×[Al]≦177 ・・・(1)
0.72≦[C]+1/7×[Si]+1/5×[Mn]<1.539 ・・・(2) - 前記鋼が、さらに、下記の式(3)を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の機械構造用鋼。
113-135×[C]-27×[Mn]≦13 ・・・(3) - 前記鋼が、さらに、下記の式(4)を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の機械構造用鋼。
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]<72.45 ・・・(4) - 前記鋼が、さらに、下記の式(4)を満たすことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の機械構造用鋼。
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]<72.45 ・・・(4) - 前記鋼が、さらに、下記の式(5)を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の機械構造用鋼。
1.5<[Si]+1.8×[Mn]<6.24 ・・・(5) - 前記鋼が、さらに、質量%で、B:0.0001%~0.015%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の機械構造用鋼。
- 前記鋼が、さらに、質量%で、Cr:0.01%~0.8%、Mo:0.001%~1.0%、Ni:0.001%~5.0%、及び、Cu:0.001%~5.0%の1種又は2種以上を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の機械構造用鋼。
ここで、Cr:0.01%~0.8%を含有する場合は、前記式(1)に代えて下記式(6)を、前記式(2)に代えて下記式(7)を、前記式(3)に代えて下記式(8)を、前記式(4)に代えて下記式(9)を使用する。
139.38≦214×[C]+30.6×[Si]+42.8×[Mn]+23.8×[Cr]-14.7×[Al]≦177 ・・・(6)
0.72≦[C]+1/7×[Si]+1/5×[Mn]+1/9×[Cr]<1.627 ・・・(7)
113-135×[C]-27×[Mn]-18×[Cr]≦13 ・・・(8)
55≦33+31×[C]+4.5×[Si]+1.5×[Mn]+2.4×[Cr]<74.37 ・・・(9) - 前記鋼が、さらに、質量%で、Ca:0.0001%~0.02%、Mg:0.0001%~0.02%、Zr:0.0001%~0.02%、及び、Rem:0.0001%~0.02%の1種又は2種以上を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の機械構造用鋼。
- 前記鋼が、さらに、質量%で、Ti:0.005%~0.5%、Nb:0.0005%~0.5%、W:0.0005%~0.5%、V:0.0005%~0.5%、Ta:0.0001%~0.2%、及び、Hf:0.0001%~0.2%の1種又は2種以上を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の機械構造用鋼。
- 前記鋼が、さらに、質量%で、Sb:0.0001%~0.015%、Sn:0.0005%~2.0%、Zn:0.0005%~0.5%、Te:0.0003%~0.2%、Se:0.0003%~0.2%、Bi:0.001%~0.5%、及び、Pb:0.001%~0.5%の1種又は2種以上を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の機械構造用鋼。
- 前記鋼が、さらに、質量%で、Li:0.00001%~0.005%、Na:0.00001%~0.005%、K:0.00001%~0.005%、Ba:0.00001%~0.005%、及び、Sr:0.00001%~0.005%の1種又は2種以上を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の機械構造用鋼。
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EP2594654B1 (en) | 2016-04-13 |
CN102985577B (zh) | 2015-05-06 |
EP2594654A4 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
JP5136725B2 (ja) | 2013-02-06 |
US9139894B2 (en) | 2015-09-22 |
KR101423439B1 (ko) | 2014-07-24 |
US20130101457A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
CN102985577A (zh) | 2013-03-20 |
EP2594654A1 (en) | 2013-05-22 |
KR20130021444A (ko) | 2013-03-05 |
JPWO2012008405A1 (ja) | 2013-09-09 |
PL2594654T3 (pl) | 2016-09-30 |
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