WO2011068172A1 - 電気デバイス用正極材料およびこれを用いた電気デバイス - Google Patents
電気デバイス用正極材料およびこれを用いた電気デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011068172A1 WO2011068172A1 PCT/JP2010/071610 JP2010071610W WO2011068172A1 WO 2011068172 A1 WO2011068172 A1 WO 2011068172A1 JP 2010071610 W JP2010071610 W JP 2010071610W WO 2011068172 A1 WO2011068172 A1 WO 2011068172A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode material for electric devices and an electric device using the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to an improvement for increasing the capacity and energy density of electric devices such as batteries.
- a lithium ion battery As a battery for driving a motor, a lithium ion battery having a relatively high theoretical energy is attracting attention, and is currently being developed rapidly.
- a lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector using a binder, and a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector using a binder. It is connected via an electrolyte layer and is configured to be stored in a battery case.
- the lithium ion batteries In order for electric vehicles equipped with such lithium ion batteries to be widely used, it is necessary to make the lithium ion batteries have high performance. Particularly for electric vehicles, the travel distance per charge needs to be close to the travel distance per refueling of a gasoline engine vehicle, and a battery with higher energy density is desired. In order to make the battery have a high energy density, it is necessary to increase the electric capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a lithium manganese composite oxide having a layered structure has been proposed as a positive electrode material that can meet this demand.
- the solid solution of the electrochemically inactive layered Li 2 MnO 3 and the electrochemically active layered LiMO 2 (where M is a transition metal such as Co, Mn, Ni) is 200 mAh / g. It is expected as a candidate for a high-capacity positive electrode material capable of exhibiting a large electric capacity that exceeds.
- the present inventors have found that when the above-described pseudo ternary solid solution is used as a positive electrode active material, the irreversible capacity is large and there is an initial charge / discharge loss. That is, when the pseudo ternary solid solution is used as a positive electrode active material, a certain ratio (for example, about 20%) cannot be used for charge / discharge with respect to the theoretical capacity that can be originally exhibited, resulting in a loss.
- the electric capacity used during discharging after full charge is equal between the active materials constituting each electrode active material layer of the lithium ion secondary battery. Therefore, even when each active material is used in an amount in which the theoretical capacity is equal, if the initial charge / discharge loss as described above occurs in the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode that is the counterpart during discharge after full charge The theoretical capacity of the active material cannot be fully utilized, and the capacity corresponding to the initial charge / discharge loss of the positive electrode active material is wasted. This phenomenon is remarkably exhibited when a material (for example, graphite) having a small initial charge / discharge loss is used as the negative electrode active material, and the energy density of the battery is reduced.
- a material for example, graphite
- an object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode material for an electric device having a high capacity and improved initial charge / discharge efficiency.
- the present inventors have intensively studied to solve the above problems. As a result, the above problem can be solved by controlling the composition of M in a solid solution of electrochemically inactive layered Li 2 MnO 3 and electrochemically active layered LiMO 2.
- the headline and the present invention were completed.
- the present invention has the general formula (1):
- Li is smoothly released from the solid solution, so that the initial irreversible capacity can be reduced. Further, since the electrochemical reaction of the solid solution is activated, the capacity can be increased.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a basic configuration of a flat (stacked) non-bipolar lithium ion secondary battery, which is a representative embodiment of the present invention.
- Li is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the crystal structure of [Li 1/3 Mn 2/3] O 2 with (a) LiMO 2 and (b).
- 1 is a perspective view schematically showing an appearance of a stacked battery which is an embodiment of the present invention.
- 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of samples obtained in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4.
- M is a transition metal and 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1
- the positive electrode material is expected as a high capacity material.
- M is preferably one or more transition metals having an average oxidation state of +3.
- Ni, Co, Mn, or the like is used.
- Li 2 MnO 3 Li [Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 ] O 2
- Li [Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 Investigations have been made on solid solutions between O 2 , LiCoO 2 and the like.
- Li [Li 1/3 Mn 2/3 ] O 2 can also be expressed as Li 2 MnO 3
- the solid solution represented by LiMO 2 may be referred to as Li 2 MnO 3 —LiMO 2 -based solid solution.
- the composition ratio (molar fraction ratio) of Ni and Mn in the LiMO 2 portion is 1: It is said that 1 is good. This is based on the knowledge that a large capacity can be obtained in a LiMO 2 solid solution having Ni and Mn as M when the composition ratio of Ni and Mn is 1: 1.
- the skeleton of Mn (IV) can be synthesized even in the air, and the valence does not change even when charging / discharging. Therefore, it is considered that Ni (II) -Mn (IV) is stabilized when the composition ratio of Ni and Mn is 1: 1.
- the material in which the composition ratio of Ni and Mn in the LiMO 2 portion is 1: 1 has a large initial capacity but a large irreversible capacity. There was a problem that the capacity of the computer was greatly lost.
- the composition ratio (molar fraction) of Mn is larger than the composition ratio (molar fraction) of Ni in the LiMO 2 portion of the Li 2 MnO 3 —LiMO 2 solid solution. . That is, in the general formula (1), the relational expression: 2x + y ⁇ 1 is satisfied.
- a high energy density battery can be obtained by using the positive electrode material for an electric device of the present embodiment as a main active material of the positive electrode.
- the mechanism is not limited to the form in which the characteristics of the material are improved by such a mechanism.
- the lithium ion battery is not particularly limited as long as it uses the positive electrode material for an electric device of this embodiment.
- the lithium ion battery when the lithium ion battery is distinguished by its form / structure, it can be applied to any conventionally known form / structure, such as a stacked (flat) battery or a wound (cylindrical) battery. is there.
- a stacked (flat) battery structure By adopting a stacked (flat) battery structure, long-term reliability can be secured by a sealing technique such as simple thermocompression bonding, which is advantageous in terms of cost and workability.
- a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode active material, or the like is applied to a positive electrode current collector or a negative electrode current collector using a binder or the like to constitute an electrode (positive electrode or negative electrode).
- a positive electrode active material or the like is applied to one surface of the current collector, and a positive electrode active material layer is applied to the opposite surface, and a negative electrode active material layer is stacked.
- a bipolar electrode is formed.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a basic configuration of a flat (stacked) non-bipolar lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as “stacked battery”) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the stacked battery 10 of the present embodiment has a structure in which a substantially rectangular power generation element 21 in which a charge / discharge reaction actually proceeds is sealed inside a laminate sheet 29 that is an exterior body.
- the negative electrode in which the negative electrode active material layer 13 is disposed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 11, the electrolyte layer 17, and the positive electrode active material layer 15 are disposed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 12. It has a configuration in which a positive electrode is laminated. Specifically, the negative electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the positive electrode are stacked in this order so that one negative electrode active material layer 13 and the positive electrode active material layer 15 adjacent thereto face each other with the electrolyte layer 17 therebetween. .
- the adjacent negative electrode, electrolyte layer, and positive electrode constitute one unit cell layer 19. Therefore, it can be said that the stacked battery 10 of the present embodiment has a configuration in which a plurality of the single battery layers 19 are stacked and electrically connected in parallel.
- the negative electrode active material layer 13 is arrange
- the outermost positive electrode current collector is positioned on both outermost layers of the power generation element 21, and the outermost positive electrode current collector is disposed on one or both surfaces of the outermost layer positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode active material layer may be disposed.
- the negative electrode current collector 11 and the positive electrode current collector 12 are attached to a negative electrode current collector plate 25 and a positive electrode current collector plate 27 that are electrically connected to the respective electrodes (negative electrode and positive electrode), and are sandwiched between end portions of the laminate sheet 29. Thus, it has a structure led out of the laminate sheet 29.
- the negative electrode current collector plate 25 and the positive electrode current collector plate 27 are ultrasonically welded to the negative electrode current collector 11 and the positive electrode current collector 12 of each electrode via a negative electrode lead and a positive electrode lead (not shown), respectively, as necessary. Or resistance welding or the like.
- the main active material of the positive electrode (Positive electrode material for electrical devices)
- the main active material of the positive electrode (positive electrode active material layer) is represented by the general formula (1):
- At least the space group in the initial state is C2 / m (monoclinic structure).
- Such a structure can be confirmed from electron diffraction or X-ray diffraction (broad peak appearing at 20-25 ° at 2 ⁇ ) of the active material.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the crystal structures of Li [Li 1/3 Mn 2/3 ] O 2 (a) and LiMO 2 (b).
- the diagram on the right side shows the arrangement of atoms as viewed from the direction of the arrow on the left side structure and the arrangement of atoms in the lattice adjacent thereto.
- the crystal structure of Li [Li 1/3 Mn 2/3 ] O 2 includes a metal layer composed of a transition metal (Mn) and lithium (Li). In the metal layer, lithium is regularly arranged every three in the a-axis direction and the b-axis direction to form a two-dimensional plane.
- the lithium (Li) regularly arranged in the metal layer is caused by Li 1/3 of [Li 1/3 Mn 2/3 ] O 2 .
- Such a periodic arrangement structure of lithium can be confirmed from electron beam diffraction data.
- a in the general formula (1) may be a number satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.
- the value of a is 0.40 or more, the ratio of the Li 2 MnO 3 component in the crystal increases, and a large capacity can be expressed.
- the value of a is 0.80 or less, sufficient reactivity can be obtained and a large capacity can be obtained.
- y may be any number that satisfies 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3. Addition of Co is considered to improve the electrical conductivity and easily develop a large capacity, but y ⁇ 0.3 is preferable from the viewpoint of resources and cost. Preferably, 0.1 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2. Further, when the relational expression: 0 ⁇ (1-a) y ⁇ 0.07 is satisfied, the effect of obtaining a high capacity while suppressing the cost is higher.
- the general formula (1) aLi [Li 1/3 Mn 2/3 ] O 2.
- (1-a) Li [Ni x Co y Mn 1-xy ] O 2 The method for producing a positive electrode material satisfying 2x + y ⁇ 1 is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known production method can be used as appropriate. For example, as shown in the Example mentioned later, it can carry out as follows using a spray dry method.
- acetic acid (metal) salts, nitric acid (metal) salts of Li, Mn, Ni and Co in the above formula weigh out a predetermined amount, and equimolar citric acid with these (metal) salts To prepare a solution.
- acetic acid (metal) salts and nitric acid (metal) salts of Li, Mn, Ni, and Co include, for example, lithium acetate, nickel acetate, cobalt acetate, manganese acetate, titanium acetate, zirconium acetate, aluminum nitrate, gallium nitrate, and nitric acid.
- a precursor is obtained by heat treatment (temporary baking).
- the heat treatment may be performed in the atmosphere at 359 to 500 ° C. for 5 to 10 hours, but is not limited to this range.
- the precursor obtained by the heat treatment is fired in the atmosphere (main firing) at a firing temperature of 850 to 1000 ° C. and a holding time of 3 to 20 hours, thereby producing a solid solution represented by the above general formula. Can do.
- main firing a firing temperature of 850 to 1000 ° C. and a holding time of 3 to 20 hours, thereby producing a solid solution represented by the above general formula.
- quenching with liquid nitrogen or the like is preferable for reactivity and cycle stability.
- the solid solution can be identified using electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction (XRD), or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) elemental analysis.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the positive electrode material for an electric device is preferably subjected to oxidation treatment.
- the method for the oxidation treatment is not particularly limited. For example, (1) Charging or charging / discharging in a predetermined potential range, specifically charging or charging / discharging in a low potential region that does not cause a significant change in the solid solution positive electrode crystal structure from the beginning; (2) Oxidation with an oxidizing agent (for example, halogen such as bromine or chlorine) corresponding to charging; (3) Oxidation treatment using a redox mediator;
- the highest potential in the predetermined potential range with respect to the lithium metal counter electrode is preferably 3.9 V or more and less than 4.6 V, More preferably, it is desirable to perform charge and discharge for 1 to 30 cycles under the condition of 4.4 V or more and less than 4.6 V.
- the upper limit potential is gradually (stepwise) increased after charging / discharging at the initial predetermined upper limit potential.
- the potential converted to lithium metal or lithium metal corresponds to a potential based on the potential exhibited by the lithium metal in the electrolytic solution in which 1 mol of lithium ion is dissolved.
- the maximum potential in the predetermined potential range for charging and discharging stepwise after 1 to 30 cycles of charging and discharging in the predetermined potential range with respect to the lithium metal counter electrode is desirable to further increase.
- 4.7V, 4.8Vvs. When using up to the high potential capacity of Li (use of high capacity), the maximum potential of the charge / discharge potential in the oxidation process is increased step by step, so that the oxidation process can be performed in a short time (pre-charge / discharge pretreatment) However, the durability of the electrode can be improved.
- the number of cycles required for charging / discharging at each stage when the maximum potential (upper limit potential) of a predetermined charging / discharging potential range is increased stepwise is not particularly limited, but a range of 1 to 10 is effective.
- the total number of charge / discharge cycles in the oxidation process when increasing the maximum potential (upper limit potential) in the predetermined potential range of charge / discharge is not particularly limited, but a range of 4 to 20 times is effective.
- the present invention is not limited to the above range, and oxidation treatment (charge / discharge pretreatment with regulated potential) may be performed up to a higher termination maximum potential as long as the above effects can be achieved.
- the minimum potential in the predetermined potential range is not particularly limited, and is 2 V or more and less than 3.5 V, more preferably 2 V or more and less than 3 V with respect to the lithium metal counter electrode.
- oxidation treatment charge / discharge pretreatment with a regulated potential
- V charge / discharge potential
- the temperature of the electrode (material) to be charged / discharged as the above oxidation treatment can be arbitrarily set as long as it does not impair the effects of the present invention. From the economical point of view, it is desirable to carry out at room temperature that does not require special heating and cooling. On the other hand, it is desirable to carry out at a temperature higher than room temperature from the viewpoint that a larger capacity can be expressed and the cycle durability can be improved by a short charge / discharge treatment.
- the step (time) for applying the oxidation treatment (charge / discharge pretreatment with regulated potential) method is not particularly limited.
- the oxidation treatment can be performed in a state where a battery is configured, or in a configuration corresponding to an electrode or an electrode. That is, any of application in the state of positive electrode active material powder, application by constituting an electrode, and application after assembling a battery together with the negative electrode may be used.
- Application to a battery can be carried out by applying an oxidation treatment condition (condition for pre-charge / discharge with regulated potential) in consideration of the potential profile of the capacitance of the negative electrode to be combined.
- the battery in the case where the battery is configured, it is superior in that the oxidation treatment of a large number of electrodes can be performed at a time, rather than the individual electrodes or the respective configurations corresponding to the electrodes.
- it is performed for each individual electrode or each electrode-corresponding configuration it is easier to control conditions such as the oxidation potential than the state in which the battery is configured, and variations in the degree of oxidation to individual electrodes occur. It is excellent in a difficult point.
- the oxidizing agent used in the oxidation method (2) is not particularly limited, and for example, halogen such as bromine and chlorine can be used. These oxidizing agents may be used alone or in combination. Oxidation with an oxidizing agent can be gradually oxidized by, for example, dispersing solid solution fine particles in a solvent in which the solid solution positive electrode material does not dissolve, and blowing and dissolving the oxidizing agent into the dispersion solution.
- the constituent elements of batteries other than the stacked battery for example, bipolar batteries, can be configured by appropriately using the same constituent elements.
- the current collectors (the negative electrode current collector 11 and the positive electrode current collector 12), any member conventionally used as a current collector material for a battery can be appropriately employed.
- the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector include aluminum, nickel, iron, stainless steel (SUS), titanium, and copper.
- SUS stainless steel
- titanium titanium
- copper is preferable as the negative electrode current collector.
- a typical thickness of the current collector is 10 to 20 ⁇ m. However, a current collector having a thickness outside this range may be used.
- the current collector plate can also be formed of the same material as the current collector.
- the active material layers are configured to include an active material (negative electrode active material, positive electrode active material, reference electrode active material).
- these active material layers include a binder, a conductive agent for increasing electric conductivity, an electrolyte (polymer matrix, ion conductive polymer, electrolytic solution, etc.), and an electrolyte supporting salt for increasing ionic conductivity as necessary. (Lithium salt) and the like.
- the material (material) of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it has the characteristic constituent features of the lithium ion battery of the present invention. What is necessary is just to select suitably according to the kind of.
- the positive electrode active material the positive electrode material for an electric device of the present embodiment is used as the main active material of the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode active material the above-described positive electrode material may be used alone, or, if necessary, other conventionally known positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- the positive electrode material described above is preferably contained in the active material by 50% by mass or more, more preferably by 80% by mass or more, and further preferably by 90% by mass or more.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can reversibly occlude and release lithium, and any conventionally known negative electrode active material can be used.
- high crystalline carbon graphite naturally graphite, artificial graphite, etc.
- low crystalline carbon soft carbon, hard carbon
- carbon black Ketjen black, acetylene black, channel black, lamp black, oil furnace black
- Carbon materials such as thermal black
- fullerene carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, carbon fibril
- Si Ge, Sn, Pb, Al, In, Zn, H, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Ga, Tl, C, N, Sb, Bi, O, S, Se, Te, Cl, and the like, and simple elements of these elements alloyed with lithium oxide containing (silicon monoxide (SiO), SiO x 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), tin (SnO 2 dioxide), Sn
- the negative electrode active material may be used alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more.
- a particularly preferable negative electrode material for producing a high-capacity battery there is, for example, a type of graphite having high crystallinity, high orientation, charge / discharge capacity close to the theoretical capacity of 372 mAh / g, and small initial irreversible capacity .
- the average particle diameter of each active material contained in each active material layer (13, 15) is not particularly limited, but is usually about 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of increasing capacity, reactivity, and cycle durability.
- the thickness is preferably 1 to 20 ⁇ m.
- each active material layer (13, 15) is not particularly limited, and can be adjusted by appropriately referring to known knowledge about lithium ion secondary batteries or lithium ion batteries. Moreover, there is no restriction
- Binder The binder is added for the purpose of maintaining the electrode structure by binding the active materials or the active material and the current collector.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PI polyimide
- PA polyamide
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- PMA polymethyl acrylate
- Thermosetting resins such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, and urea resins And rubber-based materials such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR).
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- a conductive agent means the conductive additive mix
- the conductive agent that can be used in the present embodiment is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known one can be used. Examples thereof include carbon materials such as carbon black such as acetylene black, graphite, and carbon fiber.
- carbon black such as acetylene black, graphite, and carbon fiber.
- Electrolyte As the electrolyte, a liquid electrolyte, a gel polymer electrolyte, and an intrinsic polymer electrolyte described in the section of [Electrolyte layer] described later can be used without particular limitation. Specific forms of the liquid electrolyte, the gel polymer electrolyte, and the intrinsic polymer electrolyte will be described later in the section of (electrolyte layer), and the details are omitted here. These electrolytes may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Moreover, an electrolyte different from the electrolyte used for the electrolyte layer described later may be used, or the same electrolyte may be used.
- the electrolyte layer is a layer containing a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte (specifically, a lithium salt) contained in the electrolyte layer has a function as a carrier of lithium ions that moves between the positive and negative electrodes during charge and discharge.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it can exhibit such a function, but a liquid electrolyte or a polymer electrolyte may be used.
- the liquid electrolyte has a form in which a lithium salt as a supporting salt is dissolved in an organic solvent as a plasticizer.
- the organic solvent that can be used as the plasticizer include carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC).
- the supporting salt (lithium salt) Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2) 2 N, LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, LiTaF 6, LiClO 4, LiCF 3
- a compound that can be added to the active material layer of the electrode, such as SO 3 can be similarly employed.
- polymer electrolytes are classified into a gel polymer electrolyte containing an electrolytic solution (gel electrolyte) and an intrinsic polymer electrolyte containing no electrolytic solution.
- the gel polymer electrolyte has a configuration in which the above liquid electrolyte is injected into a matrix polymer (host polymer) made of an ion conductive polymer.
- a gel polymer electrolyte as the electrolyte is superior in that the fluidity of the electrolyte is lost and it is easy to block the ion conductivity between the layers.
- the ion conductive polymer used as the matrix polymer (host polymer) is not particularly limited.
- the ion conductive polymer may be the same as or different from the ion conductive polymer used as the electrolyte in the active material layer, but is preferably the same.
- the type of the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, and an electrolyte salt such as the lithium salt exemplified above and a plasticizer such as carbonates may be used.
- the intrinsic polymer electrolyte has a structure in which a supporting salt (lithium salt) is dissolved in the above matrix polymer, and does not contain an organic solvent that is a plasticizer. Therefore, by using an intrinsic polymer electrolyte as the electrolyte, there is no fear of liquid leakage from the battery, and the battery reliability can be improved.
- a supporting salt lithium salt
- the matrix polymer of gel polymer electrolyte or intrinsic polymer electrolyte can express excellent mechanical strength by forming a crosslinked structure.
- thermal polymerization, ultraviolet polymerization, radiation polymerization, electron beam polymerization, etc. are performed on a polymerizable polymer (for example, PEO or PPO) for forming a polymer electrolyte using an appropriate polymerization initiator.
- a polymerization treatment may be performed.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contained in these electrolyte layers may be one kind alone or two or more kinds.
- a separator is used for the electrolyte layer.
- the separator include a microporous film made of polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer is usually 1 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 50 ⁇ m.
- a conventionally known metal can case can be used, and a bag-like case that can cover a power generation element using a laminate film containing aluminum can be used.
- a laminate film having a three-layer structure in which PP, aluminum, and nylon are laminated in this order can be used as the laminate film, but the laminate film is not limited thereto.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view schematically showing the appearance of the stacked battery which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- the stacked battery 10 has a rectangular flat shape, and a negative electrode current collector plate 25 and a positive electrode current collector plate 27 for taking out electric power are drawn out from both sides thereof.
- the power generation element 21 is encased in an outer package 29 of the battery 10 and the periphery thereof is heat-sealed.
- the power generation element 21 is sealed with the negative electrode current collector plate 25 and the positive electrode current collector plate 27 drawn out.
- the power generation element 21 corresponds to the power generation element 21 of the stacked battery 10 shown in FIG. 1, and is composed of a negative electrode (negative electrode active material layer) 13, an electrolyte layer 17, and a positive electrode (positive electrode active material layer) 15.
- a plurality of battery layers (single cells) 19 are stacked.
- a flat shape (stacked type) lithium ion battery as shown in FIG. 1 is exemplified as the electric device, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the wound type lithium ion battery may have a cylindrical shape, or may have a shape that is a flattened rectangular shape by deforming such a cylindrical shape.
- a laminate sheet or a conventional cylindrical can (metal can) may be used as the exterior material, and there is no particular limitation.
- the present invention can also be applied to other types of secondary batteries and further to primary batteries. It can also be applied to capacitors as well as batteries.
- the removal of the current collector plates 25 and 27 shown in FIG. 3 is not particularly limited, and the negative electrode current collector plate 25 and the positive electrode current collector plate 27 may be drawn out from the same side or the negative electrode current collector plate 25.
- the positive electrode current collector plate 27 may be divided into a plurality of pieces and taken out from each side.
- a terminal may be formed using, for example, a cylindrical can (metal can) instead of the current collector plate.
- the positive electrode material with reduced initial irreversible capacity is used as the positive electrode active material, the theoretical capacity of the negative electrode active material can be effectively used without waste, and a lithium ion battery with high energy density can be obtained.
- the lithium ion battery of this embodiment is a power source for driving a vehicle or an auxiliary power source that requires high volume energy density and high volume output density as a large capacity power source for an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle, a hybrid fuel cell vehicle, etc. Can be suitably used.
- Table 1 shows the compositions of the positive electrode materials of Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 represented by the general formula (1): aLi [Li 1/3 Mn 2/3 ] O 2.
- LiMO 2 LiM The value of a when expressed as' O 2 , the composition of the LiMO 2 part (Li [Ni x Co y Mn 1-xy ] O 2 part) and the magnitude relationship between the molar fraction of Ni and Mn, and M 'Indicates the molar fraction of Co in the part.
- Table 2 shows the value of a of the positive electrode materials of Examples 7 to 14 and the magnitude relationship between the molar fractions of Ni and Mn in the LiMO 2 part.
- X-ray diffraction X-ray diffraction measurement was performed on the samples obtained in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 (FIG. 4). In all these samples, diffraction lines exhibiting a superlattice structure characteristic at 20 to 25 ° appeared. Considering this, the space group can be assigned as follows.
- An evaluation cell was prepared according to the following procedure using the positive electrode active materials shown in Tables 1 and 2. First, 20 mg of the positive electrode active material and 12 mg of the conductive binder (TAB-2) were formed into pellets having a diameter of 15 mm using a kneading method, and pressed onto a stainless steel mesh (current collector) having the same diameter. The sample electrode (positive electrode) was dried by heating at 120 ° C. for 4 hours under vacuum.
- a lithium foil (negative electrode) with a diameter of 16 mm is used as a counter electrode
- a cell is assembled using glass filter paper as a separator
- test conditions were evaluated at room temperature, with a voltage range of 2.0 to 4.8 V and a current density of 0.2 mA / cm 2 .
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the irreversible capacity of the positive electrodes produced in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 as relative values when the irreversible capacity in Comparative Example 3 is 100%.
- Table 1 and FIG. 5 compared with the case of the comparative example 3, in the examples 3 and 4, the initial irreversible capacity is reduced by 33% and 7%, respectively.
- Comparative Example 4 the initial irreversible capacity increased by 8% compared to Comparative Example 3.
- compositions of the positive electrode materials of Example 3 and Example 4 are (Li [Ni 0.183 Li 0.2 Co 0.022 Mn 0.594 ] O 2 ) and (Li [Ni 0.183 Li 0. 2 Co 0.011 Mn 0.604 ] O 2 ). From FIG. 5, it can be seen that the first irreversible capacity decreased in Examples 3 and 4 in which the amount of Mn was increased as compared with Comparative Example 3. In Examples 3 and 4, since the molar fraction of Mn is higher than the molar fraction of Ni in the LiMO 2 portion, Mn takes the valence of Mn (III) in addition to Mn (IV). It becomes a mixed valence state.
- the initial irreversible capacity is reduced because the electric conductivity is improved by taking such a mixed valence state and Li is smoothly separated from the solid solution. Moreover, it turned out that the first irreversible capacity
- FIG. 6 shows the second discharge capacity at which the cycle is relatively stable for the positive electrode materials of Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4. From FIG. 6, it can be seen that the electrodes using the positive electrode active materials of Examples 3 and 4 have a higher second discharge capacity than the electrode using the positive electrode material of Comparative Example 3. This is considered to be because when Mn takes a mixed valence state in the LiMO 2 portion, the electrochemical reaction of the solid solution is activated, the oxidation-reduction reaction easily proceeds, and the usable capacity increases. On the other hand, in Comparative Example 4 in which the molar fraction of Ni was higher than the molar fraction of Mn in the LiMO 2 portion, the discharge capacity at the second time was lower than that in Comparative Example 3.
- the initial irreversible capacity is also large when the positive electrode material of Comparative Example 1 in which the molar fraction of Mn in the LiMO 2 portion is equivalent to the molar fraction of Ni is used. Furthermore, in the positive electrode material of Comparative Example 5 in which the molar fraction of Mn in the LiMO 2 portion was equivalent to the molar fraction of Ni, sufficient capacity could not be obtained. From the above results, when using the positive electrode material of the present invention in which the molar fraction of Mn in the LiMO 2 portion is larger than the molar fraction of Ni, the initial irreversible capacity can be reduced while maintaining a high capacity. Was confirmed.
- the same tendency as in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 in which the value of a was 0.6 was observed. That is, in Examples 1 and 2 in which the molar fraction of Mn in the LiMO 2 portion is larger than the molar fraction of Ni, the initial irreversible capacity is reduced and the second discharge capacity is high compared to Comparative Example 1. On the contrary, in Comparative Example 2 in which the molar fraction of Ni is high, the initial irreversible capacity is large and the discharge capacity at the second time is decreased.
- Example 11 is the same as Example 3 in Table 1 above.
Abstract
Description
で表され、
関係式:2x+y<1を満たす、電気デバイス用正極材料である。
で表され、
関係式:2x+y<1を満たす、電気デバイス用正極材料である。
本発明において、リチウムイオン電池は、本実施形態の電気デバイス用正極材料を用いてなるものであればよく、他の構成要件に関しては特に制限されない。
本発明では、前記正極(正極活物質層)の主要な活物質が、一般式(1):
(1)所定の電位範囲での充電あるいは、充放電、詳しくは固溶体正極結晶構造の大幅な変化を最初から引き起こすことのない低い電位領域での充電あるいは充放電;
(2)充電に対応する酸化剤(例えば、臭素、塩素などのハロゲン)での酸化;
(3)レドックスメディエーターを用いての酸化;などの酸化処理を挙げることができる。
集電体(負極集電体11、正極集電体12)としては、いずれも電池用の集電体材料として従来用いられている部材が適宜採用されうる。一例を挙げると、正極集電体および負極集電体としては、アルミニウム、ニッケル、鉄、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、チタンまたは銅が挙げられる。中でも、電子伝導性、電池作動電位という観点からは、正極集電体としてはアルミニウムが好ましく、負極集電体としては銅が好ましい。集電体の一般的な厚さは、10~20μmである。ただし、この範囲を外れる厚さの集電体を用いてもよい。集電板についても、集電体と同様の材料で形成することができる。
活物質層(負極活物質層13、正極活物質層15)は活物質(負極活物質、正極活物質、参照極活物質)を含んで構成される。さらに、これらの活物質層は、必要に応じてバインダー、電気伝導性を高めるための導電剤、電解質(ポリマーマトリックス、イオン伝導性ポリマー、電解液など)、イオン伝導性を高めるための電解質支持塩(リチウム塩)などを含む。
正極活物質および負極活物質の材料(材質)としては、本発明のリチウムイオン電池の特徴的な構成要件を具備するものであればよく、特に制限されるものではなく、電池の種類に応じて適宜選択すればよい。
バインダーは、活物質同士または活物質と集電体とを結着させて電極構造を維持する目的で添加される。
導電剤とは、導電性を向上させるために配合される導電性の添加物をいう。本実施形態で使用しうる導電剤は特に制限されず、従来公知のものを利用することができる。例えば、アセチレンブラック等のカーボンブラック、グラファイト、炭素繊維などの炭素材料が挙げられる。導電剤を含むと、活物質層の内部における電子ネットワークが効果的に形成され、電池の出力特性の向上、電解液の保液性の向上による信頼性向上に寄与しうる。
電解質としては、後述する[電解質層]の項で説明する液体電解質、ゲルポリマー電解質、および真性ポリマー電解質を特に制限なく用いることができる。液体電解質、ゲルポリマー電解質、および真性ポリマー電解質の具体的な形態については、後述する(電解質層)の項で説明するため、詳細はここでは省略する。これらの電解質は1種単独であってもよいし、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。また、後述する電解質層に用いた電解質と異なる電解質を用いてもよいし、同一の電解質を用いてもよい。
電解質層は、非水電解質を含む層である。電解質層に含まれる非水電解質(具体的には、リチウム塩)は、充放電時に正負極間を移動するリチウムイオンのキャリアーとしての機能を有する。非水電解質としてはかような機能を発揮できるものであれば特に限定されないが、液体電解質またはポリマー電解質が用いられうる。
リチウムイオン二次電池では、使用時の外部からの衝撃や環境劣化を防止するために、発電要素全体を外装体に収容するのが望ましい。外装体としては、従来公知の金属缶ケースを用いることができほか、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムを用いた発電要素を覆うことができる袋状のケースを用いることができる。ラミネートフィルムには、例えば、PP、アルミニウム、ナイロンをこの順に積層してなる3層構造のラミネートフィルム等を用いることができるが、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。
図3は、本発明の一実施形態である積層型電池の外観を模式的に表した斜視図である。図3に示すように、積層型電池10は、長方形状の扁平な形状を有しており、その両側部からは電力を取り出すための負極集電板25、正極集電板27が引き出されている。発電要素21は、電池10の外装体29によって包まれ、その周囲は熱融着されており、発電要素21は負極集電板25および正極集電板27を引き出した状態で密封されている。ここで、発電要素21は、図1に示す積層型電池10の発電要素21に相当し、負極(負極活物質層)13、電解質層17および正極(正極活物質層)15で構成される単電池層(単セル)19が複数積層されたものである。
出発物質としてLi、Mn、Ni、Coの酢酸塩を使用し、所定の量を秤量した。これら金属塩と等モルのクエン酸を加え溶液とし、スプレードライ法を用いて粉体とした後、仮焼成(大気下、450℃で10時間加熱すること)した後、粉砕してからペレット状に成形して前駆体を得た。前駆体を焼成温度900℃にて保持時間12時間として、大気下で本焼成し、その後液体窒素中で急冷してクエンチした。これにより下記表1、表2に示す実施例1~14および比較例1~6の固溶体系正極材料をそれぞれ合成した。表1は、実施例1~6および比較例1~6の正極材料の組成を一般式(1):aLi[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2・(1-a)LiMO2=LiM’O2として表した場合のaの値、LiMO2部分(Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2部分)における組成およびNiとMnとのモル分率の大小関係、ならびにM’部分におけるCoのモル分率をそれぞれ示す。表2は、実施例7~14の正極材料のaの値、LiMO2部分におけるNiとMnとのモル分率の大小関係を示す。
(1)X線回折(XRD):実施例3、4、比較例3、4で得られた試料についてX線回折測定を行った(図4)。これらの試料はすべて、20~25°に特徴的な超格子構造を示す回折線が現れていた。これを考慮すると空間群は下記のように帰属できる。
表1、2の正極活物質を用いて以下の手順により評価用セルを作製した。まず、正極活物質20mg、導電性結着剤(TAB-2)12mgを用いて、混練法を用いて直径15mmのペレットに成形し、同径のステンレスメッシュ(集電体)に圧着して、真空下、120℃で4時間加熱乾燥してサンプル電極(正極)とした。ここでは、対極として直径16mmのリチウム箔(負極)を用いて、セパレータとしてガラスろ紙を用いてセルを組んで、電解液として1M LiPF6のEC:DMC=1:2(体積比)の電解液を加えてセルとして充放電特性を評価した。
参考例として、実施例4の正極材料から作製した正極について、酸化処理としての充放電条件として、初回の充電時に直接4.8Vまで充電せずに、充放電サイクルでの充電上限電位を徐々に上げていった。すなわち、はじめに充電上限電位4.6Vとして充電後2Vまで放電して、これを2回繰り返す。次に、4.7Vまで充電後2Vまで放電して、これを2回繰り返す。そして4.8Vまで充電した後、通常の方法で2.0-4.8V間で充放電を繰り返した。これによって275mAh/g程度の容量を安定して発現できることを確認した。
11 負極集電体、
12 正極集電体、
13 負極活物質層(負極)、
15 正極活物質層(正極)、
17 電解質層、
19 単電池層(単セル)、
21 発電要素、
25 負極集電板、
27 正極集電板、
29 外装体(ラミネートシート)。
Claims (6)
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CN201080045722.9A CN102576870B (zh) | 2009-12-04 | 2010-12-02 | 电气装置用正极材料及使用其的电气装置 |
RU2012122818/07A RU2499333C1 (ru) | 2009-12-04 | 2010-12-02 | Материал положительного электрода для электрического устройства и электрическое устройство, произведенное с его использованием |
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JP2011216476A (ja) * | 2010-03-19 | 2011-10-27 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | 蓄電装置 |
JP2013114815A (ja) * | 2011-11-25 | 2013-06-10 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | リチウムイオン二次電池及びリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
JP2013179044A (ja) * | 2012-02-01 | 2013-09-09 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 固溶体リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物、非水電解質二次電池用正極及び非水電解質二次電池 |
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JPWO2013146723A1 (ja) * | 2012-03-27 | 2015-12-14 | Tdk株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用活物質及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
US20160172675A1 (en) * | 2013-07-31 | 2016-06-16 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Transition metal oxide containing solid-solution lithium, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using transition metal oxide containing solid-solution lithium as positive electrode |
US10158117B2 (en) * | 2013-07-31 | 2018-12-18 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Transition metal oxide containing solid-solution lithium, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using transition metal oxide containing solid-solution lithium as positive electrode |
CN105070896A (zh) * | 2015-07-03 | 2015-11-18 | 湖南杉杉新能源有限公司 | 锂二次电池用高镍多元正极材料及其制备方法 |
JP2017091821A (ja) * | 2015-11-10 | 2017-05-25 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質およびその製造方法 |
JP2018010792A (ja) * | 2016-07-13 | 2018-01-18 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びリチウム二次電池 |
WO2018012466A1 (ja) * | 2016-07-13 | 2018-01-18 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びリチウム二次電池 |
JP2018092793A (ja) * | 2016-12-02 | 2018-06-14 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びリチウム二次電池 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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MX2012005075A (es) | 2012-06-12 |
BR112012012914A2 (pt) | 2017-03-07 |
EP2509141B1 (en) | 2017-02-08 |
CN102576870A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
RU2499333C1 (ru) | 2013-11-20 |
US20120228544A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
KR20140034667A (ko) | 2014-03-20 |
CN102576870B (zh) | 2014-10-08 |
EP2509141A1 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
JP5357268B2 (ja) | 2013-12-04 |
KR101422371B1 (ko) | 2014-07-22 |
JPWO2011068172A1 (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
US8603369B2 (en) | 2013-12-10 |
EP2509141A4 (en) | 2014-08-13 |
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