Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2095—Tabletting processes; Dosage units made by direct compression of powders or specially processed granules, by eliminating solvents, by melt-extrusion, by injection molding, by 3D printing
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
  • A61K31/05—Phenols
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/13—Amines
  • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
  • A61K31/485—Morphinan derivatives, e.g. morphine, codeine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1682—Processes
  • A61K9/1694—Processes resulting in granules or microspheres of the matrix type containing more than 5% of excipient
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/2027—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/2031—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
  • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for producing a secure against misuse solid dosage form, in which one to a Formuileitersmischung containing in addition one or more drugs with Abuse potential (A) and optionally physiologically acceptable excipients (B) and at least one synthetic or natural polymer (C ) having a breaking strength of at least 500 N,
• a variety of pharmaceutically active agents in addition to having excellent efficacy in their particular field of application, also have an abuse potential, i. they can be used by an abuser to produce effects that are not in accordance with their intended purpose.
• opiates which show excellent efficacy in controlling severe to very severe pain, are often used by abusers to induce intoxication-like, euphoric states.
• the appropriate dosage forms such as tablets or capsules are crushed by the abuser, z. B. mortared, the active ingredient from the powder thus obtained using a preferably aqueous Extracted liquid and the resulting solution, optionally after filtration through cotton or pulp, parenterally, in particular intravenously, applied.
• a preferably aqueous Extracted liquid and the resulting solution, optionally after filtration through cotton or pulp, parenterally, in particular intravenously, applied.
• the kick is also achieved when the powdered dosage form applied nasally, that is snorted.
• This object has been achieved by providing the method according to the invention for producing a solid dosage form with at least reduced potential for abuse, by
• the dosage form By using polymers having the specified minimum breaking strength (measured as indicated in the application), preferably in such quantities that the dosage form also has such a minimum breaking strength of at least 500 N, preferably at least 1000 N, it is possible to pulverize the dosage form To prevent by conventional means and thus significantly complicate the subsequent abuse or prevent.
• the pulverization of the dosage form by conventional means that are commonly available to an abuser such.
• B. a mortar and pestle, a hammer, a mallet or other common means for pulverizing under force understood, with an optionally accumulating fine fraction (particle size equal to or less than 0.3 mm) of 5 wt .-% may not be exceeded.
• the dosage form produced by this invention can not at low temperatures, for example below -25 ⁇ C, -40 0 C or even crushed in liquid nitrogen using these methods.
• the dosage form prepared according to the invention preferably a pharmaceutical dosage form, is therefore suitable for preventing parenteral, nasal and / or oral abuse of active substances, preferably of pharmaceutical active substances, with potential for abuse.
• Active substances preferably pharmaceutical active substances with abuse potentials
• the dosage form prepared according to the invention may contain several active pharmaceutical ingredients.
• the dosage form prepared according to the invention contains only one particular active ingredient.
• the dosage form according to the invention is particularly suitable for preventing the misuse of at least one pharmaceutical active substance which is selected from the group comprising opioids, tranquillizers, preferably benzodiazepines, barbiturates, stimulants and other anesthetics.
• the dosage form according to the invention is very particularly suitable for preventing the abuse of an opioid, tranquility or another narcotic selected from the group comprising N- ⁇ 1- [2- (4-ethyl-5-oxo-2-tetrazolin-1] yl) ethyl] -4-methoxymethyl-4-piperidyl ⁇ propionanilide (alfentanil), 5,5-diallylbarbituric acid (allobarbital), allylprodin, alphaprodine, 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H- [1, 2, 4] triazolo [4,3-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine (alprazolam), 2-diethylaminopropiophenone (amfe
• the dosage forms prepared according to the invention are particularly suitable for preventing the misuse of an opioid active ingredient selected from the group consisting of oxycodone, hydromorphone, morphine, tramadol and their physiologically tolerated derivatives or compounds, preferably their salts and solvates, preferably their hydrochlorides.
• the dosage forms prepared according to the invention are particularly suitable for preventing the misuse of an opioid drug selected from the group comprising (1R, 2R) -3- (3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl) -phenol, (2R, 3R) -1-dimethylamino-3- (3-methoxy-phenyl ) -2-methylpentan-3-ol, (1RS, 3RS 5 6RS) -6-dimethylaminomethyl-1- (3-methoxyphenyl) -cyclohexane-1,3-diol, (1R, 2R) - 3- (2-dimethylaminonethyl-cyclohexyl) phenol, their physiologically acceptable salts, preferably hydrochlorides, physiologically acceptable enantiomers, stereoisomers, diastereomers and racemates and their physiologically acceptable derivatives, preferably ethers, esters or amides.
• an opioid drug selected from the group comprising (1R, 2R)
• At least one synthetic or natural polymer (C) having a breaking strength, measured by the method disclosed in the present application, of at least 500 N is used in the process according to the invention.
• high molecular weight polyethylene oxides having a molecular weight of at least 0.5 million, preferably at least 1 million to 15 million, determined by rheological measurements.
• These polymers have a viscosity at 25 ° G of 4500 to 17600 cp, measured on a 5 wt% aqueous solution using a Brookfield Viscometer, Model RVF (Spindle No. 2 / Rotation Speed 2 rpm), from 400 to 4000 cP, measured on a 2% by weight aqueous solution with the aid of the abovementioned viscometer (spindle No.
• the polymers are preferably used as powder. They should be soluble in water. Furthermore, in addition to achieving the necessary fracture toughness in the processes of the present invention, at least one natural or synthetic wax (D) having a breaking strength, measured by the method disclosed in the present application, of at least 500 N can be used. Preference is given to waxes having a softening point of at least 60 °. Particularly preferred are carnauba wax and beeswax. Very particularly preferred is carnauba wax. Camauba wax is a natural wax that is extracted from the leaves of the carnauba palm and has a softening point of at least 8O 0 C. When the wax component is used additionally, it is used together with at least one polymer (C) in amounts such that the dosage form prepared according to the invention has a breaking strength of at least 500 N.
• Component (C) is preferably used in an amount of from 20 to 99.9% by weight, more preferably of at least 30% by weight, very preferably of at least 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the dosage form.
• auxiliaries (B) the customary known for the formulation of solid dosage forms adjuvants can be used.
• these are plasticizers, such as triacetin and polyethylene glycol, adjuvants, the drug release affecting, preferably hydrophobic or hydrophilic, preferably hydrophilic polymers, most preferably hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose, and / or antioxidants.
• the hydrophilic matrix materials used are preferably polymers, more preferably cellulose ethers, cellulose esters and / or acrylic resins.
• antioxidants are ascorbic acid, butylhydroxyanisole, butylhydroxytoluene, salts of ascorbic acid, monothioglycerol, phosphorous acid, vitamin C, vitamin E and its derivatives, sodium bisulfite, more preferably butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) or butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) and ⁇ -tocopherol.
• BHT butylhydroxytoluene
• BHA butylhydroxyanisole
• ⁇ -tocopherol The antioxidant is preferably used in amounts of from 0.01 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.03 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the dosage form.
• Adjuvants such as antioxidants, plasticizers and / or retarding auxiliaries with addition of a solvent for the polymer (C) processed into the dosage form.
• the components (A), (B), (C) and the optionally present component (D) and optionally at least one of the optionally present further anti-abuse components (a) to (f) are mixed or, if necessary, separately under Addition of the component (C) and optionally the component (D) mixed and shaped the resulting formulation mixture or the resulting formulation mixtures after addition of the solvent and optionally after granulation to the dosage form.
• the mixture of the components (A), (B), (C) and, if appropriate, (D) and / or the further components (a) to (f) optionally present with the components (C) and the optionally present component ( D) is carried out, if appropriate, in each case in a mixer known to the person skilled in the art.
• the mixing device can be for example a rolling mixer, shaking mixer, shear mixer or compulsory mixer.
• the addition of the solvent for the polymer (C) takes place at least in such amounts that the formulation mixture is uniformly moistened.
• Suitable solvents for the polymer (C) are preferably aqueous solvents, such as water, mixtures of water and aliphatic alcohols, preferably alcohols with C 1 to C 6 , esters, ethers, hydrocarbons, more preferably distilled water, alone or in admixture with short-chain Alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol to aqueous alcohol solutions.
• aqueous solvents such as water, mixtures of water and aliphatic alcohols, preferably alcohols with C 1 to C 6 , esters, ethers, hydrocarbons, more preferably distilled water, alone or in admixture with short-chain Alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol to aqueous alcohol solutions.
• the addition of the solvent is preferably carried out by stirring. Then the evenly moistened mass is dried. The drying is preferably carried out under heat at temperatures at which a discoloration of the mass can be excluded. By simple Vorfriedte this temperature is detectable.
• the mass Before or after drying, the mass can be divided into sub-masses, which preferably each correspond to the mass of a unit of the dosage form.
• the appropriately dried masses are then molded into the dosage form.
• the formulation mixture preferably distributed in molds to partial masses, is dispersed in a liquid dispersing agent with stirring and then the solvent is added.
• the polymer component (C) is not soluble in the dispersant, which must be miscible with the solvent.
• Suitable dispersants are preferably hydrophilic solvents, such as aliphatic alcohols, ketones, esters. Short-chain alcohols are preferably used.
• the moistening of the formulation mixture can also be carried out so that the solvent can be incorporated as a foam in the formulation mixture.
• a foam of the solvent is prepared by means of high-speed mixer, preferably with the addition of conventional foam stabilizers.
• foam stabilizers are suitable as stabilizers hydrophilic polymers such.
• the foam is incorporated with stirring into the formulation mixture, whereby preferably a granulated mass is obtained.
• the granulated mass is dried before or after its division into sub-masses, which preferably corresponds to the mass of a unit of the dosage form, and then formed into a dosage form.
• the drying and shaping can preferably be carried out as indicated above.
• the process according to the invention can also be carried out by adding enough solvent to the formulation mixture to form a moldable paste.
• the sub-masses in the form of strands, which can be generated by means of a sieve or a strand former.
• the dried strands are preferably singulated and shaped into a dosage form. This shaping is preferably carried out with the aid of a tablet press, with the use of forming rollers or forming belts equipped with rollers.
• the paste is processed by means of an extruder, depending on the design of the extrusion die these strands or sheet-like structures are generated, which are isolated by knocking or cutting or punching.
• the isolated masses as stated above, to the Dosage form shaped or deformed.
• Corresponding devices are known to the person skilled in the art.
• the process according to the invention can be carried out continuously or batchwise.
• Such a solution or dispersion / suspension is preferably processed to a sheet-like structure, wherein preferably an extruder with a flat nozzle is used or the solution is poured onto a flat, flat surface.
• the dosage forms can be obtained from the sheet-like structures by punching or calendering. It is also possible to process the solution, as indicated above, into strands and, preferably after their drying, to separate them and form them into a dosage form.
• the solution can also be divided into such subsets that, after drying, it corresponds in each case to the mass of one unit of the dosage form, with molds corresponding to the shape of a unit of the dosage form preferably being used for this purpose.
• the subsets may optionally be reunited after drying and molded into the dosage form, such as. B. can be filled into a capsule or pressed into a tablet.
• the offset with solvent mixtures formulation are processed at temperatures from 2O 0 C and 4O 0 C, wherein except for the drying to remove the solvent and the dispersant may be present no higher temperature can be employed.
• a drying according to the above-described drying can be carried out after the shaping of the dosage form again.
• the administration form prepared according to the invention can be in multiparticulate form, preferably in the form of microtablets, microcapsules, micropellets, granules, spheroids, pearls or pellets, optionally filled into capsules or pressed into tablets, preferably for oral administration.
• the multiparticulate forms preferably have a size or size distribution in the range from 0.1 to 3 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 to 2 mm.
• the usual auxiliaries (B) may also be used to formulate the dosage form.
• the dosage forms obtained by the process according to the invention are characterized by the fact that, due to their hardness of at least 500 N, they can not be pulverized with the aid of customary pulverizers available to an abuser, such as a mortar and pestle. An oral, parenteral, especially intravenous or nasal abuse is practically excluded. However, in order to prevent any possible misuse of the dosage forms prepared according to the invention, in a preferred embodiment these dosage forms may contain further abuse-aggravating or preventing agents as adjuvants (B).
• the prepared according to the invention secured against misuse dosage form, in addition to one or more drugs with abuse potential (A), at least one hardness-forming polymer (C) and optionally at least one wax (D) nor at least one of the following components (a) - ( e) as adjuvants (B) have:
• component (a) to (f) are in each case additionally suitable for securing the dosage form obtained according to the invention against abuse.
• component (a) is preferably suitable for protection against nasal, oral and / or parenteral, preferably intravenous, abuse, component (b) preferably against parenteral, more preferably intravenous and / or nasal abuse, component (c) preferably against nasal and / or parenteral, more preferably intravenous, abuse, the component (d) preferably against parenteral, more preferably intravenous, and / or oral and / or nasal abuse, the component (s) as a visual deterrent against oral or parenteral abuse and the Component (f) against oral or nasal abuse.
• the inventive use of at least one of the abovementioned components makes it possible to more effectively prevent the abuse in the dosage forms obtained by the process according to the invention.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention may also comprise two or more of components (a) - (f) in a combination, preferably (a), (b) and optionally (c) and / or (f) and / or (e) or (a), (b) and optionally (d) and / or (f) and / or (e).
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention may comprise all components (a) - (f).
• the nasal and / or Pharyngeal irritant substances according to the invention all substances into consideration, which cause a reaction of the body with appropriate application through the nasal and / or pharynx, which is either so unpleasant for the abuser that he does not want to continue the application or can, for example, a burning , or which counteract in a physiological manner a recording of the corresponding active ingredient, for example via an increased nasal secretion or sneezing.
• These substances which usually irritate the nose and / or throat, can also cause a very unpleasant sensation even in the case of parenteral, especially intravenous, administration, leading to unbearable pain, so that the abuser no longer wishes or can continue to take it.
• Particularly suitable substances which irritate the nose and / or throat are those substances which cause burning, itching, sneezing, increased secretion or a combination of at least two of these stimuli.
• Corresponding substances and their customarily used amounts are known per se to the person skilled in the art or can be determined by simple preliminary tests.
• the substance of component (a) which irritates the nasopharynx and / or pharynx is preferably based on one or more ingredients or one or more plant parts of at least one narcotic drug.
• narcotic drugs are known per se to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in "Pharmaceutical Biology - Drugs and their Ingredients" by Prof. Dr. med. Hildebert Wagner, 2nd, edited edition, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart- New York, 1982, pages 82 ff. Described. The corresponding description is hereby incorporated by reference and is considered part of the disclosure.
• Under dosage unit is a separate or separable dose unit, such. As a tablet or capsule understood.
• the dosage form according to the invention as component (a) one or more ingredients of at least one Scharfstoffdroge selected from the group consisting of Allii sativi Bulbus, Asari Rhizoma c. Herba, Calami Rhizoma, Capsici Fructus (Paprika), Capsici Fructus acer (Cayenne pepper), Curcumae longae Rhizoma, Curcumae xanthorrhizae Rhizoma, Galangae Rhizoma, Myristicae Semen, Piperis nigri Fructus (pepper), Sinapis albae (Erucae) Semen, Sinapis nigri semen, Zedoariae Rhizoma and Zingiberis Rhizoma, especially preferred from the group consisting of Capsici Fructus (paprika) , Capsici Fructus acer (Cayenne pepper) and Piperis nigri Fructus (
• the ingredients of the narcotic drugs are preferably o-methoxy (methyl) phenol compounds, acid amide compounds, mustard oils or sulfide compounds or compounds derived therefrom.
• At least one ingredient of the Scharfstoffwrogen selected from the group consisting of myristicin, elemicin, isoeugenol, ⁇ -asarone, safrole, gingerols, xanthorrhizole, capsaicinoids, preferably capsaicin, capsaicin derivatives, such as N-vanillyl -9E-octadecenamid, dihydrocapsaicin, Nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, norcapsaicin, and nomorcapsaicin, piperine, preferably trans-piperine, glucosinolates, preferably based on non-volatile mustard oils, more preferably based on p-hydroxybenzylseal oil, methyl mercaptose oil or methylsulfonyl mustard oil, and compounds derived from these ingredients.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention the plant parts of the corresponding Scharfstoffhrogen in an amount of 0.01 to 30 wt .-%, particularly preferably 0.1 to 0.5 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the administration unit.
• a dosage unit obtained according to the invention is preferably from 0.001 to 0.005% by weight, based on the total weight of the administration unit.
• Another possibility in the inventively obtained dosage form to prevent abuse is to add at least one viscosity-increasing agent as another abuse-preventing component (b) of the dosage form, in one with the help of a necessary Minimum amount of an aqueous liquid, preferably as an aqueous extract obtained from the dosage form forms a gel which is hardly safely applied and preferably remains visually distinguishable when introduced into a further amount of an aqueous liquid.
• Visual distinctness within the meaning of the present invention means that the, active ingredient-containing gel formed with the aid of a necessary minimum quantity of aqueous liquid when introduced preferably by means of an injection needle, remains insoluble in a further quantity of aqueous liquid at 37 9 C substantially and continuously and can not be dispersed in a simple manner so that a parenteral, especially intravenous, safe application is possible.
• the duration of visual distinctness is at least one minute, preferably at least 10 minutes.
• the increase in viscosity of the extract causes its Nadelnellkeit or sprayability difficult or even impossible. If the gel remains visually distinguishable, it means that the gel obtained, when introduced into a further quantity of aqueous liquid, e.g. by injection into blood, initially preserved in the form of a largely continuous thread, which, although divided by mechanical action into smaller fragments, but can not be so dispersed or even dissolved that a parenteral, especially intravenous, application is safely possible. In combination with at least one optionally present component (a) to (e), this additionally leads to unpleasant burning, vomiting, bad taste and / or visual deterrence.
• the active ingredient is mixed with the viscosity-increasing agent and suspended in 10 ml of water at a temperature of 25 ° C. If a gel forms which satisfies the conditions mentioned above, the corresponding one is suitable Viscosity-increasing agents for additional abuse prevention or prevention in the dosage forms obtained according to the invention.
• the component (b) added are preferably one or more viscosity-increasing agents are used which are selected from the group comprising microcrystalline cellulose with 11 wt .-% carboxymethylcellulose sodium (Avicel ® RC 591), carboxymethylcellulose sodium (Blanose ®, CMC-Na C300P ®, Frimulsion BLC-5 ®, Tylose C300 P ®), polyacrylic acid (Carbopol ® 980 NF 1 Carbopol ® 981), locust bean flour (Cesagum ® LA-200, Cesagum ® LID / 150, Cesagum ® LN-1), pectins, preferably from citrus fruits or apples (Cesapectin ® HM medium Rapid Set), waxy maize starch (C * gel 04201 ®), sodium alginate (Frimulsion ALG (E401) ®), guar flour (Frimulsion BM ®, Poly
• Xanthans are particularly preferred.
• the designations in brackets are the trade names under which the respective materials are marketed. In general, an amount of from 0.1 to 20% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the dosage form, of the said viscosity-increasing agent is sufficient to satisfy the conditions mentioned above.
• the viscosity-increasing agents of component (b), if provided, are in the dosage form obtained according to the invention preferably in amounts of> 5 mg per administration unit, i. per dosage unit.
• component (b) those viscosity-increasing agents are used which form a gel during the extraction from the dosage form with the necessary minimum quantity of aqueous liquid, which includes air bubbles.
• the resulting gels are characterized by a cloudy appearance, by which the potential In addition, visually warned abusers and his parenteral administration is held.
• Component (C) may also optionally serve as an additional viscosity-increasing agent that forms a gel with the aid of a necessary minimum amount of an aqueous liquid.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention for prevention and protection against abuse may comprise component (c), namely one or more antagonists for the active substance or substances with abuse potential, the amount of antagonists preferably being spatially separate from the other constituents of the dosage form obtained according to the invention and have no effect when used as intended.
• Suitable antagonists for preventing the abuse of the active compounds are known per se to those skilled in the art and can be present as such or in the form of corresponding derivatives, in particular esters or ethers, or in the form of corresponding physiologically compatible compounds, in particular in the form of their salts or solvates in the dosage form according to the invention.
• an antagonist is preferably selected from the group comprising naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene, nalid, nalmexone, nalorphine or naluphine, in each case optionally in the form of a corresponding physiologically tolerated compound, in particular in form a base, a salt or solvate used.
• the corresponding antagonists if provided with the component (c), in an amount of> 1 mg, more preferably in an amount of 3 to 100 mg, most preferably in an amount of 5 to 50 mg per Dosage form, ie used per dosing unit.
• the antagonist is preferably a neuroleptic, preferably at least one compound selected from the group consisting of haloperidol, promethacin, fluophenocin, perphenazine, levomepromazine, thioridazine, perazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprotheaxin, Zucklopantexol, flupentexole, Prithipendyl, Zotepin, Penperidol, Piparmerone, Melperol and Bromperidol.
• haloperidol promethacin, fluophenocin, perphenazine, levomepromazine, thioridazine, perazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprotheaxin, Zucklopantexol, flupentexole, Prithipendyl, Zotepin, Penperidol, Piparmerone, Melperol and Bromperidol.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention preferably comprises these antagonists in a customary therapeutic dosage known to the person skilled in the art, more preferably in a quantity doubled or tripled compared to the usual dosage per dosage unit.
• the combination for further prevention and safeguarding of the dosage form according to the invention against abuse includes the component (d), it may have at least one emetic, which are preferably present in a spatially separate arrangement of the other components of the dosage form according to the invention and when used as intended no effect should unfold in the body.
• Suitable emetics for the additional prevention of the abuse of an active ingredient are known per se to those skilled in the art and can be used as such or in the form of corresponding derivatives, in particular esters or ethers, or in each case in the form of corresponding physiologically acceptable compounds, in particular in the form of their salts or solvates in the inventively obtained Dosage form available.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention may preferably be an emetic based on one or more ingredients of Radix Ipecacuanhae (Brechwurzel), preferably based on the ingredient emetine, into consideration, as described for example in "Pharmaceutical Biology - Drugs and their Ingredients" by Prof. Dr. med. Hildebert Wagner, 2nd Edited Edition, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York 1982. The corresponding literature description is hereby incorporated by reference and is considered part of the disclosure.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention as component (d) may comprise the emetic emetic, preferably in an amount of> 3 mg, more preferably> 10 mg and most preferably in an amount of> 20 mg per dosage form, ie dosage unit.
• Apomorphine may also be used as emetic as additional abuse protection, preferably in an amount of preferably> 3 mg, more preferably> 5 mg and very particularly preferably> 7 mg per dosage unit.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention contains component (e) as a further abuse-preventing excipient
• component (e) as a further abuse-preventing excipient
• the use of such a dye in particular in an attempt to extract the active ingredient for parenteral, preferably intravenous administration, results in intensive coloring of a corresponding aqueous solution which may lead to deterrence of the potential abuser.
• an oral abuse which is usually initiated via an aqueous extraction of the drug can be prevented by this color.
• Suitable dyes and the amounts required for the necessary deterrent effect can be found in WO 03/015531, wherein the corresponding disclosure is intended to be part of the present disclosure and is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention contains the component (f) as an additional abuse-preventing adjuvant, the oral and / or nasal abuse is additionally prevented by this addition of at least one bitter substance as a result of the deterioration in taste of the dosage form.
• bittering agents are aromatic oils, preferably peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, bitter almond oil, menthol, fruit flavorings, preferably flavorings of lemons, oranges, limonene, grapefruit or mixtures thereof, and / or denatonium benzoate (Bitrex®). Particularly preferred is denatonium benzoate.
• the solid dosage form obtained according to the invention is suitable not only for oral but also for vaginal or rectal use, but preferably for oral administration. Preferably, it is not film-shaped.
• the dosage form according to the invention may be in multiparticulate form, preferably in cylindrical form, in the form of microtablets, microcapsules, micropellets, granules, spheroids, pearls or pellets, optionally filled into capsules or pressed into tablets, preferably for oral administration.
• the multiparticulate forms preferably have a size or size distribution in the range from 0.1 to 3 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 to 2 mm.
• the usual auxiliaries (B) may also be used to formulate the dosage form.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention is in the form of a tablet, a capsule or in the form of an oral osmotic therapeutic system (OROS), preferably if at least one further anti-abuse component (a) - (f) is present.
• OROS oral osmotic therapeutic system
• the components (c) and / or (d) and / or (f) are present in the dosage form obtained according to the invention, it must be ensured that they are formulated or dosed so small that they are practically nonexistent if the dosage form is used as intended can affect the patient or the effectiveness of the drug impairing effect.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention contains component (d) and / or (f), the dosage should be selected so that no adverse effect is caused by normal oral administration. However, if the intended dosage is exceeded in an abuse, nausea or nausea or bad taste is caused.
• the particular amount of component (d) and / or (f), which is still tolerated by the patient in the case of normal oral administration, can be determined by a person skilled in the art by simple preliminary tests.
• the dosage form obtained according to the invention has at least 2 of components (c) and (d) or (f), these can each be present in the same or in different subunits (Y). If present, all components (c) and (d) and (f) are preferably present in one and the same subunit (Y).
• Subunits for the purposes of the present invention are solid formulations which, in addition to customary auxiliaries known to the person skilled in the art, comprise the active substance (s), at least one polymer (C) and the optionally present component (D) and optionally at least one of the optionally present components (a) and / or (b) and / or (e) or in each case at least one polymer (C) and optionally (D) and the antagonist (s) and / or the emetic (s) and / or the component (e) and / or the component (f) and optionally at least one of the optionally present components (a) and / or (b). It is important to ensure that each of the subunits mentioned are formulated according to the methods of the invention indicated above.
• a significant advantage of the separate formulation of the active ingredients of the components (c) or (d) or (f) in subunits (X) and (Y) of the dosage form produced according to the invention is that when used as intended, the components (c) and / or (d) and / or (f) are practically not released when ingested and / or in the body, or are released only in such small quantities that they do not affect the patient or the therapeutic effect, or pass through the body be delivered to the patient only at such release sites on which a sufficient for their effectiveness absorption is not given.
• the components (c) and / or (d) and / or (f) are practically not released in the patient's body during normal application of the dosage form or are not perceived by the patient.
• such a dosage form prepared according to the invention which has the components (c) and / or (e) and / or (d) and / or (f) in subunits (Y), for the purpose of improper ingestion of the active ingredient and to obtain a powder which is extracted with a suitable extractant, in addition to the active ingredient, the respective component (c) and / or (e) and / or (f) and / or (d) in a mold obtained in which they can not be easily separated from the active ingredient, so that it unfolds during administration of the manipulated dosage form, especially in oral and / or parenteral administration, their effect on ingestion and / or in the body and additionally one of the component (c) and / or (d) and / or (f) causes a corresponding negative effect on the abuser or an attempt to extract the active ingredient by deterring the coloring and so the misuse of the dosage form prevented.
• composition according to the invention of a dosage form in which a spatial separation of the active substance (s) from components (c), (d) and / or (e), preferably by formulation in different subunits, can be carried out in a variety of ways , Wherein the respective subunits in the dosage form may each be in any spatial arrangement to each other, provided that the above conditions for the release of the components (c) and / or (d) are met.
• the optional component (s) (a) and / or (b) may also be present in the respective subunits (X) and (Y) as well as in the form of independent subunits (X) and ( Y) corresponding subunits can be formulated in the dosage form according to the invention, as long as the assurance of the dosage form against abuse as well as the release of active ingredient in the intended application by the nature of the formulation is not impaired and the polymer (C) and optionally (D) with formulated and the formulation is carried out according to the methods given above to achieve the necessary hardness.
• the subunits (X) and (Y) are in multiparticulate form, with microtablets, microcapsules, micropellets, granules, spheroids, beads or pellets being preferred, and for both the subunit (X) and ( Y) the same shape, ie Design is chosen so that no separation of the subunits (X) of (Y), z. B. by mechanical selection, is possible.
• the multiparticulate forms preferably have a size in the range of 0.1 to 3 mm, preferably 0.5 to 2 mm.
• the subunits (X) and (Y) in multiparticulate form can also preferably be filled into a capsule or pressed into a tablet, wherein the respective end formulations are such that the subunits (X) and (Y) are also retained in the resulting dosage form ,
• the respective multiparticulate subunits (X) or (Y) of identical shape should also not be visually distinguishable from each other, so that they can not be separated from each other by simple sorting by the abuser. This can be ensured, for example, by applying identical coatings, which can also take over other functions in addition to this leveling function, such. As the retardation of one or more drugs or an enteric equipment of the respective subunits.
• the multiparticulate subunits can also be formulated as a slurry or as a suspension in pharmaceutically acceptable suspension media as an oral dosage form.
• the subunits (X) and (Y) are each arranged in layers relative to one another.
• the layered subunits (X) and (Y) are preferably arranged vertically or horizontally in the dosage form prepared according to the invention, wherein in each case one or more layered subunits (X) and one or more layered subunits (Y) may be present in the dosage form, so that in addition to the preferred Schichtfplgen (X) - (Y) or (X) - (Y) - (X) any other layer sequences come into consideration, optionally in combination with layers containing the components (a) and / or (b ).
• a dosage form prepared according to the invention in which the subunit (Y) forms a core which is completely enveloped by the subunit (X), it being possible for a separating layer (Z) to be present between these layers.
• a corresponding structure is preferably also suitable for the multiparticulate forms mentioned above, in which case both subunits (X) and (Y) and any separating layer (Z), if present, which must satisfy the hardening requirement according to the invention are formulated in one and the same multiparticulate form are.
• the subunit (X) forms a core which is enveloped by the subunit (Y), the latter having at least one channel leading from the core to the surface of the dosage form.
• the dosage form produced according to the invention may each have one or more, preferably one, optionally swellable separating layer (Z) for the spatial separation of the subunit (X) of (Y).
• the dosage form prepared according to the invention has the layered subunits (X) and (Y) as well as an optionally present separating layer (Z) in an at least partially vertical or horizontal arrangement, it is preferably in the form of a tablet or a laminate.
• the free surface of the subunit (Y) completely and possibly at least a portion of the free surface of the subunit (s) (X) and optionally at least a portion of the free surface of the optionally present separation layer (s) (Z) be coated with at least one of the release of the component (c) and / or (e) and / or (d) and / or (f) preventing barrier layer (Z ').
• the barrier layer (Z ') must also meet the hardness requirements of the invention.
• an embodiment of the dosage form prepared according to the invention which has a vertical or horizontal arrangement of the layers of the subunits (X) and (Y) and at least one push layer (p) arranged therebetween and optionally a separating layer (Z) all the free surfaces of the layer structure consisting of the subunits (X) and (Y), the push layer and the optional release layer (Z) are provided with a semipermeable coating (E) suitable for a release medium, i. H. usually a physiological fluid, permeable, is substantially impermeable to the active ingredient and to component (c) and / or (d) and / or (f), and wherein said coating (E) in the region of subunit (X) at least one Having opening to release the drug.
• a semipermeable coating (E) suitable for a release medium i. H. usually a physiological fluid, permeable, is substantially impermeable to the active ingredient and to component (c) and / or (d) and / or (f)
• a corresponding administration form is known to the person skilled in the art, for example, under the name of the oral osmotic therapeutic system (OROS), as well as suitable materials and methods for its production, inter alia from US 4,612,008, US 4,765,989 and US 4,783,337.
• OROS oral osmotic therapeutic system
• suitable materials and methods for its production inter alia from US 4,612,008, US 4,765,989 and US 4,783,337.
• the corresponding descriptions are hereby incorporated by reference and are considered part of the disclosure.
• the subunit (X) of the dosage form prepared according to the invention has the form of a tablet, its web and possibly one of the two base surfaces with a barrier layer containing component (c) and / or (d) and / or (f) (Z ') is covered.
• the materials which have the respective required properties are known per se to the person skilled in the art.
• the subunit may be of conventional, the skilled person known materials, provided that it contains at least one polymer (C) and optionally (D) to fulfill the curing condition and was prepared according to the invention.
• the materials of the subunits should be selected such that a release of the respective component (c) and / or (d) is virtually excluded from the subunit (Y).
• the materials listed below can be used for this purpose, which are also suitable for the construction of the barrier layer.
• Preferred materials are those selected from the group comprising alkylcelluloses, hydroxyalkylcelluloses, glucans, scleroglucans, mannans, xanthans, copolymers of poly [bis (p-carboxyphenoxy) propane and sebacic acid, preferably (under the name Polifeprosan 20 ® on the market) in a molar ratio of 20:80 acrylic acid carboxymethyl celluloses, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, nitro celluloses, polymers based on (meth) and esters thereof, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyalkylenes, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene oxides, Polyalkylene terephthalates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl esters, halogenated polyvinyls, polyglycolides, polysiloxanes and polyurethanes and their Copoiymeren.
• Particularly suitable materials may be selected from the group comprising methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxybutylmethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, low, medium or high molecular weight cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate phthalate, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose triacetate, sodium cellulose sulfate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate , Polybutyl methacrylate, polyisobutyl methacrylate, polyhexyl methacrylate, polyisodecyl methacrylate, polylauryl methacrylate, polyphenyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, polyisopropyl acrylate, polyisobutyl acrylate, polyoctate decyl acrylate, polyethylene, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene glycol, poly
• Particularly suitable copolymers may be selected from the group comprising copolymers of butyl methacrylate and isobutyl methacrylate, copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic acid of increased molecular weight, copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and monoethyl maleate, copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride and copolymers of vinyl alcohol and vinyl acetate.
• barrier layer Further materials which are particularly suitable for formulating the barrier layer are starch-filled polycaprolactone (WO98 / 20073), aliphatic polyesteramides (DE 19 753 534 A1, DE 19 800 698 A1, EP 0 820 698 A1), aliphatic and aromatic polyester urethanes (DE 19822979), Polyhydroxyalkanoates, in particular polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates), casein (DE 4309528), polylactides and Copolylactides (EP 0 980 894 A1).
• WO98 / 20073 starch-filled polycaprolactone
• aliphatic polyesteramides DE 19 753 534 A1, DE 19 800 698 A1, EP 0 820 698 A1
• aliphatic and aromatic polyester urethanes DE 19822979
• Polyhydroxyalkanoates in particular polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates
• casein DE 4309528
• polylactides and Copolylactides EP 0 980 8
• the abovementioned materials may be used with further customary auxiliaries known to the person skilled in the art, preferably selected from the group comprising plasticizers, lubricants, antioxidants, such as, for example, For example, glycerol monostearate, semisynthetic triglyceride derivatives, semisynthetic glycerides, hydrogenated castor oil, glycerol palmitostearate, glycerol behenate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium stearate, talc, sodium benzoate, boric acid and colloidal silica, fatty acids, substituted triglycerides, glycerides, polyoxyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycols and their derivatives blended become.
• plasticizers e.glycerol monostearate, semisynthetic triglyceride derivatives, semisynthetic glycerides, hydrogenated castor
• the dosage form prepared according to the invention has a separating layer (Z '), this, like the uncoated subunit (Y), may preferably consist of the materials described above for the barrier layer.
• the release of the active substance or component (c) and / or (d) from the respective subunit can also be controlled via the thickness of the separating layer.
• the dosage form prepared according to the invention has a controlled release of the active ingredient. It is preferably suitable for twice daily administration to patients.
• the dosage form prepared according to the invention may comprise at least partially in a further retarded form one or more active substances with potential for abuse, the retardation being able to be achieved with the aid of customary materials and methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example by embedding the active substance in a retarding matrix or by the application of one or more retarding coatings.
• the release of active ingredient must, however, be controlled such that the abovementioned conditions are fulfilled in each case, for example, if the active ingredient or the active ingredients are properly completely released during application of the dosage form before the component (c) and / or (d) which may be present is used. have an adverse effect can.
• the addition of retarding materials must not impair the necessary hardness.
• the controlled release from the dosage form obtained according to the invention is preferably achieved by embedding the active ingredient in a matrix.
• the excipients serving as matrix materials control the release of active ingredient.
• Matrix materials may be, for example, hydrophilic, gel-forming materials, from which the drug release occurs mainly by diffusion, or be hydrophobic materials, from which the drug release occurs mainly by diffusion from the pores in the matrix.
• hydrophilic materials which are known to the person skilled in the art.
• the hydrophilic matrix materials used are preferably polymers, more preferably cellulose ethers, cellulose esters and / or acrylic resins. Very particular preference is given to using as matrix materials ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, poly (meth) acrylic acid and / or derivatives thereof, such as their salts, amides or esters.
• hydrophobic materials such as. hydrophobic polymers, waxes, fats, long-chain fatty acids, fatty alcohols or corresponding esters or ethers or mixtures thereof.
• Mono- or diglicerides of C 12 -C 30 fatty acids and / or C 12 -C 30 fatty alcohols and / or waxes or mixtures thereof are particularly preferably used as hydrophobic materials.
• hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials are also possible to use mixtures of the abovementioned hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials as matrix materials.
• components (C) and, if present, component (D) which serve to achieve the breaking strength of at least 500 N required according to the invention can also already serve as additional matrix materials.
• the dosage form prepared according to the invention may preferably also have an enteric coating which dissolves depending on the pH of the release environment.
• an enteric coating which dissolves depending on the pH of the release environment.
• the enteric coating dissolves at a pH of between 5 and 7.5.
• component (C) or (D) To check whether a material can be used as component (C) or (D), the material is dissolved in a tablet form with the aid of a solvent for component (C) or (D) and after removal of the solvent at temperatures below the softening point of the material is compressed into a tablet of diameter 10 mm and height 5 mm with a force of 150 N.
• FIG. 1 shows the measurement of the breaking strength of a tablet, in particular the adjusting device (6) of the tablet (4) used for this purpose before and during the measurement.
• a tablet in particular the adjusting device (6) of the tablet (4) used for this purpose before and during the measurement.
• the 2-piece jigs can each be moved horizontally outwards or inwards on the pressure plate on which they are mounted.
• the breaking strength is determined according to the listed measuring method for the determination of the breaking strength, tablet forms other than tablets being likewise tested.
• the indicated amount of BHT was dissolved in ethanol (96%) to give a 7.7% (m / m) ethanolic solution. This was first mixed with the 150 g of polyethylene oxide in a high speed mixer for 30 minutes and then the remaining amount of polyethylene oxide was added and stirred again for 30 minutes. The mass is at 4O 0 C for 12 h dried.
• the divided, dried masses were pressed in each case with the aid of an eccentric press type EK 0 to tablets.
• the tabletting tool had a diameter of 10 mm and a radius of curvature of 8 mm.
• the breaking strength of the tablets was determined by the method described above. When the force of 500 N force no break occurred. The tablets could not be crushed either with a hammer or with the help of a mortar and pestle.
• the in vitro release of the active ingredient from the tablets was determined in the Blattrckenerapparatur with sinker according to Pharm. Eur.
• the temperature of the release medium was 37 ° C. and the speed of rotation of the stirrer was 75 min -1 .
• the release medium used was 600 ml intestinal juice pH 6.8
• the amount of active ingredient released in the dissolution medium at a time was determined spectrophotometrically.
• the powder mixture was first prepared.
• the granulated mixture was dried for 24 hours at 4O 0 C and after screening with a sieve (Fa. Frewitt type GLA-ORV-A) pressed mg with 1 mm openings to tablets with a weight of 450.2.
• a type EK 0 eccentric press was used with a round tableting tool with a diameter of 10 mm and a radius of curvature of 8 mm. These tablets were dried at 7O 0 C for 1 hour.
• the breaking strength of the tablets was determined by the method given above. When the force of 500 N force no break occurred. The tablet could not be crushed either with a hammer or with the help of a mortar and pestle.
• the in vitro release of the active ingredient from the tablets was determined in the Blattrckenerapparatur with sinker according to Pharm. Eur.
• the temperature of the release medium was 37 0 C and the speed of rotation of the stirrer 75 min '1 .
• the release medium used was 600 ml intestinal juice pH 6.8. The in each case at a time in the solvent released amount of active ingredient was determined spectrophotometrically.

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