WO2005081324A1 - 光電変換装置用基板、光電変換装置、積層型光電変換装置 - Google Patents
光電変換装置用基板、光電変換装置、積層型光電変換装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005081324A1 WO2005081324A1 PCT/JP2005/000142 JP2005000142W WO2005081324A1 WO 2005081324 A1 WO2005081324 A1 WO 2005081324A1 JP 2005000142 W JP2005000142 W JP 2005000142W WO 2005081324 A1 WO2005081324 A1 WO 2005081324A1
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- photoelectric conversion
- layer
- transparent conductive
- conductive layer
- conversion device
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022466—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022466—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
- H01L31/022483—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers composed of zinc oxide [ZnO]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
- H01L31/02363—Special surface textures of the semiconductor body itself, e.g. textured active layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
- H01L31/02366—Special surface textures of the substrate or of a layer on the substrate, e.g. textured ITO/glass substrate or superstrate, textured polymer layer on glass substrate
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/075—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PIN type
- H01L31/076—Multiple junction or tandem solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1884—Manufacture of transparent electrodes, e.g. TCO, ITO
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device, a photoelectric conversion device, and a stacked photoelectric conversion device that can obtain high photocurrent and photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- Fossil fuels such as oil are concerned about the future withering, and there is a problem of carbon dioxide emission that causes global warming.
- the spread of solar power generation systems has been expanding due to increasing environmental awareness and the low price of the system, which is expected as an alternative energy source for fossil fuels such as oil.
- Balta solar cells are classified into Balta solar cells and thin-film solar cells.
- Balta solar cells are made using single crystal and polycrystalline silicon and Balta crystal semiconductors such as gallium arsenide compound solar cells, and many of them have already been mass-produced.
- thin-film solar cells can greatly reduce the amount of semiconductors used, thus eliminating the shortage of raw materials.
- the Balta solar cell has a thickness of several hundred meters, whereas the thin-film solar cell has a semiconductor layer thickness of 10 m ⁇ number / z m or less.
- the structure of the thin film solar cell can be generally classified into the following two types. That is, a transparent conductive layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a back electrode layer are laminated on a translucent substrate in this order, and a super straight type in which light enters from the translucent substrate side, and a back electrode layer on the non-translucent substrate.
- a photoelectric conversion layer, a transparent conductive layer, and a metal grid electrode are laminated in this order, and a sub straight type in which light is incident on the metal grid electrode side force.
- optical confinement technology Increases the amount of light absorption by extending the substantial optical path length in the photoelectric conversion layer by forming a structure that scatters and refracts light at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and a material having a different refractive index. This is a technique for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the transparent conductive layer is required to have the following two effects.
- As the light confinement structure surface irregularities such as the translucent substrate and the transparent conductive layer are often used.
- the haze ratio can be used as one of the physical property values for evaluating the light confinement structure, and the higher the haze ratio, the more the scattered / refracted light by the structure increases. .
- the transparent conductive layer has a low electrical resistance (sheet resistance) as a requirement for the transparent conductive layer. Since the transparent conductive layer also serves as a collecting electrode for collecting and taking out the generated electric power in the photoelectric conversion layer, the lower the sheet resistance, the lower the resistance loss and the higher the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Can be obtained.
- Patent Document 1 defines the size and density of circular holes formed on the surface of the transparent conductive layer, as well as the height difference and the space between the unevenness formed on the surface of the hole.
- Patent Document 2 the mean square value of the height difference of the unevenness on the surface of the transparent conductive layer and the inclination angle of the unevenness are specified.
- a substrate having a surface uneven structure with a large uneven height difference and a small uneven pitch is used, a mechanical or electrical defect due to the unevenness is likely to occur. The problem arises that this leads to a decline in yield and yield. For this reason, the variation in the performance of the photoelectric conversion device becomes large.
- the difference in height between the first and second layers is defined by the transparent conductive layer having a two-layer structure. It is said that defects can be reduced and variations in photoelectric conversion characteristics can be reduced.
- the use of a stacked photoelectric conversion device structure is also one of the techniques for effectively using incident light.
- a stacked photoelectric conversion device structure is a structure that divides an incident light spectrum by a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers and receives light, and uses a semiconductor material having a forbidden band suitable for absorbing each wavelength band. By stacking multiple photoelectric conversion layers in the order of the forbidden band width from the light incident side, the short wavelength light is a large forbidden band and the long wavelength light is forbidden band width. Can be absorbed by a small photoelectric conversion layer.
- a method of controlling the film thickness of each photoelectric conversion layer is common, but an intermediate layer is provided between two adjacent photoelectric conversion layers.
- a method is also known.
- the intermediate layer is provided, a part of the light reaching the intermediate layer is reflected and the remaining light is transmitted. Therefore, the amount of incident light into the photoelectric conversion layer (top cell) on the light incident side of the intermediate layer is reduced.
- the desired properties of the intermediate layer are that it has a low light absorption coefficient at least in the wavelength region where light can be absorbed by the bottom cell, and does not produce a large series resistance! /. It is desirable to use materials that satisfy this condition.
- Patent Document 1 JP 2002-314109 A
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-2002-141525
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-252500
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-347572
- the transparent conductive layer have a high transmittance means, in other words, reducing light absorption in the transparent conductive layer, and for this purpose, the film thickness of the transparent conductive layer is reduced. It needs to be thin. However, as the film thickness of the transparent conductive layer is reduced, the sheet resistance increases and the series resistance loss increases, so that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion device decreases. In addition, when the film thickness is reduced, the difference in height when the surface irregularities are formed becomes smaller, and the haze ratio decreases.
- the transparent conductive layer needs to be thick.
- the amount of light absorption in the transparent conductive layer increases, so the transmittance decreases and the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 are intended to increase light scattering due to unevenness on the surface of the transparent conductive layer, and cannot increase the transmittance of the transparent conductive layer.
- Patent Document 3 Although the conventional technique described in Patent Document 3 can suppress the occurrence of mechanical or electrical defects due to the uneven shape of the transparent conductive layer, No. 2 By forming the transparent conductive layer, the film thickness of the entire transparent conductive layer is increased and the transmittance is lowered, so that the photocurrent of the photoelectric conversion device cannot be increased.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and is a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device capable of ensuring high transmittance even when the thickness of the transparent conductive layer is large, a high transmittance, and a high haze ratio.
- the present invention provides a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device that can simultaneously achieve the above, a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device, a high transmittance, a high haze ratio, and a low sheet resistance.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and is a laminate that can suppress light reflection with respect to a wavelength that can be used in the bottom cell in the intermediate layer and can increase the amount of incident light into the bottom cell.
- Type photoelectric conversion device is provided.
- the present invention includes the first and second inventions.
- the first invention is provided to solve the first problem, and the second invention is used to solve the second problem.
- An invention is provided.
- a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device includes a first transparent conductive layer formed on at least a part of a surface region of the substrate, and the first transparent conductive layer has at least one opening exposing the substrate. Part.
- the first transparent conductive layer preferably has irregularities on the surface.
- the photoelectric conversion device substrate of the first invention preferably further comprises a second transparent conductive layer covering the opening of the first transparent conductive layer on the first transparent conductive layer.
- the stacked photoelectric conversion device of the second invention comprises a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers stacked, and at least one pair of adjacent photoelectric conversion layers sandwiches the intermediate layer, and the intermediate layer has at least one opening.
- the pair of photoelectric conversion layers sandwiching the intermediate layer are in contact with each other through the opening.
- the first transparent conductive layer has at least one opening, and light can pass through the opening with high transmittance. Therefore, according to the first invention, the transmittance of the first transparent conductive layer can be substantially increased even when the film thickness of the first transparent conductive layer is thick. In addition, when a photoelectric conversion device is manufactured using the substrate for a photoelectric conversion device according to the first invention, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be increased.
- the first transparent conductive layer has irregularities on the surface thereof, the haze ratio of the first transparent conductive layer can be increased. Therefore, in this case, both high transmittance and high haze ratio can be achieved. Moreover, when a photoelectric conversion device is manufactured using this substrate for a photoelectric conversion device, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be further increased.
- the substrate for a photoelectric conversion device further includes a second transparent conductive layer covering the opening of the first transparent conductive layer on the first transparent conductive layer.
- the sheet resistance of the entire transparent conductive layer can be reduced.
- the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer can be formed thinner than that of the first transparent conductive layer, and the decrease in transmittance of the entire transparent conductive layer can be reduced. Therefore, in this case, high transmittance, high haze ratio, and low sheet resistance can be achieved at the same time.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be further increased.
- One of the pair of photoelectric conversion layers sandwiching the intermediate layer is the top cell, and the other is the bottom senor.
- the intermediate layer since the intermediate layer has at least one opening, the light reaching the intermediate layer is transmitted through the intermediate layer with high transmittance. For this reason, the amount of light incident on the bottom cell increases.
- the amount of light incident on the bottom cell can be adjusted by adjusting the size or density of the opening formed in the intermediate layer. Therefore, the opening can be formed so that the short-circuit current densities of the bottom cell and the top cell are equal, and the high efficiency. An efficient stacked photoelectric conversion device can be obtained.
- the top cell since the top cell is usually made of a material having a large forbidden band width, the top cell absorbs a lot of short wavelength light and does not absorb much long wavelength light. Therefore, in this case, a lot of long wavelength light reaches the intermediate layer.
- the intermediate layer does not have an opening, much of the long wavelength light is reflected and is not used for photoelectric conversion.However, according to the second invention, the intermediate layer has an opening. Light efficiently passes through the intermediate layer and contributes to photoelectric conversion in the bottom cell. Thus, according to the second invention, the utilization efficiency of long wavelength light can be increased.
- the utilization efficiency of long-wavelength light can be increased, and the top cell, the bottom can be adjusted by adjusting the size or density of the opening. Since a high current value can be realized in both cells, a stacked photoelectric conversion device with high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device according to Example 1 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device according to Example 2 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a photoelectric conversion device according to Example 3 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a photoelectric conversion device according to Example 4 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Example 5 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Example 6 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Example 7 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Example 8 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Example 9 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Example 10 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Example 11 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Example 12 in accordance with the first invention.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the aperture ratio of the first transparent conductive layer and the short-circuit current density according to Examples 13 to 21 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the relationship between the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer and the photoelectric conversion efficiency according to Examples 22 to 28 according to the first invention.
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Examples 37-47 according to the second invention.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Comparative Example 6.
- FIG. 17 is a plan view showing the shape of the opening of the intermediate layer according to the second invention.
- FIG. 18 is a plan view showing the shape of the opening of the intermediate layer according to the second invention.
- FIG. 19 is a plan view showing the shape of the opening of the intermediate layer according to the second invention.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing the relationship between the aperture ratio of the intermediate layer and the short-circuit current density in Examples 38-47 and Comparative Examples 7-8 according to the second invention.
- FIG. 21 is a graph showing the relationship between the aperture ratio of the intermediate layer and the photoelectric conversion efficiency according to Examples 38-47 and Comparative Examples 7-8 according to the second invention.
- a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device includes a first transparent conductive layer formed on at least a part of a surface region of the substrate, and the first transparent conductive layer is a substrate. Has at least one opening to expose.
- a light transmissive substrate is used as the substrate.
- an opaque substrate such as stainless steel may be used as the substrate.
- a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device having a super straight type structure will be described, but the same applies to a substrate having a sub substrate type structure.
- various materials such as glass or polyimide-based polyvinyl alcohol having heat resistance, and those laminated thereon can be used.
- the thickness of the translucent substrate is not particularly limited! /, But if it has an appropriate strength and weight to support the structure. Further, irregularities may be formed on the surface. Further, the surface thereof may be a metal film, a transparent conductive film, or an insulating film.
- the first transparent conductive layer may be formed on the entire surface of the light-transmitting substrate, which may be formed on at least a part of the surface region of the light-transmitting substrate.
- the first transparent conductive layer is made of a transparent conductive material.
- a transparent conductive film such as ITO, tin oxide, or zinc oxide may be used.
- a trace amount of impurities may be added to the material of the first transparent conductive layer.
- a Group VIII element such as gallium, aluminum, or boron, or an IB such as copper, which is about 5 ° 10 2 ° —5 ° 10 21 cm— 3 . Since the resistivity is reduced by containing a group element, it is suitable for use as an electrode.
- the first transparent conductive layer can be produced by a known method such as sputtering, atmospheric pressure CVD, reduced pressure CVD, MOCVD, electron beam evaporation, sol-gel, electrodeposition, or spray.
- the film thickness of the first transparent conductive layer is preferably about 500-1300. [0031] 1 3. Opening of first transparent conductive layer
- the first transparent conductive layer has at least one opening.
- the first transparent conductive layer preferably has a plurality of openings.
- the at least one opening may be formed in at least a region of the first transparent conductive layer, but is preferably evenly dispersed throughout the first transparent conductive layer.
- the opening can be confirmed by observing the transparent conductive layer with an optical microscope or the like.
- it is provided to form an integrated structure in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion cells are electrically connected in series on one insulating substrate.
- the transparent electrode dividing groove is not included in the opening.
- the insulating substrate is exposed on the transparent electrode by dividing the transparent electrode by a laser scribing method or the like for the purpose of electrical separation between the photoelectric conversion cells.
- a laser scribing method or the like for the purpose of electrical separation between the photoelectric conversion cells.
- the opening of the first transparent conductive layer is formed by, for example, forming a resist having an opening on the first transparent conductive layer and then performing a dry etching method, a wet etching method, or the like. Can do.
- the resist for example, a photoresist or the like can be used.
- etching is performed physically or chemically by irradiating an etching gas with plasma discharge by ionizing or radically irradiating.
- an inert gas such as Ar is used as the etching gas
- CF or SF as the fluorine gas for the etching gas, CC1, or SiCl as the chlorine gas.
- the wet etching method a method of immersing the first transparent conductive layer in an acid or alkaline solution can be used.
- the acid solution that can be used include one or a mixture of two or more of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and perchloric acid.
- the alkaline solution is one or a mixture of two or more of sodium hydroxide, ammonia, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or aluminum hydroxide. Is mentioned.
- the transmittance of the first transparent conductive layer is Can be substantially increased.
- the first transparent conductive layer may have irregularities on the surface thereof.
- the unevenness refracts and scatters light incident on the photoelectric conversion device at the interface between the first transparent conductive layer and the photoelectric conversion layer formed thereon.
- the optical path length of the incident light is increased, so that the light confinement effect can be enhanced, and the amount of light that can be substantially used in the photoelectric conversion layer can be increased.
- the first transparent conductive layer has an opening, even if the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer is large, the transmittance of the first transparent conductive layer is substantially reduced. In addition, since the unevenness is formed on the surface of the thick transparent conductive layer, the haze ratio of the first transparent conductive layer can be increased. Therefore, in this case, both high haze ratio and high transmittance can be achieved.
- the irregularities formed on the first transparent conductive layer are formed using a dry etching method or a wet etching method on the surface of the first transparent conductive layer, as in the case of forming the opening. be able to.
- the first transparent conductive layer is etched by such a method, irregularities are formed in the first transparent conductive layer. As the etching progresses, the unevenness gradually increases, and finally the recess reaches the translucent substrate, and an opening is formed in the first transparent conductive layer.
- the degree of progress of etching can be controlled by the etching time or the like.
- the opening may be formed by the method described above.
- An example of a method for forming a concavo-convex shape in the first transparent conductive layer without performing etching or the like as described above is a method using a mechanical casing such as sand blasting. Furthermore, when depositing a transparent conductive film by CVD, etc., a method using surface irregularities formed by crystal growth of the transparent conductive film material, regular surface irregularities are formed because the crystal growth surface is oriented. It is also possible to use a method that utilizes the fact that irregularities depending on the crystal grain size are formed when a transparent conductive film is formed by a sol-gel method or a spray method. [0038] 1-4. Opening ratio of first transparent conductive layer, average radius of opening
- the aperture ratio of the first transparent conductive layer is preferably 0.8-37%, and the average radius of the aperture is preferably 3.13 / zm or less. This is because, in this case, when unevenness is formed on the surface of the first transparent conductive layer, the high transmittance and the high haze ratio can be achieved. Further, by forming such an opening, for example, the haze ratio of the first transparent conductive layer is 65-78%, and the transmittance of light passing through the substrate and the first transparent conductive layer is high. 78—84. A substrate for a photoelectric conversion device of 33% can be formed.
- the “haze ratio” and “transmittance” here are values measured using 550 nm light. In general, the magnitude of the haze ratio depends on the measurement wavelength.
- the haze ratio at a wavelength of 550 nm is 30% or more, it is experimentally revealed that the haze ratio for long-wavelength light of 800 nm or more also increases. became. Therefore, the haze ratio at 550 nm can be used as an index for the light confinement effect for a wide range of light from a short wavelength to a long wavelength. Therefore, in the examples described later, only the haze ratio at 550 nm is obtained and used as an index for the light confinement effect.
- the opening ratio of the first transparent conductive layer is preferably 0.8 to 37%.
- the transmittance of the first transparent conductive layer is increased. This is because in the case of 37% or less, a decrease in the haze ratio of the first transparent conductive layer is suppressed.
- the average radius of the opening is 3.13 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the average radius of the aperture is not particularly limited as long as the aperture ratio is 0.8-37%! /, But more than one-tenth of the wavelength that should contribute to photoelectric conversion It is desirable from the viewpoint of improving the transmittance with respect to light of the wavelength.
- the “aperture ratio of the first transparent conductive layer” is as follows: (1) A predetermined range (for example, a range of 0. ImmX O. lmm) is observed with an optical microscope of about 3000 times. ) All within the scope It can be obtained by adding the areas of the openings, and (3) dividing the area of the added openings by the area of the predetermined range.
- the “average radius of the aperture” is as follows: (1) A predetermined range (for example, a range of 0.1 mm x O. 1 mm) is observed with an optical microscope of about 3000 times, and (2) each of the ranges included in the range. For the opening n (assuming that there are k openings), the radius r can be obtained based on the following formula 1, and (3) the average value of the obtained radius r can be calculated. .
- the number of openings per unit area is defined as “opening density”.
- n 1, 2,...
- R is the radius of each opening n
- S is the area of each opening n.
- the “opening” is an area where the first transparent conductive layer is sufficiently thinned or completely removed, and has a light transmittance substantially when observed with an optical microscope. It means an area that is constant.
- the photoelectric conversion device substrate according to this embodiment may further include a second transparent conductive layer covering the opening of the first transparent conductive layer on the first transparent conductive layer.
- the sheet resistance of the entire transparent conductive layer can be reduced, the series resistance of the photoelectric conversion device can be reduced, and as a result, the conversion efficiency can be improved.
- the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer can be made thinner than that of the first transparent conductive layer.
- the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer is preferably 10-lOOnm. This is because a low sheet resistance can be realized when the thickness is 10 nm or more, and a high transmittance can be realized when the thickness is 10 nm or less.
- the opening of the first transparent conductive layer is the second transparent conductive layer. Even in this case, the opening of the first transparent conductive layer can be identified from the difference in light transmittance by an optical microscope.
- the “opening” defined above is a region where the transparent conductive layer is formed thin, and means a region where the light transmittance when observed with an optical microscope is substantially constant. Can also be defined
- the second transparent conductive layer preferably has irregularities on the surface thereof.
- the power can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the second transparent conductive layer can be formed of the same material group and manufacturing method group as the first transparent conductive layer.
- the first and second transparent conductive layers preferably have a synthesized sheet resistance of 5 to 25 ⁇ . “Synthesized sheet resistance” means the sheet resistance of the entire transparent conductive layer comprising the first and second transparent conductive layers.
- the synthesized sheet resistance is 5 ⁇ or more, the second transparent conductive layer is sufficiently thin, so that a high transmittance can be achieved.
- the shape factor can be increased. Thereby, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion device manufactured using the substrate of the present embodiment is improved.
- a metal film that covers the opening of the first transparent conductive layer may be further provided on the first transparent conductive layer.
- the photoelectric conversion layer and the back electrode layer are laminated in this order on the photoelectric conversion device substrate of the first embodiment.
- a photoelectric conversion device having a super straight type structure will be described, but the present invention can be similarly applied to a case having a sub straight type structure.
- the photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the substrate of the first embodiment, the amount of light incident on the photoelectric conversion layer can be increased, and the short-circuit current density of the photoelectric conversion device can be improved. Can do.
- the photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the photoelectric conversion device substrate of the first embodiment.
- Photoelectric conversion The layer is usually formed by a pn junction having a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer, or a pin junction having a p-type semiconductor layer, an intrinsic (i-type) semiconductor layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer. It may be formed by a Schottky junction having only one of the semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer or other known semiconductor junctions.
- the intrinsic semiconductor layer may have a weak p-type or n-type conductivity type as long as the photoelectric conversion function is not impaired.
- the materials constituting each of the semiconductor layers described above include elemental semiconductors such as silicon, silicon alloys obtained by adding carbon, germanium, or other impurities to silicon, and V-group compounds such as gallium arsenide and indium phosphide.
- Examples include semiconductors, II-VI group compound semiconductors such as cadmium telluride and cadmium sulfide, multi-component compound semiconductors such as copper, indium, gallium selenium, and porous films such as titanium oxide and titanium.
- MBE methods, CVD methods, vapor deposition methods, proximity sublimation methods, sputtering methods, sol-gel methods, spray methods, screen printing methods, and other known production methods can be used as appropriate depending on the semiconductor material.
- Examples of the CVD method include atmospheric pressure CVD, reduced pressure CVD, plasma CVD, thermal CVD, hot wire CVD, and MOCVD.
- a method for forming a photoelectric conversion layer will be described by taking as an example a case where the photoelectric conversion layer is a pin junction formed using hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon.
- hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon means that when a crystalline silicon thin film is produced at a low temperature using a non-equilibrium process such as a plasma CVD method, the crystal grain size is small (several tens of thousands of A). However, it is a generic term for thin films in such a state.
- the photoelectric conversion layer is composed of a p-type semiconductor layer, an i-type semiconductor layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer, and is formed by depositing in order of pins from the light incident side. Here, it is also possible to deposit and form in the order of nips.
- the p-type semiconductor layer is a hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon semiconductor doped with impurity atoms of P conductivity type such as boron or aluminum.
- the i-type semiconductor layer is a hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon semiconductor to which no impurity is added. However, a small amount of an impurity element may be included as long as it is substantially an intrinsic semiconductor.
- the n-type semiconductor layer is obtained by doping the semiconductor layer with impurity atoms having n conductivity type such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen and the like.
- impurity atoms having n conductivity type such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen and the like.
- a silicon alloy in which the forbidden band width is changed by adding an element such as carbon or germanium may be appropriately used.
- the film thickness of the i-type semiconductor layer (photoactive layer) is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoints of not impairing photoelectric conversion and reducing manufacturing costs, 1 m— About 10 / zm is desirable. Since the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer are not photoactive layers, their film thickness should be as thin as possible without impairing the photoelectric conversion function. Therefore, although not particularly limited, it is preferably lOOnm or less. .
- the back electrode layer preferably has at least one conductive layer and preferably has a high light reflectivity and a high conductivity.
- metallic materials such as silver, aluminum, titanium, and palladium with high light reflectivity and alloys thereof are used.
- a back surface electrode layer also becomes a back surface transparent conductive layer laminated
- the back electrode layer can be expected to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency by reflecting the light that cannot be absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer and returning it to the photoelectric conversion layer again.
- the back electrode layer has a grid shape that does not cover the surface uniformly, such as a comb shape.
- a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers and a back electrode layer are stacked in this order on the substrate for the photoelectric conversion device of the first embodiment. Is done.
- a force for explaining a stacked photoelectric conversion device having a super straight type structure can be similarly applied even when it has a straight substrate type structure.
- each photoelectric conversion layer can receive light by dividing a light spectrum region broadly, thereby effectively using light. it can.
- the open circuit voltage is the sum of electromotive forces in each photoelectric conversion layer, the open circuit voltage The voltage increases.
- the stacked photoelectric conversion device includes at least one set of two adjacent photoelectric conversion layers (referred to as a first photoelectric conversion layer and a second photoelectric conversion layer from the incident side). A first intermediate layer sandwiched between the two may be provided.
- the first intermediate layer reflects a part of the light that has reached the first intermediate layer and transmits the remaining light. Therefore, the photoelectric conversion layer (the first intermediate layer) is more light incident than the first intermediate layer. The amount of incident light on the first photoelectric conversion layer can be increased, and the photocurrent in the first photoelectric conversion layer can be increased.
- different conductivity type semiconductor layers of the first and second photoelectric conversion layers may cause a phenomenon in which it is difficult to obtain an ohmic contact characteristic, but the occurrence of such a phenomenon can be prevented by bringing the first and second photoelectric conversion layers into contact via an intermediate layer. I can do it.
- the first intermediate layer protects the first photoelectric conversion layer, and can prevent the first photoelectric conversion layer from being damaged when the second photoelectric conversion layer is formed.
- Desirable characteristics of the first intermediate layer include at least a light absorption coefficient in a wavelength region where the photoelectric conversion layer (second photoelectric conversion layer) closer to the back electrode layer than the first intermediate layer can absorb light. It is desirable to use a material that satisfies this condition, that is, small, and that has a degree of electrical conductivity that does not cause large series resistance.
- the first intermediate layer can be formed using, for example, the same material and manufacturing method as those of the first or second transparent conductive layer. Moreover, it is preferable that a plurality of irregularities be formed on the first intermediate layer.
- the average film thickness of the first intermediate layer is preferably 5 to 500 nm, more preferably 10 to 200 nm. This is because when the average thickness of the first intermediate layer is 5 nm or more, the effect of the intermediate layer appears, and when it is 500 nm or less, it has the ability to achieve high transmittance. This improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the first intermediate layer preferably has at least one opening so that a pair of photoelectric conversion layers sandwiching the first intermediate layer are in contact with each other.
- the opening of the first intermediate layer can be confirmed by observing the transparent conductive layer with an optical microscope or the like.
- ⁇ Aperture '' means a region where the first intermediate layer is sufficiently thinned or completely removed, and has a substantially constant light transmittance when observed with an optical microscope. .
- the opening of the first intermediate layer can be formed using the same method as the opening of the first transparent conductive layer. Since the light passing through the opening of the first intermediate layer is not affected by the optical loss due to the first intermediate layer, the amount of light guided to the second photoelectric conversion layer increases. That is, since the substantial transmittance of the first intermediate layer is improved, the amount of light that can be used in the second photoelectric conversion layer is further increased. Therefore, the photoelectric current of the photoelectric conversion device can be increased and the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved.
- the stacked photoelectric conversion device of this embodiment includes a first photoelectric conversion layer that covers the opening of the first intermediate layer between the first intermediate layer and the photoelectric conversion layer (second photoelectric conversion layer) thereon. It is preferable to further provide two intermediate layers.
- the second intermediate layer can be formed using, for example, the same material and manufacturing method as those of the first or second transparent conductive layer.
- the sheet resistance of the entire intermediate layer can be reduced.
- different conductivity type semiconductor layers of the first and second photoelectric conversion layers for example, an n-type semiconductor layer of the first photoelectric conversion layer and a p-type semiconductor layer of the second photoelectric conversion layer
- the second intermediate layer protects the first photoelectric conversion layer, and can prevent the first photoelectric conversion layer from being damaged when forming the second photoelectric conversion layer.
- the thickness of the second intermediate layer is such that the transmittance at the opening of the first intermediate layer and the uneven shape of the portion other than the opening do not change significantly. It is desirable to make it thinner. More preferably, the surface of the second intermediate layer also has irregularities.
- the unevenness formed on the surfaces of the first and second intermediate layers refracts and scatters the light transmitted through the first photoelectric conversion layer at the interface between the first and second photoelectric conversion layers. .
- the optical confinement effect can be enhanced by increasing the optical path length, and the amount of light that can be used in the first and second photoelectric conversion layers can be substantially increased.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the first or second intermediate layer.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer can be formed by the same method as the photoelectric conversion layer in the second embodiment.
- the back electrode layer is formed on the second photoelectric conversion layer.
- the back electrode layer can be formed by the same method as shown in the second embodiment.
- the stacked photoelectric conversion device of the second invention comprises a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers stacked, and at least one pair of adjacent photoelectric conversion layers sandwiches the intermediate layer, and the intermediate layer has at least one opening.
- the pair of photoelectric conversion layers sandwiching the intermediate layer is in contact with each other through the opening.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer, the intermediate layer, and the second photoelectric conversion layer are connected to each other.
- the intermediate layer has at least one opening, and the first and second photoelectric conversion layers can be expressed as being in contact with each other through the opening.
- the stacked photoelectric conversion device of the second invention is implemented, for example, in the following manner.
- the photoelectric conversion device includes a front transparent conductive layer, a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers, and a back electrode layer stacked in this order on a light-transmitting substrate, and is adjacent to at least 1
- the pair of photoelectric conversion layers sandwich the intermediate layer, and the intermediate layer has at least one opening, and the pair of photoelectric conversion layers sandwiching the intermediate layer (from the translucent substrate side, the first photoelectric conversion layer, respectively)
- the conversion layer and the second photoelectric conversion layer are in contact with each other through the opening.
- the photoelectric conversion device when attention is paid to one set of photoelectric conversion layers sandwiching the intermediate layer, the front transparent conductive layer, the first photoelectric conversion layer, the intermediate layer, the first layer are formed on the translucent substrate.
- the photoelectric conversion layer and the back electrode layer are stacked in this order, the intermediate layer has at least one opening, and the first and second photoelectric conversion layers are in contact with each other through the opening. ,When Can be expressed.
- the light-transmitting substrate side is the light incident surface
- the first photoelectric conversion layer is the top cell
- the second photoelectric conversion layer is the bottom cell.
- the translucent substrate a translucent resin having heat resistance such as glass, polyimide or polybule, or a laminate thereof is preferably used.
- the translucent substrate has a high light transmissivity and the entire photoelectric conversion device is structured. If it can support in particular, it will not be specifically limited. Further, a metal film, a transparent conductive film, an insulating film or the like may be coated on the surface thereof.
- the front transparent conductive layer is made of a transparent conductive material, and for example, a transparent conductive film such as ITO, tin oxide, and zinc oxide may be used. A small amount of impurities may be added to the material of the front transparent conductive layer.
- a transparent conductive film such as ITO, tin oxide, and zinc oxide
- impurities may be added to the material of the front transparent conductive layer.
- a group X element such as gallium, aluminum or boron of about 5 X 10 2 ° —5 ⁇ 10 21 cm 3, or an IB element such as copper It is suitable for use as an electrode because the resistivity is reduced by containing a group element.
- the front transparent conductive layer can be produced by a known method such as sputtering, atmospheric pressure CVD, reduced pressure CVD, MOCVD, electron beam evaporation, sol-gel, electrodeposition, or spray.
- Concavities and convexities may be formed on the surface of the front transparent conductive layer.
- This unevenness causes light scattering and refraction, and the light confinement effect in the first photoelectric conversion layer and the second photoelectric conversion layer can be obtained, and an improvement in the short-circuit current density can be expected.
- the unevenness can be formed by performing dry etching or wet etching on the surfaces of the translucent substrate and the front transparent conductive layer. In the dry etching, an etching gas is ionized or radically irradiated by plasma discharge and is etched physically or chemically to form irregularities.
- An inert gas such as Ar is used as the etching gas for physical etching, and CF and SF are used as the fluorine-based gas and CC1, SiCl, etc. as the chlorine-based gas as the etching gas for the chemical etching. .
- a method of immersing the translucent substrate or the front transparent conductive layer in an acid or alkali solution can be used.
- usable acid solutions include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid. , Hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, perchloric acid and the like, or a mixture of two or more.
- the alkaline solution include one or a mixture of two or more of sodium hydroxide, sodium, ammonia, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and the like. Concavities and convexities can also be formed by machining such as sand plast.
- the method using the surface irregularities formed by crystal growth of the transparent conductive film material, and the crystal growth surface are oriented. And a method using the formation of irregularities depending on the crystal grain size when forming a transparent conductive film by a sol-gel method or a spray method. .
- the first photoelectric conversion layer is usually formed by a pn junction having a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer, or a pin junction having a P-type semiconductor layer, an intrinsic semiconductor layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer.
- the Schottky junction having only one of the P-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer or other known semiconductor junctions may be used.
- the intrinsic semiconductor layer may have a weak p-type or n-type conductivity type as long as the photoelectric conversion function is not impaired.
- each of the semiconductor layers described above include elemental semiconductors such as silicon, silicon alloys in which carbon, germanium or other impurities are added to silicon, and V-V compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide and indium phosphide. And II-VI compound semiconductors such as cadmium telluride and sulfidation power domium, multi-component compound semiconductors such as copper indium gallium selenium, and those obtained by adsorbing pigments on porous films such as oxy-titanium.
- MBE methods, CVD methods, vapor deposition methods, proximity sublimation methods, sputtering methods, sol-gel methods, spray methods, screen printing methods and the like can be appropriately used depending on the semiconductor material. Examples of the CVD method include atmospheric pressure CVD, reduced pressure CVD, plasma CVD, thermal CVD, hot wire CVD, and MOCVD.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer was composed of a p-type semiconductor layer, an i-type semiconductor layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer, and was deposited and formed in the order of pin from the light incident side. However, it is also possible to deposit and form in the order of nips.
- the type semiconductor layer is obtained by doping a hydrogenated amorphous silicon semiconductor with p-conducting impurity atoms such as boron and aluminum.
- the i-type semiconductor layer is a hydrogenated amorphous silicon semiconductor that is not particularly doped with impurities.
- n-type semiconductor layer is obtained by doping the semiconductor layer with impurity atoms of n conductivity type such as phosphorus and nitrogen.
- impurity atoms of n conductivity type such as phosphorus and nitrogen.
- a silicon alloy in which the forbidden band width is changed by adding an element such as carbon or germanium may be appropriately used.
- the thickness of the i-type semiconductor layer is not particularly limited, but does not impair the photoelectric conversion, suppress the photodegradation phenomenon, and reduce the manufacturing cost. From these viewpoints, lOOnm-500nm is desirable. Since the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer are not photoactive layers, the film thickness should be as thin as possible without impairing the photoelectric shelf-shelf capability. Therefore, it is not particularly limited, but it is preferably lOOnm or less.
- the intermediate layer is formed on the first photoelectric conversion layer. At least one opening is formed in the intermediate layer so that the first photoelectric conversion layer is exposed.
- the opening is an area where the first photoelectric conversion layer and the second photoelectric conversion layer which sandwich the intermediate layer are in contact with each other. More specifically, for example, as shown in FIG. 17, island-like openings are scattered between the intermediate layers, or as shown in FIG. 18, island-like intermediate layers are opened. It also includes the case where it is formed between the parts. Furthermore, for example, as shown in FIG. 19, a region where the first photoelectric conversion layer and the second photoelectric conversion layer are in contact may be provided in one island of the island-shaped intermediate layer. Yes. Also, the number, shape, size, and arrangement of the openings are various.
- the intermediate layer has at least one opening, light that reaches the intermediate layer passes through the intermediate layer with high transmittance. For this reason, the amount of light incident on the second photoelectric conversion layer increases.
- the amount of light incident on the second photoelectric conversion layer can be adjusted by adjusting the size or density of the opening formed in the intermediate layer. Therefore, the opening can be formed so that the short-circuit current densities of the first photoelectric conversion layer and the second photoelectric conversion layer are equal, and a highly efficient stacked photoelectric conversion device can be obtained.
- the number of openings may be singular or plural as long as the effect of the second invention can be obtained.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer is usually formed of a material having a large forbidden band
- the first photoelectric conversion layer absorbs a lot of short wavelength light and does not absorb much long wavelength light. . Therefore, in this case, a lot of long wavelength light reaches the intermediate layer.
- the intermediate layer does not have an opening, most of the long wavelength light is reflected and is not used for photoelectric conversion.
- the intermediate layer has an opening. Light efficiently passes through the intermediate layer and contributes to photoelectric conversion in the second photoelectric conversion layer.
- the utilization efficiency of long wavelength light can be increased.
- the utilization efficiency of long-wavelength light can be increased, and by adjusting the size or density of the opening, the first photoelectric conversion layer, the second photoelectric conversion layer, and the like. Since a high current value can be realized in both of the photoelectric conversion layers, a stacked photoelectric conversion device with high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- the average film thickness of the intermediate layer is 5 nm or more, the light reflection effect on the first photoelectric conversion layer is noticeable, and the light absorption in the intermediate layer increases as the average film thickness increases.
- An average film thickness of 500 nm or less is preferable for yield control. More preferably, it is 10-200 nm.
- the average film thickness here means the average film thickness of the intermediate layer other than the opening. The average film thickness can be measured by observing with an electron microscope, an optical microscope, an atomic force microscope, or the like.
- the surface of the intermediate layer may be uneven.
- the light current generated in both the first and second photoelectric conversion layers can be improved by the light confinement effect such as light scattering and refraction due to the uneven shape on the surface of the intermediate layer. This is because the conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion device can be expected.
- the uneven shape may be a shape that inherits the uneven shape, or may be a shape unique to the intermediate layer.
- Desirable characteristics of the material constituting the intermediate layer include at least light in a wavelength region in which light can be absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer (second photoelectric conversion layer) existing on the side opposite to the light incidence from the intermediate layer.
- the material has a small absorption coefficient and has an electric conductivity of a degree that does not cause a large series resistance, and a material satisfying this condition is preferable.
- it can be produced using the same material and manufacturing method as the front transparent conductive layer.
- a method for forming the opening a method similar to the method for forming the surface unevenness of the front transparent conductive layer can be used. here In some cases, an uneven shape is simultaneously formed on the surface of the intermediate layer when the opening is formed.
- the opening may be formed by, for example, forming a resist having an opening on the intermediate layer and then performing a dry etching method, a wet etching method, or the like.
- the resist for example, a photoresist can be used.
- the “opening ratio of the intermediate layer” is the width of each opening when the cross-sectional view of the stacked photoelectric conversion device (for example, FIG. 15) is observed with an optical microscope such as a laser microscope or an electron microscope such as SEM or TEM.
- (Line segment) 214 can be obtained by adding all 214 and dividing by the width (line segment) 215 of the stacked photoelectric conversion device.
- the observation conditions be such that the width (line segment) 215 of the stacked photoelectric conversion device is 0.1 mm or more.
- the aperture ratio of the intermediate layer is 0.5% or more, the transmittance of the long wavelength light in the intermediate layer is greatly improved, and when it is 90% or less, the short wavelength light is highly reflected to the first photoelectric conversion layer. The effect is obtained.
- the aperture ratio is preferably 0.5 to 90%. More preferably, it is 16-63%.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the intermediate layer (in the case where the second intermediate layer is formed on the intermediate layer !, in this case, the second intermediate layer). Further, the first and second photoelectric conversion layers are in contact with each other through the opening of the intermediate layer.
- the configuration of the second photoelectric conversion layer, the semiconductor material, and the manufacturing method thereof are the same as those of the first photoelectric conversion layer, and basically any of them may be used, but the forbidden bandwidth of the photoactive layer is the first. It is desirable that it is smaller than that of the photoelectric conversion layer.
- AZB is a-Si / a-Si, ⁇ cSi / ⁇ cSi , A— SiC / a— Si, a — Si / a— SiGe ⁇ a— Si / c— Si ⁇ aSi / ⁇ c— Si ⁇ GalnP / GaAs ⁇ CuGaSe / Culn
- Hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon means that when a crystalline silicon thin film is produced at low temperature using a non-equilibrium process such as a plasma CVD method, the crystal grain size is small (several tens of thousands of A), In many cases, it is a mixed phase, but it is a generic term for thin films in this state.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer includes a p-type semiconductor layer, an i-type semiconductor layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer, and is formed by depositing in order of pins from the light incident side.
- the p-type semiconductor layer is a hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon semiconductor doped with impurity atoms of p conductivity type such as boron or aluminum.
- the i-type semiconductor layer is a hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon semiconductor to which no impurity is added.
- the n-type semiconductor layer is obtained by doping impurity atoms of n conductivity type such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, etc., on the semiconductor layer.
- impurity atoms of n conductivity type such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.
- a silicon alloy in which an element such as carbon or germanium is added to change the forbidden band width may be used as appropriate.
- the film thickness of the i-type semiconductor layer is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoints of not impairing photoelectric conversion and reducing manufacturing costs, 1 ⁇ m m—About 100 m is desirable. Furthermore, it is desirable that the film thickness be sufficient to generate a photoelectric current value equivalent to the photocurrent value generated in the first photoelectric conversion layer. Since the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer are not photoactive layers, the film thickness should be thin as long as the photoelectric conversion capability is not impaired. Therefore, the thickness is not particularly limited, but is preferably lOOnm or less. .
- the back electrode layer preferably has at least one conductive layer and has a high light reflectivity and a high conductivity.
- the conductive layer can be formed using a metal material such as silver, aluminum, titanium, or palladium with high visible light reflectance, or an alloy thereof.
- the conductive layer can be formed by a CVD method, a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method, an electron beam evaporation method, a spray method, a screen printing method, or the like.
- the conductive layer is not absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer. Because it reflects strong light and returns to the photoelectric conversion layer again, it contributes to the improvement of photoelectric conversion efficiency
- the back electrode layer preferably includes a back transparent conductive layer and a conductive layer stacked in this order.
- the back transparent conductive layer can be formed using the same material and manufacturing method as the front transparent conductive layer described in 12 above.
- a photoelectric conversion device includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers, a transparent conductive layer, and a grid electrode on a metal substrate or a substrate whose surface is covered with metal.
- the at least one pair of adjacent photoelectric conversion layers provided in this order are sandwiched between the intermediate layers.
- the intermediate layer has at least one opening, and the pair of photoelectric conversion layers (substrates) sandwiching the intermediate layer. From the side, they are referred to as a first photoelectric conversion layer and a second photoelectric conversion layer, respectively.) Are in contact with each other through the opening.
- the first photoelectric conversion is performed on a substrate made of metal or on a substrate whose surface is covered with metal.
- a conversion layer, an intermediate layer, a second photoelectric conversion layer, a transparent conductive layer, and a grid electrode are stacked in this order, the intermediate layer has at least one opening, and the first and second photoelectric conversion layers are It can be expressed as contacting each other through the opening.
- the grid electrode side is the light incident surface.
- a substrate such as a metal such as stainless steel (SUS) or aluminum can be used.
- a heat-resistant polymer film such as polyimide, PET, PEN, PES, or Teflon (registered trademark)
- the configuration and manufacturing method of the first and second photoelectric conversion layers are the same as those described in the first embodiment.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer is a bottom cell.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer becomes the top cell. Therefore, it is preferable that the forbidden band width of the second photoelectric conversion layer be larger than the forbidden band width of the first photoelectric conversion layer. In this case, short wavelength light can be absorbed mainly by the second photoelectric conversion layer, and long wavelength light can be absorbed mainly by the first photoelectric conversion layer, and incident light can be used efficiently.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer is formed of hydrogenated amorphous silicon
- the first photoelectric conversion layer is formed of hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon.
- the configuration and manufacturing method of the intermediate layer are the same as those described in the first embodiment.
- the configuration and manufacturing method of the transparent conductive layer are the same as those described in 12 above.
- a grid electrode is preferably formed on the transparent conductive layer.
- a well-known thing can be used for the structure and manufacturing method of a grid electrode.
- one of the first and second photoelectric conversion layers preferably has a forbidden band width larger than the other. This is because incident light can be used efficiently by making the forbidden band width of the photoelectric conversion layer of the top cell larger than the forbidden band width of the bottom cell. Further, it is preferable that one of the first and second photoelectric conversion layers (a set of photoelectric conversion layers sandwiching the intermediate layer) has a hydrogenated amorphous silicon force, and the other has a hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon force. In this case, one forbidden bandwidth is larger than the other forbidden bandwidth.
- the description of the first invention also applies to the second invention, and vice versa, unless it is contrary to its spirit.
- the stacked photoelectric conversion device of the second invention can be formed using the substrate of the first invention.
- Example 1 Examples on the effects of forming openings in a transparent conductive layer (Example 1-12) Example 1
- a super straight type hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon photoelectric conversion device and a hydrogenated amorphous silicon Z hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon stacked photoelectric conversion device will be described as examples of the photoelectric conversion device.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a photoelectric conversion device substrate 1 according to a first embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion device substrate 1 includes a first transparent conductive layer 5 formed on at least a part of a surface region of the translucent substrate 3, and the first transparent conductive layer 5 includes a translucent substrate. It has at least one opening 7 to be exposed. Further, the first transparent conductive layer 5 has irregularities 9 on the surface thereof.
- zinc oxide is deposited at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. by a magnetron sputtering method on a light-transmitting substrate 3 such as a glass substrate having a smooth surface so as to have a thickness of 800 ⁇ m.
- a light-transmitting substrate 3 such as a glass substrate having a smooth surface so as to have a thickness of 800 ⁇ m.
- Layer 5 was formed.
- the surface of the first transparent conductive layer 5 was etched. After immersing the first transparent conductive layer 5 in a 0.5% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C for 150 seconds, the surface of the first transparent conductive layer 5 was thoroughly washed with pure water and dried. .
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 22 ⁇
- the film thickness was 300 nm
- the transmittance for light with a wavelength of 550 nm was 85%
- the haze ratio was 71%.
- the surface shape was observed with an optical microscope. As a result, in the first transparent conductive layer 5, it was found that the transparent substrate 3 was dotted with the opening portions 7 exposed to the first transparent conductive layer 5 side.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the photoelectric conversion device substrate 21 according to the second embodiment.
- the difference from Example 1 is that a second transparent conductive layer 11 covering the opening 7 of the first transparent conductive layer 5 is formed on the first transparent conductive layer 5.
- the substrate temperature was 200 ° C on the first transparent conductive layer 5 by a magnetron sputtering method, and zinc oxide was 80 nm thick. As a result, the second transparent conductive layer 11 was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the entire transparent conductive layer after forming the second transparent conductive layer 11 is 15 ⁇ .
- the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 85%, and the haze ratio was 70%. As compared with Example 1, it was found that the sheet resistance was lowered, and the transmittance and haze ratio were hardly changed.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the photoelectric conversion device 31 according to the third embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 are laminated in this order on the photoelectric conversion device substrate 1 obtained in Example 1.
- a p-type semiconductor layer 13a, an i-type semiconductor layer 13b, and an n-type semiconductor layer 13c are stacked in this order.
- a back transparent conductive layer 15a and a conductive layer 15b are laminated in this order.
- SiH, H, BH are used as source gases, and boron, which is a p-conductivity type impurity atom, is 0.02 atoms.
- a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer was deposited to a thickness of 20 nm so as to be% -doped to form a p-type semiconductor layer 13a.
- the thickness of the i-type microcrystalline silicon layer is 2.5.
- the i-type semiconductor layer 13b was formed by depositing with m. Next, SiH, H, and PH are used as source gases.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 13c was formed by depositing an n-type amorphous silicon layer with a thickness of 25 nm so that phosphorus, which is an n-conductivity type impurity atom, was doped by 0.2 atomic%. Thereby, the photoelectric conversion layer 13 was formed.
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 200 ° C for each layer.
- the open circuit voltage was 0.52V
- the form factor was 70.1%
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency was 9.7%.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the photoelectric conversion device 41 according to the fourth embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion device 41 was manufactured by laminating the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 on the substrate 21 obtained in Example 2 under the same conditions as in Example 3.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 51 according to the fifth embodiment.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the back electrode layer 15 are arranged in this order on the photoelectric conversion device substrate 1 obtained in Example 1. Are stacked.
- SiH, H, BH is used as a source gas by plasma CVD method, and boron which is a p-conductivity type impurity atom is 0.2 atomic%.
- a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer was deposited with a thickness of 15 nm so as to be doped, thereby forming a p-type semiconductor layer 23a.
- the i-type microcrystalline silicon layer has a thickness of 300 nm.
- An n-type semiconductor layer 23c was formed by depositing an n-type amorphous silicon layer with a thickness of 25 nm so that 0.2 atomic% of phosphorus, which is an impurity atom of 4 2 3 n, was doped. Thus, the first photoelectric conversion layer 23 was formed.
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 200 ° C for each layer.
- a second photoelectric conversion layer 25 was formed under the same conditions as those for forming the photoelectric conversion layer 13 in Example 3. Further, the back electrode layer 15 was formed under the same conditions as in Example 3.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 61 according to the sixth embodiment. The difference from Example 5 is that a first intermediate layer 27 is formed between the first and second photoelectric conversion layers 23 and 25.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 23 was formed by the same method as in Example 5.
- a first intermediate layer 27 was formed by depositing acid zinc at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. and a thickness of ⁇ m by a magnetron sputtering method.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the back electrode layer 15 are formed by the same method as in Example 5. Through the above steps, the stacked photoelectric conversion device 61 in which light enters from the translucent substrate 3 side force 61 7 pieces.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 71 according to the seventh embodiment.
- the difference from Example 6 is that the first intermediate layer 27 has at least one opening 29 such that the first and second photoelectric conversion layers 23 and 25 are in contact with each other.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 23 was formed by the same method as in Example 5.
- a first intermediate layer 27 was formed by depositing zinc oxide at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. and a thickness of 200 ⁇ m by magnetron sputtering.
- the opening 29 was formed by etching the surface of the first intermediate layer 27 in the same manner as the etching of the first transparent conductive layer 5 of Example 1.
- the etching time is 20 seconds.
- the surface shape of the first intermediate layer 27 thus obtained in detail, the surface shape was observed with an optical microscope and an atomic force microscope. As a result, the first It was found that the intermediate layer 27 was dotted with openings 29 where the first photoelectric conversion layer 23 was exposed. Concavities and convexities 28 are formed on the surface of the first intermediate layer 27.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 5.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 81 according to the eighth embodiment.
- the difference from Example 7 is that a second intermediate layer 33 that covers the opening 29 of the first intermediate layer 27 is formed between the first intermediate layer 27 and the second photoelectric conversion layer 25. It is that.
- the first intermediate layer 27 was formed, and the first intermediate layer 27 was etched to carry out the steps until the opening 29 was formed.
- a second intermediate layer 33 was formed by depositing zinc oxide with a thickness of 15 nm by the same manufacturing method as that for the second transparent conductive layer 11.
- the surface shape of the second intermediate layer 33 was observed with an optical microscope and an atomic force microscope. As a result, it was found that the second intermediate layer 33 covered the opening 29 of the first intermediate layer 27.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the back electrode layer 15 are formed by the same method as in Example 5. Through the above steps, the laminated photoelectric conversion device 81 in which light is incident from the translucent substrate 3 side force 81 7 pieces.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 91 according to the ninth embodiment.
- the difference from Example 5 is that in this example, the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the back electrode layer 15 are arranged in this order on the substrate obtained in Example 2. It is a point laminated by.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 5. In this way, the stacked photoelectric conversion device 91 that receives light from the translucent substrate 3 side was manufactured.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 101 according to the tenth embodiment.
- the difference from Example 6 is that in this example, on the substrate obtained in Example 2, the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the first intermediate layer 27, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, The back electrode layer 15 is laminated in this order.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, the first intermediate layer 27, and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 6. In this way, a stacked photoelectric conversion device 101 that receives light from the translucent substrate 3 side was manufactured.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 111 according to the eleventh embodiment.
- the difference from Example 7 is that, in this example, the first photoelectric conversion layer 23 and the first photoelectric conversion layer 23 are formed on the substrate obtained in Example 2.
- the first intermediate layer 27 having the opening 29, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the back electrode layer 15 are laminated in this order.
- First intermediate layer 27 having first photoelectric conversion layer 23, second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and opening 29
- the back electrode layer 15 was formed in the same manner as in Example 7. Thereby, translucent substrate
- a stacked photoelectric conversion device 111 that receives light from three side forces was manufactured.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 121 according to the twelfth embodiment.
- the difference from Example 8 is that in this example, on the substrate obtained in Example 2, the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the first intermediate layer 27 having the opening 29, and the second intermediate layer The layer 33, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the back electrode layer 15 are laminated in this order.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, the first intermediate layer 27 having the opening 29, the second intermediate layer 33, and the back electrode layer 15 are the same as in Example 8. Formed by the method. As a result, the stacked photoelectric conversion device 121 that receives light from the translucent substrate 3 side was manufactured.
- Comparative Example 1 The difference between Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 is that in Comparative Example 1, the opening 7 is not formed in the first transparent conductive layer 5 and only the surface irregularities 9 exist.
- the first transparent conductive layer 5 was formed so that the film thickness was 500 ⁇ m, and the etching time with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was 90 seconds. Except for this point, it was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the average film thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 is 380 nm
- the sheet resistance is 15 ⁇ / mouth
- the transmittance for light having a length of 550 nm was 80%
- the haze ratio was 45%
- the opening 7 was not present.
- Comparative Example 2 The difference between Comparative Example 2 and Example 3 is that in Comparative Example 2, the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 are laminated in this order on the substrate obtained in Comparative Example 1. Is a point.
- the method for forming the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 is the same as in Example 3.
- Comparative Example 3 The difference between Comparative Example 3 and Example 6 is that, in Comparative Example 3, the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the first intermediate layer 27, and the second photoelectric layer are formed on the substrate obtained in Comparative Example 1. The conversion layer 25 and the back electrode layer 15 are laminated in this order.
- the method of forming the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the first intermediate layer 27, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the back electrode layer 15 is the same as that in Example 6.
- Example 1 In the substrate for a photoelectric conversion device, Example 1 can achieve a higher haze ratio and a higher transmittance than the case of Comparative Example 1 which is a conventional substrate for a photoelectric conversion device. .
- the sheet resistance is a slightly increased force of 25 ⁇ or less, it is desirable as a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device and has characteristics.
- Example 2 shows that sheet resistance can be further reduced in a state where the high haze ratio and high transmittance of Example 1 are realized.
- the comparative example 1 has desirable characteristics as a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device in both cases of Examples 1 and 2.
- Table 1 shows the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the photoelectric conversion devices of Comparative Examples 2-3 and Examples 3-12. It is the result which summarized.
- the structures of Examples 3 and 4 are more shifted than the structure of Comparative Example 2 using a conventional substrate for photoelectric conversion devices.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency could be improved.
- a stacked photoelectric conversion device including a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers from Table 1, in comparison with the structure of Comparative Example 3 using a conventional substrate for a photoelectric conversion device and an intermediate layer, Example 5-12 Structural direction In both cases, the high short-circuit current density was obtained, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- a photoelectric conversion device 31 having the structure shown in Fig. 3 was produced as follows.
- a glass substrate having a smooth surface was used as the translucent substrate 3, and zinc oxide was formed as the first transparent conductive layer 5 at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. by a magnetron sputtering method so as to have a thickness of 600 nm. Subsequently, the surface of the first transparent conductive layer 5 was etched. After dipping in a 0.5% hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C. for 110 seconds, the surface of the first transparent conductive layer 5 was thoroughly washed with pure water and dried. The sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching is 25 ⁇ .
- the uniform film thickness was about 380 nm, the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 78.0%, and the haze ratio was 67%. Further, in order to examine the surface shape of the first transparent conductive layer 5 in detail, the surface shape was observed with an optical microscope. As a result, it was found that the first transparent conductive layer 5 was dotted with openings 7 from which the translucent substrate 3 was exposed. The average radius of the opening 7 was 0.51 ⁇ m, the opening density was 9735 mm 2 , and the opening ratio of the first transparent conductive layer 5 was 0.8%. Through the above steps, a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device was obtained.
- SiH, H, BH is used as a source gas by plasma CVD, and boron, which is a p-conductivity type impurity atom, is doped by 0.02 atomic%.
- a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer was deposited with a thickness of 20 nm to form a p-type semiconductor layer 13a.
- an i-type microcrystalline silicon layer is deposited to a thickness of 2.5 m using SiH and H as source gases.
- An n-type semiconductor layer 13c was formed by depositing an n-type amorphous silicon layer with a thickness of 25 nm so that phosphorus, which is an impurity atom, was doped by 0.2 atomic%. Thereby, the photoelectric conversion layer 13 was formed.
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 200 ° C for each layer!
- the photoelectric conversion was performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching was 650 nm and the etching time was 120 seconds. A substrate for a conversion device was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 24 ⁇
- the average film thickness was 380 nm
- the transmittance for light at a wavelength of 550 nm was 84.0%
- the haze ratio was 65%.
- the average radius was 0.91 ⁇ m and the aperture density was The degree was 14735 mm- 2 and the aperture ratio was 3.8%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- the photoelectric conversion was performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching was 700 nm and the etching time was 130 seconds. A substrate for a conversion device was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 22 ⁇
- the film thickness was 390 nm
- the transmittance for light at a wavelength of 550 nm was 83.8%
- the haze ratio was 71%. It was.
- the average radius was 1.27 ⁇ m
- the aperture density was 15009 mm- 2
- the aperture ratio was 7.6%.
- a photoelectric conversion layer 13 and a back electrode layer 15 were formed on the photoelectric conversion device substrate in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- the photoelectric conversion device having the structure shown in Fig. 3 the photoelectric conversion was performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching was 750 nm and the etching time was 140 seconds. A substrate for a conversion device was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 23 ⁇ / port, the film thickness was 390 nm, the transmittance for light with a wavelength of 550 nm was 84.3%, and the haze ratio was 76%. It was. As a result of observing the surface shape with an optical microscope, the average radius was 1.45 ⁇ m, the aperture density was 15388 mm- 2 , and the aperture ratio was 10.1%.
- the photoelectric conversion device having the structure shown in FIG. 3 the photoelectric conversion was performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching was 800 nm and the etching time was 150 seconds. A substrate for a conversion device was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 21 ⁇
- the film thickness was 400 nm
- the transmittance for light at a wavelength of 550 nm was 83.0%
- the haze ratio was 78%.
- the average radius was 1.45 ⁇ m
- the aperture density was 19435 mm- 2
- the aperture ratio was 12.8%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- the photoelectric conversion device having the structure shown in Fig. 3 the photoelectric conversion was performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching was 850 nm and the etching time was 160 seconds. A substrate for a conversion device was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 20 ⁇ well, the average film thickness was 400 nm, the transmittance for light at a wavelength of 550 nm was 82.2%, and the haze ratio was 78%. .
- the average radius was 2.18 ⁇ m, the aperture density was 16795 mm- 2 , and the aperture ratio was 25.0%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- the photoelectric conversion device having the structure shown in FIG. 3 the photoelectric conversion was performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching was 900 nm and the etching time was 170 seconds. A substrate for a conversion device was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 21 ⁇
- the average film thickness was 410 nm
- the transmittance for light at a wavelength of 550 nm was 80.9%
- the haze ratio was 72%.
- the average radius was 2.73 ⁇ m
- the aperture density was 12065 mm- 2
- the aperture ratio was 28.2%.
- a photoelectric conversion layer 13 and a back electrode layer 15 were formed on the photoelectric conversion device substrate in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- the photoelectric conversion was performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching was 950 nm and the etching time was 180 seconds. A substrate for a conversion device was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 22 ⁇ well, the average film thickness was 420 nm, the transmittance for light with a wavelength of 550 nm was 81.0%, and the haze ratio was 68%. .
- the average radius was 2.92 ⁇ m, the aperture density was 11981 mm- 2 , and the aperture ratio was 32.1%.
- a photoelectric conversion layer 13 and a back electrode layer 15 were formed on the photoelectric conversion device substrate in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- the photoelectric conversion device having the structure shown in Fig. 3 the photoelectric conversion was performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching was lOOOnm and the etching time was 190 seconds. A substrate for a conversion device was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 22 ⁇
- the average film thickness was 420 nm
- the transmittance for light at a wavelength of 550 nm was 81.3%
- the haze ratio was 66%. It was.
- the average radius was 3.13 ⁇ m
- the aperture density was 12012 mm- 2
- the aperture ratio was 36.9%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- photoelectric conversion is performed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the thickness of the first transparent conductive layer 5 before etching is 1 lOOnm and the etching time is 210 seconds. A device substrate was formed.
- the sheet resistance of the first transparent conductive layer 5 after etching was 23 ⁇ / mouth, the average film thickness was 430 nm, the transmittance for light at a wavelength of 550 nm was 85.9%, and the haze ratio was 52%. It was. As a result of observing the surface shape with an optical microscope, the average radius was 3.50 ⁇ m, the aperture density was 9732 mm- 2 , and the aperture ratio was 37.4%.
- a photoelectric conversion layer 13 and a back electrode layer 15 were formed on the photoelectric conversion device substrate in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- the first transparent conductive layer 5 of the substrate for the photoelectric conversion device has a single-layer structure and has an opening 7
- a photoelectric conversion device with the same structure as in Fig. 3 was fabricated as follows, except that there were only surface irregularities.
- a glass substrate having a smooth surface was used as the translucent substrate 3, and zinc oxide zinc was formed as the first transparent conductive layer 5 on the translucent substrate 3 so as to have a thickness of 600 nm.
- a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device was formed in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the substrate surface was immersed in a 0.5% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution at 25 ° C. for 90 seconds and then the substrate surface was thoroughly washed with pure water.
- This first transparent conductive layer 5 has an average film thickness of 380 nm, a sheet resistance of 15 ⁇ , a transmittance of 76.0% for light with a wavelength of 550 nm, a haze ratio of 66%, and no opening 7. .
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of the photoelectric conversion device substrates according to Examples 13 to 21, Comparative Example 4 and Conventional Example 1 and the photoelectric conversion properties of the photoelectric conversion device.
- the substrate for the photoelectric conversion device has a sheet resistance of 25 ⁇ or less and is almost constant, so that the etching time is short when the film thickness before etching is thin, and the etching time is short when the film thickness before etching is thick. Adjusted to make longer. For this reason, as the aperture ratio is larger, the average film thickness after etching tends to increase gradually. [0203] From Table 2, it was found that in the order of Conventional Example 1, Examples 13 to 21, and Comparative Example 4, the average radius value increased and the aperture ratio increased. On the other hand, the opening density varied in a convex curve with the maximum value in Example 17. When the average radius is small, both the average radius and the aperture density can be increased. However, when the average radius is a certain size or larger, the openings gradually come into contact with each other. This is considered to be due to the fact that the value of the opening density becomes smaller due to the increase in the density.
- Figure 13 shows the correlation between the aperture ratio and the short-circuit current density.
- reference numeral 52 mouth
- reference numeral 53 ⁇
- reference numeral 54 X
- the short circuit current density increases as the aperture ratio increases.
- the aperture ratio reaches about 10-25%, the increase in short-circuit current density stops and forms a maximum.
- the short circuit current density begins to decrease.
- a value higher than the conventional example 1 (opening ratio 0%) in which the opening does not exist in the range of 0.8-37% can be obtained.
- Example 21 and Comparative Example 4 are compared, the short-circuit current density is much lower in Comparative Example 4 although the aperture ratio does not change significantly around 37%. From Table 2, this is thought to be the result of the haze rate drastically decreasing when the average radius is too large up to 3.5 m.
- the open-circuit voltage and the shape factor are not significantly reduced in the range of the aperture ratio of 0.8% to 37%. From the above, it became clear that the photoelectric conversion efficiency shows almost the same tendency as the short-circuit current density.
- the aperture ratio is set to 0.8. It can be seen that it is preferable that the average radius is 3.13 m or less.
- a photoelectric conversion device 41 having the structure shown in Fig. 4 was produced as follows.
- the second transparent conductive layer 11 was formed on the first transparent conductive layer 5 by a magnetron sputtering method at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. A substrate for a photoelectric conversion device was formed so that the zinc oxide had a thickness of 5 nm.
- the sheet resistance after the formation of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 21 ⁇
- the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 83.0%
- the haze ratio was 78%.
- the transmittance, haze ratio, sheet resistance, and deviation value also changed.
- the surface shape of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was observed with an optical microscope and an atomic force microscope. As a result, it was found that the opening 7 was covered with the second transparent conductive layer 11.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was prepared. It was.
- a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device was formed in the same manner as in Example 22 except that the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was lOnm.
- the sheet resistance after forming the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 18 ⁇ , the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 82.5%, and the haze ratio was 78%. Compared to Example 17, it is clear that the sheet resistance can be lowered with almost no change in transmittance and haze ratio. became.
- the surface shape of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was observed with an optical microscope and an atomic force microscope. As a result, the opening 7 was covered with the second transparent conductive layer 11, and it became a component.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 are formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device that enters light from the translucent substrate 3 side is formed. Made.
- a photoelectric conversion device substrate was formed in the same manner as in Example 22 except that the thickness of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 20 nm.
- the sheet resistance after the formation of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 17 ⁇ , the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 82.0%, and the haze ratio was 78%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced. It was.
- a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device was formed in the same manner as in Example 22 except that the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 50 nm.
- the sheet resistance was 15 ⁇
- the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 81.5%
- the haze ratio was 78%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back surface electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device for entering light from the translucent substrate 3 side was prepared.
- the short-circuit current density was 26.
- the open circuit voltage was 0.53 V
- the form factor was 73%
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency was 10.2%.
- a photoelectric conversion device substrate was formed in the same manner as in Example 22 except that the thickness of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 80 nm.
- the sheet resistance after forming the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 13 ⁇ well, the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 80.5%, and the haze ratio was 77%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced. It was.
- a substrate for a photoelectric conversion device was formed in the same manner as in Example 22 except that the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was lOOnm.
- the sheet resistance after the formation of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 10 ⁇ , the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 79.0%, and the haze ratio was 77%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was prepared. It was.
- a photoelectric conversion device substrate was formed in the same manner as in Example 22 except that the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 120 nm.
- the sheet resistance after the formation of the second transparent conductive layer 11 was 5 ⁇ , the transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm was 77.5%, and the haze ratio was 76%.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 13 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 13, and a photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was prepared. It was.
- Table 3 summarizes the characteristics of the photoelectric conversion device substrate and the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the photoelectric conversion device according to Example 17 and Examples 22 to 28 described above.
- FIG. 14 shows the correlation between the photoelectric conversion efficiency and the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer.
- reference numeral 56 mouth indicates data for Example 17
- reference numeral 57 ⁇ indicates data for Example 22 to Example 28.
- Example 17 the photoelectric conversion efficiency exceeding Example 17 shown in Table 2 was obtained. More specifically, when the thickness of the second transparent conductive layer is 5 nm or less, the photoelectric conversion characteristics do not change as compared with Example 17 in which the second transparent conductive layer is not provided, and the thickness is 120 nm or more. Since the photoelectric conversion efficiency is lower than Example 17, It became clear that the range of 10 nm-lOOnm, which greatly improved the conversion efficiency, was more preferable. This is considered to be because when the thickness of the second transparent conductive layer is 5 nm or less, the film thickness is too thin to obtain a sufficient effect.
- the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer is 120 nm or more, the decrease in short-circuit current density due to the decrease in transmittance exceeds the effect of improving the form factor and open-circuit voltage due to the decrease in sheet resistance. Conceivable. In other words, when the thickness of the second transparent conductive layer is increased within the range of lOnm-lOOnm and the thickness of the second transparent conductive layer is increased, the sheet has little effect on the haze ratio and transmittance. It is considered that the improvement of the form factor and open circuit voltage due to the decrease in resistance can be realized.
- the film thickness of the second transparent conductive layer be in the range of lOnm-lOOnm.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the stacked photoelectric conversion device 51 according to the 29th embodiment.
- a photoelectric conversion device 51 having the structure shown in FIG. 5 was produced as follows.
- SiH, H, and BH are used as the source gas by plasma CVD, and boron, which is a p-conductivity type impurity atom, is 0.2 source.
- a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer was deposited with a thickness of 15 nm so as to be doped with a quantum element, thereby forming a p-type semiconductor layer 23a.
- SiH, H is used as the source gas to form an i-type microcrystalline silicon layer with a thickness of 300
- the i-type semiconductor layer 23b was formed by depositing at nm. Next, SiH, H, and PH are used as source gases.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 23c was formed by depositing an n-type amorphous silicon layer with a thickness of 25 nm so that phosphorus, which is an n-conductivity type impurity atom, was doped by 0.2 atomic%. Thereby, the first photoelectric conversion layer 23 was formed. The substrate temperature during film formation was set to 200 ° C. for each layer.Next, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25 was formed under the same conditions as those for forming the photoelectric conversion layer 13 in Example 13. . Further, the back electrode layer 15 was formed under the same conditions as in Example 13. From the above, a stacked photoelectric conversion device 51 that receives light from the translucent substrate 3 side force was produced.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 61 according to the thirtieth embodiment. The difference from Example 29 is that a first intermediate layer 27 is formed between the first and second photoelectric conversion layers 23 and 25.
- a first intermediate layer 27 was formed by depositing acid zinc at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. and a thickness of ⁇ m by a magnetron sputtering method.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed by the same method as in Example 29.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing the stacked photoelectric conversion device 71 according to the 31st embodiment.
- the difference from Example 30 is that the first intermediate layer 27 has at least one opening 29 such that the first and second photoelectric conversion layers 23 and 25 are in contact with each other.
- a first intermediate layer 27 was formed by depositing zinc oxide at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. and a thickness of 200 ⁇ m by magnetron sputtering.
- etching of the surface of the first intermediate layer 27 is performed on the first transparent conductive layer 5 of Example 17.
- the opening 29 was formed.
- the etching time is 20 seconds.
- the surface shape of the first intermediate layer 27 thus obtained in detail, the surface shape was observed with an optical microscope and an atomic force microscope. As a result, it was found that the first intermediate layer 27 was dotted with openings 29 where the first photoelectric conversion layer 23 was exposed. Concavities and convexities 28 are formed on the surface of the first intermediate layer 27.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed by the same method as in Example 29.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 81 according to the thirty-second embodiment.
- the difference from Example 31 is that a second intermediate layer 33 covering the opening 29 of the first intermediate layer 27 is formed between the first intermediate layer 27 and the second photoelectric conversion layer 25. It is that.
- the first intermediate layer 27 was formed, and the first intermediate layer 27 was etched to perform the steps until the opening 29 was formed.
- a second intermediate layer 33 was formed by depositing zinc oxide with a thickness of 15 nm by the same manufacturing method as that for the second transparent conductive layer 11.
- the surface shape of the second intermediate layer 33 was observed with an optical microscope and an atomic force microscope. As a result, it was found that the second intermediate layer 33 covered the opening 29 of the first intermediate layer 27.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the back electrode layer 15 were formed by the same method as in Example 29.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing the stacked photoelectric conversion device 91 according to Example 33. As shown in FIG. The difference from Example 29 is that the second transparent conductive layer 11 is formed so as to cover the opening 7 of the first transparent conductive layer 5 in this example.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the back electrode layer 15 were formed in the same manner as in Example 29. As a result, a stacked photoelectric conversion device 91 in which light is incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 101 according to the thirty-fourth embodiment. Example
- the second transparent conductive layer 11 is formed so as to cover the opening 7 of the first transparent conductive layer 5.
- Example 5 was formed in the same manner as in Example 30. As a result, a stacked photoelectric conversion device 101 that receives light from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 111 according to Example 35. The difference from Example 31 is that the second transparent conductive layer 11 is formed so as to cover the opening 7 of the first transparent conductive layer 5 in this example.
- First intermediate layer 27 having first photoelectric conversion layer 23, second photoelectric conversion layer 25, and opening 29 The back electrode layer 15 was formed in the same manner as in Example 31. As a result, a stacked photoelectric conversion device 111 in which light is incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the stacked photoelectric conversion device 121 according to the thirty-sixth embodiment.
- the difference from Example 32 is that in this example, the second transparent conductive layer 11 is formed so as to cover the opening 7 of the first transparent conductive layer 5.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 23, the second photoelectric conversion layer 25, the first intermediate layer 27 having the opening 29, the second intermediate layer 33, and the back electrode layer 15 are the same as in Example 32. Formed by the method. As a result, a stacked photoelectric conversion device 121 in which light is incident from the translucent substrate 3 side was produced.
- the first transparent conductive layer 5 of the substrate for the photoelectric conversion device is a single layer structure, and there is no opening 7 and there are only surface irregularities. Produced.
- Table 4 summarizes the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Comparative Example 5 and Examples 29 to 36 described above. Table 4 shows that conventional photoelectric conversion device substrates and intermediate layers are available. It can be seen that, in any of the cases of the structures of Examples 29 to 36, a higher short-circuit current density was obtained than in the case of the structure of Comparative Example 5, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency could be improved.
- a super straight type hydrogenated amorphous silicon Z hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon stacked photoelectric conversion device will be described as an example of the stacked photoelectric conversion device.
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the structure of the stacked photoelectric conversion device according to the thirty-seventh embodiment.
- the stacked photoelectric conversion device of this example includes a front transparent conductive layer 203, a first photoelectric conversion layer 205, an intermediate layer 207, a second photoelectric conversion layer 209, and a back electrode layer 211 on a translucent substrate 201. Are stacked in this order.
- the intermediate layer 207 has a plurality of openings 208, and the first and second photoelectric conversion layers 205 and 209 are in contact with each other through the openings 208.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 includes a p-type semiconductor layer 205a, an i-type semiconductor layer 205b, and an n-type semiconductor layer 205c stacked in this order
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 includes a p-type semiconductor layer 209a.
- An i-type semiconductor layer 209b and an n-type semiconductor layer 209c are provided in this order.
- the back electrode layer 211 includes a back transparent conductive layer 21 la and a conductive layer 21 lb in this order.
- This stacked photoelectric conversion device was produced as follows.
- a glass substrate having a smooth surface is used as the light-transmitting substrate 201, and zinc oxide is used as the front transparent conductive layer 203 at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C by magnetron sputtering so as to have a thickness of 500 nm. Formed. Subsequently, the surface of the front transparent conductive layer 203 was etched. After immersing in a 0.5% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C. for 90 seconds, the surface of the front transparent conductive layer 203 was thoroughly washed with pure water. The sheet resistance of the front transparent conductive layer 203 after etching is 15 ⁇ , the film thickness is 380 nm, the transmittance for light with a wavelength of 550 nm is 80%, and the haze ratio is 45%.
- SiH, H, BH was used as the source gas by plasma CVD method.
- the impurity atom that determines the electric type A rufus silicon layer was deposited with a thickness of 15 nm to form a p-type semiconductor layer 205a.
- an i-type amorphous silicon layer fabricated using SiH and H as the source gas is deposited with a thickness of 300 nm.
- an i-type semiconductor layer 205b was formed.
- SiH, H, and PH are used as source gases,
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 200 for each layer.
- a zinc oxide film having a thickness of 200 nm was formed as an intermediate layer 207 by a magnetron sputtering method at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. Subsequently, the surface of the intermediate layer 207 was etched to form an opening 208. Like the etching of the front transparent conductive layer 203, it was immersed in a 0.5% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C. for 20 seconds, and then the surface of the intermediate layer 207 was thoroughly washed with pure water and dried. In order to examine the surface shape of the intermediate layer 207 thus obtained in detail, the surface shape was observed with an optical microscope. As a result, it was confirmed that the intermediate layer 207 was dotted with the openings 208 where the n-type semiconductor layer 205c was exposed.
- the source gas is made of SiH by the plasma CVD method.
- H, and B H are doped with 0.02% by atom of boron, which is a conductivity-determining impurity atom
- a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer fabricated as described above was deposited to a thickness of 20 nm to form a p-type semiconductor layer 209a.
- an i-type microcrystalline silicon layer fabricated using SiH and H as the source gas has a thickness of 2
- An n-type semiconductor layer 209c was formed by depositing a type amorphous silicon layer with a thickness of 25 nm. Thereby, the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 was formed.
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 200 ° C for each layer.
- the back surface transparent conductive layer 211a is made of zinc oxide with a thickness of 50nm and the conductive layer 21 lb with silver thickness of 500nm by magnetron sputtering.
- a stacked photoelectric conversion device in which light is incident from the substrate 201 side was manufactured.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the stacked photoelectric conversion device according to Comparative Example 6. Instead of Example 37 having an intermediate layer 207 having an opening 208, Comparative Example 6 has an intermediate layer 217 having no opening. Other structures are the same as in Example 37.
- a substrate temperature of 200 ° C was formed on the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 by a magnetron sputtering method as an intermediate layer 217.
- Zinc was formed to a thickness of lOOnm. The thickness of zinc oxide was determined to be the same as the average thickness of the intermediate layer 207 having the opening 208 in Example 37.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 and the back electrode layer 211 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 37, and a stacked photoelectric conversion device in which light was incident from the substrate 201 side was manufactured.
- Table 5 summarizes the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the stacked photoelectric conversion devices according to Example 37 and Comparative Example 6 described above.
- the respective output current values calculated based on the spectral sensitivity characteristics measured independently for the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 and the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 are used as the first photoelectric conversion layer in Comparative Example 6.
- the results expressed in relative values normalized with the output current value of the conversion layer 205 as 1 are also shown.
- the spectral sensitivity characteristics are: white light (lOOmWZcm 2 ) irradiation, room temperature (25 ° C), bias voltage The measurement was performed under the conditions of 0 V and a light receiving area of 0.25 cm 2 .
- Example 37 the presence of the opening 208 enables the long wavelength light to be guided to the second photoelectric conversion layer 209.
- the presence of the opening 208 reduces the reflection of short-wavelength light at the intermediate layer 207, and the force that can be considered to decrease the current value of the first photoelectric conversion layer 205.
- the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 The current value has not decreased. This is because most of the short-wavelength light is absorbed by the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 before reaching the intermediate layer 207, so the effect of reducing the reflectance in the intermediate layer 207 is less than that of the long-wavelength light. It is considered that the current value in the relatively small first photoelectric conversion layer 205 was not reduced. For this reason, the output current value of the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 does not decrease compared to the case of Comparative Example 6, and the output current value of the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 increases dramatically compared to the case of Comparative Example 6. It can be seen from Table 5.
- the entire stacked photoelectric conversion device can be obtained without lowering V and F. F.
- Examples 38 to 47 a stacked photoelectric conversion device having the structure shown in FIG. 15 was produced as follows.
- a glass substrate having a smooth surface was used as the translucent substrate 201, and zinc oxide zinc was formed as the front transparent conductive layer 203 at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. by magnetron sputtering so as to have a thickness of 600 nm. Subsequently, the surface of the front transparent conductive layer 203 was etched. After immersing in a 0.5% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C. for 90 seconds, the surface of the front transparent conductive layer 203 was thoroughly washed with pure water.
- the front transparent conductive layer 203 after etching had a sheet resistance of 15 ⁇ well, an average film thickness of 380 nm, a transmittance for light having a wavelength of 550 nm of 80%, and a haze ratio of 45%.
- SiH, H, B H were used as source gases by plasma CVD.
- a type semiconductor layer 205b was formed. Next, SiH, H, and PH are used as source gases, and n conductivity type
- An n-type semiconductor layer 205c was formed by depositing an n-type amorphous silicon layer with a thickness of 25 nm so that phosphorus, which is a pure substance, was doped by 0.2 atomic%. Thus, the first photoelectric conversion layer 2 05 are formed.
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 200 ° C for each layer.
- zinc oxide was deposited by a magnetron sputtering method at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C., changing the initial film thickness as shown in Table 6.
- the intermediate layer 207 having the opening 208 was formed by etching the surface of the deposited zinc oxide zinc in the same manner as the etching of the front transparent conductive layer 203. However, the etching time was changed as shown in Table 6. The average film thickness of the intermediate layer 207 after etching is lOOnm.
- the surface shape of the intermediate layer 207 was observed with an optical microscope and an atomic force microscope. As a result, it was found that the intermediate layer 207 was dotted with openings 208 where the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 was exposed. Further, unevenness 207a is formed on the surface of the intermediate layer 207. [0294] Next, SiH, H, and BH were used as source gases on the intermediate layer 207 by plasma CVD.
- a p-type semiconductor layer 209a was formed by depositing a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer with a thickness of 20 nm so that boron, which is a p-conductivity type impurity atom, was doped by 0.02 atomic%. Next, an i-type microcrystalline silicon layer is deposited with a thickness of 2.5 m using Si H, H as a source gas, and an i-type semiconductor layer 209b
- SiH, H, and PH are used as source gases, and n-type impurity atoms
- n-type amorphous silicon layer As 0.2 atomic 0/0 doped to form an n-type semiconductor layer 209c.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 was formed.
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 200 ° C for each layer.
- the back surface transparent conductive layer 21 la is formed by depositing zinc oxide with a thickness of 50 nm by a magnetron sputtering method.
- the conductive layer 2 ib was formed by depositing at 500 nm, and the two layers were combined to form the back electrode layer 211.
- Comparative Example 7 As shown in FIG. 16, a stacked photoelectric conversion device having an intermediate layer 217 having no opening was prepared, and in Comparative Example 8, a stacked photoelectric conversion device having no intermediate layer was manufactured as follows. In Comparative Example 7-8, the portion other than the intermediate layer has the same structure as Example 38-47.
- the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 and the back electrode layer 211 were formed on the intermediate layer 217 in Comparative Example 7 and on the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 in Comparative Example 8 in the same manner as in Examples 38-47. Formed. Through the above-described steps, a stacked photoelectric conversion device that makes light incident on the translucent substrate 201 side force was manufactured.
- Example 48 will be described with reference to FIG. 15, but the surface shape of the intermediate layer 207 is different as described below.
- the force at which the opening 208 exists in the intermediate layer 207 The surface of the intermediate layer 207 other than the opening 208 has no surface other than the uneven shape inheriting the uneven shape of the first photoelectric conversion layer 205.
- the device was made as follows.
- a zinc oxide was deposited on the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. by magnetron sputtering to a thickness of lOOnm.
- etching was performed using the same hydrochloric acid aqueous solution as in Examples 38-47. In order to examine the surface shape of the intermediate layer 207 having the opening 208 obtained in this manner in detail, the surface shape was observed with an optical microscope and an atomic force microscope.
- the intermediate layer 207 is dotted with openings 208 where the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 is exposed, and new irregularities are formed on the surface of the intermediate layer 207 other than the openings 208 by etching. It became clear that it was not done. Therefore, it can be said that only the opening 208 can be selectively formed without changing the other surface shape by etching using a photoresist. The opening rate was 38%.
- a second photoelectric conversion layer 209 and a back electrode layer 211 were formed on the intermediate layer 207 by the same method as in Examples 38-47. Through the above steps, a stacked photoelectric conversion device in which light is incident from the light-transmitting substrate 201 side was manufactured.
- the intermediate layer 207 has a thin initial film thickness before etching so that the average film thickness after etching is almost constant at lOOnm.
- the etching time was short, the initial film thickness before etching is thick! / In some cases, the etching time was increased and adjusted.
- the short-circuit current density increases with the aperture ratio. Both increase.
- the aperture ratio power is around 0-50%, the short-circuit current density stops increasing and forms a maximum.
- the aperture ratio is greater than 50%, the short circuit current density begins to decrease. From this result, as the aperture ratio increases up to 50%, long wavelength light efficiently transmits through the intermediate layer 207, and contributes to photoelectric conversion in the second photoelectric conversion layer 209.
- the short-circuit current increases, if the aperture ratio exceeds 50%, the reflection effect at the intermediate layer 207 decreases, and light that contributes to photoelectric conversion in the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 decreases. The density is expected to decrease.
- Table 6 shows that the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor have higher short-circuit current densities than conventional ones in the range of aperture ratios of 0.5% to 90%. From the above, it became clear that the photoelectric conversion efficiency shows a tendency similar to the short-circuit current density.
- Example 43 and Example 48 are compared, the aperture ratio is 38% and the force is the same.
- Example 43 there is unevenness 207a on the surface of the intermediate layer 207, so light confinement such as light scattering and refraction is confined. Due to the effect, the photocurrent values generated in both the first photoelectric conversion layer 205 and the second photoelectric conversion layer 209 can be improved, and a short-circuit current higher than that in Example 48 is obtained. It is done.
- the aperture ratio in the range of 0.5 to 90%. Furthermore, it is preferable to set the aperture ratio in the range of 16 to 63% because higher photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- the short-circuit current density can be greatly improved without substantially reducing the open-circuit voltage and the form factor, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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US10/587,541 US8957300B2 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2005-01-07 | Substrate for photoelectric conversion device, photoelectric conversion device, and stacked photoelectric conversion device |
EP05719054.8A EP1724840B1 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2005-01-07 | Photoelectric cell |
JP2006510167A JP4456107B2 (ja) | 2004-02-20 | 2005-01-07 | 光電変換装置および光電変換装置用基板 |
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US11211510B2 (en) | 2005-12-13 | 2021-12-28 | The Boeing Company | Multijunction solar cell with bonded transparent conductive interlayer |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2469605A2 (en) | 2012-06-27 |
EP1724840B1 (en) | 2013-05-08 |
JP2010062593A (ja) | 2010-03-18 |
JP5150473B2 (ja) | 2013-02-20 |
US8957300B2 (en) | 2015-02-17 |
JPWO2005081324A1 (ja) | 2008-01-17 |
JP5147818B2 (ja) | 2013-02-20 |
JP2009060149A (ja) | 2009-03-19 |
EP1724840A1 (en) | 2006-11-22 |
JP4456107B2 (ja) | 2010-04-28 |
US20070151596A1 (en) | 2007-07-05 |
EP2469605A3 (en) | 2014-03-05 |
EP1724840A4 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
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