WO2005053073A1 - 液体燃料電池用発電素子およびその製造方法、並びにそれを用いた液体燃料電池 - Google Patents
液体燃料電池用発電素子およびその製造方法、並びにそれを用いた液体燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005053073A1 WO2005053073A1 PCT/JP2004/017364 JP2004017364W WO2005053073A1 WO 2005053073 A1 WO2005053073 A1 WO 2005053073A1 JP 2004017364 W JP2004017364 W JP 2004017364W WO 2005053073 A1 WO2005053073 A1 WO 2005053073A1
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- liquid fuel
- fuel cell
- platinum
- catalyst layer
- positive electrode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a liquid fuel cell, and more particularly to a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell and a method for manufacturing the same.
- DMFC direct methanol fuel cell
- PEFC polymer fuel cell
- DMFC and PEFC both have power generation elements made of substantially the same material.
- carbon having a high specific surface area supporting Pt is used for the catalyst of the positive electrode, for example, a proton conductive solid polymer membrane is used for the solid electrolyte, and for example, the catalyst for the negative electrode is used.
- High specific surface area carbon carrying a PtRu alloy or the like is used.
- PtRu alloy is used as a catalyst for the negative electrode of PEFC in order to suppress the poisoning by CO contained in hydrogen fuel, which is the best catalyst for Pt.
- PEFC requires a reformer to produce hydrogen as a fuel such as methanol, gasoline or natural gas, while DMFC does not. . For this reason, DMFC can be used for compact daggers, and has recently attracted attention as a portable power supply. It is.
- DMFC power density of DMFC is considerably lower than that of PEFC.
- One of the causes is that the capacity of the catalyst required for oxidizing methanol at the negative electrode is not sufficient.
- the best anode catalyst currently used is the Pt Ru alloy, which is also used in PEFC.
- DMFC partially compensates for its low catalytic performance by using a larger amount of a catalyst loaded with PtRu alloy on carbon than PEFC.
- the catalyst amount per specific electrode area, PEFC is 0. OlmgZcm 2 - whereas a 0. 3mgZcm 2, the DMFC 0. 5mg / cm 2 - is a 20 mg / cm 2.
- DMFC a large amount of a catalyst is required for the positive electrode as well. This is because the methanol permeates the solid polymer membrane and reaches the positive electrode. That is, since the methanol that reaches the positive electrode causes a combustion reaction with oxygen on the positive electrode catalyst, the amount of catalyst that can be used for the oxygen reduction reaction, which is the original battery reaction at the positive electrode, decreases. Therefore, it is necessary to use a larger amount of catalyst than is required for the original oxygen reduction reaction even in the positive electrode. For this reason, DMFC requires a larger amount of catalyst for the cathode than PEFC. In addition, hydrogen permeation occurs in PEFC, but the amount is very small and the effect is extremely small as compared with DMFC.
- Patent Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4 various techniques have been proposed for optimizing the pore structure in the catalyst layer of the PEFC (Patent Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4). 5, see Patent Document 6.)
- Patent Document 1 the solid polymer electrolyte solution in the applied catalyst layer is wet-solidified, and the pore size of the catalyst layer is distributed from 0.05 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m. Optimized.
- Patent Document 2 0.5 m-50 ⁇ m particles or lOnm-100 nm sol particles are added to reduce the average pore diameter of the catalyst layer to 0.1 l ⁇ m-lO ⁇ m, pores. is optimized by adopting a structure that a volume 0. lcm 3 Zg- 1. 5cm 3 Zg .
- the pores of the catalyst layer Examples of electrode manufacturing methods focusing on the diameter include 0.04 ⁇ ⁇ - 1. O ⁇ m in Patent Document 3, 10 ⁇ m-30 ⁇ m in Patent Document 4, and 0.5 ⁇ m or less in Patent Document 5. In Patent Document 6, 0
- 06 m-1 m is set as the optimum value of the pore diameter.
- Patent document 1 JP-A-2000-353528
- Patent Document 2 JP 2001-202970 A
- Patent Document 3 JP-A-8-88007
- Patent Document 4 JP-A-2002-110202
- Patent Document 5 JP-A-2002-134120
- Patent Document 6 JP-A-2003-151564
- DMFC uses a larger amount of catalyst than PEFC as described above, and the catalyst layer is thicker than PEFC. Therefore, in order for air (oxygen) / methanol to reach the inside of the catalyst layer, the pores of the DMFC catalyst layer must be larger than the pores of the PEFC catalyst layer. On the other hand, in a DMFC with a thick catalyst layer, if the pores of the catalyst layer are too large, the electron conductivity and ionic conductivity are significantly reduced. For this reason, it has been proposed as a technology for optimizing the pore structure in the catalyst layer of PEFC! Even if the technology of Patent Document 1-16 is directly applied to DMFC, sufficient power density cannot be obtained. .
- the pore structure of the catalyst layer of the DMFC requires a unique optimization technology different from that of the PEFC, but at present, no optimization technology has been proposed yet.
- a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell includes a positive electrode for reducing oxygen, a negative electrode for oxidizing fuel, and a solid electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode each include a catalyst layer having a thickness of 20 / zm or more, and at least one of the catalyst layers has a fine pore diameter of 0.2 to 2. ⁇ ⁇ m. It has pores, and the pore volume of the pores is 4% or more of the total pore volume.
- a liquid fuel cell of the present invention is characterized by including the above-described power generation element for a liquid fuel cell and a liquid fuel.
- the method for manufacturing a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell includes the above-described power generation element for a liquid fuel cell.
- a method for manufacturing an electronic device comprising: a step of dispersing a material containing a catalyst and a proton-conducting substance in a solvent as a step of manufacturing a catalyst layer; and removing the solvent and coagulating the material to form a composite.
- the method for producing a power generating element for a liquid fuel cell is a method for producing a power generating element for a liquid fuel cell, wherein a catalyst and a proton conductive material are used as a step of producing a catalyst layer. Forming a composite particle by granulating the material containing
- the present invention optimizes the pore structure in the catalyst layer so that air (oxygen) or liquid fuel that does not reduce electron conductivity and ionic conductivity reaches each reaction field inside the electrode. Therefore, it is possible to provide a liquid fuel cell having a high output density, which is easy to use, has sufficient catalytic ability.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing one example of the liquid fuel cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing one example of a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell of the present invention.
- An example of a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell according to the present invention includes a positive electrode for reducing oxygen, a negative electrode for oxidizing fuel, and a solid electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- Each of the negative electrode forces includes a catalyst layer having a thickness of 20 m or more, more preferably 40 m or more, and at least one of the catalyst layers has pores having a pore diameter of 0.2 to 2. Is at least 4%, more preferably at least 8%, based on the total pore volume.
- the total pore volume is determined from pores having a pore diameter in the range of lOnm to 100 ⁇ m.
- the pore volume of the catalyst layer is 0.3 ⁇ m—the pore volume of 2.0 ⁇ m is 4% or more of the total pore volume, electron conductivity and ion conductivity are reduced.
- Air (oxygen) for the positive electrode, liquid fuel for the negative electrode, and the reaction field inside each electrode thus, it is possible to provide a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell having a high output density, in which the respective catalyst abilities are sufficiently exhibited.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the pore volume is preferably 40% or less. If it exceeds 40%, it becomes difficult to prepare a catalyst layer.
- the reason why the thickness of the catalyst layer is set to 20 ⁇ m or more is to maintain a large amount of the catalyst in order to solve the above-described problem peculiar to DMFC. As long as the current catalyst is used, sufficient power density cannot be obtained if the catalyst layer thickness is less than 20 m.
- the power generating element for a liquid fuel cell according to the present embodiment can provide a power generating element for a liquid fuel cell having a high output density as described above even if the catalyst layer is thick as described above.
- the amount of catalyst contained in the catalyst layer in order to effect easy to obtain more of the present invention, be 0. 5 mg / cm 2 or more per unit area desirability instrument 1. 5 mg / cm 2 or more and It is even more desirable that the concentration be 3 mgZcm 2 or more.
- the utilization efficiency of the catalyst is improved, sufficient reactivity can be obtained even with a relatively small amount of the catalyst. Therefore, a sufficient output density can be obtained even at 5 mgZcm 2 or less.
- the power generation element for a liquid fuel cell forms a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a solid electrolyte and a force electrode ′, an electrolyte integrated body, and a plurality of electrodes and an electrolyte integrated body are arranged on the same plane. And prefer to. This is because the thickness of the battery can be reduced.
- the negative electrode is formed by, for example, laminating a porous diffusion layer made of a carbon material and a catalyst layer made of a conductive material supporting a catalyst, a proton conductive material, and a fluorine resin binder.
- the negative electrode has a function of oxidizing a liquid fuel such as methanol, and its catalyst includes, for example, platinum fine particles, platinum, iron, nickel, cobalt, tin, ruthenium, gold and the like. Force used by alloy fine particles, etc.
- the present invention is not limited to these.
- the conductive substance serving as the carrier of the catalyst for example, carbon powder such as carbon black having a BET specific surface area of 10 m 2 Zg to 2000 m 2 Z g and a particle diameter of 20 nm to 100 nm is used.
- the catalyst is supported on the carbon powder by using, for example, a colloid method.
- the weight ratio of the carbon powder to the catalyst is preferably 5 parts by weight to 400 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon powder. Within this range, sufficient catalytic activity is obtained and the particle size of the catalyst is large. This is because it does not become too sharp and the catalytic activity does not decrease.
- the proton conductive substance for example, a resin having a sulfonic acid group such as polyperfluorosulfonic acid resin, sulfonated polyethersulfonic acid resin, and sulfonidimide polyimide resin is used.
- the power that can be created is not limited to these.
- the content of such a proton conductive substance is preferably 2 parts by weight to 200 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the catalyst-supporting carbon powder. Within this range, sufficient proton conductivity is obtained, the electric resistance does not increase, and the battery performance does not decrease.
- fluorine resin binder examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkylbutyl ether copolymer (PFA), and tetrafluoroethylene.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PFA tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkylbutyl ether copolymer
- tetrafluoroethylene tetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer
- ZTFE tetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PCTFE polychlorotrifluoroethylene
- the content of the fluororesin binder is preferably 0.01 part by weight to 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the catalyst-supporting carbon powder. Within this range, sufficient binding properties can be obtained, electric resistance does not increase, and battery performance does not decrease.
- the positive electrode is formed by, for example, laminating a porous diffusion layer made of a carbon material, and a catalyst layer also made of a carbon powder supporting a catalyst, a proton conductive substance, and a fluorine resin binder.
- the positive electrode has a function of reducing oxygen, and can be configured substantially in the same manner as the negative electrode.
- a so-called crossover in which liquid fuel permeates through the solid electrolyte from the negative electrode side, penetrates into the positive electrode side, and reacts with oxygen on the positive electrode catalyst to lower the positive electrode potential, is called a crossover bar. It can be a problem. In such a case, by providing an oxidation catalyst layer for oxidizing the liquid fuel between the solid electrolyte and the catalyst layer of the positive electrode, the liquid fuel is oxidized before reaching the catalyst layer of the positive electrode, thereby suppressing crossover. can do.
- an insulating material is contained in the oxidation catalyst layer to allow the catalyst in the oxidation catalyst layer and the catalyst layer of the positive electrode to react with each other. It is desirable to prevent conduction.
- a catalyst for oxidizing a liquid fuel is supported on an insulating material and then mixed.
- a material (composite) can be included in the oxidation catalyst layer.
- the insulating material contained in the oxidation catalyst layer is not particularly limited, but may be an inorganic substance such as silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyester, ionomer, or butyl rubber. Resins such as ethylene-butyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer and ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer are used.
- the BET specific surface area of the insulating material is preferably 10 m 2 / g—2000 m 2 / g, and the average particle diameter is preferably 20 nm—100 nm.
- the supporting of the catalyst on the insulating material can be performed, for example, by a colloid method.
- the catalyst used for the oxidation catalyst layer may be the same as the catalyst used for the catalyst layer of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the weight ratio of the insulating material to the catalyst is preferably 5 parts by weight to 400 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the insulating material. Within this range, it is a force capable of obtaining a sufficient catalytic activity. Further, for example, when a composite material is prepared by a method of depositing a catalyst on an insulating material by a colloid method or the like, if the weight ratio of the insulating material to the catalyst is within the above range, the diameter of the catalyst is reduced. It does not become too large, and a sufficient catalytic activity is obtained.
- the oxidation catalyst layer contains a proton conductive material. Furthermore, by making the oxidation catalyst layer have a porous structure, oxygen is easily supplied to the catalyst in the oxidation catalyst layer, and the liquid fuel can be efficiently oxidized in the oxidation catalyst layer.
- the proton conductive material contained in the oxidation catalyst layer is not particularly limited.
- the same proton conductive material as that contained in the positive and negative electrode catalyst layers can be used.
- the content of the proton conductive material contained in the oxidation catalyst layer is preferably 5 parts by weight to 900 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the composite material supporting the catalyst. Within this range, sufficient proton conductivity can be obtained, and the liquid fuel with good air diffusivity can be sufficiently oxidized.
- the oxidation catalyst layer may contain a binder as necessary.
- the kind of the binder is not particularly limited, but the same binder as the binder used for the above-described catalyst layer of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, such as fluorine resin, can be used.
- the binder in the oxidation catalyst layer Is preferably 0.01 to 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the composite material supporting the catalyst. Within this range, sufficient binding properties can be obtained for the oxidation catalyst layer, and the liquid fuel can be sufficiently oxidized without significantly impairing proton conductivity.
- the solid electrolyte is made of a material having no electron conductivity and capable of transporting protons.
- polyperfluorosulfonic acid resin membranes specifically, "Naphion” (trade name) manufactured by DuPont, "Flemion” (trade name) manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., and Pasiplex manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation
- the solid electrolyte can be constituted by (trade name), etc.
- the solid electrolyte can be constituted by a sulfonated polyether sulfonic acid resin film, a sulfonated polyimide resin film, a sulfuric acid doped polybenzimidazole film, or the like. .
- One example of a method for manufacturing a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell according to the present invention includes, as a step of manufacturing a catalyst layer, a step of dispersing a material containing a catalyst and a proton conductive substance in a solvent, and removing the solvent.
- the method includes a step of forming composite particles by aggregating the material, and a step of pulverizing the composite particles.
- another example of the method of manufacturing a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell according to the present invention is a method of manufacturing a catalyst layer, in which a material containing a catalyst and a proton conductive substance are mixed and granulated. And forming a composite particle.
- the above composite particles By forming the above composite particles, it is easy to control the particle size of the material particles contained in the catalyst layer, and the pore volume of the catalyst layer is reduced from 0.-2. It is easy to set the volume to 4% or more.
- a carbon powder carrying a noble metal catalyst and a proton conductive resin are dispersed in an aqueous solution of a lower saturated monohydric alcohol (solvent), and the solvent in the dispersion is removed.
- solvent a lower saturated monohydric alcohol
- As the granulation, tumbling granulation, vibration granulation, mixed granulation, crushing granulation, tumbling flow granulation, granulation by a spray dry method, and the like can be employed.
- a method in which the pore volume of the catalyst layer having a pore diameter of 0.3 ⁇ m to 2.0 ⁇ m is set to 4% or more of the total pore volume Is a method of adding inorganic particles or fibrous substances which are relatively larger than the carbon powder supporting the catalyst.
- the pore distribution can be restricted by adding inorganic particles such as graphite, alumina, silica and titer, and organic fibers such as nylon, polyethylene, polyimide and polypropylene.
- the carbon powder supporting the catalyst, the proton conductive substance, and the fluororesin binder are uniformly dispersed in a solvent having water and a lower saturated monohydric alcohol.
- the solid content is preferably 1% by weight to 70% by weight based on the total weight of the dispersion. If the content is less than 1% by weight, sufficient viscosity cannot be obtained, and the workability is poor. If it exceeds 70% by weight, the viscosity becomes too high and the workability is deteriorated.
- the dispersion can be performed using, for example, a ball mill, a jet mill, an ultrasonic disperser, or the like, but is not limited thereto.
- the slurry obtained by dispersion is dried under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. This causes the solids to aggregate to form composite particles. Thereafter, the composite particles are pulverized to a predetermined particle size.
- the particle size is preferably between 0.1 ⁇ m and 3000 ⁇ m. If it is less than 0.1 m, the pore size after electrode fabrication becomes smaller, and the diffusivity of air (oxygen) or liquid fuel decreases. If it exceeds 3000 m, the pore size becomes too large, and the electron conductivity and ionic conductivity of the electrode decrease.
- the pulverization method is, for example, a force that can be performed using a roller mill, a hammer mill, a ball mill, an ang mill, or the like, but is not limited thereto.
- the crushed composite particles are uniformly dispersed in a mixture of water and a lower saturated monohydric alcohol to form a slurry.
- the solid content is preferably 1% by weight to 70% by weight based on the total weight of the dispersion. If the content is less than 1% by weight, sufficient viscosity cannot be obtained, and the workability is poor. If the content exceeds 70% by weight, the viscosity becomes too high and the workability is deteriorated.
- the dispersion is performed to such an extent that the aggregated composite particles do not collapse again.
- the dispersion can be performed using, for example, a ball mill, a jet mill, an ultrasonic disperser, or the like, but is not limited thereto.
- the slurry obtained above is applied to a diffusion layer having a porous carbon material power. dry.
- the binder is melt-bound and an electrode is formed.
- the temperature of the hot press is preferably set to a temperature not lower than the glass transition point of the binder used, and not higher than the glass transition point by 20 ° C., depending on the type of the binder.
- the pressure of the press is preferably 3 MPa to 50 MPa. If the pressure is less than 3 MPa, the electrode is not sufficiently formed. If the pressure exceeds 5 OMPa, the pores in the electrode are crushed, and the battery performance is reduced.
- the solid electrolyte is sandwiched between the electrodes so that the catalyst layer of the electrode is in contact with the solid electrolyte, and pressed with a hot press to produce an electrode-electrolyte integrated body.
- the temperature of the hot press is preferably set at 100 ° C-180 ° C.
- the pressure of the press is preferably 3MPa-50MPa. If the temperature is less than 100 ° C or less than 3 MPa, the formation of the electrode is not sufficient. If the temperature exceeds 180 ° C or more than 50 MPa, the pores in the electrode are crushed and the battery performance is reduced.
- the oxidation catalyst layer for oxidizing liquid fuel is provided between the solid electrolyte and the catalyst layer of the positive electrode, the oxidation catalyst layer is formed in advance on the catalyst layer of the positive electrode or on the solid electrolyte. After that, the cathode and the solid electrolyte may be integrated.
- the oxidation catalyst layer is produced, for example, as follows.
- a composite material in which a catalyst such as platinum is supported on an insulating material, a proton conductive material, and a fluorine resin binder are uniformly dispersed in a mixed solvent containing water and a lower saturated monohydric alcohol to form a slurry.
- the solid content is preferably 1% by weight to 70% by weight of the total weight of the slurry. If the content is less than 1% by weight, sufficient viscosity cannot be obtained, resulting in poor workability. If the content exceeds 70% by weight, the viscosity becomes too high and the workability deteriorates.
- the method of dispersing the solid content is not particularly limited, but can be performed in the same manner as in the formation of the catalyst layer of the positive electrode. That is, the obtained slurry is applied to the catalyst layer side of the positive electrode and dried. Subsequently, these are hot-pressed to fuse and bind the binder in the slurry to obtain an oxidation catalyst layer.
- the temperature and pressure of the hot press vary depending on the type of binder, but may be the same as in the case of forming the catalyst layer of the positive electrode. If the pressure is too low, the moldability of the oxidation catalyst layer is improved. If the pressure is too high, the pores in the oxidation catalyst layer are crushed, and the battery performance is reduced.
- the thickness of the oxidation catalyst layer should be 1 ⁇ m-200 ⁇ m after the production of the electrode 'electrolyte integrated material and before the electrode' electrolyte integrated material is incorporated as a fuel cell component. preferable. If the thickness is too small, the amount of the catalyst for reducing the oxygen-oxygen of the liquid fuel becomes insufficient, and if the thickness is too large, the proton conductivity may decrease and the cell performance may decrease. Even in a state where the above-mentioned electrode-electrolyte integrated body is incorporated as a part of a fuel cell, the thickness of the oxidation catalyst layer is almost the same as before the oxidation catalyst layer, and is preferably about 1 m to 200 m.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing an example of the liquid fuel cell of the present invention.
- the dimensional ratio of each component is appropriately changed for easy understanding of the drawing.
- the positive electrode 8 is formed by, for example, laminating a diffusion layer 8a having a porous carbon material strength and a catalyst layer 8b containing carbon powder supporting a catalyst.
- the solid electrolyte 10 is made of a material having no electron conductivity and capable of transporting protons.
- the negative electrode 9 includes a diffusion layer 9a and a catalyst layer 9b, and also has a function of generating protons, that is, a function of oxidizing fuel, and can be configured, for example, in the same manner as the above-described positive electrode.
- the positive electrode 8, the negative electrode 9, and the solid electrolyte 10 are laminated to form an electrode integrated with an electrolyte. That is, the electrode-electrolyte integrated body is composed of the positive electrode 8, the negative electrode 9, and the solid electrolyte 10 provided between the positive electrode 8 and the negative electrode 9. In addition, a plurality of the electrodes and the electrolyte-integrated body are arranged on the same plane in the same battery container.
- a fuel tank 3 for storing a liquid fuel 4 is provided adjacent to a side of the negative electrode 9 opposite to the solid electrolyte 10.
- the liquid fuel 4 for example, an aqueous methanol solution, an aqueous ethanol solution, dimethyl ether, an aqueous sodium borohydride solution, an aqueous potassium borohydride solution, an aqueous lithium borohydride solution and the like are used.
- the fuel tank 3 is made of, for example, a resin such as PTFE, hard polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, or polyethylene, or a corrosion-resistant metal such as stainless steel.
- a fuel supply hole 3a is provided in a portion of the fuel tank 3 which is in contact with the negative electrode 9, and the liquid fuel 4 is supplied to the negative electrode 9 from this part.
- liquid fuel A fuel siphoning material 5 that impregnates and holds 4 and supplies liquid fuel 4 to the negative electrode 9 is provided inside the fuel tank 3 including a portion in contact with the negative electrode 9.
- a cover plate 2 is provided on a side of the positive electrode 8 opposite to the solid electrolyte 10, and an air hole 1 is provided in a portion of the cover plate 2 in contact with the positive electrode 8. As a result, oxygen in the atmosphere comes into contact with the positive electrode 8 through the air hole 1.
- a gas-liquid separation hole / fuel filling port 6 b having a structure penetrating the cover plate 2 and the fuel tank 3 is provided.
- a detachable gas-liquid separation membrane 6a is provided on the side opposite to the fuel tank 3 of the gas-liquid separation hole / fuel filling port 6b.
- the gas-liquid separation membrane 6a is made of a PTFE sheet having pores, and can release dioxide carbon and the like generated by the discharge reaction from the fuel tank 3 without causing the liquid fuel 4 to leak. Further, by making the gas-liquid separation membrane 6a detachable, the gas-liquid separation membrane 6a also serves as a filling port when replenishing the liquid fuel 4.
- the gas-liquid separation hole / fuel filling port 6b, the cover plate 2, and the air hole 1 are made of the same material strength as the fuel tank 3, for example.
- the positive electrode 8 is electrically connected to the adjacent negative electrode 9 of the electrode and the integrated electrolyte by a current collector 7.
- the current collector 7 has a role of electrically connecting adjacent electrodes 'electrolyte integrated material in series, and all the electrodes' electrolyte integrated materials arranged in the same battery container are electrically connected in series by the current collector 7. Connected.
- the current collector 7 is also formed of a noble metal such as platinum or gold, a corrosion-resistant metal such as stainless steel, or a force such as carbon.
- FIG. 1 shows an example in which an oxidation catalyst layer is not arranged between the solid electrolyte 10 and the catalyst layer 8 b of the positive electrode 8.
- FIG. 2 shows an example in which a power generation element for a liquid fuel cell is used. The oxidation catalyst layer can be arranged as described above.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the power generation element for a liquid fuel cell according to the present invention. An oxidation catalyst layer for oxidizing liquid fuel is provided between the solid electrolyte 10 and the catalyst layer 8b of the positive electrode 8. This is an example in which 11 is provided.
- FIG. 2 the same parts as those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted.
- a liquid fuel cell having the same structure as in FIG. 1 was manufactured as follows.
- the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” (trade name) manufactured by Lionaxo Co., and 7 parts by weight of platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and supporting 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm, 86 parts by weight of a proton conductive material “Nafion” (trade name, solid content concentration 5% by weight) and 7 parts by weight of water prepared by Electrochem, The slurry was uniformly mixed and dispersed with an ultrasonic disperser, and the resulting slurry was dried under reduced pressure to remove the solvent.The dried and aggregated composite particles were treated with a planetary ball mill at 200 rpm for 1 hour. As a result, composite particles having an average particle diameter of 10 m were obtained.
- the catalyst layer of the negative electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC” and 50% by weight of platinum-ruthenium alloy (alloy weight ratio 1: 1) fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm were supported on platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 3 ⁇ m. 7 parts by weight, 86 parts by weight of the above-mentioned “NAFION”, and 7 parts by weight of water were prepared, and these were uniformly mixed and dispersed by an ultrasonic disperser, and the obtained slurry was dried under reduced pressure to remove the solvent component. Removed. The dried and agglomerated composite particles were pulverized by a planetary ball mill at 200 rpm for 1 hour.
- composite particles having an average particle diameter of 9 m were obtained.
- the surface on which the catalyst layer is formed of a positive electrode slurry was applied so that the platinum Ruteyuu beam amount on one of the opposite side of the solid electrolyte is 3.
- OmgZcm 2 said positive electrode A negative electrode catalyst layer was formed in the same manner as described above.
- the laminate of the catalyst layer of the positive electrode, the solid electrolyte, and the catalyst layer of the negative electrode formed as described above was hot-pressed at 120 ° C. for 3 minutes under a condition of lOMPa to obtain an electrode-electrolyte integrated material.
- the electrode area was 10 cm 2 for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the cover plate and fuel tank provided on the side opposite to the solid electrolyte of the positive electrode are made of Nippon Paint's phenolic resin-based paint "Mycus A” (product) as an insulating coating on stainless steel (SUS316).
- the positive electrode current collector consisted of a 10-m-thick gold sheet, and was bonded to the positive electrode using epoxy resin.
- the liquid fuel was a 5% by weight methanol-water solution.
- the negative electrode current collector was composed of the same material as the positive electrode current collector, and the gas-liquid separation membrane was composed of a PTFE membrane having pores.
- the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” (trade name) manufactured by Lionaxo Co., and 7 parts by weight of platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and supporting 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm, 86 parts by weight of a proton conductive substance “Nafion” (trade name, solid content concentration 5% by weight) and 7 parts by weight of water prepared by Electrochem, and these were ultrasonicated.
- “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” trade name
- platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and supporting 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm
- 86 parts by weight of a proton conductive substance “Nafion” trade name, solid content concentration 5% by weight
- the slurry was uniformly mixed and dispersed with a disperser, and the resulting slurry was dried under reduced pressure to remove the solvent.
- the dried and agglomerated composite particles were pulverized by a planetary ball mill at 50 rpm for 10 minutes.
- composite particles having an average particle diameter of 120 m were obtained, and the obtained composite particles were weighed and arranged so that the amount of platinum was 3. OmgZcm 2 , and pressed and molded at a pressure of 16 MPa.
- the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was formed.
- the catalyst layer of the negative electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC” and 50% by weight of platinum-ruthenium alloy (alloy weight ratio 1: 1) fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm were supported on platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 3 ⁇ m. 7 parts by weight, 86 parts by weight of the above-mentioned "NAFION", and 7 parts by weight of water were prepared, and these were homogenized with an ultrasonic disperser. The resulting slurry was dried under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The dried and agglomerated composite particles were ground in a planetary ball mill at 50 rpm for 10 minutes.
- composite particles having an average particle diameter of 110 m were obtained.
- the obtained composite particles were weighed and arranged so that the platinum ruthenium amount became 3.0 mgZcm 2 , and pressed under a pressure of 16 MPa to form a catalyst layer of a negative electrode.
- the electrode area was 10 cm 2 for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the catalyst layer of the positive electrode and the catalyst layer of the negative electrode formed as above were sandwiched between “Naphion 117” (trade name, 180 m in thickness) manufactured by DuPont, which is a solid electrolyte, at 120 ° C. Then, hot pressing was performed for 3 minutes under the conditions of 10 MPa and an electrode-electrolyte integrated body was produced. The electrode area was 10 cm 2 for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was 70 m
- the thickness of the catalyst layer of the negative electrode was 75 m.
- the pore distribution of each of the catalyst layers of the obtained electrode'electrolyte-integrated material was measured using a mercury porosimeter Poisaizer 9310 "(trade name, manufactured by Micromeritex Co., Ltd.). — The 2.0 m pore volume was 15% of the total pore volume.
- a liquid fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above-mentioned electrode-electrolyte integrated material was used.
- the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” (trade name) manufactured by Lionaxo Co., and 7 parts by weight of platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and supporting 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm, 86 parts by weight of a proton conductive substance “Nafion” (trade name, solid content concentration 5% by weight) and 7 parts by weight of water prepared by Electrochem, and these were ultrasonicated.
- “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” trade name
- platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and supporting 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm
- 86 parts by weight of a proton conductive substance “Nafion” trade name, solid content concentration 5% by weight
- the resulting slurry was uniformly mixed and dispersed by a disperser, and the resulting slurry was granulated by a spray-drying method, and as a result, composite particles having an average particle diameter of 30 IX m were obtained.
- the catalyst layer of the negative electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC” and 50% by weight of platinum-ruthenium alloy (alloy weight ratio 1: 1) fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm were supported on platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 3 ⁇ m. 7 parts by weight, 86 parts by weight of ⁇ NAFION ”and 7 parts by weight of water were prepared, and these were uniformly mixed and dispersed by an ultrasonic disperser, and the resulting slurry was granulated by a spray drying method. did. As a result, composite particles having an average particle diameter of 28 m were obtained.
- the positive electrode was coated on one surface of the solid electrolyte opposite to the surface on which the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was formed so that the amount of platinum-ruthenium was 3.0 mgZcm 2.
- a negative electrode catalyst layer was obtained in the same manner as in
- the laminate of the catalyst layer of the positive electrode, the solid electrolyte, and the catalyst layer of the negative electrode formed as described above was hot-pressed at 120 ° C. for 3 minutes under a condition of lOMPa to obtain an electrode-electrolyte integrated material. Produced.
- the electrode area was 10 cm 2 for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a liquid fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above-described electrode-electrolyte integrated material was used.
- An oxidation catalyst layer was formed on the solid electrolyte as described below.
- a platinum-supported silica 7 wt 0/0 of the average particle diameter of 20 nm, Electro Chem (Electrochem) manufactured by proton Den conductive substance "Nafuion (Nafion)" (trade name, solid content concentration of 5 wt%) and 93 wt% was uniformly mixed and dispersed by an ultrasonic disperser, and the obtained slurry was coated with a solid electrolyte of DuPont's Nafion 117 "(trade name, thickness 180 / zm), and the amount of platinum was 1.
- the solid oxide was coated with Omg / cm 2 and dried to form an oxidation catalyst layer on one side of the solid electrolyte.
- Platinum-supported silica was composed of silica having an average particle diameter of 20 nm and platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 5 nm. Power The weight ratio of silica and platinum fine particles is 100 parts by weight of silica and 100 parts by weight of platinum fine particles. In the oxidation catalyst layer, 66 parts by weight of the above-mentioned “naphion” is contained with respect to 100 parts by weight of the platinum-supported silica.
- the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” (trade name) manufactured by LIONAXO, 7 parts by weight of platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm, and 86 parts by weight of proton conductive substance "Nafion” (trade name, solid content concentration 5% by weight) and 7 parts by weight of water manufactured by Electrochem Co., Ltd., and these were ultrasonically dispersed. The resulting slurry was uniformly mixed and dispersed by a mixer, and the resulting slurry was granulated by a spray drying method, and as a result, composite particles having an average particle diameter of 30 m were obtained.
- “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” trade name
- platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm
- the catalyst layer of the negative electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC” and 50% by weight of platinum-ruthenium alloy (alloy weight ratio 1: 1) fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm were supported on platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 3 ⁇ m. 7 parts by weight, 86 parts by weight of ⁇ NAFION ”and 7 parts by weight of water were prepared, and these were uniformly mixed and dispersed by an ultrasonic disperser, and the resulting slurry was granulated by a spray dry method. did. As a result, composite particles having an average particle diameter of 28 m were obtained.
- the positive electrode was coated on one surface of the solid electrolyte opposite to the surface on which the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was formed so that the amount of platinum-ruthenium was 3.0 mgZcm 2.
- a negative electrode catalyst layer was formed in the same manner as described above.
- the laminate of the catalyst layer of the positive electrode, the oxidation catalyst layer, the solid electrolyte, and the negative electrode catalyst layer formed as described above was hot-pressed at 120 ° C. for 3 minutes under the conditions of lOMPa to obtain an electrode.
- An integrated electrolyte was produced.
- the electrode area was 10 cm 2 for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a liquid fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the above-mentioned electrode-electrolyte integrated sword was used.
- the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” (trade name) manufactured by Lionaxo Co., and 7 parts by weight of platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and supporting 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm, 86 parts by weight of a proton conductive substance "Nafion” (trade name, solid content concentration: 5% by weight) and 7 parts by weight of water prepared by Electrochem, and these were ultrasonicated.
- the catalyst layer of the negative electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC” and 50% by weight of platinum-ruthenium alloy (alloy weight ratio 1: 1) fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm were supported on platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 3 ⁇ m. 7 parts by weight, 86 parts by weight of the above-mentioned “NAFION”, and 7 parts by weight of water were prepared, and these were uniformly mixed and dispersed by an ultrasonic disperser, and the obtained slurry was used to form a catalyst layer for a positive electrode.
- platinum ruthenium was applied so as to have an amount of 3.0 OmgZcm 2, and dried to form a negative electrode catalyst layer on one side of the solid electrolyte.
- the laminate of the catalyst layer of the positive electrode, the solid electrolyte, and the catalyst layer of the negative electrode formed as described above is hot-pressed at 120 ° C. for 3 minutes under a condition of lOMPa to obtain an electrode-electrolyte integrated material. Produced.
- the electrode area was 10 cm 2 for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a liquid fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the above-mentioned electrode-electrolyte integrated material was used.
- the catalyst layer of the positive electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” (trade name) manufactured by Lionaxo Co., and 7 parts by weight of platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and supporting 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm, 86 parts by weight of a proton conductive substance “Nafion” (trade name, solid content concentration 5% by weight) and 7 parts by weight of water prepared by Electrochem, and these were ultrasonicated.
- “Ketjen Black EC ⁇ ” trade name
- platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m and supporting 50% by weight of platinum fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm
- 86 parts by weight of a proton conductive substance “Nafion” trade name, solid content concentration 5% by weight
- the slurry was uniformly mixed and dispersed with a disperser, the resulting slurry was dried under reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and the dried and aggregated composite particles were pulverized by treating them with a planetary ball mill at 300 rpm for 6 hours. As a result, composite particles having an average particle diameter of 2.5 m were obtained.
- the catalyst layer of the negative electrode was produced as follows. First, 50 parts by weight of the above “Ketjen Black EC” and 50% by weight of platinum-ruthenium alloy (alloy weight ratio 1: 1) fine particles having an average particle diameter of 3 nm were supported on platinum-supported carbon having an average particle diameter of 3 ⁇ m. 7 parts by weight, 86 parts by weight of the above-mentioned “NAFION”, and 7 parts by weight of water were prepared, and these were uniformly mixed and dispersed by an ultrasonic disperser, and the obtained slurry was dried under reduced pressure to remove the solvent component. Removed. The dried and agglomerated composite particles were pulverized by a planetary ball mill at 300 rpm for 6 hours.
- a liquid fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the above-mentioned electrode-electrolyte integrated sword was used.
- Example 1 to Example 4 As is clear from Table 1, it can be seen that the output of Example 1 to Example 4 is higher than that of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. This is presumably because in Example 1 to Example 4, the pore structure in the catalyst layer was optimized. In particular, in Example 4, in which an oxidation catalyst layer was provided between the solid electrolyte and the catalyst layer of the positive electrode, a higher output with less influence of methanol crossover could be obtained.
- the performance of the catalyst can be sufficiently exhibited, an unprecedentedly high power generation efficiency can be obtained, and the size and the capacity of the liquid fuel cell can be reduced. Therefore, by using this liquid fuel cell as a power source for cordless devices such as personal computers and mobile phones, the size and weight of cordless devices can be reduced.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CNB2004800032030A CN100350659C (zh) | 2003-11-26 | 2004-11-22 | 液体燃料电池用发电元件及其制造方法、以及使用它的液体燃料电池 |
DE112004000278T DE112004000278T5 (de) | 2003-11-26 | 2004-11-22 | Element für die Erzeugung elektrischer Energie für eine Flüssigkeits-Brennstoffzelle, Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben und Flüssigkeits-Brennstoffzelle, welche dieselbe verwendet |
US10/537,169 US20060024562A1 (en) | 2003-11-26 | 2004-11-22 | Power generating element for liquid fuel cell, method for producing the same, and liquid fuel cell using the same |
KR1020057011943A KR100756498B1 (ko) | 2003-11-26 | 2004-11-22 | 액체연료전지용 발전소자와 그 제조방법 및 그것을 사용한액체연료전지 |
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JP2003396187 | 2003-11-26 | ||
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PCT/JP2004/017364 WO2005053073A1 (ja) | 2003-11-26 | 2004-11-22 | 液体燃料電池用発電素子およびその製造方法、並びにそれを用いた液体燃料電池 |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US20060024562A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3981684B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100756498B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100350659C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE112004000278T5 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005053073A1 (ja) |
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JPWO2008078639A1 (ja) * | 2006-12-27 | 2010-04-22 | 株式会社東芝 | 燃料電池 |
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JP5198044B2 (ja) | 2007-12-04 | 2013-05-15 | パナソニック株式会社 | 直接酸化型燃料電池 |
JP5268352B2 (ja) | 2007-12-28 | 2013-08-21 | パナソニック株式会社 | 膜−電極接合体、およびそれを使用した直接酸化型燃料電池 |
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WO2001099216A1 (fr) * | 2000-06-22 | 2001-12-27 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Pile a combustible a electrolyte polymere, procede de fabrication d'electrode et dispositif de fabrication |
JP2002015743A (ja) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-01-18 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 固体高分子型燃料電池 |
JP2003317742A (ja) * | 2002-04-26 | 2003-11-07 | Nec Corp | 固体電解質型燃料電池、固体電解質型燃料電池用触媒電極、固体電解質型燃料電池用固体電解質膜、およびそれらの製造方法 |
JP2004296435A (ja) * | 2003-03-13 | 2004-10-21 | Toray Ind Inc | 電極触媒層およびその製造方法ならびにそれを用いた固体高分子型燃料電池 |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2014042910A (ja) * | 2012-08-01 | 2014-03-13 | Toyo Ink Sc Holdings Co Ltd | 炭素触媒造粒体、炭素触媒造粒体の製造方法、及び該炭素触媒造粒体を用いた触媒インキ並びに燃料電池 |
Also Published As
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KR100756498B1 (ko) | 2007-09-10 |
CN100350659C (zh) | 2007-11-21 |
DE112004000278T5 (de) | 2005-12-29 |
US20060024562A1 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
KR20060011821A (ko) | 2006-02-03 |
CN1745492A (zh) | 2006-03-08 |
JP2005183368A (ja) | 2005-07-07 |
JP3981684B2 (ja) | 2007-09-26 |
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