Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D205/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D205/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with one oxygen atom directly attached in position 2, e.g. beta-lactams
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S930/00—Peptide or protein sequence
  • Y10S930/01—Peptide or protein sequence
  • Y10S930/28—Bound to a nonpeptide drug, nonpeptide label, nonpeptide carrier, or a nonpeptide resin

Definitions

• the present invention relates to substituted azetidinone compounds useful for treating vascular and lipidemic conditions, and formulations and processes related thereto.
• Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease represents the major cause for death and vascular morbidity in the western world. Risk factors for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history, male gender, cigarette smoke and high serum cholesterol. A total cholesterol level in excess of 225-250 mg/dl is associated with significant elevation of risk of CHD.
• the newly revised NCEP ATP III low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) goal for patients with CHD or CHD risk equivalent is ⁇ 100 mg/dL (2.59 mmol/L), for individuals with two or more risk factors is ⁇ 130 mg/dL (3.37 mmol/L) and for individuals with fewer than two risk factors is ⁇ 160 mg/dL (4.14 mmol/L).
• the regulation of whole-body cholesterol homeostasis in mammals and animals involves the regulation of dietary cholesterol and modulation of cholesterol biosynthesis, bile acid biosynthesis and the catabolism of the cholesterol-containing plasma lipoproteins.
• the liver is the major organ responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and catabolism and, for this reason, it is a prime determinant of plasma cholesterol levels.
• the liver is the site of synthesis and secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) which are subsequently metabolized to low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the circulation.
• LDL are the predominant cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins in the plasma and an increase in their concentration is correlated with increased atherosclerosis.
• VLDL very low density lipoproteins
• LDL low density lipoproteins
• U.S. Patents Nos. 5,846,966 and 5,661 ,145 disclose treatments for inhibiting atherosclerosis and reducing plasma cholesterol levels using such hydroxy-substituted azetidinone compounds or substituted ⁇ -lactam compounds in combination with HMG CoA reductase inhibitor compounds, which act by blocking hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic cholesterol synthesis).
• HMG-CoA hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A
• the present invention provides a compound represented by the structural formula (I):
• X, Y and Z can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 -, -CH(alkyl)- and -C(alkyl) 2 -;
• Q 1 and Q 2 can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, -(C 0 -C 30 alkylene)-G, -OR 6 , -OC(O)R 6 , -OC(0)OR > -OC(O)NR 6 R 7 - and -L-M ;
• Q 3 is 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, -(C 0 -C 30 alkylene)-G, -(C 0 -C ⁇ 0 alkylene)-OR 6 ,
• -C C-C(O)OR 6 ) -C ⁇ C-C ⁇ R 6 , _o- (Cl -c 10 alkylene)-OR 6 , -0-(C ⁇ -C ⁇ o alkylene)-C(O)R 6 . -O-(C ⁇ -C ⁇ 0 alkylene)-C(0)OR 6 , -CN, -0-(C ⁇ -C ⁇ o alkylene)-C(O)NR 6 R 7 .
• -OCF 3 halo, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkoxyarylalkoxy, alkoxyiminoalkyl, alkyldioyl, allyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, aroyl, aroyloxy, aroylaroyloxy, arylalkoxycarbonyl, benzoylbenzoyloxy, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkoxy, dioxolanyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonylalkoxy and -L-M; wherein optionally one or more carbon atoms of the -(Co-C 3 o alkylene)- radical of Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 and Q 5 is independently replaced by -O-, -C
• G is selected from the group consisting of a sugar residue, disugar residue, trisugar residue, tetrasugar residue, sugar acid, amino sugar, amino acid residue, oligopeptide residue comprising 2 to 9 amino acids, thalkylammoniumalkyl radical and -S(O) 2 -OH, wherein optionally the sugar residue, disugar residue, trisugar residue, tetrasugar residue, sugar acid, amino sugar, amino acid residue or oligopeptide residue of G is substituted with -L-M;
• L is selected from the group consisting of
• M is selected from the group consisting of
• R and R can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and aryl; fi 7 ft
• R , R and R can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl;
• each R is independently alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl.
• each R 10 is independently H or alkyl; q is 0 or 1 ; r is 0 or 1 ; m, n and p are independently selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4; provided that at least one of q and r is 1 , and the sum of m, n, p, q and r is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and provided that when p is 0 and r is 1 , the sum of m, q and n is 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5; x1 is 1 to 10; x2 is 1 to 10; x3 is 1 to 10; x4 is 1 to 10; x5 is 1 to 10; x6 is 1 to 10; and x7 is 1 to 10; with the proviso that at least one of Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 and Q 5 is -L-M or the sugar residue, disugar residue, tris
• compositions or compositions for the treatment or prevention of a vascular condition, diabetes, obesity, stroke, lowering a concentration of a sterol or stanol in plasma of a mammal, preventing demyelination or treating Alzheimer's disease and/or regulating levels of amyloid ⁇ peptides in a subject comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the above compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier also are provided.
• Methods of treating or preventing a vascular condition, diabetes, obesity, stroke, lowering a concentration of a sterol or stanol in plasma of a mammal, preventing demyelination or treating Alzheimer's disease and/or regulating levels of amyloid ⁇ peptides in a subject comprising the step of administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of the above compounds of Formula (I) also are provided.
• the present invention provides a novel class of compounds of Formula (I) above, processes for producing such compounds, pharmaceutical formulations or compositions comprising one or more of such compounds, methods of preparing the same, and methods of treatment, prevention, inhibition or amelioration of one or more conditions or diseases associated with vascular conditions or other conditions such as are discussed in detail below.
• the compounds of Formula (I) are capable of being metabolized in vivo to form a sterol and/or stanol absorption inhibitor compound and a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor compound.
• sterol absorption inhibitor means a compound capable of inhibiting the absorption of one or more sterols, including but not limited to cholesterol and phytosterols (such as sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and avenosterol) when administered in a therapeutically effective (sterol absorption inhibiting) amount to a subject or human.
• “Stanol absorption inhibitor” means a compound capable of inhibiting the absorption of one or more 5 ⁇ -stanols (such as cholestanol, 5 ⁇ -campestanol, 5 ⁇ -sitostanol) when administered in a therapeutically effective (stanol absorption inhibiting) amount to a subject or human.
• the sterol or stanol absorption inhibitor can inhibit the absorption of cholesterol from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes, leading to a decrease in the delivery of intestinal sterol or stanol, respectively, to the liver.
• Steprol biosynthesis inhibitor means a compound, such as a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor, that blocks hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic cholesterol synthesis.
• HMG CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
• HMG-CoA hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase
• compounds of Formula (I) can have dual functionality, i.e., can exhibit sterol and/or stanol absorption inhibiting properties and also block hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase.
• HMG-CoA hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A
• X, Y and Z are each -CH 2 -.
• m, n, p, q and r is preferably 2, 3 or 4, more preferably 3.
• compounds of Formula (I) in which p, q and n are each zero, r is 1 and m is 2 or 3. ln one embodiment, m, n and r are each zero, q is 1 , p is 2, and Z is -CH 2 -.
• R and R are each preferably hydrogen.
• Q 1 and Q can be -OR wherein R is hydrogen, or a group
• Q is halo or -OR .
• Q 1 is -OR 6 wherein R 6 is H. In yet another embodiment, Q 1 is -L-M.
• Q 2 is -L-M.
• Q 3 is -L-M.
• Q 4 is -L-M.
• Q 5 is -L-M. In another embodiment, Q 5 is halo.
• Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 or Q 5 is independently -(C 0 -C 3 o alkylene)-G. In another embodiment, Q 1 , Q 2 or Q 3 is independently -(C 0 -C 30 alkylene)- G. In another embodiment, Q 1 or Q 3 is independently -(C 0 -C 30 alkylene)-G.
• G is selected from the group consisting of:
• R, R a and R D can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, -OH, halo, -NH2, azido, alkoxyalkoxy or -W-
• W is independently selected from the group consisting of -NH-C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -0-C(0)-N(R31 )-, -NH-C(O)-N(R31 )- and -O-C(S)-N(R31 )-;
• R2a and R ⁇ a can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acetyl, aryl and arylalkyl;
• R4b can b e the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acetyl, arylalkyl, - C(O)alkyl and -C(O)aryl;
• R30 js independently selected from the group consisting of R32-substituted T,
• R32-substituted-T-alkyl R32. S ubstituted-alkenyl, R32- Su bstituted-alkyl, R 3 2- substituted-cycloalkyl and R32-substituted-cycloalkylalkyl;
• R31 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl
• T is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl and pyridyl;
• R 2 is 1 to 3 substituents which are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, alkyl, -OH, phenoxy, -CF3, -NO2, alkoxy, methylenedioxy, oxo, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C(O)-NHalkyl, -C(0)-N(alkyl)2, -C(O)-alkyl, -C(O)-alkoxy and pyrrolidinylcarbonyl; or R 2 is a covalent bond and R31 , the nitrogen to which it is attached and R32 form a pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, N- methyl-piperazinyl, indolinyl or morpholinyl group, or a alkoxycarbonyl-substituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, N-
• the -(Co-C 3 o alkylene)-G substituent is preferably in the 4-position of the phenyl ring to which it is attached.
• L is Preferably, x1 is 1 to 3 and more preferably x1 is 3.
• L is Preferably, x5 is
• M is N
• M is N
• M is N
• M is In another embodiment, M is
• One embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (II)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (III)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (IV)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (V)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (VI)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (VII)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (VIII)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (XI)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (X)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (XI)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (XII)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (Xlll)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (XIV)
• sterol biosynthesis inhibitors which can be formed include atorvastatin and the open acid form of atorvastatin.
• compounds (sterol biosynthesis inhibitors) which can be formed include rosuvastatin and the open acid form of rosuvastatin.
• compounds (sterol biosynthesis inhibitors) which can be formed include pravastatin and the open acid form of pravastatin.
• Subject includes both mammals and non-mammalian animals.
• mammal includes humans and other mammalian animals.
• Q and Q 2 are said to be independently selected from a group of substituents, means that Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected, but also that where an Q 1 or Q 2 variable occurs more than once in a molecule, those occurrences are independently selected (e.g., if Q 1 is -OR6 wherein R6 is hydrogen, Q 2 can be -OR ⁇ wherein R ⁇ is alkyl).
• Q 1 is -OR6 wherein R6 is hydrogen
• Q 2 can be -OR ⁇ wherein R ⁇ is alkyl
• alkyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group that can be straight or branched and comprises 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in the chain.
• Preferred alkyl groups comprise 1 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain. More preferred alkyl groups comprise 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain.
• Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkyl chain.
• Lower alkyl means a group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in a chain that may be straight or branched.
• the alkyl can be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, -NH(alkyl), -NH(cycloalkyl), -N(alkyl) 2 (which alkyls can be the same or different), carboxy and - C(O)O-alkyl.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, decyl, fluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and cyclopropyl methyl.
• Alkenyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (straight or branched carbon chain) comprising one or more double bonds in the chain and which can be conjugated or unconjugated.
• Useful alkenyl groups can comprise 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain, preferably 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain, and more preferably 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain.
• “Lower alkenyl” means 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain that can be straight or branched.
• the alkenyl group can be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano and alkoxy.
• suitable alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, 3-methylbut- enyl and n-pentenyl.
• alkylene and alkenylene are used.
• Alkoxy means an alkyl-O- group in which the alkyl group is as previously described.
• Useful alkoxy groups can comprise 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
• suitable alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy and isopropoxy.
• the alkyl group of the alkoxy is linked to an adjacent moiety through the ether oxygen.
• Alkoxyarylalkoxy means an alkyl-O-aryl-alkylene-O- group in which the alkyl, alkylene and aryl groups are as previously described.
• Useful alkoxyarylalkoxy groups can comprise 7 to about 26 carbon atoms, preferably 7 to about 12 carbon atoms.
• a non-limiting example of a suitable alkoxyarylalkoxy group is methoxybenzyloxy.
• the alkoxyarylalkoxy is linked to an adjacent moiety through the ether oxygen.
• Alkoxycarbonylalkoxy means an alkyl-O-C(O)-alkylene-0- group in which the alkyl and alkylene groups are as previously described.
• Useful alkoxycarbonylalkoxy groups can comprise 3 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to about 8 carbon atoms.
• a non-limiting example of a suitable alkoxycarbonylalkoxy group is CH 3 CH 2 - O-C(O)-CH 2 -0-.
• the alkoxycarbonylalkoxy is linked to an adjacent moiety through the ether oxygen.
• Useful alkoxyiminoalkyl groups can comprise 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to about 8 carbon atoms.
• the alkoxyiminoalkyl is linked to an adjacent moiety through the alkylene group.
• Alkyldioyl means an ROC(O)-alkylene-C(O)-O- group in which R is alkyl or H and the alkylene group is as previously described.
• Useful alkyldioyl groups can comprise 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to about 8 carbon atoms.
• suitable alkyldioyl groups include 1 ,3-propanediol.
• the alkyldioyl is linked to an adjacent moiety through the ester oxygen.
• Alkynyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group comprising at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and which may be straight or branched and comprising about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain.
• Preferred alkynyl groups have about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the chain.
• Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkynyl chain.
• “Lower alkynyl” means about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-methylbutynyl, n-pentynyl, and decynyl.
• the alkynyl group may be substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl and cycloalkyl.
• the allyloxy is linked to an adjacent moiety through the ether oxygen.
• Aryl means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 5 to about 14 carbon atoms, preferably about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms.
• the aryl group can be substituted with one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
• suitable aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and indanyl.
• Arylene means a bivalent phenyl group, including ortho, meta and para-substitution.
• Aralkyl or “arylalkyl” means an aryl-alkylene- group in which the aryl and alkylene are as previously described. Preferred aralkyls comprise a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, phenethyl and naphthlenylmethyl. The aralkyl is linked to an adjacent moiety through the alkylene group.
• Aryloxy means an aryl-O- group in which the aryl group is as previously described.
• suitable aryloxy groups include phenoxy and naphthoxy.
• the bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
• Alkoxy or arylalkyloxy means an aralkyl-O- group in which the aralkyl group is as previously described.
• suitable aralkoxy groups include benzyloxy and 1 - or 2-naphthalenemethoxy.
• the bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
• Alkoxycarbonyl means an aralkoxy-C(O)- group in which the aralkoxy group is as previously described.
• Aroyl means an aryl-C(O)- group in which the aryl group is as previously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
• suitable groups include benzoyl and 1- and 2-naphthoyl.
• “Aroyloxy” means an aroyl-O- group in which the aroyl group is as previously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
• suitable groups include benzoyloxy and 1- and 2-naphthoyloxy.
• “Cycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl rings contain about 5 to about 7 ring atoms.
• the cycloalkyl can be substituted with one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined below.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable multicyclic cycloalkyls include 1-decalinyl, norbornyl, adamantyl and the like.
• Cycloalkylene refers to a corresponding bivalent ring, wherein the points of attachment to other groups include all positional isomers.
• “Dioxolanyl” means “Halo” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine radicals. Preferred are fluoro, chloro or bromo, and more preferred are fluoro and chloro.
• "Heteroaryl” means a monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system of about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are atoms other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The heteroatom(s) interrupt a carbocyclic ring structure and have a sufficient number of delocalized pi electrons to provide aromatic character, provided that the rings do not contain adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms.
• heteroaryls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
• the "heteroaryl” can be optionally substituted by one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
• the prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heteroaryl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively, is present as a ring atom.
• a nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl can be oxidized to form the corresponding N-oxide. All regioisomers are contemplated, e.g., 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl.
• 6-membered heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and the like and the N-oxides thereof.
• useful 5-membered heteroaryl rings include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl and isoxazolyl.
• Useful bicyclic groups are benzofused ring systems derived from the heteroaryl groups named above, e.g., quinolyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl and indolyl.
• Heteroarylalkyl or “heteroaralkyl” means a heteroaryl-alkylene- group in which the heteroaryl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred heteroaralkyls contain a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable heteroaralkyl groups include pyridylmethyl, 2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl and quinolin-3-ylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkylene.
• Heteroarylalkoxy means a heteroaryl-alkylene-O- group in which the heteroaryl and alkylene are as previously described.
• Heterocyclyl means a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system.
• Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
• the prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively is present as a ring atom.
• the heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted by one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
• the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1 ,3-dioxolanyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
• Heterocyclylalkyl means a heterocyclyl-alkylene- group in which the heterocyclyl and alkylene groups are as previously described. Preferred heterocyclylalkyls contain a lower alkylene group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkylene.
• Heterocyclylcarbonyl means a heterocyclyl-C(O)- group in which the heterocyclyl is as previously described. Preferred heterocyclylcarbonyls contain a lower alkyl group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
• Heterocyclylcarbonylalkoxy means a heterocyclyl-C(0)-alkoxy- group in which the heterocyclyl and alkoxy are as previously described.
• Ring system substituent means a substituent attached to an aromatic or non- aromatic ring system that, for example, replaces an available hydrogen on the ring system.
• Ring system substituents may be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, aralkenyl, heteroaralkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heteroaralkenyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, acyl, aroyl, halo, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfinyl, alkylthio, arylthio, heteroaryl
• “Sugar residue” means a moiety derived from an aldose or ketose that has 3 to 7 carbon atoms and may belong to the D or L series.
• suitable aldoses from which the sugar residue can be formed include glucose, mannose, galactose, ribose, erythrose and glyceraldehydes.
• a non-limiting example of a suitable ketose from which the sugar residue can be formed is fructose.
• Disugar residue means a moiety derived from a sugar that can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharide molecules.
• suitable compounds from which the disugar residue can be formed include maltose, lactose, cellobiose and sucrose.
• sugar residues and disugar residues include those moieties G listed in detail above.
• Di-, tri- or tetrasaccharides are formed by acetal-like binding of two or more sugars. The bonds may be in ⁇ or ⁇ form.
• Trisugar residue means a moiety derived from a sugar that can be hydrolyzed to three monosaccharide molecules.
• Tetrasugar residue means a moiety derived from a sugar that can be hydrolyzed to four monosaccharide molecules.
• the substitution is preferably at the hydrogen atom of an OH group of the sugar.
• “Sugar acid” means an sugar residue, such as can be formed from glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, gluconic acid, galactonic acid, mannonic acid, glucaric acid and galactaric acid.
• amino sugar means an amino-substituted sugar residue such as can be formed from glucosamine, galactosamine, glucamine or 3-amino-1 ,2-propanediol.
• Suitable protective groups for the hydroxyl groups of the sugars include benzyl, acetyl, benzoyl, pivaloyl, trityl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, benzilidene, cyclohexidene or isopropylidene protective groups.
• Amino acid residue means a moiety derived from an amino acid. The amino acid moiety can be prepared from the D or L forms of the amino acid.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable amino acids from which the amino acid residue can be prepared include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylanine, praline, serine, threonine, tryptophane, tyrosine, valine, 2- aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, beta-alanine, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4- aminobutyric acid, piperidino carboxylic acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 2-aminoheptanoic acid, 2-(2-thienyl)glycine, penicillamine, N-ethylasparagine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 2- aminoisobutyric acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, 2,4-dia
• Olepeptide residue means the residue of a peptide constructed of 2 to 9 of the amino acids mentioned above.
• Trialkylammonium alkyl radical means the group
• n1 is 0 to 10 and Alki, Alk 2 and Alk 3 can be the same or different and each is a straight or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Compounds of the invention have at least one asymmetrical carbon atom and therefore all isomers, including enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers and racemates of the compounds of Formula (I) (where they exist) are contemplated as being part of this invention.
• the invention includes d and I isomers in both pure form and in admixture, including racemic mixtures. Isomers can be prepared using conventional techniques, either by reacting optically pure or optically enriched starting materials or by separating isomers of a compound of the Formula I.
• Isomers may also include geometric isomers, e.g., when a double bond is present.
• Polymorphous forms of the compounds of Formula (I), whether crystalline or amorphous, also are contemplated as being part of this invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that for some of the compounds of the Formula I, one isomer will show greater pharmacological activity than other isomers.
• Compounds of the invention with an amino group can form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with organic and inorganic acids.
• suitable acids for salt formation are hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, oxalic, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic and other mineral and carboxylic acids well known to those in the art.
• the salt is prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt.
• the free base form may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
• the free base form differs from its respective salt form somewhat in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but the salt is otherwise equivalent to its respective free base forms for purposes of the invention.
• Certain compounds of the invention are acidic (e.g., those compounds which possess a carboxyl group). These compounds form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with inorganic and organic bases. Examples of such salts are the sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, gold and silver salts. Also included are salts formed with pharmaceutically acceptable amines such as ammonia, alkyl amines, hydroxyalkylamines, N-methylglucamine and the like. Compounds of the invention with a carboxylic acid group can form pharmaceutically acceptable esters with an alcohol. Examples of suitable alcohols include methanol and ethanol.
• Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.
• the term "prodrug”, as employed herein, denotes a compound that is a drug precursor which, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of formula I or a salt and/or solvate thereof (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to the physiological pH or through enzyme action is converted to the desired drug form).
• prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) Volume 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, (1987) Edward B.
• Solvate means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid.
• Solvate encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.
• “Hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H 2 O.
• the azetidinone portion of the compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared by a variety of methods well known to those skilled in the art, for example such as are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 5,631 ,365, 5,767,115, 5,846,966, 6,207,822, PCT Patent Application No. 02/079174 and PCT Patent Application WO 93/02048, each of which is incorporated herein by reference, and in the Example below.
• the azetidinone is prepared from ezetimibe, such as can be prepared by routine separation methods from ZETIA® ezetimibe formulation that is commercially available from Schering-Plough Corporation.
• the statin compound for preparing the -M portion of the molecule can be prepared by a variety of methods, for example the statin compound for preparing M1 can be prepared by methods such as are disclosed in PCT WO 98/12188, U.S. Patents Nos. 5763653, 5763646, 4444784, 4582915, 4820850, or by routine separation methods from ZOCOR® simvastatin formulation which is commercially available from Merck & Co. Inc.
• the compound for preparing M2 can be prepared by methods such as are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos.
• the compound for preparing M3 can be prepared by methods such as are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 5273995, 4681893, 5969156 or by routine separation methods from LIPITOR® atorvastatin formulation which is commercially available from Pfizer.
• the compound for preparing M4 can be prepared by methods such as are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5260440 or by routine separation methods from CRESTOR® rosuvastatin formulation that is commercially available from AstraZeneca.
• the compound for preparing M5 can be prepared by methods such as are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 5006530 and 5177080.
• the compound for preparing M6 can be prepared by methods such as are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 5872130, 5856336, 5011930 and 5854259.
• the compound for preparing M7 can be prepared by methods such as are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 4346227, 4537859, 4410629 or by routine separation methods from PRAVACHOL® pravastatin formulation which is commercially available from Bristol-Myers Squibb.
• the compound for preparing M8 can be prepared by methods such as are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 5354772 and 4739073 or by routine separation methods from LESCOL® fluvastatin formulation that is commercially available from Novartis.
• azetidinone portion of the molecule and -M portion of the molecule can be linked by linker -L- as shown for example in Schemes 2-6 below.
• ⁇ -(CHafe-NH- example of a suitable compound for preparing linker is from N- Boc-propargylamine as shown below:
• Tf is trifluoromethanesulfonate
• a non-limiting example of a suitable compound for preparing linker is from 3-bromopropylamine as shown below: 3-bromopropylamine
• N-Boc- ⁇ -alanine N-Boc glycine andN-Boc-6- aminocaproic acid, respectively, in a manner as shown below:
• H is from acetoxyethyldimethylchlorosilane as shown above and with further treatment of the corresponding free alcohol with methanesulfonylchloride, displacement of the resulting mesyl group with sodium azide, and reduction of the azide to give the amine as shown below:
• the daily dose of the compound of Formula (I) can range from about 0.1 to about 1000 mg per day, preferably about 0.25 to about 100 mg/day, and more preferably about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 , 60 ,70, 80 , 90 or 100 mg per day, given in a single dose or 2-4 divided doses.
• the exact dose is determined by the attending clinician and is dependent on the potency of the compound administered, the age, weight, condition and response of the patient.
• phrases "effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” mean that amount of a compound of Formula I, and other pharmacological or therapeutic agents described below, that will elicit a biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or mammal that is being sought by the administrator (such as a researcher, doctor or veterinarian) which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the condition or disease being treated and the prevention, slowing or halting of progression of one or more conditions, for example vascular conditions, such as hyperlipidaemia (for example atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia or sitosterolemia), vascular inflammation, stroke, diabetes, obesity and/or to reduce the level of sterol(s) (such as cholesterol) or stanol(s) in the plasma of a subject.
• hyperlipidaemia for example atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia or sitosterolemia
• vascular inflammation vascular inflammation
• stroke vascular inflammation
• diabetes diabetes
• obesity to reduce the level of sterol(s) (such as cholesterol) or stanol(s)
• vascular comprises cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular and combinations thereof.
• formulations or compositions, combinations and treatments of the present invention can be administered by any suitable means which produce contact of these compounds with the site of action in the body, for example in the plasma, liver or small intestine of a mammal or human.
• the weights indicated above refer to the weight of the acid equivalent or the base equivalent of the therapeutic compound derived from the salt.
• compositions or therapeutic combinations can further comprise one or more pharmacological or therapeutic agents or drugs such as lipid-lowering agents discussed below.
• “combination therapy” or “therapeutic combination” means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents, such as a compound of Formula (I) and a lipid-lowering or antihypertensive agent, to prevent or treat a condition as described above.
• Such administration includes coadministration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single tablet or capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each therapeutic agent.
• administration includes use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatment using the combination therapy will provide beneficial effects in treating the condition.
• a potential advantage of the combination therapy disclosed herein may be a reduction in the required amount of an individual therapeutic compound or the overall total amount of therapeutic compounds that are effective in treating the condition.
• the side effects of the individual compounds can be reduced as compared to a monotherapy, which can improve patient compliance.
• therapeutic agents can be selected to provide a broader range of complimentary effects or complimentary modes of action.
• Non-limiting examples of additional cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors for use in the compositions, therapeutic combinations and methods of the present invention include squalene synthase inhibitors, squalene epoxidase inhibitors and mixtures thereof.
• suitable HMG CoA synthetase inhibitors include L- 659,699 ((E,E)-11 - ⁇ -(hydroxy-methylH'-oxo ⁇ 'R-oxetanylj-S.SJR-trimethyl ⁇ - undecadienoic acid); squalene synthesis inhibitors, for example squalestatin 1 ; and squalene epoxidase inhibitors, for example, NB-598 ((E)-N-ethyl-N-(6,6-dimethyl-2- hepten-4-ynyl)-3-[(3,3'-bithiophen-5-yl)methoxy]benzene-methanamine hydrochloride) and other sterol biosynthesis inhibitors
• the composition or treatment comprises the compound of Formula (I) in combination with one or more peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor(s) activator(s).
• the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activator(s) is a fibric acid derivative such as gemfibrozil, clofibrate and/or fenofibrate.
• compositions, therapeutic combinations or methods of the present invention can further comprise one or more bile acid sequestrants (insoluble anion exchange resins), coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• Bile acid sequestrants bind bile acids in the intestine, interrupting the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and causing an increase in the faecal excretion of steroids.
• Bile acid sequestrants can lower intrahepatic cholesterol and promote the synthesis of apo B/E (LDL) receptors that bind LDL from plasma to further reduce cholesterol levels in the blood.
• LDL apo B/E
• Non- limiting examples of suitable bile acid sequestrants include cholestyramine (a styrene- divinylbenzene copolymer containing quaternary ammonium cationic groups capable of binding bile acids, such as QUESTRAN® or QUESTRAN LIGHT® cholestyramine which are available from Bristol-Myers Squibb), colestipol (a copolymer of diethylenetriamine and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane, such as COLESTID® tablets which are available from Pharmacia), and colesevelam hydrochloride (such as WelChol® Tablets (poly(allylamine hydrochloride) cross-linked with epichlorohydrin and alkylated with 1-bromodecane and (6-bromohexyl)-trimethylammonium bromide) which are available from Sankyo).
• a total daily dosage of bile acid sequestrant(s) can range from about 1 to about 50 grams per day, and
• compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise one or more ileal bile acid transport (“IBAT”) inhibitors (or apical sodium co-dependent bile acid transport (“ASBT”) inhibitors) coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• IBAT inhibitors can inhibit bile acid transport to reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
• suitable IBAT inhibitors include benzothiepines such as therapeutic compounds comprising a 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzothiepine 1 ,1 -dioxide structure such as are disclosed in PCT Patent Application WO 00/38727 which is incorporated herein by reference.
• a total daily dosage of IBAT inhibitor(s) can range from about 0.01 to about 1000 mg/day, and preferably about 0.1 to about 50 mg/day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• the compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise nicotinic acid (niacin) and/or derivatives thereof coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• nicotinic acid derivative means a compound comprising a pyridine-3-carboxylate structure or a pyrazine-2-carboxylate structure, including acid forms, salts, esters, zwitterions and tautomers, where available.
• nicotinic acid derivatives include niceritrol, nicofuranose and acipimox (5-methyl pyrazine-2- carboxylic acid 4-oxide). Nicotinic acid and its derivatives inhibit hepatic production of VLDL and its metabolite LDL and increases HDL and apo A-1 levels.
• An example of a suitable nicotinic acid product is NIASPAN® (niacin extended-release tablets) which are available from Kos.
• a total daily dosage of nicotinic acid or a derivative thereof can range from about 500 to about 10,000 mg/day, preferably about 1000 to about 8000 mg/day, and more preferably about 3000 to about 6000 mg/day in single or divided doses.
• compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise one or more AcylCoA:Cholesterol O- acyltransferase (“ACAT”) Inhibitors, which can reduce LDL and VLDL levels, coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• ACAT is an enzyme responsible for esterifying excess intracellular cholesterol and may reduce the synthesis of VLDL, which is a product of cholesterol esterification, and overproduction of apo B-100-containing lipoproteins.
• Non-limiting examples of useful ACAT inhibitors include avasimibe, HL-004, lecimibide (DuP-128) and CL- 277082 ( ⁇ /-(2,4-difluorophenyl)- ⁇ /-[[4-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenyl]methyl]- ⁇ /- heptylurea). See P. Chang et al., "Current, New and Future Treatments in Dyslipidaemia and Atherosclerosis", Drugs 2000 Jul;60(1 ); 55-93, which is incorporated by reference herein. Generally, a total daily dosage of ACAT inhibitor(s) can range from about 0.1 to about 1000 mg/day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise one or more Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein ("CETP”) Inhibitors coadministered with or in combination with compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• CETP is responsible for the exchange or transfer of cholesteryl ester carrying HDL and triglycerides in VLDL.
• suitable CETP inhibitors are disclosed in PCT Patent Application No. WO 00/38721 and U.S. Patent No. 6,147,090, which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (pCEH) inhibitors such as WAY-121898 also can be coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• a total daily dosage of CETP inhibitor(s) can range from about 0.01 to about 1000 mg/day, and preferably about 0.5 to about 20 mg/kg body weight/day in single or divided doses.
• compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise probucol or derivatives thereof (such as AGI- 1067 and other derivatives disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 6,121 ,319 and 6,147,250), which can reduce LDL levels, coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• a total daily dosage of probucol or derivatives thereof can range from about 10 to about 2000 mg/day, and preferably about 500 to about 1500 mg/day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• the compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activators, coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• LDL low-density lipoprotein
• LDL-receptor activators include HOE-402, an imidazolidinyl-pyrimidine derivative that directly stimulates LDL receptor activity. See M. Huettinger et al., "Hypolipidemic activity of HOE-402 is Mediated by Stimulation of the LDL Receptor Pathway", Arterioscler. Thromb. 1993; 13:1005-12.
• a total daily dosage of LDL receptor activator(s) can range from about 1 to about 1000 mg/day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise fish oil, which contains Omega 3 fatty acids (3- PUFA), which can reduce VLDL and triglyceride levels, coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• a total daily dosage of fish oil or Omega 3 fatty acids can range from about 1 to about 30 grams per day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• the compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise natural water soluble fibers, such as psyllium, guar, oat and pectin, which can reduce cholesterol levels, coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• a total daily dosage of natural water soluble fibers can range from about 0.1 to about 10 grams per day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise plant sterols, plant stanols and/or fatty acid esters of plant stanols, such as sitostanol ester used in BENECOL® margarine, which can reduce cholesterol levels, coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• a total daily dosage of plant sterols, plant stanols and/or fatty acid esters of plant stanols can range from about 0.5 to about 20 grams per day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise antioxidants, such as probucol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ⁇ -carotene and selenium, or vitamins such as vitamin B 6 or vitamin B 12 , coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• antioxidants such as probucol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ⁇ -carotene and selenium
• vitamins such as vitamin B 6 or vitamin B 12
• a total daily dosage of antioxidants or vitamins can range from about 0.05 to about 10 grams per day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• compositions or treatments of the present invention can further comprise monocyte and macrophage inhibitors such as polyunsatu rated fatty acids (PUFA), thyroid hormones including throxine analogues such as CGS-26214 (a thyroxine compound with a fluorinated ring), gene therapy and use of recombinant proteins such as recombinant apo E, coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• PUFA polyunsatu rated fatty acids
• thyroid hormones including throxine analogues such as CGS-26214 (a thyroxine compound with a fluorinated ring)
• gene therapy a thyroxine compound with a fluorinated ring
• recombinant proteins such as recombinant apo E, coadministered with or in combination with the compound of Formula (I) discussed above.
• a total daily dosage of these agents can range from about 0.01 to about 1000 mg/day in single
• Useful hormone agents and compositions for hormone replacement therapy of the present invention include androgens, estrogens, progestins, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives thereof. Combinations of these agents and compositions are also useful.
• the dosage of androgen and estrogen combinations vary, desirably from about 1 mg to about 4 mg androgen and from about 1 mg to about 3 mg estrogen.
• the compositions, therapeutic combinations or methods of the present invention can further comprise one or more obesity control medications.
• Useful obesity control medications include, but are not limited to, drugs that reduce energy intake or suppress appetite, drugs that increase energy expenditure and nutrient- partitioning agents.
• Suitable obesity control medications include, but are not limited to, noradrenergic agents (such as diethylpropion, mazindol, phenylpropanolamine, phentermine, phendimetrazine, phendamine tartrate, methamphetamine, phendimetrazine and tartrate); serotonergic agents (such as sibutramine, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxtine); thermogenic agents (such as ephedrine, caffeine, theophylline, and selective ?3-adrenergic agonists); alpha-blocking agents; kainite or AMPA receptor antagonists; leptin-lipolysis stimulated receptors; phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitors; compounds having nucleotide sequences of the mahogany gene; fibroblast growth factor-10 polypeptides; monoamine oxidase inhibitors (such as befloxatone, moclobemide, brofaro
• a total dosage of the above-described obesity control medications can range from 1 to 3,000 mg/day, desirably from about 1 to 1 ,000 mg/day and more desirably from about 1 to 200 mg/day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• compositions, therapeutic combinations or methods of the present invention can further comprise one or more blood modifiers which are chemically different from the compounds of Formula (I) discussed above, for example, they contain one or more different atoms, have a different arrangement of atoms or a different number of one or more atoms than the compounds of Formula (I) discussed above.
• Useful blood modifiers include but are not limited to anti-coagulants (argatroban, bivalirudin, dalteparin sodium, desirudin, dicumarol, lyapolate sodium, nafamostat mesylate, phenprocoumon, tinzaparin sodium, warfarin sodium); antithrombotic (anagrelide hydrochloride, bivalirudin, cilostazol, dalteparin sodium, danaparoid sodium, dazoxiben hydrochloride, efegatran sulfate, enoxaparin sodium, fluretofen, ifetroban, ifetroban sodium, lamifiban, lotrafiban hydrochloride, napsagatran, orbofiban acetate, roxifiban acetate, sibrafiban, tinzaparin sodium, trifenagrel, abciximab, zolimomab aritox); fibrinogen receptor antagonists (
• compositions, therapeutic combinations or methods of the present invention can further comprise one or more cardiovascular agents which are chemically different from the compounds of Formula (I) discussed above, for example, they contain one or more different atoms, have a different arrangement of atoms or a different number of one or more atoms than the compounds of Formula (I) discussed above.
• Useful cardiovascular agents include but are not limited to calcium channel blockers (clentiazem maleate, amlodipine besylate, isradipine, nimodipine, felodipine, nilvadipine, nifedipine, teludipine hydrochloride, diltiazem hydrochloride, belfosdil, verapamil hydrochloride, fostedil); adrenergic blockers (fenspiride hydrochloride, labetalol hydrochloride, proroxan, alfuzosin hydrochloride, acebutolol, acebutolol hydrochloride, alprenolol hydrochloride, atenolol, bunolol hydrochloride, carteolol hydrochloride, celiprolol hydrochloride, cetamolol hydrochloride, cicloprolol hydrochloride, dexpropranolol hydrochlor
• compositions, therapeutic combinations or methods of the present invention can further comprise one or more antidiabetic medications for reducing blood glucose levels in a human.
• antidiabetic medications include, but are not limited to, drugs that reduce energy intake or suppress appetite, drugs that increase energy expenditure and nutrient-partitioning agents.
• Suitable antidiabetic medications include, but are not limited to, sulfonylurea (such as acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, gliamilide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, glibenclamide, tolazamide, and tolbutamide), meglitinide (such as repaglinide and nateglinide), biguanide (such as metformin and buformin), alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (such as acarbose, miglitol, camiglibose, and voglibose), certain peptides (such as amlintide, pramlintide, exendin, and GLP-1 agonistic peptides), and orally administrable insulin or insulin composition for intestinal delivery thereof.
• sulfonylurea such as acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, gliamilide, gliclazide,
• a total dosage of the above-described antidiabetic medications can range from 0.1 to 1 ,000 mg/day in single or 2-4 divided doses.
• the compositions, therapeutic combinations or methods of the present invention can further comprise one or more treatments for Alzheimer's Disease which are chemically different from the compounds of Formula (I).
• Non-limiting examples of suitable treatments which can be useful in treating Alzheimer's Disease include administration of one or more of the following: cholinesterase inhibitors, muscarinic receptor agonists, M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists, acetylcholine release stimulators, choline uptake stimulators, nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonists, anti-A ⁇ vaccines, ⁇ -secretase inhibitors, ⁇ -secretase inhibitors, amyloid aggregation inhibitors, amyloid precursor protein antisense oligonucleotides, monoamine reuptake inhibitors, human stem cells, gene therapy, nootropic agents, AMPA receptor ligands, growth factors or growth factor receptor agonists, anti-inflammatory agents, free radical scavengers, antioxidants, superoxide dismutase stimulators, calcium channel blockers, apoptosis inhibitors, caspase inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, estrogens and estrogen receptor ligands, NMDA
• compositions can further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, one or more excipients and/or one or more additives.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include solids and/or liquids such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
• the amount of carrier in the treatment composition can range from about 5 to about 99 weight percent of the total weight of the treatment composition or therapeutic combination.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and additives include non-toxic compatible fillers, binders such as starch, disintegrants, buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, flavorings, thickeners, coloring agents, emulsifiers and the like.
• the amount of excipient or additive can range from about 0.1 to about 90 weight percent of the total weight of the treatment composition or therapeutic combination.
• carrier(s), excipients and additives can vary.
• the treatment compositions of the present invention can be administered in any conventional dosage form, preferably an oral dosage form such as a capsule, tablet, powder, cachet, suspension or solution.
• an oral dosage form such as a capsule, tablet, powder, cachet, suspension or solution.
• the formulations and pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared using conventional pharmaceutically acceptable and conventional techniques. Several examples of preparation of dosage formulations are provided below.
• kits are contemplated wherein two separate units are combined: a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of Formula (I) and a separate pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one other therapeutic agent as described above.
• the kit will preferably include directions for the administration of the separate components.
• the kit form is particularly advantageous when the separate components must be administered in different dosage forms (e.g., oral and parenteral) or are administered at different dosage intervals.
• the treatment compositions and therapeutic combinations of the present invention can inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in mammals, as shown in the Example below, and can be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of conditions, for example vascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia and sitosterolemia, stroke, obesity and lowering of plasma levels of cholesterol in mammals, in particular in mammals.
• vascular conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia and sitosterolemia
• stroke lowering of plasma levels of cholesterol in mammals, in particular in mammals.
• compositions and therapeutic combinations of the present invention can inhibit sterol absorption or reduce plasma concentration of at least one sterol selected from the group consisting of phytosterols (such as sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and avenosterol), 5 ⁇ - stanols (such as cholestanol, 5 ⁇ -campestanol, 5 ⁇ -sitostanol), cholesterol and mixtures thereof.
• the plasma concentration can be reduced by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of at least one treatment composition or therapeutic combination comprising a compound of Formula (I) described above.
• the reduction in plasma concentration of sterols can range from about 1 to about 70 percent, and preferably about 10 to about 50 percent.
• ADDP (0.1g, 0.39mmol) was added to a solution of azetidinylphenol 1 (0.1g, 0.28mmol), tributylphosphine (0.08g, 0.39mmol), and 3-benzyloxy-propan-1-ol (42 mg, 0.255mmol) in 1 mL of THF at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. Another 0.5 mL of THF was added to reduce thickening. After 3.5h, the mixture was diluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes and filtered through Celite to give 0.078 g of ether 2 as a colorless oil after concentration.
• ADDP is ,1'-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine).
• Method D To a solution of azide (0.263 g, 0.58 mmol) in 12 mL of 1 :1 methanol-ethyl acetate was added 26 mg of 10% palladium on carbon. The mixture was stirred under 1 atm hydrogen gas for 5 h. The catalyst was filtered through Celite and concentration of the solvent gave 0.246 g of the desired amine 3.
• the hypercholesterolemic Golden Syrian hamster was used as the in vivo model to evaluate the oral potency and in vivo efficacy of cholesterol absorption inhibitors.
• Hamsters are fed a cholesterol-containing diet for 7 days, which results in an increase in hepatic cholesteryl esters. A compound which blocks intestinal cholesterol absorption will reduce the accumulation of hepatic cholesteryl ester levels.
• One group of hamsters received a dosage of 3 mg/kg of body weight of the compound of Formula (XIV) administered once daily for 7 days, starting on Day 1 via oral gavage in 0.2 ml corn oil.
• the control group of hamsters received placebo corn oil in the same amount on the same schedule.
• liver samples were taken for neutral lipid analyses. Samples of liver were lipid extracted. Lipid extracts were dried under nitrogen into HPLC sample vials, resuspended in hexane and injected onto a Zorbax Sil (4.6 x 25 cm) silica column.
• Chromatography was performed using an isocratic mobile phase containing 98.8% hexane and 1.2% isopropanol at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Lipids were detected by absorbance at 206 nm and quantitated by computer integration (System Gold, Beckman) of elution profiles. Cholesterol concentrations were determined by the use of a response factor derived from a standard curve using known amounts of cholesterol. Cholesteryl ester content of liver-derived samples was derived from a standard curve constructed using known amounts of cholesteryl oleate.
• Cholesteryl oleate was used as the standard since this is the major cholesteryl ester species present in the liver and this specific cholesteryl ester has an extinction coefficient that approximates that of a weighted average for all the cholesteryl esters present in the liver.
• hepatic cholesteryl ester accumulation is utilized as a marker for cholesterol absorption inhibition.
• the compound of Formula (XIV) reduced the accumulation of hepatic cholesteryl esters by 16% relative to the control group, based on once daily dosing for

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