WO2003104453A1 - 抗体作製方法 - Google Patents
抗体作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003104453A1 WO2003104453A1 PCT/JP2003/007071 JP0307071W WO03104453A1 WO 2003104453 A1 WO2003104453 A1 WO 2003104453A1 JP 0307071 W JP0307071 W JP 0307071W WO 03104453 A1 WO03104453 A1 WO 03104453A1
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
- C12N15/8509—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New breeds of vertebrates
- A01K67/0275—Genetically modified vertebrates, e.g. transgenic
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
- C07K16/3076—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells against structure-related tumour-associated moieties
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
- A01K2217/05—Animals comprising random inserted nucleic acids (transgenic)
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/10—Mammal
- A01K2227/105—Murine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/01—Animal expressing industrially exogenous proteins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/02—Animal zootechnically ameliorated
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
- A61K2039/525—Virus
- A61K2039/5256—Virus expressing foreign proteins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
- C12N2710/00011—Details
- C12N2710/14011—Baculoviridae
- C12N2710/14111—Nucleopolyhedrovirus, e.g. autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus
- C12N2710/14122—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an antibody.
- the present invention also relates to an antibody obtained by the method for producing an antibody of the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a transgenic non-human animal useful for producing the antibody of the present invention.
- Antibodies are useful as therapeutics, diagnostics, or reagents for various diseases. Many antibodies have been obtained so far. As a general method for producing an antibody, a method of administering an antigen to a mammal such as a mouse and obtaining the antibody from the serum of the animal has been used. In the production of antibodies, for example, in the following cases, the desired antibody may not be obtained efficiently.
- Membrane proteins can be shown as one of the antigens for which preparation of an immunogen is difficult. In general, it is often difficult to express a large amount of a membrane protein or to sufficiently purify it. This has been an obstacle to obtaining antibodies against the membrane protein.
- a method for expressing a large amount of a membrane protein As a method for expressing a large amount of a membrane protein, a method using a baculovirus has attracted attention. Gene encoding baculovirus genome encoding target membrane protein The target membrane protein is expressed on the budding baculovirus membrane (W098 / 46777, JP-A-200333333). By using these methods, a large amount of the target membrane protein can be expressed on the baculovirus membrane.
- a baculovirus-derived membrane protein is expressed on the thus obtained paculovirus membrane. Therefore, when an antibody is prepared using a budding baculovirus as an immunogen, an antibody against a baculovirus-derived membrane protein is also produced. As a result, it was difficult to efficiently produce an antibody against the target membrane protein by a known immunization method.
- immunization with a budding baculovirus often induces antibodies that recognize gp64.
- gp64 is contained in large amounts in the baculovirus membrane protein.
- gp64 is easily recognized as non-self in immunized animals due to its high antigenicity.
- budding baculovirus is thought to induce anti-gp64 antibodies preferentially. Therefore, in order to use a target membrane protein expressed on a baculovirus membrane as an antigen, it is necessary to sufficiently purify the membrane protein.
- antigens which are difficult to purify it has been difficult to obtain the desired antibody by ordinary methods. Disclosure of the invention
- An object of the present invention is to solve the above problems. That is, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an antibody that can easily obtain a desired antibody. Another object of the present invention is to provide a transgenic non-human animal that efficiently produces a target antibody.
- the present inventors have focused on the presence of an antigen that prevents acquisition of a target antibody contained in an immunogen. And the immune response against this kind of antigen It was thought that the intended antibody could be easily obtained by using the suppressed immunized animal. Furthermore, the present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by controlling the immune response of an immunized animal by utilizing the immune tolerance to an antigen that prevents the acquisition of a desired antibody, and completed the present invention.
- the present invention relates to the following method for producing an antibody, a transgenic non-human animal useful for the method, and a method for producing the non-human animal.
- a non-human animal having tolerance to a background antigen contained in the immunogen is immunized with an immunogen containing the target antigen and the background antigen, and an antibody against the target antigen or a gene encoding the antibody is obtained.
- a method for producing an antibody that recognizes a target antigen comprising the steps of
- a method for producing a non-human immunized animal comprising a step of preparing a transgenic non-human animal into which a gene encoding a background antigen has been introduced.
- a method for producing an antibody against PepTl comprising the following steps.
- a step of preparing a trans-diethyl nick nonhuman animals expressible holds a gene encoding a membrane protein g P 64 baculovirus
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an antibody that recognizes a target antigen, comprising a step of immunizing a non-human animal having tolerance to a background antigen contained in the immunogen with an immunogen containing the target antigen and the background antigen.
- the target antigen refers to an antigen recognized by a target antibody.
- the target antigen can be selected from any substance having antigenicity. Specifically, proteins, sugar chains, lipids, and inorganic substances are known as substances exhibiting antigenicity.
- the target antigen can be naturally occurring or artificially synthesized. Artificially synthesized products include recombinant proteins made using genetic engineering techniques and various organic substances synthesized chemically.
- the background antigens refer to a substance having an antigenic determinant not desired to produce an antibody, or the antigenic determinant itself.
- antigenic substances other than the target antigen mixed with the target antigen are background antigens.
- a typical background antigen is a protein mixed with a crude target antigen. More specifically, a host-derived protein contained in the recombinant protein can be used as the background antigen.
- the background antigen is included in an immunogen for inducing the production of a target antibody, and can also be defined as an antigen that induces the production of a target antibody.
- a background antigen is an antigenic substance other than the target antigen.
- an antigenic determinant present on the same molecule as a target antigen may be referred to as a background antigen.
- the antigenic determinant is a background antigen.
- a substance that contains an antigenic determinant that is a background antigen and does not contain a target antigen is included in the background antigen in the present invention.
- Proteins, peptides, sugars, or glycoproteins can be shown as preferred background antigens in the present invention. Among them, proteins or peptides are particularly preferred background antigens in the present invention.
- the peptide refers to a polypeptide consisting of, for example, 100 or less amino acid residues. Peptides are included in proteins.
- the term "immunotolerance” refers to a loss or decrease of an immune response specifically to an antigen (tolerogen; immunotolerance ant igens) to be tolerated.
- an immune response to a tolerogen of a normal immunized animal When an individual has a reduced immune response to the same tolerogen, the individual is said to have tolerance to the tolerogen.
- a reduced amount of antibody to a tolerogen produced when a tolerogen is administered can be considered a reduced immune response.
- the level of immune tolerance is not limited.
- Tolerogen refers to an antigenic substance in which the immune response of the individual is reduced.
- a decrease in an immune response specific to a tolerogen refers to a greater level of a decrease in an immune response to a tolerogen as compared to an immune response to another antigen.
- the immune tolerance in the present invention includes the case where it is accompanied by immune tolerance to an antigenic substance other than the background antigen.
- the present invention can be used as long as it has an immune response to a target antigen.
- an immunodeficiency state in which the immune response itself is reduced is undesirable because production of antibodies against the target antigen cannot be expected.
- the present invention utilizes a non-human animal having tolerance to a background antigen as an immunized animal. It is preferable that the non-human animal having tolerance in the present invention has artificially induced tolerance.
- a non-human animal having tolerance can be produced, for example, as follows.
- a gene encoding a background antigen can be introduced into a non-human animal to prepare a background antigen gene transgenic animal.
- the transgenic animal becomes tolerant to the expression product (background antigen) of the introduced gene.
- Immunotolerance can also be induced by administering a tolerogen (background antigen) multiple times to a non-human animal during fetal or newborn.
- a method of administering a tolerogenic antigen to a non-human animal during fetal or newborn a method of administering the antigen substance itself to the non-human animal can be shown. Can also be administered. For example, tolerant cells in vivo By expressing the gene to be deleted, the desired tolerogen can also be administered. Examples of such methods include a method of directly administering DNA encoding an antigen (naked DNA method), a method of transplanting cells expressing an antigen into a non-human animal, a method using a diluent vector, Examples thereof include a method using a DNA vaccine.
- transgenic non-human animal that retains a gene encoding a tolerogen in an expressible state is preferable as the non-human animal having tolerance in the present invention.
- Transgenic animals have a tolerogen that is originally an exogenous protein in vivo before the immune function has matured. Thus, immune function is very likely to consider a tolerogen completely self. Therefore, it is advantageous to use a transgenic non-human animal as a method for inducing tolerance in the present invention. It is also shown in the examples that in transgenic animals into which a tolerogen has been introduced, almost no antibody against the tolerogen is produced.
- transgenic animals can transmit the trait of immune tolerance to offspring ⁇ Therefore, if the transgenic non-human animal for the present invention is established, immunized animals having the same trait can be stably obtained. Can be supplied.
- the present invention also relates to a transgenic non-human animal into which a gene encoding a virus-derived membrane protein has been introduced, for producing an antibody against an antigen containing a virus-derived protein.
- the present invention relates to the use of a transgenic non-human animal, which is capable of expressing a gene encoding a virus-derived membrane protein, as an immunized animal for producing an antibody against an antigen containing the virus-derived protein.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a non-human immunized animal, comprising a step of preparing a transgenic non-human animal into which a gene encoding a background antigen has been introduced.
- Gene-deficient animals lacking the target antigen protein do not naturally possess the target antigen, and are administered with the antigen by administering the target antigen to this gene-deficient animal. Even with a protein highly homologous to that of an animal, an antibody against the target antigen can be obtained. By crossing the target antigen-deficient animal and the transgenic animal, a target antigen protein-deficient / tolerogenic animal can be created.
- the number of background antigens for inducing immunological tolerance is not limited. That is, a non-human animal in which tolerance to at least one background antigen has been induced can be used in the antibody production method of the present invention. Alternatively, a non-human animal in which tolerance to a plurality of background antigens has been induced can be used as an immunized animal.
- examples of the non-human animal include monkeys, bush, dogs, rats, mice, and egrets.
- rodents such as rats, mice, hamsters, etc. are preferred non-human animals.
- a gene that has a fast maturity such as a rodent
- Non-human animals with established procedures are advantageous.
- mice are non-human animals that can satisfy these conditions at a high level.
- the present invention relates to a transgenic non-human animal into which a gene encoding a virus-derived membrane protein has been introduced.
- the transgenic non-human animal of the present invention is useful for immunizing a target antigen mixed with a viral membrane protein.
- the virus membrane protein of the present invention usually refers to a protein constituting the outer part of a budding virus.
- a protein called gp64 corresponds to a membrane protein.
- transgenic non-human animals that have tolerance to baculovirus gp64 are useful as immunized animals of immunogens produced with the baculovirus expression system.
- the baculovirus expression system can produce a variety of proteins. ⁇ Therefore, by using this transgenic animal in combination with the baculovirus expression system, various protein antigens can be easily used as target antigens. Antibody can be obtained.
- the immunogen of the present invention includes a target antigen and a background antigen.
- the substances constituting the target antigen and the background antigen are not particularly limited.
- the background antigen is a protein.
- Immunogens can include substances other than the target and background antigens.
- the type of background antigen included in the immunogen is not limited. Therefore, an immunogen containing a plurality of background antigens that interfere with the production of antibodies against the target antigen can also be used in the present invention. The presence of these background antigens is not a problem as long as the immunized animal has tolerance to each of the background antigens. Alternatively, background antigens that do not substantially interfere with the acquisition of antibodies to the target antigen are allowed to be included in the immunogen, regardless of whether or not the immunized animal has immunological tolerance.
- the target antigen consists of a substance derived from biological material.
- Biological materials are complex mixtures containing various components. Therefore, target antigens are usually prepared from various mixtures as raw materials. As a result, it is difficult to highly purify the target antigen. is there. In other words, it takes a lot of effort and time to purify the target antigen in large quantities and to a high degree. In other words, it is virtually unavoidable that the immunogen contains substances other than the target antigen.
- examples of the immunogen of the present invention include cells, cell culture solutions, cell lysates, viruses, and unpurified antigens.
- Cells and viruses can be used not only as whole but also only a part of them as immunogens.
- a gene expressing the target antigen artificially can be used by introducing a gene encoding the target antigen into the cell or virus by genetic recombination technology.
- One of the desirable immunogens in the present invention can be a virus particle or a part thereof.
- Viruses are composed of nucleic acids and relatively simple components such as limited proteins and sugars. Therefore, the types of background antigens that interfere with the acquisition of the target antigen are also limited.
- the method of producing an antibody according to the present invention can be performed by inducing immune tolerance of an immunized animal only with a smaller background antigen.
- Baculovirus is an insect virus having a double-stranded DNA genome covered by a capsid protein.
- the expression system using nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) is based on exogenous genes. It is useful as an expression system.
- NPV nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- NPV has strong promoter activity. Therefore, by incorporating a foreign gene into the genome of NPV, any protein can be produced in large quantities. Specifically, by exchanging a gene encoding a protein called polyhedrin with an arbitrary gene, strong expression of an exogenous gene is induced.
- any gene can be used as the foreign gene to be introduced into the baculovirus.
- a gene encoding a membrane protein is used as an exogenous gene Can also be.
- the target membrane protein can be expressed together with the viral membrane protein while maintaining its structure.
- Another major advantage of the baculovirus expression system is that the expression product can be easily recovered as a budding virus.
- membrane proteins are biologically important, such as receptors and transporters. However, many membrane proteins maintain their structure by being present in the cell membrane. It is often accompanied by post-translational modification by sugar chains or lipids. For this reason, membrane proteins often cannot reproduce the original structure in expression systems using prokaryotes such as E. coli.
- Methods for expressing a foreign protein such as a membrane protein on the viral membrane include, for example, TO98 / 46777 and Loisel et al. (TP Loisel et al., Nature Biotech. 15: 1300-1304 (1997)) And a method for expressing a membrane protein using the budding baculovirus. More specifically, a recombinant vector for insect cells containing a gene encoding an exogenous protein is prepared and introduced into insect cells such as Sf9 together with baculovirus DNA.
- the exogenous protein encoded by the recombinant vector is expressed on mature virions (virions) that are released from infected cells outside the infected cell before the infected cell is killed, and the exogenous protein is expressed.
- a recombinant virus can be obtained.
- a budding virus is a virus released from infected cells by budding.
- a virus that has covered the cell membrane germinates and is continuously released from cells infected with the virus even when the cells are not destroyed, whereas an adenovirus that does not cover the membrane or a helium that covers the nuclear membrane Viruses are released all at once when cells are destroyed.
- a budding virus is particularly preferred.
- a host to be infected with the recombinant virus those skilled in the art can appropriately select a host capable of multiplying the virus according to the type of virus used. For example, when using baculovirus, insects such as Sf9 The use of cells is conceivable.
- a protein expression system using baculovirus-insect cells is similar to mammalian cells in that modifications such as fatty acid acetylation and glycosylation are performed at the same time as translation or post-translational modification. It is considered to be an advantageous system because the expression level of the heterologous protein is higher than that of the system (Luckow VA and Summers MD, Virol. 167: 56 (1988)).
- the virus expressing the foreign protein can be obtained, for example, by culturing a host infected with a recombinant virus containing a gene encoding the foreign protein.
- a recombinant vector encoding an exogenous protein is vaccum
- the exogenous protein can be expressed on the baculovirus membrane that is released outside the cell.
- exogenous proteins By infecting packaging cells such as PA317 with the recombinant virus produced from the origin vector, exogenous proteins can be expressed on the membrane of Moloney murine leukemia virus, which is released outside the cells.
- the virus expressing an exogenous protein that can be used for the immunogen of the present invention is not limited to those prepared by these methods.
- the recombinant virus prepared as described above can be purified by a known method. For example, augment density gradient centrifugation (Albrechtsen et al., J. Virological Methods 28: 245-256 (1990); Hew ish et al., J. Virological Methods 7: 223-228 (1983) )), Size exclusion chromatography (Hjorth and Mereno-Lopez, J. Virological Methods 5: 151-158 (1982); Crooks et al., J. Chrom. 502: 59-68 (1990); Men to SJ (V iagene, Inc.
- augment density gradient centrifugation Albrechtsen et al., J. Virological Methods 28: 245-256 (1990); Hew ish et al., J. Virological Methods 7: 223-228 (1983)
- Size exclusion chromatography Hjorth and Mereno-Lopez, J. Virological Methods 5: 151-158 (1982
- the background antigen serving as a tolerogen for making an immunized animal intolerant is not particularly limited. It is preferable to use a substance having a high content or a substance having a high antigenicity in the immunogen as the tolerogen.
- gp64 is preferably used as a tolerogen. gp64 is expressed in large amounts on the viral membrane and is a major background antigen that is easily recognized as non-self by immunized animals.
- Baculovirus has desirable characteristics as an exogenous protein expression system.
- the antibody production method of the present invention it is possible to prevent the background antigen from interfering with the acquisition of the antibody against the target antigen. Therefore, the use of the present invention makes it possible to fully utilize the advantages of the expression system of the paculovirus as an expression system for exogenous proteins in the production of immunogens.
- a natural virus or a part thereof can be used as an immunogen. Even in natural viruses, antibodies that recognize specific antigenic determinants are important in the specific detection of viruses and in the prevention or treatment of infection. In addition, it is often difficult to obtain antibodies that recognize specific antigenic determinants, while antibodies against major antigens are easily generated. Common with the case.
- a natural virus is used as the immunogen of the present invention, a gene encoding a protein that acts as a background antigen among the proteins constituting the virus is introduced into a non-human animal to obtain a transgenic animal.
- an immunogen a virus particle itself or a part of a virus containing a target antigen is used. Thus, an antibody that recognizes the target antigen can be efficiently obtained.
- influenza virus surface antigen is an important antigen that determines the strain of the virus. If an antibody that recognizes a specific surface antigen for each strain of influenza can be easily obtained, it will be useful for identifying viruses and preventing or treating infection. However, when virus particles are used directly as an immunogen, many antibodies that recognize a structure common to viruses are also produced.
- the present invention By using the present invention and utilizing a transgenic non-human animal that is tolerant to the envelope protein common to influenza viruses, it is possible to efficiently obtain antibodies that recognize a surface antigen unique to each strain. it can. That is, the present invention can be applied using a surface antigen specific to a virus strain as a target antigen and a structure common to viruses as a background antigen.
- a membrane protein is used as the target antigen.
- a human-derived membrane protein or the like can be used as the membrane protein.
- the target protein is expressed on a baculovirus membrane, and the baculovirus is used as an immunogen.
- Methods for expressing a membrane protein using a baculovirus include, for example, those described in W098 / 46777, JP-A No. 333773, and Loi sel et al. (TP Loi sel et al., Nature Biotech. 15: 1300-1304 (1997)).
- a method for expressing a membrane protein using a budding baculovirus can be used.
- a recombinant vector for insect cells containing a gene encoding a membrane protein is prepared and introduced into insect cells together with baculovirus DNA.
- Sf9 cells and the like are used as insect cells.
- Membrane protein encoded by the recombinant vector kills infected cells It is expressed on mature virions that are released extracellularly from infected cells before they die.
- budding baculovirus expressing a membrane protein (target antigen) can be obtained by recovering mature virus particles. Methods for recovering budding baculovirus from cultured cells are also known.
- the budding baculovirus expressing the membrane protein (target antigen) thus obtained is used as an immunogen in the present invention.
- baculovirus-derived membrane proteins are expressed on the baculovirus membrane in addition to the membrane proteins (target antigens).
- gp64 is expressed in large amounts on the baculovirus membrane and has high antigenicity. Therefore, immunization with a budding baculovirus will produce anti-gp64 antibodies, making it impossible to efficiently obtain antibodies against membrane proteins (target antigens).
- an animal expressing gp64 is used as the immunized animal.
- a transgenic animal expressing gp64 is prepared by introducing a vector containing a gene encoding gp64.
- Non-human animals are used as transgenic animals.
- a transgenic mouse into which the gp64 gene has been introduced is used for the immunized animal of the present invention.
- the transgenic mouse is immunized with the budding baculovirus obtained above. Since transgenic mice expressing gp64 express gp64 in Endogenous, they are tolerant to gp64, the background antigen. In other words, the production of anti-gp64 antibodies when immunized with budding baculovirus is suppressed. As a result, it is possible to efficiently produce antibodies against the membrane protein that is the target antigen.
- transgenic mice can be obtained by the method described in Proc. Natl. Ad. Sc. USA 77: 7380-7384 (1980). Specifically, the gene of interest is introduced into a mammalian totipotent cell, and this cell is developed into an individual. From the obtained individuals, those individuals in which the transgene has been incorporated into somatic cells and germ cells are selected to obtain the desired target. A transgenic mouse can be produced. Examples of totipotent cells into which a gene is introduced include fertilized eggs and early embryos, as well as cultured cells such as ES cells having multipotency.
- the method for producing an antibody of the present invention can be used for producing a monoclonal antibody ⁇ a polyclonal antibody.
- a polyclonal antibody By collecting an antibody against the target antigen from the immunized animal, a polyclonal antibody can be obtained.
- antibody-producing cells that produce monoclonal antibodies can be obtained by cloning antibody-producing cells of an immunized animal.
- an antibody derived from an immunized animal such as a mouse, or a gene thereof can be used to obtain a chimeric antibody between an immunized animal and a human or a humanized antibody.
- Methods for producing antibodies having these modified structures are also known.
- the present invention relates to an antibody obtainable by the method of the present invention.
- the antibodies of the present invention include any antibodies obtainable by steps including the methods as described above. Therefore, for example, any of monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies between immunized animals and humans, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies are included in the present invention.
- transgenic mice in which the immune system has been replaced by the human immune system are known.
- An antibody that can be obtained by immunizing such a mouse is a human antibody.
- Preferred antibodies in the present invention include antibodies that recognize human membrane proteins. Many membrane proteins are important as drug discovery targets. On the other hand, it was said that it was difficult to obtain a specific antibody due to difficulty in purification. However, the present invention has made it possible to efficiently obtain a target antibody even with a membrane protein produced by genetic recombination and coexisting with a background antigen.
- a membrane protein for example, PepTl is an important molecule. The nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of PepTl are already known (human PepTl: GenBank XM 007063, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (12): 6456-6463 (1995); mouse PepTl: GenBank AF205540, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1492: 145-154 (2000))
- an antibody that binds to the extracellular region of PepTl is useful.
- antibodies that specifically bind to the extracellular region of PepTl are desirable antibodies according to the present invention.
- specific binding to the extracellular region means that the extracellular region of PepTl can be immunologically distinguished from other regions. More specifically, an antibody that binds to an extracellular region but does not bind to an intracellular region or the like or a transmembrane domain can be referred to as an antibody that specifically binds to the extracellular region of PepTl.
- a preferred PepTl is human PepTl. Human PepTl can be not only derived from humans but also a recombinant that can be obtained by expressing human PepTl in a baculovirus expression system.
- the human PepTl used for the immunogen does not need to be a complete molecule as long as it maintains the structure of the target antigen.
- a fragment containing the extracellular region of PepTl can be used as an immunogen.
- Preferred PepTl as an immunogen in the present invention is human PepTl having transport activity or full-length human PepTl. Among them, full-length human PepTl having transport activity is particularly preferred.
- the transport activity of human PepTl can be detected using the action of taking up a substrate into cells as an index.
- PepTl is known to incorporate glycylsarcosine and the like as substrates. Incorporation of glycyl sarcosine can be evaluated by using [ 14 C] dalycil sarcosine.
- human PepTl is expressed on a membrane (for example, a virus membrane or a cell membrane).
- a membrane for example, a virus membrane or a cell membrane.
- the transport activity of PepTl expressed on the virus membrane can be detected by contacting the virus solution with the substrate and observing the uptake of the substrate by the virus.
- Immunization of an animal with an immunogen is performed according to a known method. In general, sensitization The antigen is injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously into the mammal. Specifically, the immunogen is diluted and suspended in an appropriate amount with PBS (Phosphate-Buf ferred Saline), physiological saline, or the like, and then mixed with an appropriate amount of a normal adjuvant, if desired, and emulsified. Administer to animals. As an adjuvant, for example, Freund's complete adjuvant is used. Further, thereafter, it is preferable that the immunogen mixed with an appropriate amount of Freund's incomplete adjuvant be administered several times every 4 to 21 days.
- PBS Phosphate-Buf ferred Saline
- physiological saline physiological saline
- a suitable carrier can be used when immunizing the immunogen. Immunization is carried out in this manner, and an increase in the level of the desired antibody in the serum is confirmed by a conventional method.
- the blood of the immunized animal is collected after confirming that the level of the desired antibody in the serum has increased. Then, serum is separated from the collected blood by a known method.
- a serum containing the polyclonal antibody may be used. If necessary, a fraction containing the polyclonal antibody may be further isolated from the serum and used.
- immunoglobulin G or M can be prepared.
- an antibody-producing cell is collected from the mammal and cloned after confirming that the desired antibody level is increased in the serum of the mammal sensitized with the antigen.
- spleen cells can be used as antibody-producing cells.
- the cell fusion method can be used for closing antibody-producing cells.
- mammalian myeoma cell is used as the other parent cell to be fused with the above antibody-producing cell. More preferably, a myeloma cell having a special auxotrophy and drug resistance, which can be a major factor in selecting fusion cells and hybridomas, can be mentioned.
- the antibody-producing cells and myeloma cells are basically lysed according to a known method. Can be combined. Cells method for manufacturing a fused monoclonal antibodies using, for example being established by Mirusutin et al (Gal f re, G. and Mi ls tein,, Methods Enzymol. (1981) 73, 3-46) 0
- the hybridoma obtained by cell fusion is selected by culturing in a selective culture solution.
- the selection culture solution is selected according to the characteristics of the myeloma cells used for cell fusion, and the like.
- a HAT culture solution a culture solution containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine
- the hybridoma is cultured in the HAT culture solution for a time sufficient to kill cells other than the target hybridoma (non-fused cells).
- hybridomas can be selected by continuing culture for several days to several weeks.
- a conventional limiting dilution method is performed to screen and clone a hybridoma producing the desired antibody.
- the obtained hybridoma is transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of a mouse, and the monoclonal antibody can be recovered as ascites of the mouse.
- Monoclonal antibodies can also be purified from ascites.
- purification of the monoclonal antibody for example, ammonium sulfate precipitation, protein A, protein G columns, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, affinity columns to which the target antigen is coupled, and the like can be used.
- EBV Epstein-Barr virus
- the monoclonal antibody thus obtained can also be a recombinant antibody produced using a genetic recombination technique (for example, Borrebaeck, CAK and Larrick, JW, THERAPEUTIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, Publ. Shed in the United Kingdom by MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD, 1990).
- Recombinant antibodies can be produced by hybridizing DNA encoding them into hybridomas or sensitized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Cloned from living cells, inserted into an appropriate vector, and introduced into a host for production. The present invention includes this recombinant antibody.
- the antibody obtained by the method of the present invention may be an antibody fragment or a modified antibody thereof.
- an antibody fragment Fab, F (ab ') 2, Fv or a single chain Fv (scFv) obtained by linking a heavy chain and a light chain Fv with an appropriate linker (Huston, JS et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85, 5879-5883).
- an antibody fragment can be obtained by treating the antibody with an enzyme, for example, papain or pepsin to generate an antibody fragment.
- a gene encoding these antibody fragments is constructed, introduced into an expression vector, and then expressed in an appropriate host cell (for example, Co, MS et al., J.
- an antibody bound to various molecules such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) can also be used.
- the “antibody” of the present invention also includes these modified antibodies.
- Such a modified antibody can be obtained by subjecting the obtained antibody to chemical modification. These methods are already established in this field.
- a method for obtaining a human antibody is known.
- a target human antibody can be obtained by immunizing a transgenic animal having the entire repertoire of human antibody genes with a target antigen (International Patent Application Publication Nos.W0 93/12227, W0 92/03918, W0 94/02602, W0 94/25585, W0 96/34096, W0 96/33735).
- the antibody obtained by the method of the present invention can be a chimeric antibody comprising a variable region derived from a non-human antibody derived from an immunized animal and a constant region derived from a human antibody.
- CDR complementarity determining region
- a chimeric antibody is an antibody comprising the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of an antibody of an immunized animal and the constant regions of the heavy and light chains of a human antibody.
- a chimeric antibody can be obtained by ligating DNA encoding the variable region of an antibody derived from an immunized animal to DNA encoding the constant region of a human antibody, inserting the DNA into an expression vector, and introducing into a host to produce the antibody. it can.
- a humanized antibody is a modified antibody, also called a reshaped human antibody.
- Humanized antibodies are constructed by grafting the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of antibodies derived from immunized animals into the complementarity-determining regions of a human antibody. The general gene recombination technique is also known.
- a DNA sequence designed to link the mouse antibody CDR and the human antibody framework region (FR) was constructed to have an overlapping portion at the end. It is synthesized by PCR from several oligonucleotides obtained. The obtained DNA is ligated to DNA encoding the constant region of a human antibody, and then inserted into an expression vector, which is then introduced into a host to produce a humanized antibody (European Patent Application Publication No. EP 239400). International Patent Application Publication No. WO 96/02576). Human antibody FRs linked via CDRs are selected so that the complementarity-determining regions form a favorable antigen-binding site.
- a gene encoding the antibody can be obtained from the antibody-producing cells of the immunized animal.
- the method for obtaining the gene encoding the antibody is not limited. For example, using a gene encoding a variable region or CDR as type II, the gene is amplified by PCR. By widening, the gene encoding the antibody can be obtained. Primers for amplifying an antibody gene by the PCR method are known.
- the desired antibody can be produced by expressing the obtained gene using an appropriate expression system.
- the gene obtained by the present invention can be used for producing the various modified antibodies described above.
- the antibodies obtained as described above can be purified to homogenous immunoglobulin molecules.
- the purification method is not particularly limited.
- the separation and purification of the antibody used in the present invention may be performed by the separation and purification methods used for ordinary polypeptides. For example, if appropriate selection and combination of chromatography columns such as affinity chromatography, filters, ultrafiltration, salting-out, dialysis, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, etc. It can be separated and purified (Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Ed Harlow and David Lane, Co Id Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988).
- the concentration of the antibody obtained above can be measured by measurement of absorbance or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
- Columns used for affinity chromatography include protein A column and protein G column.
- columns using Protein A include Hyper D, POROS, Sepharose F.F. (Pharmacia) and the like.
- chromatography other than affinity chromatography examples include ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel filtration, reverse phase chromatography, and adsorption chromatography (Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization: A Laboratory Course Manual. Ed Daniel R. Marshak et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996). These chromatographys can be performed using liquid phase chromatography such as HPIX and FPLC. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are diagrams showing the nucleotide sequence of the constructed gp64 gene.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the structure of the pCAG-gp64 vector constructed in the examples.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing the testis of a Founder mouse.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph showing the result of mRNA expression analysis by Northern blotting.
- H represents heart
- B represents brain
- I represents intestine
- M represents muscle.
- FIG. 6 is a photograph showing the results of Western blot analysis using Anti-Mouse IgG.
- pre indicates blood sampling before immunization
- 2nd indicates blood sampling after two immunizations.
- FIG. 7 is a photograph showing the result of Western blot analysis using Anti-Mouse IgM.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the results of analyzing the antibody titer of a pepT1-specific antibody in mouse serum by FACS.
- the vertical axis indicates the number of cells (logarithm), and the horizontal axis indicates the fluorescence intensity.
- FIG. 9 shows the results of the same experiment as FIG. (Upper) Mouse # 3, (Lower) No antibody Best mode for carrying out the invention
- the nucleotide sequence of gp64 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the gp64 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 (GenBank Acc No. 9627742).
- the gene sequence of gp64 is ⁇ and the 6 1 recognition sequence and! (02 81 (5 '01 ⁇ 1116 64F1 with sequence at 5' end) and EcoRI recognition sequence at 5 'end Use 3 'prime 64R1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 7071
- the composition of the PCR reaction solution is xlO ExTaq buffer 5 ⁇ L, with ExTaq dNTP ⁇ , ⁇ , lO ⁇ mol e / L 64F1 I ill, lO ⁇ mole / L 64R1 l ⁇ L, 500 pg / ⁇ L pBac-N- blue l ⁇ L, 5 unit / Hi ExTaq 0.5 ⁇ L, diw 37.5 L.
- the reaction sequence is as follows.
- E. coli DH5a was transformed. Perform colony PCR using T7 and SP6 primers and analyze the nucleotide sequence using the ABI Prism377 DNA sequencer, BigDye Cycle Sequence kit and T7 primer or SP6 primer using the clone in which the insert has been confirmed. Clones containing the gene were identified. From this clone, a fragment containing gp64, which was confirmed to have no mutation in the nucleotide sequence, was excised with EcoRI, inserted into pCAGGSl similarly cut with EcoRI, and transformed into E. coli DH5 ⁇ . The clones as designed were cultured in 250 mL of LB medium at 37 ° C and purified using Endofree MAXI kit to obtain 581.6 g of the plasmid.
- the DNA fragment for injection was prepared as follows. First, the pCAGGS vector containing the gp64 gene (pCAG-gp64; FIG. 3) was treated with Sail and Pstl, and then a fragment (about 3.8 kb) containing the gp64 gene was cut out. This fragment (about 3.8 kb) was recovered with a Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN), and diluted with PBS to 3 ng / 1 to obtain a DNA fragment for injection.
- Mouse pronuclear stage eggs into which DNA fragments were injected were collected as follows. That is, first, 5 iu of PMSG was intraperitoneally administered to BALB / c female mice (CLEA Japan), and 48 hours later, 5 iu of hCG was intraperitoneally administered to perform superovulation. This female mau Were crossed with male mice of the same strain. The morning after mating, the oviducts of the mice whose plugs were confirmed were perfused to collect mouse pronuclear stage eggs.
- the DNA fragment for injection was injected into the pronuclear stage eggs using a micromanipulator (the latest technology of Gene evening targeting (Yodosha), 190-207 2000).
- the DNA fragment was injected into 373 BALB / c embryos, and the next day, 216 embryos that had developed at the 2-cell stage were transferred to the oviduct of the recipient female on the first day of pseudopregnancy, about 10 per side (per animal) Around 20).
- KURAB0 automatic nucleic acid separator
- 15 x g of genome DNA was treated with EcoRI, electrophoresed, transferred to a nylon membrane, and an EcoRI-treated pCAG-gp64 vector fragment of about 1.5 kb containing gp64 was used as a probe. This was performed by eighteen hybridization with the transferred DNA. Using about 100ng of DNA as a template, 1
- transgene was confirmed by PCR using primers.
- Sense primer 64F1 (SEQ ID NO: 1):
- Antisense Primer 64R1 (SEQ ID NO: 2):
- the PCR reaction sequence is as follows.
- the PCR product was electrophoresed, and the transgene was confirmed based on the presence or absence of a band of about 1.5 kb.
- PepTl-expressing budding baculovirus used as an immunogen was prepared as follows.
- PepTl is a transport protein that is a membrane protein.
- the structure of PepTl is known (GenBank XM-007063, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (12): 6456-6463 (1995)).
- the full-length PepTl gene was isolated from the human kidney library using PCR.
- Transfer vector pBlueBacHis-PepTl was prepared by inserting the full-length human PepTl gene into pBlueBacHis2A (Invitrogen), and then Bac-N using Bac-N-Blue transfect ion kit (Invitrogen).
- -A recombinant virus for human PepTl expression was prepared by introducing a transfer vector together with Blue DNA into Si9 cells.
- the supernatant was again centrifuged at 45, OOOXg for 30 minutes, and the precipitate was resuspended in PBS to obtain a budding virus fraction.
- PepTl expression on virus and Sf-9 cell membranes was confirmed by Western analysis using anti-His antibody.
- the protein concentration was measured using a Dc Protein Assay kit (Bio-Rad) and BSA as a standard.
- an immunogen prepared with an emulsion according to a conventional method was subcutaneously administered for immunization.
- the initial immunization dose was lmg / mice and the second immunization dose was 0.5mg / mice.
- Two immunizations were performed 14 days after the first immunization. Seventeen days after the first immunization, orbital blood was collected and serum was collected.
- SDS-PAGE of pepTl-BV was performed under reducing conditions at 1 / ⁇ g / lane using 12% Gel. After electrophoresis, electroblotting was performed on a PVDF membrane. The membrane was reacted with a serum diluted 1/1000, washed sequentially, and reacted with a biotin in-anti-mouse IgG (r) (Zymed) diluted 1/1000 and Streptavidin-AlkalinPhosphatase (Zymed). Color development was performed using an alkaline phosphatase staining kit (Nakarai). A positive control antibody for gp64 detection was purchased from N0VAGEN and used.
- Fig. 6 shows the results. Both non-transgenic mice stained strongly with Anti-Mouse IgG. On the other hand, in all three gp64 transgenic mice, gp64 stained, but the degree of staining was weak, and it was confirmed that the amount of anti-gp64 antibody was considerably smaller than in non-transgenic mice. Anti-Mouse IgM staining revealed that both non-transgenic mice stained weakly, whereas gp64 transgenic mice stained very weakly or not at all.
- Ba / F3 cells expressing pepTl on the cell surface (hereinafter referred to as Ba / F3-pepTl) and Ba / F3 cells were washed twice with PBS.
- 100 L of mouse serum diluted 220-fold with PBS was added to 10 ⁇ of each cell, and allowed to react for 30 minutes on ice.
- FIOC-anti-mouse IgG diluted 200-fold with PBS was added to IOOL, and allowed to react for 30 minutes on ice.
- the cells collected after centrifugation were suspended in 500 1 ⁇ PBS and analyzed by FACS.
- the results of FACS analysis after five immunizations are shown in FIGS. In the figure, the results for Ba / F3 cells are indicated by solid lines, and the results for Ba / F3-pepTl cells are indicated by dotted lines.
- an antibody against the target antigen can be efficiently obtained using the target antigen with the background antigen.
- the antibody production method of the present invention is useful in producing an antibody using an immunogen in which contamination of background antigens cannot be avoided.
- a foreign gene expression system known as a baculovirus expression system is useful as a method for easily and in large quantities obtaining a recombinant protein.
- the baculovirus expression system when applied to a membrane protein, is an excellent expression system that can recover the membrane protein and the membrane protein of the virus particle while maintaining the structure.
- the expression product when used as an immunogen, on the other hand, there is a problem that gp64 serves as a background protein and prevents the acquisition of an antibody against the target protein.
- the use of the antibody production method of the present invention can effectively suppress the influence of the background antigen on the protein obtained by the baculovirus expression system.
- An anti-membrane protein antibody can be efficiently produced by using, as a target antigen, a membrane protein antigen that can be obtained in large amounts by a paculovirus expression system.
- membrane proteins are functionally important proteins such as receptors or cell adhesion factors. Therefore, antibodies that recognize membrane proteins are expected to play an important role in functional analysis, localization analysis, quantitative diagnosis, or development of therapeutic agents that control the activity of membrane proteins.
- the antibody production method of the present invention contributes to the functional analysis and diagnosis of membrane proteins using antibodies, and the development of pharmaceuticals based on the control of membrane protein activity.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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AU2003242024A AU2003242024A1 (en) | 2002-06-05 | 2003-06-04 | Method of constructing antibody |
EP03733287.1A EP1514928B1 (en) | 2002-06-05 | 2003-06-04 | Method for producing antibodies using baculoviruses |
US10/516,603 US7750204B2 (en) | 2002-06-05 | 2003-06-04 | Methods for producing antibody |
JP2004511513A JP3991280B2 (ja) | 2002-06-05 | 2003-06-04 | 抗体作製方法 |
US12/775,628 US8013208B2 (en) | 2002-06-05 | 2010-05-07 | Methods for producing antibodies |
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WO2003033024A1 (fr) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-04-24 | Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha | Inhibiteur de proliferation cellulaire |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2003242024A1 (en) | 2003-12-22 |
US7750204B2 (en) | 2010-07-06 |
EP1514928B1 (en) | 2013-07-31 |
EP1514928A4 (en) | 2009-08-05 |
US20050222391A1 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
EP1514928A1 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
JPWO2003104453A1 (ja) | 2005-10-06 |
US8013208B2 (en) | 2011-09-06 |
US20100218267A1 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
JP3991280B2 (ja) | 2007-10-17 |
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