Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
  • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/4858—Organic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
  • Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
  • Y10S977/773—Nanoparticle, i.e. structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less
  • Y10S977/775—Nanosized powder or flake, e.g. nanosized catalyst
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
  • Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
  • Y10S977/788—Of specified organic or carbon-based composition
  • Y10S977/797—Lipid particle
  • Y10S977/798—Lipid particle having internalized material
  • Y10S977/799—Containing biological material
  • Y10S977/801—Drug
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
  • Y10S977/902—Specified use of nanostructure
  • Y10S977/904—Specified use of nanostructure for medical, immunological, body treatment, or diagnosis
  • Y10S977/906—Drug delivery
  • Y10S977/907—Liposome
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
  • Y10S977/902—Specified use of nanostructure
  • Y10S977/904—Specified use of nanostructure for medical, immunological, body treatment, or diagnosis
  • Y10S977/915—Therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition

Definitions

• a few examples of therapeutic substances in these categories are ibuprofen, diazepam, griseofulvin, cyclosporin, cortisone, proleukin, etoposide and paclitaxel.
• Kagkadis, KA et al. (1996) PDA J Pharm Sci Tech 50(5):317-323; Dardel, O. 1976. Anaesth Scand 20:221-24. Sweetana, S and MJU Akers. (1996) PDA J Pharm Sci Tech 50(5):330-342.
• chemotherapeutic or anti-cancer agents are particularly problematic.
• Low solubility anti-cancer agents are difficult to solubilize and supply at therapeutically useful levels.
• water-soluble anti-cancer agents are generally taken up by both cancer and non-cancer cells thereby exhibiting non-specificity.
• the chemotherapeutic must be present throughout the affected tissue(s) at high concentration for a sustained period of time so that it may be taken up by the cancer cells, but not at so high a concentration that normal cells are injured beyond repair.
• water soluble molecules can be administered in this way, but only by slow, continuous infusion and monitoring, aspects which entail great difficulty, expense and inconvenience.
• a more effective method of administering a cancer therapeutic, particularly a cytotoxin is in the form of a dispersion of oil in which the drug is dissolved.
• These oily particles are made electrically neutral and coated in such a way that they do not interact with plasma proteins and are not trapped by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), instead remaining intact in the tissue or blood for hours, days or even weeks. In most cases, it is desirable if the particles also distribute themselves into the surrounding lymph nodes which are injected at the site of a cancer.
• RES reticuloendothelial system
• oils typically used for pharmaceutical emulsions include saponifiable oils from the family of triglycerides, for example, soybean oil, sesame seed oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil and the like. Hansrani, PK et al., (1983) J Parenter Sci Technol 37:145-150.
• One or more surfactants are used to stabilize the emulsion, and excipients are added to render the emulsion more biocompatible, stable and less toxic.
• Lecithin from egg yolks or soybeans is a commonly used surfactant. Sterile manufacturing can be accomplished by absolute sterilization of all the components before manufacture, followed by absolutely aseptic technique in all stages of manufacture. However, improved ease of manufacture and assurance of sterility is obtained by terminal sterilization following sanitary manufacture, either by heat or by filtration. Unfortunately, not all emulsions are suitable for heat or filtration treatments. Stability has been shown to be influenced by the size and homogeneity of the emulsion.
• the preferred emulsion consists of a suspension of sub-micron particles, with a mean size of no greater than 200 nanometers. A stable dispersion in this size range is not easily achieved, but has the benefit that it is expected to circulate longer in the bloodstream.
• vitamin E in emulsions is known. In addition to the hundreds of examples where vitamin E in small quantities [for example, less than 1%, RT Lyons.
• micellar solutions were formulated with Tween 80, Brij 58 and HCO-60. Isopropanol was used as a co-solvent, and was then removed by vacuum evaporation; the residual oil glass was then taken up in water with vortexing as a micellar suspension.
• An emulsion was also prepared by dissolving vitamin E with soy phosphatidycholine (lecithin) and soybean oil. Water was added and the emulsion prepared with sonication.
• E-Ferol a vitamin E emulsion was introduced for vitamin E supplementation and therapy in neonates.
• the surfactant mixture used in E-Ferol to emulsify 25 mg/mL vitamin E consisted of 9% Tween 80 and 1% Tween 20. These surfactants seem ultimately to have been responsible for the unfortunate deaths. This experience illustrates the need for improved formulations and the importance of selecting suitable biocompatible surfactants and carefully monitoring their levels in parenteral emulsions and.
• solubilizing low solubility compounds is direct solubilization in a non-aqueous milieu, for example alcohol (such as ethanol) dimethylsulfoxide or triacetin.
• alcohol such as ethanol
• An example in PCT application WO 95/11039 describes the use of vitamin E and the vitamin E derivative TPGS in combination with ethanol and the immuno-suppressant molecule cyclosporin.
• Alcohol-containing solutions can be administered with care, but are typically given by intravenous drip to avoid the pain, vascular irritation and toxicity associated with bolus injection of these solutions.
• plasticizers such as di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate from commonly used intravenous infusion tubing and bags.
• Adverse reactions to the plasticizers have been reported, such as respiratory distress, necessitating the use of special infusion systems at extra expense and time. Waugh, et al.
• the ideal emulsion vehicle would be inexpensive, non-irritating or even nutritive and palliative in itself, terminally sterilizable by either heat or filtration, stable for at least 1 year under controlled storage conditions, accommodate a wide variety of water insoluble and poorly soluble drugs and be substantially ethanol-free.
• a vehicle which will stabilize, and carry in the form of an emulsion, drugs which are poorly soluble in lipids and in water.
• the present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions including: ⁇ -tocopherol, a surfactant or mixtures of surfactants, with and without an aqueous phase, and a therapeutic agent wherein the composition is in the form of an emulsion, micellar solution or a self-emulsifying drug delivery system.
• the solution is substantially ethanol-free.
• compositions can be stabilized by the addition of various amphiphilic molecules, including anionic, nonionic, cationic, and zwitterionic surfactants.
• these molecules are PEGylated surfactants and optimally PEGylated ⁇ -tocopherol.
• amphiphilic molecules further include surfactants such as ascorbyl-6 palmitate; stearylamine; sucrose fatty acid esters, various vitamin E derivatives and fluorine-containing surfactants, such as the Zonyl brand series and a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycol nonionic block copolymer.
• surfactants such as ascorbyl-6 palmitate; stearylamine; sucrose fatty acid esters, various vitamin E derivatives and fluorine-containing surfactants, such as the Zonyl brand series and a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycol nonionic block copolymer.
• the therapeutic agent of the emulsion may be a chemotherapeutic agent preferably a taxoid analog and most preferably, paclitaxel.
• the emulsions of the invention can comprise an aqueous medium when in the form of an emulsion or micellar solution.
• This medium can contain various additives to assist in stabilizing the emulsion or in rendering the formulation biocompatible.
• compositions of the invention are typically formed by dissolving a therapeutic agent in ethanol to form a therapeutic agent solution, ⁇ -tocopherol is then added to the therapeutic agent solution to form an ⁇ -tocopherol and therapeutic agent solution. Next, the ethanol is removed to form a substantially ethanol-free ⁇ -tocopherol and therapeutic agent solution.
• the substantially ethanol free ⁇ -tocopherol and therapeutic agent solution is blended with and without an aqueous phase incorporating a surfactant to form a pre-emulsion.
• the pre-emulsion is then homogenized to form a fine emulsion.
• the pre-emulsion is typically encapsulated in a gelatin capsule.
• Figure 1A shows the particle size of a paclitaxel emulsion (QWA) at 7°C over time
• Figure IB shows the particle size of a paclitaxel emulsion (QWA) at 25°C over time
• Figure 2 is an HPLC chromatogram showing the integrity of a paclitaxel in an emulsion as described in Example 5;
• Figure 3 A shows the paclitaxel concentration of a paclitaxel emulsion
• Figure 3B shows the paclitaxel concentration of a paclitaxel emulsion (QWA) at 25°C over time
• Figure 4 shows the percentage of paclitaxel released over time from three different emulsions.
• the symbol • represents the percentage of paclitaxel released over time from an emulsion commercially available from Bristol Myers Squibb.
• the symbol - represents the percentage of paclitaxel released over time from an emulsion of this invention containing 6 mg/ml paclitaxel (QWA) as described in Example 6.
• the symbol O represents the percentage of paclitaxel released over time from an emulsion of this invention (QWB) containing 7 mg/ml paclitaxel as described in Example 7.
• ⁇ -tocopherol also known as vitamin E, is an organic molecule with the following chemical structure (Scheme I):
• ⁇ -tocopherol and its derivatives are useful as a therapeutic agents.
• Surfactants Surface active group of amphiphilic molecules which are manufactured by chemical processes or purified from natural sources or processes. These can be anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic.
• TPGS or PEGylated vitamin E is a vitamin E derivative in which polyethylene glycol subunits are attached by a succinic acid diester at the ring hydroxyl of the vitamin E molecule.
• vitamin E TPGS Various chemical derivatives of vitamin E TPGS including ester and ether linkages of various chemical moieties are included within the definition of vitamin E TPGS.
• Polyethylene glycol is a hydrophilic, polymerized form of ethylene glycol, consisting of repeating units of the chemical structure — (CH 2 -CH 2 -O-).
• AUC is the area under the plasma concentration-time, commonly used in pharmacokinetics to quantitate the percentage of drug absorption and elimination. A high AUC generally indicates that the drug will successfully reach the target tissue or organ.
• Poloxamers or Pluronics are synthetic block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide having the general structure:
• a and b are commercially available from BASF Performance Chemicals (Parsippany, New Jersey) under the trade name Pluronic and which consist of the group of surfactants designated by the CTFA name of Poloxamer 108, 188, 217, 237, 238, 288, 338, 407, 101, 105, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 212, 231, 282, 331, 401, 402, 185, 215, 234, 235, 284, 333, 334, 335, and 403.
• Solutol HS-15 is a polyethylene glycol 660 hydroxystearate manufactured by BASF (Parsippany, NJ). Apart from free polyethylene glycol and its monoesters, di-esters are also detectable. According to the manufacturer, a typical lot of Solutol HS-15 contains approximately 30% free polyethylene glycol and 70% polyethylene glycol esters.
• surfactants useful in the invention include ascorbyl-6 palmitate (Roche Vitamins, Nutley NJ), stearylamine, and sucrose fatty acid esters (Mitsubishi Chemicals).
• Custom surfactants include those compounds with polar water-loving heads and hydrophobic tails, such as a vitamin E derivative comprising a peptide bonded polyglutamate attached to the ring hydroxyl and pegylated phytosterol.
• Hydrophile-lipophile balance An empirical formula used to index surfactants. Its value varies from 1 - 45 and in the case of non-ionic surfactants from about 1 - 20. In general for lipophilic surfactants the HLB is less than 10 and for hydrophilic ones the HLB is greater than 10.
• Biocompatible Capable of performing functions within or upon a living organism in an acceptable manner, without undue toxicity or physiological or pharmacological effects.
• Substantially ethanol-free A composition having an ethanol concentration less than about 1.0% (w/v) ethanol.
• Emulsion A colloidal dispersion of two immiscible liquids in the form of droplets, whose diameter, in general, are between 0.1 and 3.0 microns and which is typically optically opaque, unless the dispersed and continuous phases are refractive index matched.
• Such systems possess a finite stability, generally defined by the application or relevant reference system, which may be enhanced by the addition of amphiphilic molecules or viscosity enhancers.
• Microemulsion A thermodynamically stable isotropically clear dispersion of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant molecules.
• the microemulsion has a mean droplet diameter of less than 200 nm, in general between 10-50 nm.
• mixtures of oil(s) and non-ionic surfactant(s) form clear and isotropic solutions that are known as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) and have successfully been used to improve lipophilic drug dissolution and oral absorption
• SEDDS self-emulsifying drug delivery systems
• Aqueous Medium A water-containing liquid which can contain pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as acidifying, alkalizing, buffering, chelating, complexing and solubilizing agents, antioxidants and antimicrobial preservatives, humectants, suspending and/or viscosity modifying agents, tonicity and wetting or other biocompatible materials.
• pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as acidifying, alkalizing, buffering, chelating, complexing and solubilizing agents, antioxidants and antimicrobial preservatives, humectants, suspending and/or viscosity modifying agents, tonicity and wetting or other biocompatible materials.
• Therapeutic Agent Any compound natural of synthetic which has a biological activity, is soluble in the oil phase and has an octanol-buffer partition coefficient (Log P) of at least 2 to ensure that the therapeutic agent is preferentially dissolved in the oil phase rather than the aqueous phase.
• Chemotherapeutic Any natural or synthetic molecule which is effective against one or more forms of cancer, and particularly those molecules which are slightly or completely lipophilic or which can be modified to be lipophilic. This definition includes molecules which by their mechanism of action are cytotoxic (anti-cancer agents), those which stimulate the immune system (immune stimulators) and modulators of angiogenesis. The outcome in either case is the slowing of the growth of cancer cells.
• Taxol paclitaxel
• Taxoids paclitaxel
• taxines paclitaxel
• Taxanes paclitaxel
• Scheme III The structure of paclitaxel is shown in the figure below (Scheme III).
• taxoids include various modifications and attachments to the basic ring structure (taxoid nucleus) as may be shown to be efficacious for reducing cancer cell growth and to partition into the oil (lipid phase) and which can be constructed by organic chemical techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• the structure of the taxoid nucleus is shown in Scheme IV.
• Chemotherapeutics include podophyllotoxins and their derivatives and analogues.
• the core ring structure of these molecules is shown in the following figure (Scheme V):
• camptothecins Another important class of chemotherapeutics useful in this invention are camptothecins, the basic ring structure of which is shown in the following figure, but includes any derivatives and modifications to this basic structure which retain efficacy and preserve the lipophilic character of the moleculeshown below (Scheme VI).
• chemotherapeutics useful in this invention are the lipophilic anthracyclines, the basic ring structure of which is shown in the following figure (Scheme VII):
• Suitable lipophilic modifications of Scheme VII include substitutions at the ring hydroxyl group or sugar amino group.
• chemotherapeutics are compounds which are lipophilic or can be made lipophilic by molecular chemosynthetic modifications well known to those skilled in the art, for example by combinatorial chemistry and by molecular modelling, and are drawn from the following list: Taxotere, Amonafide, Illudin S, 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene Bryostatin 1, 26-succinylbryostatin 1, Palmitoyl Rhizoxin, DUP 941, Mitomycin B, Mitomycin C, Penclomedine.
• Interferon ⁇ 2b Interferon ⁇ 2b, angiogenesis inhibitor compounds, Cisplatin hydrophobic complexes such as 2-hydrazino- 4,5-dihydro-lH-imidazole with platinum chloride and 5-hydrazino-3,4- dihydro-2H-pyrrole with platinum chloride, vitamin A, vitamin E and its derivatives, particularly tocopherol succinate.
• Cisplatin hydrophobic complexes such as 2-hydrazino- 4,5-dihydro-lH-imidazole with platinum chloride and 5-hydrazino-3,4- dihydro-2H-pyrrole with platinum chloride, vitamin A, vitamin E and its derivatives, particularly tocopherol succinate.
• Other compounds useful in the invention include: l,3-bis(2- chloroethyl)-l-nitrosurea ("carmustine” or “BCNU”), 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin ("adriamycin”), epirubicin, aclarubicin, Bisantrene (bis(2- imidazolen-2-ylhydrazone)-9, 10-anthracenedicarboxaldehyde, mitoxantrone, methotrexate, edatrexate, muramyl tripeptide, muramyl dipeptide, lipopolysaccharides, 9-b-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (“vidarabine”) and its 2- fluoro derivative, resveratrol, retinoic acid and retinol, Carotenoids, and tamoxifen.
• Other compounds useful in the application of this invention include:
• compositions in the form of emulsions, micellar solutions or self-emulsifying drug delivery systems which are substantially free of ethanol solvent.
• the therapeutic agents of the compositions of this invention can initially be solublized in ethanol. However, the ethanol is removed in order to form a substantially ethanol-free composition.
• the ethanol concentration is less than 1% (w/v), preferably less than 0.5%, and most preferably less than 0.3%.
• the therapeutic agents can also be solubilized in methanol, propanol, chloroform, isopropanol, butanol and pentanol. These solvents are also removed prior to use.
• compositions of the invention contain ⁇ -tocopherol as a carrier for therapeutic drugs, which can be administered to animals or humans via intravascular, oral, intramuscular, cutaneous and subcutaneous routes.
• the emulsions can be given by any of the following routes, among others: intraabdominal, intraarterial, intraarticular, intracapsular, intracervical, intracranial, intraductal, intradural, intralesional, intralocular, intralumbar, intramural, intraocular, intraoperative, intraparietal, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intrapulmonary, intraspinal, intrathoracic, intratracheal, intratympanic, intrauterine, and intraventricular.
• the emulsions of the present invention can be nebulized using suitable aerosol propellants which are known in the art for pulmonary delivery of lipophilic compounds.
• the invention is directed to the use of ⁇ -tocopherol as the hydrophobic dispersed phase of emulsions containing water insoluble, poorly water soluble therapeutic agents, water soluble therapeutic agents which have been modified to be less water soluble or mixtures thereof.
• ⁇ -tocopherol is not a typical lipid oil. It has a higher polarity than most lipid oils, particularly triglycerides, and is not saponifiable. It has practically no solubility in water.
• the invention is a an ⁇ -tocopherol emulsion in the form of a self-emulsifying system where the system is to be used for the oral administration of water insoluble (or poorly water soluble or water soluble agents modified to be less water soluble or mixtures thereof) drugs where that is desired.
• an oil phase with surfactant and drug or drug mixture is encapsulated into a soft or hard gelatin capsule.
• Suitable solidification agents with melting points in the range of 40 to 60°C such as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols (MW > 1000) and glycerides such as those available under the trade name Gellucires (Gattefose Corp.
• the invention comprises microemulsions containing ⁇ -tocopherol.
• Microemulsions refer to a sub-class of emulsions where the emulsion suspension is essentially clear and indefinitely stable by virtue of the extremely small size of the oil/drug microaggregates dispersed therein.
• PEGylated vitamin E TPGS
• PEGylated vitamin E is used as a primary surfactant in emulsions of vitamin E.
• PEGylated vitamin E is utilized as a primary surfactant, a stabilizer and also as a supplementary solvent in emulsions of vitamin E.
• Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is also useful as a secondary solvent in the emulsions of this invention.
• the ⁇ -tocopherol concentration of the emulsions of this invention can be from about 2 to about 10% w/v.
• the ratio of ⁇ -tocopherol to TPGS is optimally from about 1 :1 to about 10:1 (w/w).
• the emulsions of the invention may further include surfactants such as ascorbyl-6 palmitate; stearylamine; sucrose fatty acid esters and various vitamin E derivatives comprising ⁇ -tocopherol nicotinate, tocopherol phosphate, and nonionic, synthetic surfactant mixtures, containing a fluorine-containing surfactant, such as the Zonyl brand series and a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycol nonionic block copolymer.
• surfactants such as ascorbyl-6 palmitate; stearylamine; sucrose fatty acid esters and various vitamin E derivatives comprising ⁇ -tocopherol nicotinate, tocopherol phosphate, and nonionic, synthetic surfactant mixtures, containing a fluorine-containing surfactant, such as the Zonyl brand series and a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycol nonionic block copolymer.
• the emulsions of the invention can comprise an aqueous medium.
• the aqueous phase has an osmolality of approximately 300 mOsm and may include potassium or sodium chloride sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol albumin, polypep and mixtures thereof.
• This medium can also contain various additives to assist in stabilizing the emulsion or in rendering the formulation biocompatible.
• Acceptable additives include acidifying agents, alkalizing agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, buffering agents, chelating agents, suspending and/or viscosity-increasing agents, and tonicity agents.
• agents to control the pH, tonicity, and increase viscosity are included.
• a tonicity of at least 250 mOsm is achieved with an agent which also increases viscosity, such as sorbitol or sucrose.
• the emulsions of the invention for intravenous injection have a particle size of 10 to 500 nm, preferably 10 to 200 nm and most preferably 10 to 100 nm.
• the spleen and liver will eliminate particles greater than 500 ran in size through the RES.
• a preferred form of the invention includes paclitaxel, a very water- insoluble cytotoxin used in the treatment of uterine cancer and other carcinomas.
• An emulsion composition of the present invention comprises a solution of vitamin E containing paclitaxel at a concentration of up to 20 mg/mL, four times that currently available by prescription, and a biocompatible surfactant such that the emulsion microdroplets are less than 0.2 microns and are terminally sterilizable by filtration.
• a further embodiment of the invention is a method of treating carcinomas comprising the parenteral administration of a bolus dose of paclitaxel in vitamin E emulsion with and without PEGylated vitamin E by intravenous injection once daily or every second day over a therapeutic course of several weeks.
• Such method can be used for the treatment of carcinomas of the breast, lung, skin and uterus.
• ⁇ -Tocopherol was obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (St Louis MO) in the form of a synthetic dl- ⁇ -tocopherol of 95% purity prepared from phytol. The oil was amber in color and very viscous. Paclitaxel was purchased from Hauser Chemical Research (Boulder CO), and was 99.9% purity by HPLC. Paclitaxel 200 mg was dissolved in 6 mL of dry absolute ethanol (Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp, Gardenia CA) and added to 1 gm ⁇ -tocopherol. The ethanol was then removed by vacuum at 42°C until the residue was brought to constant weight. Independent studies showed that the ethanol content was less than 0.3%) (w/v).
• the resultant solution was clear, amber and very viscous, with a nominal concentration of 200 mg/gm (w/w) paclitaxel in ⁇ -tocopherol.
• Higher concentrations of Paclitaxel up to 400 mg/gm, w/w can be solubilized in ⁇ -tocopherol.
• a solution consisting of ascorbic acid 20 mM was buffered to pH 6.8 with triethanolamine as the free base to from 2x buffer.
• 50 mL of the 2x buffer was placed in a Waring blender.
• 0.5 gm of ascorbyl- 6-palmitate (Roche Vitamins and Fine Chemicals, Nutley NJ), an anionic surfactant, was added and the solution blended at high speed for 2 min at 40°C under argon.
• the ⁇ -tocopherol containing paclitaxel was then added into the blender with the surfactant and buffer.
• Microfluidizer Model HOY Microfluidics Inc, Newton MA. The unit was immersed in a bath to maintain a process temperature of approximately 60°C during homogenization, and was flushed with argon before use. After priming, the emulsion was passed through the homogenizer in continuous re- cycle for 10 minutes at a pressure gradient of about 18 kpsi across the interaction head. The flow rate was about 300 mL/min, indicating that about
• the resultant paclitaxel emulsion in an ⁇ -tocopherol vehicle was bottled in amber vials under argon and stored with refrigeration at 7°C and 25°C. Samples were taken at discrete time intervals for particle sizing and chemical analysis.
• TPGS vitamin-E polyoxyethyleneglycol-1000-succinate, obtained from Eastman Chemical Co., Kingsport TN
• water PEGylated vitamin E
• TPGS PEGylated vitamin E
• Phase diagrams of ⁇ -tocopherol with surfactant combinations for example TPGS with a nonionic, anionic or cationic co-surfactant (for example glutamyl stearate, ascorbyl palmitate or Pluronic F-68), or drug can be prepared in a similar manner.
• a nonionic, anionic or cationic co-surfactant for example glutamyl stearate, ascorbyl palmitate or Pluronic F-68
• the method of preparation was as follows: synthetic ⁇ -tocopherol (Roche Vitamins, Nutley NJ), paclitaxel (Hauser, Boulder CO), ascorbyl 6-palmitate (Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee WI) and TPGS were dissolved in 10 volumes of anhydrous undenatured, ethanol (Spectrum Quality Products, Gardenia CA) with heating to 40-45°C. The ethanol was then drawn off with vacuum until no more than 0.3% remained by weight.
• Pre-warmed aqueous solution containing a biocompatible osmolyte and buffer were added with gentle mixing and a white milk formed immediately. This mixture was further improved by gentle rotation for 10 minutes with continuous warming at 40-45°C. This pre-mixture at about pH 7 was then further emulsified as described below.
• the pre-mixture at 40-45°C was homogenized in an Avestin C5 homogenizer (Avestin, Ottawa Canada) at 26 Kpsi for 12 minutes at 44°C.
• the resultant mixture contained microparticles of ⁇ -tocopherol with a mean size of about 200 nm. Further pH adjustment was made with an alkaline 1 M solution of triethanolamine (Spectrum Quality Products).
• Avestin C5 homogenizer Avestin, Ottawa Canada
• the resultant mixture contained microparticles of ⁇ -tocopherol with a mean size of about 200 nm.
• Further pH adjustment was made with an alkaline 1 M solution of triethanolamine (Spectrum Quality Products).
• TPGS TPGS
• ⁇ -tocopherol oil ⁇ -tocopherol oil
• the solution gels at concentrations of TPGS higher than 2%.
• Example 4 After emulsification, the formulation of Example 4 was analyzed for paclitaxel on a Phenosphere CN column (5 microns, 150 x 4.6 mm). The mobile phase consisted of a methanol/water gradient, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. A UV detector set at 230 nm was used to detect and quantitate paclitaxel. A single peak was detected ( Figure 2), which had a retention time and mass spectrogram consistent with native reference paclitaxel obtained from Hauser Chemical (Boulder CO). Chemical stability of the emulsion of example 4 was examined by
• paclitaxel 10 mg/ml for intravenous drug delivery having the following composition, was prepared as described in Example 4.
• a second emulsion of paclitaxel 10 mg/ml for intravenous drug delivery having the following composition, was prepared as described in Example 4.
• Solutol HS-15 is a product of BASF Corp, Mount Olive NJ.
• a third emulsion formulation of paclitaxel 10 mg/ml was prepared as follows using Poloxamer 407 (BASF Corp, Parsippany NJ) as a co- surfactant.
• Paclitaxel 1.0 gm% ⁇ -tocopherol 6.0 gm% TPGS 3.0 gm%
• Poloxamer 407 1.0 gm%
• 1.0 gm Poloxamer 407 and 1.0 gm paclitaxel were dissolved in 6.0 gm ⁇ -tocopherol with ethanol 10 volumes and gentle heating. The ethanol was then removed under vacuum.
• an aqueous buffer was prepared by dissolving 3.0 gm TPGS and 4.0 gm sorbitol in a final volume of 90 mL water for injection. Both oil and water solutions were warmed to 45 °C and mixed with sonication to make a pre-emulsion. A vacuum was used to remove excess air from the pre-emulsion before homogenization.
• Homogenization was performed in an Avestin C5 as already described.
• the pressure differential across the homogenization valve was 25 kpsi and the temperature of the feed was 42 - 45°C.
• a chiller was used to ensure that the product exiting the homogenizer did not exceed a temperature of 50°C.
• Flow rates of 50 mL/min were obtained during homogenization. After about 20 passes in a recycling mode, the emulsion became more translucent. Homogenization was continued for 20 min. Samples were collected and sealed in vials as described before. A fine ⁇ -tocopherol emulsion for intravenous delivery of paclitaxel was obtained. The mean particle diameter of the emulsion was 77 nm. Following 0.22 ⁇ sterile filtration through a 0.22 micron Durapore filter (Millipore Corp, Bedford MA), the emulsion was filled in vials and stored at 4°C until used for intravenous injection.
• Paclitaxel 0.5 gm% ⁇ -tocopherol 6.0 gm%
• Poloxamer 407 1.0 gm%
• a fifth emulsion of ⁇ -tocopherol for intravenous administration of paclitaxel was prepared as follows:
• Paclitaxel 0.5 gm% ⁇ -tocopherol 6.0 gm%
• Synthetic ⁇ -tocopherol USP-FCC obtained from Roche Vitamins (Nutley, NJ) was used in this formation.
• Polyethyleneglycol 200 (PEG-200) was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co.
• mice were prepared as follows. A stock solution of paclitaxel in TPGS was made up by dissolving 90 mg paclitaxel in 1.0 gm TPGS at 45 °C with ethanol, which was then removed under vacuum. Serial dilutions were then prepared by diluting the paclitaxel stock with additional TPGS to obtain paclitaxel in TPGS at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 90 mg/mL. Using fresh test tubes, 100 mg of each paclitaxel concentration in TPGS was dissolved in 0.9 mL water.
• micellar solutions in water were obtained corresponding to final paclitaxel concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 9.0 mg/mL.
• a Nicomp Model 370 laser particle sizer (Particle Sizing Systems, Santa Barbara CA) was used to examine the solutions. Particle sizes on the order of 10 nm were obtained, consistent with the presence of micelles of TPGS and paclitaxel.
• mice Micellar solutions of paclitaxel in TPGS containing up to 2.5 mg/mL paclitaxel were stable for at least 24 hr whereas those at 5.0, 7.5 and 9.0 mg/mL were unstable and drug crystals formed rapidly and irreversibly. These observations imply that paclitaxel remains solubilized only in the presence of an ⁇ -tocopherol-rich domain within the emulsion particles. Thus, an optimum ratio of ⁇ -tocopherol to TPGS is needed in order to produce emulsions in which higher concentrations of paclitaxel can be stabilized.
• micellar solutions When adjusted to the proper tonicity and pH, micellar solutions have utility for slow IV drip administration of paclitaxel to cancer patients, although the AUC is expected to be low.
• TPGS in ⁇ -tocopherol emulsions
• TPGS has its own affinity for paclitaxel, probably by virtue of the ⁇ -tocopherol that makes up the hydrophobic portion of its molecular structure.
• interfacial tension of TPGS in water with ⁇ - tocopherol is about 10 dynes/cm, sufficient to emulsify free ⁇ -tocopherol, especially when used with a co-surfactant.
• polyoxyethylated surfactants such as TPGS
• TPGS polyoxyethylated surfactants
• TPGS polyoxyethylated surfactants
• micellar solutions When adjusted to the proper tonicity and pH, micellar solutions have utility for slow IV drip administration of paclitaxel to cancer patients, although the AUC is expected to be low.
• a coarse, emulsion containing 20 mg/mL paclitaxel in ⁇ -tocopherol was obtained with 5%> ⁇ -tocopherol and 5% TPGS by the methods described in Example 4, simply by increasing the concentrations. No effort was made to test higher concentrations simply because no further increase is necessary for clinically useful intravenous emulsions.
• Tween 80 and Myrj 52 have HLB values essentially equivalent to TPGS and make reasonably good emulsions of ⁇ -tocopherol.
• paclitaxel 5 mg/mL paclitaxel was included in the formulation, drug crystallization was noted very rapidly after preparation of the pre-emulsion, and the processed emulsions of Tween 80 and Myrj 52 were characterized as coarse, containing rod-shaped particles up to several microns in length, consistent with crystals of paclitaxel.
• the Tween and Myrj emulsions were unfilterable because of the presence of this crystalline drug material.
• the drug has good solubility in TPGS, up to about 100 mg/mL. Most likely it is the strength of the affinity of paclitaxel benzyl side chains with the planar structure of the ⁇ -tocopherol phenolic ring in the TPGS molecule that stabilizes the complex of drug and carrier.
• the succinate linker between the ⁇ -tocopherol and PEG tail is a novel feature of this molecule that distinguishes its structure from other PEGylated surfactants tested.
• Poloxamer 407 2.5 gm% Ascorbyl Palmitate 0.3 gm%
• ⁇ -tocopherol emulsion was prepared using Poloxamer 407 (BASF) as the primary surfactant.
• BASF Poloxamer 407
• the white milky pre-mixture was homogenized with continuous recycling for 10 minutes at 25 Kpsi in a C5 homogenizer (Avestin, Ottawa Canada) with a feed temperature of 45°C and a chiller loop for the product out set at 15°C.
• a fine, sterile filterable emulsion of ⁇ - tocopherol microparticles resulted.
• this formulation was made with paclitaxel, precipitation of the paclitaxel was noted following overnight storage in the refringerator, again underlying the superior utility of TPGS as the principle surfactant.
• Maltrin Ml 00 (Grain Processing Corporation, Muscatine I A) was added as a 2x stock in water to the emulsion of Example 14. Aliquots were then frozen in a shell freezer and lyophilized under vacuum. On reconstitution with water, a fine emulsion was recovered.
• Lyophilized formulations have utility where the indefinite shelf life of a lyophilized preparation is preferred. Lyophilizable formulations containing other saccharides, such as mannitol, albumin or PolyPep from Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, Mo. can also be prepared.
• Example 16 Lyophilized formulations containing other saccharides, such as mannitol, albumin or PolyPep from Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, Mo. can also be prepared.
• One of the desired characteristics of a drug delivery vehicle is to provide sustained release of the incorporated drug, a characteristic quite often correlated with improved pharmacokinetics and efficacy.
• long- circulating emulsions of paclitaxel can improve the delivery of the drug to cancer sites in the body.
• the emulsions of the present invention do provide sustained release of paclitaxel when compared to the only FDA-approved formulation of paclitaxel at this time [Taxol®, Bristol Myers Squibb(BMS), Princeton NJ].
• Emulsions were prepared having paclitaxel concentrations of 6 mg/mL (QWA) and 7 mg/mL (QWB).
• Taxol contains 6 mg/ml of paclitaxel dissolved in ethanol :cremophore EL 1 :1 (v/v).
• fn vitro release of paclitaxel from the different formulations into a solution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C was monitored using a dialysis membrane that is freely permeable to paclitaxel (MW cut-off of 10 kilodaltons). Quantification of the drug in pre- and post-dialysis samples was performed by HPLC. Drug release profiles in terms of both percent release and concentration of paclitaxel released over time were generated.
• PBS phosphate-buffered saline
• mice 20-25 gm each were purchased and acclimatized in an approved animal facility. Groups of mice (n 3) received doses of the formulation containing from 30 to 90 mg/kg paclitaxel in the ⁇ -tocopherol emulsion prepared as described in Example 6. All injections were given intravenously by tailvein bolus.
• TTD maximal tolerable dose
• paclitaxel the FDA-approved BMS formulation
• BMS Taxol was uniformly fatal at all dilutions and dose regimes we tested.
• the composition of Example 6 was well tolerated in rats, and is even improved over Taxotere, a less toxic paclitaxel analogue commercially marketed by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer.
• Example 6 The paclitaxel emulsion of Example 6 was also evaluated for efficacy against staged B16 melanoma tumors in nude mice and the data is shown in Table 2.
• BMS Taxol was used as a reference formulation. Tumor cells were administered subcutaneously and therapy started by a tail vein injection at day 4 post- tumor administration at the indicated dosing schedule. Efficacy was expressed as percent increase in life-span (% ILS).
• Efficacy was expressed as: a) percent tumor growth inhibition (% T/C, where T and C stand for treated and control animals, respectively); b) tumor growth delay value (T-C), and c) log cell kill which is defined as the ratio of the T-C value over 3.32 x tumor doubling time. The latter parameter for this particular tumor model was calculated to be 1.75 days.
• C mean survival of control according to the NCI standards an ILS value greater than 50% indicates significant anti-tumor activity.
• Paclitaxel 50 mg/ml was prepared in ⁇ -tocopherol by the method described in Example 1. Tagat TO 20% (w/w) was added. The resultant mixture was clear, viscous and amber in color. A 100 mg quantity of the oily mixture was transferred to a test tube. On addition of 1 mL of water, with vortex mixing, a fine emulsion resulted.
• Paclitaxel 50 mg/ml was prepared in ⁇ -tocopherol by the method described in Example 1. After removal of the ethanol under vacuum, 20% TPGS and 10% polyoxyethyleneglycol 200 (Sigma Chemical Co) were added by weight. A demonstration of the self-emulsification ability of this system was then performed by adding 20 mL of deionized water to 100 mg of the oily mixture at 37 °C. Upon gentle mixing, a white, thin emulsion formed, consisting of fine emulsion particles demonstrated with the Malvern Mastersizer (Malvern Instruments, Worcester MA) to have a mean size of 2 microns, and a cumulative distribution 90% of which was less than 10 microns.
• Malvern Mastersizer Malvern Mastersizer
• a pre-emulsion was formed by adding 4.5 mL of water containing 4% sorbitol and 100 mg TPGS at 45°C with sonication.
• the particle size was further reduced by processing in an Emulsiflex 1000 (Avestin, Ottawa
• Emulsiflex 1000 was fitted with a pair of 5 mL syringes and the entire apparatus heated to 45°C before use. The 5 mL of emulsion was then passed through it by hand approximately 10 times. A free flowing, practical emulsion of etoposide in an ⁇ -tocopherol vehicle resulted.
• solubilized form of etopside in ⁇ -tocopherol can also be used as an oral dosage form by adaption of the methods of the preceding examples.
• Ibuprofen is a pain-killer, and may be administered by injection when required if there is danger that the drug will irritate the stomach.
• the following solution of ibuprofen in ⁇ -tocopherol may be emulsified for intravenous administration.
• Ibuprofen (Sigma Chemicals), 12 mg. crystalline, dissolved without solvent in ⁇ -tocopherol, 120 mg, by gentle heating.
• the resultant 10 % solution of ibuprofen in vitamin E can be emulsified by the method s described in Examples 4, 6, 7, 8 or 22.
• griseofulvin 12 mg
• ⁇ -tocopherol was then added, 180 mg, and the ethanol was removed with gentle heating under vacuum.
• the resultant solution of griseofulvin in ⁇ -tocopherol is clear and can be emulsified by the methods described in Examples 4, 6, 7, 8 or 22.
• Vitamin E succinate has been suggested as a therapeutic for the treatment of lymphomas and leukemias and for the chemoprevention of cancer.
• the following is a composition and method for the emulsification of vitamin E succinate in ⁇ -tocopherol.
• Sucrose ester SI 170 is a product of Mitsubishi Kagaku Foods Corp, Tokyo Japan.
• Vitamin E succinate, as the free acid was obtained as a whitish powder from ICN Biomedicals, Aurora, OH.
• Emulsions incorporating other surfactants such as pluronics, and TPGS along with ⁇ -tocopherol and ⁇ -tocopherol succinate can be prepared in a similar manner with and without a therapeutic agent.
• ⁇ -Tocopherol 8 gm and vitamin E succinate 0.8 gm were dissolved together in ethanol in a round bottom flask. After removal of the solvent, 100 mL of an aqueous buffer was added. The alkaline buffer consisting of 2% glycerol, 10 mM triethanolamine, and 0.5 gm % sucrose ester SI 170. After mixing for 2 min, the pre-emulsion was transferred to an Avestin Model C-5 homogenizer and homogenization was continued for about 12 minutes at a process feed temperature of 58°C. The pressure differential across the interaction head was 25 to 26 kpsi. During homogenization, pH was carefully monitored, and adjusted as required to pH 7.0. Care was taken to exclude oxygen during the process. A fine white emulsion resulted.
• ⁇ -tocopherol- acetate, -succinate, -nicotinate, -phosphate and TPGS were either provided by the vendor or determined by HPLC.
• the concentration of free ⁇ -tocopherol in these solutions is less than 1.0%, generally less than 0.5%.
• Resveratrol is a cancer chemopreventative first discovered as an extract of grape skins. It has been proposed as a dietary supplement. Resveratrol was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. While it dissolved poorly in ethanol, upon addition of 10 mg resveratrol, 100 mg of ⁇ -tocopherol, 100 mg TPGS and ethanol, a clear solution formed rapidly. Upon removal of the ethanol, a clear amber oil remained.
• the oily solution of resveratrol can be formulated as a self- emulsifying system for oral delivery by the various methods of the preceding examples.
• Muramyl dipeptides are derived from mycobacteria and are potent immunostimulants representative of the class of muramyl peptides, mycolic acid and lipopolysaccharides. They have use, for example, in the treatment of cancer, by stimulating the immune system to target and remove the cancer. More recently, muroctasin, a synthetic analog, has been proposed to reduce non-specific side effects of the bacterial wall extracts.
• N-acetylmuramyl-6-O-steroyl- 1 -alanyl-d-isoglutamine was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. and 10 mg was dissolved in 100 mg ⁇ -tocopherol and 80 mg TPGS. Ethanol was used as a co-solvent to aid in dissolution of the dipeptide, but was removed by evaporation under vacuum, leaving a clear solution in ⁇ -tocopherol and surfactant.
• This oil solution of the drug can be emulsified for parenteral administration by the various methods of the preceding examples.
• Paclitaxel 0.125 gm ⁇ -tocopherol 0.325 gm
• paclitaxel was dissolved in a ⁇ -tocopherol and TPGS with ethanol, which was then removed under vacuum. By dry weight, residual ethanol was less than 3 mg (0.3% w/w). Fresh anhydrous ethanol 0.125 gm was then added back to the formulation. After mixing the suitability of the formulation for oral administration, as in a gelatin capsule, was simulated by the following experiment. An aliquot of 100 mg of the free-flowing oil was added to 20 mL of water at 37°C and mixed gently with a vortex mixer. A fine emulsion resulted. But after twenty minutes, microscopy revealed the growth on large numbers of crystals in rosettes, characteristic of paclitaxel precipitation.
• Paclitaxel 0.050 gm ⁇ -tocopherol 0.100 gm
• paclitaxel was dissolved in ⁇ -tocopherol and TPGS with ethanol, which was then removed under vacuum. By dry weight, residual ethanol was less than 2 mg (0.5% w/w). Fresh anhydrous ethanol 0.100 gm and n- butanol 0.500 gm was then added back to the formulation. A clear oil resulted.
• the injection concentrate was tested for biocompatibility in administration by standard pharmaceutical practice of admixture and saline. About 200 mg of the oil was dropped into 20 mL of saline and mixed. Large flakes of insoluble material developed immediately and the greatest amount of material formed dense deposits on the walls of the test tube.
• Lecithin is not in this class, although it could be used as a co-surfactant.
• typical o/w emulsions of triglycerides are made with surfactants of HLB between 7 and 12, demonstrating that ⁇ - tocopherol emulsions are a unique class by virtue of the polarity and extreme hydrophobicity of the ⁇ -tocopherol, factors that also favor the solubility of lipophilic and slightly polar lipophilic drugs in ⁇ -tocopherol. See Emulsions: Theory and Practice. 2nd Ed. p.248 (1985).

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