WO1998018164A1 - Dispositif a semi-conducteur, procede de fabrication, plaquette de circuit et substrat souple - Google Patents
Dispositif a semi-conducteur, procede de fabrication, plaquette de circuit et substrat souple Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998018164A1 WO1998018164A1 PCT/JP1997/003459 JP9703459W WO9818164A1 WO 1998018164 A1 WO1998018164 A1 WO 1998018164A1 JP 9703459 W JP9703459 W JP 9703459W WO 9818164 A1 WO9818164 A1 WO 9818164A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- semiconductor device
- flexible substrate
- manufacturing
- semiconductor chip
- gap holding
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/12—Mountings, e.g. non-detachable insulating substrates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/50—Assembly of semiconductor devices using processes or apparatus not provided for in a single one of the subgroups H01L21/06 - H01L21/326, e.g. sealing of a cap to a base of a container
- H01L21/56—Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulation layers, coatings
- H01L21/563—Encapsulation of active face of flip-chip device, e.g. underfilling or underencapsulation of flip-chip, encapsulation preform on chip or mounting substrate
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/28—Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulating layers, coatings, e.g. for protection
- H01L23/31—Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulating layers, coatings, e.g. for protection characterised by the arrangement or shape
- H01L23/3107—Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulating layers, coatings, e.g. for protection characterised by the arrangement or shape the device being completely enclosed
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/28—Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulating layers, coatings, e.g. for protection
- H01L23/31—Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulating layers, coatings, e.g. for protection characterised by the arrangement or shape
- H01L23/3107—Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulating layers, coatings, e.g. for protection characterised by the arrangement or shape the device being completely enclosed
- H01L23/3114—Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulating layers, coatings, e.g. for protection characterised by the arrangement or shape the device being completely enclosed the device being a chip scale package, e.g. CSP
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/73—Means for bonding being of different types provided for in two or more of groups H01L2224/10, H01L2224/18, H01L2224/26, H01L2224/34, H01L2224/42, H01L2224/50, H01L2224/63, H01L2224/71
- H01L2224/732—Location after the connecting process
- H01L2224/73201—Location after the connecting process on the same surface
- H01L2224/73203—Bump and layer connectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/01—Chemical elements
- H01L2924/01078—Platinum [Pt]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/01—Chemical elements
- H01L2924/01079—Gold [Au]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, a circuit board, and a flexible substrate, and more particularly to a semiconductor device having a flexible substrate disposed above an active surface of a semiconductor chip, a method of manufacturing the same, a circuit board, and a flexible substrate.
- This semiconductor device is manufactured as follows. That is, a flexible substrate (also called a substrate) is arranged above the active surface of the semiconductor chip. This flexible board is provided with external electrodes for mounting. Next, the lead provided on the flexible substrate is cut and joined to the electrode of the semiconductor chip while gel-like resin is injected between the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate to obtain a semiconductor device.
- a flexible substrate also called a substrate
- This flexible board is provided with external electrodes for mounting.
- the lead provided on the flexible substrate is cut and joined to the electrode of the semiconductor chip while gel-like resin is injected between the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate to obtain a semiconductor device.
- the inspection can be reliably performed by packaging, and the resin between the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate covers the active surface of the semiconductor chip, so that the quality can be assured. , Easy to handle.
- the leads must be cut one by one and bonded one by one (so-called single, point, bonding). If you try to cut and connect all the leads at the same time, there will be no support for the flexible substrate, and the bonding position between the leads and the electrodes will shift. Therefore, the technique described in the above publication cannot adopt a method of joining all the leads at once. Therefore, mass production is inferior to batch bonding (gang'bonding).
- the substrate itself has flexibility, various problems due to the radius of the substrate Not resolved. For example, when a gel-like resin is injected between a semiconductor chip and the substrate, there is a high possibility that uneven injection due to the radius occurs.
- the external electrodes are located on the flexible substrate, the positions of the external electrodes are not absolutely fixed, and there is a possibility that trouble may occur particularly when connecting to the external substrate.
- the flexible substrate is supported by a dedicated jig arranged so as to surround the semiconductor chip, but this jig must be newly prepared.
- the present invention is to solve the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device which can guarantee quality, is easy to handle, and has excellent reliability at the time of manufacturing, a manufacturing method thereof, and a circuit board Another object of the present invention is to provide a flexible substrate.
- a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes a step of preparing a flexible substrate having a region overlapping with a semiconductor chip and having an external electrode forming portion on which an external electrode is formed formed in the overlapping region.
- the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate are arranged with the surfaces facing each other, with the gap holding portion interposed therebetween, and a bonding portion provided on the flexible substrate; Joining the electrode and
- the present invention by preparing the flexible substrate as described above, it is possible to provide a package of the same size as a so-called chip size.
- At least one of the surfaces is provided with a gap holding portion.
- the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate are arranged with the gap holding portion interposed therebetween, so that the gap between the two is reliably maintained. Therefore, there is no need to prepare a new jig for holding the gap.
- the bonding portion of the flexible substrate and the electrode of the semiconductor chip are bonded together with the gap holding portion interposed therebetween, so that the bonding portion functions as a so-called support shaft at the time of bonding, so that reliable bonding is performed.
- the gap holding portion formed in the step of providing the gap holding portion is provided in a region excluding a region corresponding to the external electrode forming portion. In other words, a portion that corresponds to the external electrode forming portion where the external electrode is formed is not provided with the gap holding portion. In this case, since the external electrode itself is not fixed at the gap holding portion, it is easy to move, and the thermal stress is easily alleviated.
- the bonding portion and the electrode are collectively bonded from the viewpoint of mass productivity.
- the problem of flexure of the flexible substrate is most likely to occur at the time of collective joining.
- the problem of the radius of the flexible substrate is also effectively reduced. Can be prevented.
- the method may further include forming a stress absorbing layer between the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate.
- This stress absorbing layer is capable of reducing the thermal stress caused by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate, and the thermal stress caused by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the semiconductor chip and the external connection substrate (mounting substrate). Absorb.
- the stress absorbing layer is formed in the state where the gap holding portion is present, the stress absorbing layer can be formed in a state where the gap is securely maintained, and the stress absorbing layer can be formed easily and reliably. .
- the gap holding portion can be provided by printing a resin.
- the gap holding portion can be formed by printing a solder resist by a screen printing method.
- the gap holding section can be provided by discharging a resin by an inkjet method.
- the ink jet method is a method widely used in printing, and is also used, for example, when marking a defective product after inspecting a semiconductor chip. This method uses a nozzle and sprays fine resin injected from the nozzle onto the object.
- the ink jet method a resin that does not clog the head is used. If this ink jet method is used, many preparation steps (for example, setting of ink and squeegee plate), which are pre-printing steps, become unnecessary, and the steps can be further simplified as compared with the printing method. Also, for example, even when the semiconductor chip is formed on the active surface side, the gap holding portion can be provided without mechanical contact with the active surface, so that the active surface of the semiconductor chip is guaranteed. It is preferable from a viewpoint.
- the gap holding portion is provided only on the surface of the semiconductor chip having the electrodes.
- positional accuracy from the head to the object is required.
- the semiconductor chip is formed of a rigid substrate, there is an advantage that positional accuracy is easily obtained.
- the stress absorbing layer can be formed by injecting a molding material. By injecting the mold material, the stress absorbing layer can be formed including the region where the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate overlap and are closed.
- the resin since the resin is reliably spread between the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate, a gap between the surface of the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate is eliminated, preventing the accumulation of water and preventing corrosion.
- a thermosetting resin can be used.
- an ultraviolet curable resin may be used as the resin.
- a member having a property of absorbing a stress between the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate is used for the gap holding portion, and the member is brought into close contact with the opposing surface of the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate. Thus, a stress absorbing layer is formed.
- the gap holding portion is formed as the stress absorbing layer by securely bringing the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate into close contact with both opposing surfaces. According to this, since the gap holding portion also serves as the stress absorbing layer, the process can be simplified.
- the gap holding portion may be thermoplastic, and the step of forming the stress absorbing layer may include a step of applying heat and pressure to the gap holding portion. Since the gap holding portion is thermoplastic, a stress absorbing layer is formed by applying heat. Further, in a semiconductor device as a finished product, the gap holding portion easily absorbs stress when heated.
- step of applying pressure it is preferable that partial pressurization is continuously performed by gradually shifting the pressurizing position of the gap holding unit.
- the gap holding portion is provided only on a surface of the flexible substrate that is opposed to a surface having electrodes of the semiconductor chip.
- the step of providing the gap holding portion is included in a step of forming a wiring pattern provided on a surface of the flexible substrate on the semiconductor chip side,
- a desired portion may be etched to form a plurality of projections in one of the wiring patterns.
- the gap holding portion can be formed, so that the step can be simplified.
- a through hole is provided at a position corresponding to the convex portion on the flexible substrate,
- the external electrode may be provided on a surface of the flexible substrate opposite to a surface on which the wiring pattern is provided, via the through hole.
- An insulating resin may be applied to at least a position of the convex portion serving as the gap holding portion facing the semiconductor chip.
- the semiconductor device manufactured by the above method is a semiconductor device manufactured by the above method.
- the semiconductor chip On the semiconductor chip, the semiconductor chip is arranged so as to overlap with the semiconductor chip with a predetermined gap, and an external electrode forming portion is located in the overlapped region, and is electrically connected to the external electrode forming portion.
- a flexible substrate that is connected and has a joint that is joined to the electrode of the semiconductor chip;
- a gap holding portion provided at a position other than the position corresponding to the external terminal forming portion and holding the gap;
- an active area of the semiconductor chip is located in the overlapping area of the flexible substrate.
- the active region of the semiconductor chip is protected by the flexible substrate, and the function of protecting the active surface of the semiconductor chip can be added without increasing the number of components.
- a stress absorption layer located between the semiconductor chip and the flexible substrate may be included.
- the stress absorption layer may be provided at a position corresponding to the external terminal formation portion.
- the gap holding portion may be formed using at least a part of a wiring pattern of the flexible substrate.
- one wiring pattern is provided with a plurality of protrusions, at least one of the plurality of protrusions serves as the gap holding portion, and at least one of the other protrusions has an electrode of the semiconductor chip. It is preferable to form a joint with the above.
- An external electrode is formed at a position on the opposite side of the flexible substrate opposite to the side on which the wiring pattern is provided, and at a position opposite to a position at which the projection serving as the gap holding section is provided. May be performed.
- the gap holding portion may be made of resin, and may also serve as the stress absorbing layer.
- the resin may be a thermoplastic resin.
- the semiconductor device can be mounted on a circuit board. That is, as a circuit board on which the semiconductor device is mounted, the semiconductor device according to any one of the above is electrically connected via an external electrode forming portion of the semiconductor device.
- an external electrode formed on the external electrode forming portion may be directly connected to a connecting portion of the substrate.
- flexible substrates used in semiconductor devices include:
- a flexible substrate comprising: a base portion; and a wiring pattern provided on one surface of the base portion,
- a plurality of protrusions are formed in one wiring pattern, and through holes are formed corresponding to respective positions of the plurality of protrusions in the base portion.
- the plurality of protrusions include a connection portion with a semiconductor chip electrode, and a gap holding portion,
- an insulating layer is provided on a surface of the convex portion corresponding to the gap holding portion.
- a gap holding portion made of resin may be provided at a position other than the joining portion on the side having the joining portion.
- the gap holding section may be a thermoplastic resin.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device according to the first embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device according to the second embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device according to the fifth embodiment.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B are a plan view and a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device according to the seventh embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to the eighth embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device according to the tenth embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the first to tenth embodiments.
- FIG. 1 is a view showing a circuit board on which a semiconductor device manufactured by the above method is mounted.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device according to the first embodiment.
- the flexible substrate 12 covers the front surface side of the semiconductor chip 10, that is, the active surface side. Therefore, the planar size of the package is close to the chip size.
- the semiconductor chip 10 is of a peripheral type in which a plurality of electrodes 14 are provided around four sides of a rectangular active surface 10a.
- the end of the electrode 14 is drawn so as to coincide with the end of the semiconductor chip 10, but the end of the electrode 14 is actually closer to the end of the semiconductor chip 10. Is also located at a slightly retracted position.
- the present embodiment can be applied to a semiconductor chip in which electrodes are provided only on one, two, or three sides of the active surface.
- the gap holding material 16 is formed of, for example, a solder resist, but may be formed of a thermosetting or ultraviolet curable resin. Also, the gap holding material 16 may be formed of any other material as long as it has a property of maintaining a certain shape after bonding, even if external energy (heat, pressure, etc.) is applied during bonding. Good, with or without adhesion.
- the height of the gap holding material 16 depends on the substrate to be mounted and the semiconductor chip. From the viewpoint of a structure for relaxing the stress of 10, the higher, the better. However, the higher the height, the larger the external dimensions of the semiconductor device as a matter of course. In some cases, some ingenuity is required between the gaps.
- the height of the gap holding material 16 should be in the range of about 10 to 30 ⁇ m, especially about 20 to 30 ⁇ m. Is preferred.
- a flexible board 12 is mounted on the gap holding member 16.
- the flexible substrate 12 has a thin film base (generally about 25 to 125 ⁇ m thick) with a wiring pattern of about 5 to 35 ⁇ m formed on it. It is easy to bend, wavy, curled, and so on.
- the flexible board 12 can be attached without bending by interposing the gap holding member 16 between the semiconductor chip 10 and the flexible board 12. Then, a uniform gap is formed between the flexible substrate 12 and the semiconductor chip 10 while eliminating the deflection of the flexible substrate 12.
- the gap holding member 16 supports the flexible substrate 12 with a predetermined space between the active surface 10 a and the flexible substrate 12.
- the flexible substrate is attached while bonding the leads.
- the flexible substrate 12 since there is no gap holding material 16, it is difficult to form a uniform gap, and as a result, the flexible substrate 12 cannot be attached without bending. Therefore, a region where resin cannot be injected may occur between the flexible substrate and the semiconductor chip. Further, the position of the flexible substrate may be shifted, and the position of the external terminal may be shifted.
- the flexible board 12 can be attached at an appropriate position without bending by the interposition of the gap holding material 16. This enables a plurality of leads 20 to be collectively bonded. In addition, from the viewpoint of eliminating the bending, the gap is maintained only at the position where the flexible substrate 12 is bent. It is enough if timber 16 is provided.
- the stress absorption layer 26 is formed immediately below the external electrode 22, and thermal stress can be effectively absorbed. Further, in order to form the stress absorbing layer 26 widely, it is preferable to provide the gap holding material 16 in as small a region as possible.
- the area where the gap holding material 16 is provided is determined based on the flexibility of the flexible substrate 12 and the like. For example, when the flexible substrate 12 is thin and easy to bend, the gap holding member 16 may be provided on the entire active surface area of the other semiconductor chip, avoiding the area directly below the external electrode 22.
- the flexible substrate 12 is slightly smaller than the active surface 10a or has an equivalent shape. Further, the flexible substrate 12 is formed by forming a wiring pattern 18 on the base portion 13, and the wiring pattern protrudes from the outer periphery of the base portion 13. The portion of the wiring pattern 18 protruding from the outer periphery of the base portion is referred to as a lead 20.
- An external electrode 22 is provided on the wiring pattern 18. In the wiring pattern 18, a place where the external electrode 22 is provided is referred to as an external electrode forming part. In this embodiment, a so-called land is used as the external electrode forming portion, in which an area slightly larger than the width of the wiring pattern is secured.
- the external electrodes are provided in a range not exceeding the semiconductor chip 10, that is, in an area of the semiconductor chip. At least one or more external electrodes are provided in the area, and most external electrodes are all provided in the same area.
- a ball-shaped or a base-shaped solder is used for the external electrode 22.
- a member for improving the height accuracy may be used.
- a conductive member such as copper, silver, or gold, whose current shape is maintained with respect to the melting temperature of the solder, in other words, a member having a melting temperature higher than the melting temperature of the solder may be used.
- the member for joining to the external substrate, the member may be formed into a ball shape and its outer periphery may be covered with solder, or solder may be applied in advance on the external substrate on which the component is mounted.
- the lead 20 is bent, and the leading end side of the lead is used as a bonding portion 24 facing the electrode of the semiconductor chip 10. That is, the bonding portion 24 is bonded to the electrode 14 of the semiconductor chip 10.
- a stress absorbing layer 26 is formed between the flexible substrate 12 and the semiconductor chip 10.
- the stress absorbing layer 26 is formed by injection of a molding material. Therefore, since the stress absorbing layer 26 is formed to cover the surface of the active surface 10a of the semiconductor chip 10, the active surface 10a is protected. And corrosion can be prevented. Further, the stress absorbing layer 26 has an electrical insulating property, and can prevent electrical conduction between the active surface 10a of the semiconductor chip 10 and the outside.
- the stress absorbing layer 26 has thermoplasticity. Therefore, the stress absorbing layer 26 can absorb thermal stress caused by a difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the flexible substrate 12 and the semiconductor chip 10.
- the gap holding material 16 and the stress absorbing layer 26 are formed separately, an optimum material can be used for each.
- the reliability is further increased by synergistic effect with the stress absorbing layer 26 by making the gap holding member 16 flexible.
- the semiconductor chip 10, the base part 13, and the wiring pattern 18 are viewed from the semiconductor chip side so that the semiconductor chip 10 and the base part 13 face each other. If a member having electrical insulation properties such as a gap holding portion and a stress absorbing layer is provided, the base portion and the wiring pattern are disposed in reverse, that is, the semiconductor chip 10 and the wiring pattern are provided so as to face each other. You may. In this case, a through-hole is provided in the base to allow electrical connection between the wiring pattern and the external electrode 22. Must be able to
- a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device will be described.
- a flexible substrate 12 provided with a wiring pattern 18, leads 20 and external electrodes 22 is prepared.
- the wiring patterns 18 and the leads 20 must be already formed at this stage of preparation, but the external electrodes 22 need not necessarily be provided at this stage.
- the external electrode 22 may be provided in a subsequent step, for example, after the flexible substrate and the semiconductor chip are joined.
- the lead 20 does not have to be bent as shown in FIG. 1, but may be in a state extending straight from the wiring pattern 18.
- a solder resist is applied on the wiring pattern 18 in a region other than the region where the external electrode 22 is provided so as to achieve electrical insulation from the outside.
- the flexible substrate 12 is formed so as to have a region overlapping above the active surface side of the semiconductor chip when assembled as a semiconductor device. In particular, it is located in a region where the base portions of the flexible substrate overlap. Further, an external electrode forming portion on which an external electrode is formed is formed on the base portion in the overlapping area. By adopting this form, external electrodes can be formed in the area of the semiconductor chip, which conforms to the so-called chip size / scale package standard.
- the flexible substrate 12 is provided with a gap holding material (gap holding portion) 16. More specifically, the surface of the flexible substrate opposite to the surface having the electrodes 14 of the semiconductor chip, and in this figure, the surface of the flexible substrate 12 opposite to the surface on which the wiring pattern 18 is formed, the gap holding material 1 6 is provided. In other words, the gap holding material 16 is provided on the surface of the lead 20 on the side where the bonding surface of the bonding portion 24 with the electrode 14 is located.
- the gap holding material 16 is formed by applying or discharging a resin by screen printing or an ink jet method. Alternatively, the gap holding may be provided by pasting.
- the resin used is a solder resist that is thermosetting or ultraviolet curable, and is heated or irradiated with ultraviolet rays as necessary.
- the flexible substrate 12 When forming the gap holding material 16 with the solder resist, the flexible substrate 12 is used. Continuing with the step of applying solder resist to It can be carried out. This can facilitate the operation.
- the solder resist applied to the flexible substrate 12 plays a role of a protective film as an electrical and mechanical protection for the leads 20.
- the gap holding material 16 may not be provided on the flexible substrate 12 side, but may be provided on the semiconductor chip side, or may be provided on both sides.
- the gap holding member 16 is provided on the semiconductor chip side, it is preferable to use an inkjet method.
- the ink jet method the gap holding member 16 can be provided without directly touching the semiconductor chip surface unlike the printing method.
- it is preferable to use the ink jet method because the semiconductor chip can easily meet the demand for positional accuracy.
- the inkjet method it is necessary to accurately set the distance between the nozzle and the object (in this case, the semiconductor chip), and in that sense, it is a favorable method for a semiconductor chip having a rigid substrate. is there.
- a marking device for marking a defective semiconductor chip can be generally used, and equipment investment can be reduced by using general-purpose technology and equipment, thereby reducing costs. There is a great advantage in reduction.
- the gap holding agent 16 is formed at a position excluding a region corresponding to the external electrode 22.
- the flexible substrate 12 is placed on the semiconductor chip 10 via the gap holding material 16. Then, while bending the lead 20, the joint portion 24 is joined to the electrode 14 of the semiconductor chip 10.
- a plurality of leads 20 are provided on the flexible substrate 12, and all the leads 20 are bonded to the electrodes 14 collectively.
- a general-purpose device is used. A method of bonding a plurality of leads at once is well known and will not be described in detail. In addition, from the viewpoint of mass productivity, it is preferable to perform collective bonding (so-called gang-bonding), but it is not always necessary to perform collective bonding. good.
- a molding material is poured between the semiconductor chip 10 and the flexible substrate 12.
- a hole (not shown) is formed in the flexible substrate 12 or Alternatively, a molding material is injected using a gap between adjacent leads 20.
- the mold material may be in a gel form, but is preferably solidified to some extent.
- the molding material becomes the stress absorbing layer 26.
- the stress absorbing layer 26 it is preferable that the stress absorbing layer 26 be located at least immediately below the external electrode 22.
- a gap can be provided between the semiconductor chip 10 and the flexible substrate 12 by the gap holding member 16. This gap is for forming the stress absorbing layer 26. And there is no need to prepare dedicated equipment to create the gap.
- a plurality of leads 20 can be collectively bonded using a general-purpose device.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a semiconductor device according to the second embodiment.
- the semiconductor device shown in the figure is characterized by the gap holding members 116 and 117 and the stress absorbing layer 126.
- the other configuration is the same as that of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1, and thus the same reference numerals are given and the description is omitted.
- the gap holding member 117 is provided at the end of the flexible substrate 12. Accordingly, the end of the flexible substrate 12 is supported, so that the gap holding member 116 provided at the center of the flexible substrate 12 can be made smaller.
- the gap retaining material 116 is used at the maximum, the maximum area in which the gap can be arranged is all areas except the area immediately below the external electrode. Therefore, the gap holding members 116 and 117 may be used separately for each part. However, for example, when the parts are arranged in the maximum area, the parts are integrated. (Not shown, but connected except for some parts). That is, the holes may be formed so as to be arranged only at corresponding locations, that is, positions just below the external electrodes.
- the stress absorbing layer 126 can be formed in a region directly below the external electrode 22, and heat stress can be effectively absorbed.
- the lead 20 projecting from the end of the flexible board 12 is bent, and the end of the flexible board 12 is provided with a gap holding member 117. Therefore, when bending the lead 20, the stress can be supported by the gap holding material 117, and the bonding process of the lead 20 can be favorably performed.
- an external pressure that bends the lead 20 it is preferable to provide a gap holding member 117 particularly at the end of the base portion. However, even if the lead 20 is not bent, it is more reliable to provide the gap holding material 117 when an external pressure is applied to the flexible substrate, for example, at the time of bonding.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the semiconductor device according to the second embodiment, but its manufacturing method is almost the same as the method described in the first embodiment. In other words, there is only a slight change in the method of forming the gap holding material due to the increased area where the gap holding material is provided. There is no problem if the gap holding materials 1 16 and 1 17 are formed at once or separately. Further, it may be formed continuously (in a connected state) or may be formed so as to be present intermittently for each part.
- a wiring pattern 218 is formed on the surface on the active surface 10a side of the flexible substrate 212.
- a through hole 2 12 a is formed in the flexible substrate 2 12, and the external electrode 2 2 2 protrudes from the wiring pattern 2 18 to the opposite side through the through hole 2 1 2 a. Is formed.
- a lead 220 projects from an end of the flexible substrate 212. The lead 220 is bent at a gentler angle than the lead 20 shown in FIG.
- the stress between the flexible substrate 2 12 and the active surface 10 a An absorption layer 226 is provided to absorb heat stress. Further, according to the present embodiment, since the wiring pattern 218 is formed on the side where the stress absorbing layer 226 is provided, the wiring pattern 218 is protected by the stress absorbing layer 226. Thus, the formation of the protective film for the wiring pattern 218 can be omitted.
- the position where the gap holding member is provided may correspond to any of the positions described in other embodiments.
- This manufacturing method is different from the first embodiment in that a flexible substrate having a slightly different shape is prepared, and the surface of the flexible substrate facing the semiconductor chip is opposite to the direction shown in FIG. It is the point which was arranged in.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment.
- the semiconductor chip 30 used in the present embodiment is the same as the semiconductor chip 10 of FIG.
- the gap holding member 34 is provided in advance on the active surface 30a of the semiconductor chip 30.
- resin is applied or discharged by screen printing or an ink jet method, and leads 2
- a gap holding material 34 is provided on the semiconductor chip 30. Then, the flexible substrate 36 is connected to the semiconductor chip via the gap holding material 34.
- the semiconductor device is mounted on the substrate 30 and a stress absorbing layer (not shown) is formed by injection of a molding material.
- the flexible substrate 36 is provided with a wiring pattern 38 on the surface of the base portion 37 on the semiconductor chip 30 side.
- the wiring pattern 38 is provided with solder bumps 40 as external electrodes.
- the solder bump 40 protrudes from the through hole 36a formed in the base portion 37 to the surface of the base portion 37 opposite to the surface on the semiconductor chip 30 side.
- the solder bumps 40 need not always be provided at this stage, but may be provided in subsequent steps, for example, after the joining of the projections 42 and the electrodes 32 is completed.
- the wiring pattern 38 has a projection 42 formed at a position corresponding to the electrode 32 of the semiconductor chip 30.
- This convex part 4 2 Is formed by etching the wiring pattern 38.
- the projection forming method does not need to be limited to etching.
- bumps may be formed by, for example, a transfer bump method, or may be formed by using various known methods.
- the convex portion 42 is bonded to the electrode 32 of the semiconductor chip 30 as a bonding portion.
- the flexible substrate, particularly the wiring pattern is arranged almost straight without bending. Therefore, external stress (external stress) is not applied to the wiring pattern 38, and the wiring pattern 38 is hardly cracked, so that the reliability can be improved.
- the height of the gap holding material 34 is substantially equal to or less than the sum of the heights of the projections 42 and the electrodes 32 so as not to hinder the joining between the projections 42 and the electrodes 32. Has become.
- the convex portion may not be provided on the wiring pattern 38 side. In that case, a bump may be formed on the electrode 32 of the semiconductor chip 30 to cope with the problem.
- the wiring pattern 38 is provided on the surface of the base portion 37 on the semiconductor chip 30 side. In other words, the wiring pattern 38 is provided between the base portion 37 and the semiconductor chip 30. Therefore, even if the wiring pattern 38 is not covered with a solder resist or the like, electrical insulation is achieved by the gap holding material 34 and the stress absorbing layer (not shown) made of the molding material (resin).
- the gap holding member 34 is provided directly on the semiconductor chip 30. As described above, since the gap holding member 34 is provided by printing or the like, it is in close contact with the active surface 30a. Therefore, no gap is formed between the active surface 30a and the gap holding member 34. When the active surface 30a is covered with the stress absorbing layer, the area other than the electrode 32 on the active surface 30a is entirely covered with the resin, and there is no water accumulation area. Is improved.
- the gap holding member 34 may be provided in advance on the flexible substrate 36.
- the gap holding material 34 in the step of forming a protective film on the wiring pattern 38 formed on the flexible substrate 36, for example, in the step of printing a solder resist, the gap holding material 34 can be formed using the solder resist.
- the flexible substrate 36 of the present embodiment since the wiring pattern 38 is formed on the active surface 30a side of the semiconductor chip 30, a projection is formed on the protective film of the wiring pattern 38.
- the gap holding material 34 can be formed.
- the flexible substrate 12 used in the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1, that is, the wiring pattern is located outside.
- the substrate may be used as it is.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a semiconductor device according to a fifth embodiment.
- the semiconductor device shown in the same figure is different from the semiconductor device manufactured by the process shown in FIG. .
- the gap holding material 134 is provided at a position avoiding directly below the solder bump 40. Specifically, it is provided from the end of the flexible substrate 36.
- the stress absorbing layer 135 can be provided directly below the solder bump 40. Then, the thermal stress applied to the solder bumps 40 can be absorbed just below the solder bumps 40.
- FIG. 6A is a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment
- FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view taken along line BB of FIG. 6A.
- a plurality of electrodes 302 are provided in a zigzag pattern at the center of the semiconductor chip 300. Further, on the flexible substrate 310, a wiring pattern 3122 is formed on the active surface 300a side of the semiconductor chip 300.
- the wiring board 312 has a projection 3114 joined to the electrode 302 and an external through a through hole 310a formed in the flexible substrate 310. Electrodes 320 are formed.
- a stress absorption layer 340 is provided between the flexible substrate 310 and the active surface 300a via a gap holding member 330. More specifically, since the gap holding member 330 is provided so as not to be directly below the external electrode 320, the stress absorbing layer 340 is formed immediately below the external electrode 320. Thus, heat stress can be effectively absorbed.
- a so-called array type semiconductor chip in which electrodes are arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns.
- the present invention can be applied to the battery pack as well as the present embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a semiconductor device according to a seventh embodiment.
- a plurality of electrodes 302 are provided on the active surface 300a in a staggered manner.
- a wiring pattern 352 is formed on the side opposite to the active surface 300a, and external electrodes 354 are formed on the wiring pattern 352.
- a hole 350 a is formed in the vicinity of the electrode 302 on the flexible substrate 350, and a lead 365 is protruded inside the hole 350 a. I have. This lead 3
- a stress absorption layer 370 is provided between the flexible substrate 350 and the active surface 300a via a gap holding member 360. More specifically, the gap holding member 360 is provided so as not to be directly below the external electrode 354, so that the stress absorbing layer 370 is formed directly below the external electrode 354. Thus, heat stress can be effectively absorbed. Further, in order to improve the bonding property, it is preferable to dispose the gap retaining material 360 on the hole 350a side to the end thereof as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a manufacturing step of the semiconductor device according to the eighth embodiment.
- a semiconductor device as a finished product has a semiconductor chip 50, a flexible substrate 54, and a stress absorbing layer 69.
- the semiconductor chip 50 is the same as the semiconductor chip 10 of FIG.
- the flexible substrate 54 has a base portion 56 and a wiring pattern 58 provided thereon.
- the wiring pattern 58 has solder bumps as in the embodiment of FIG.
- solder bumps 64 In order to provide the solder bumps 64, an opening is provided in the base portion, and a pad region 58a is formed by using the wiring as it is. This pad region 58a is generally formed to be larger than the pattern width in order to provide an external electrode.
- the wiring pattern 58 is the same as the embodiment of FIG. As described above, since it is provided on the back side of the flexible substrate 54, it is protected from being exposed to the outside.
- a plurality of convex portions 60 and 62 are formed on the wiring pattern 58.
- the projection 60 is used as a joint with the electrode 52 of the semiconductor chip 50.
- a bonding tool 68 is inserted into a tool hole 56 a formed in the base portion 56, and bonding between all the convex portions 60 and the electrodes 52 is performed in a lump.
- a general-purpose device can be used as the bonding tool 68.
- the flexible substrate 54, particularly the wiring pattern 58 is arranged almost straight without bending. Therefore, external stress (external stress) is not applied to the wiring pattern 58, and the wiring pattern 58 is hardly cracked, thereby improving reliability.
- the projection 62 is provided on the surface of the wiring pattern 58 opposite to the solder bump 64 in the pad region 58a. Since the pad region 58a is relatively wide, the convex portion 62 can be formed large. However, if the size is not considered, the protrusion 62 may be formed at a position other than the pad region 58a. In this case, since the stress absorbing layer 69 can be provided directly below the solder bump 64, thermal stress can be effectively absorbed. It is to be noted that the convex portion 62 may be formed integrally with the wiring pattern 58 or may be formed separately from the wiring pattern 58 in the same manner as the previous embodiment.
- a solder resist 66 is applied to the surface of the convex portion 62 for electrical insulation from the active surface 50a.
- the solder resist 66 may slightly protrude from the surface of the projection 62.
- the projections 60 and 62 are formed by etching the surface of the wiring pattern 58. Therefore, when forming the convex portion 60 as a joining portion, the convex portion 62 can be formed at the same time without increasing the etching step.
- the convex portion 62 and the solder resist 66 have a function as a gap holding material. Then, a molding material is injected into this gap to provide the stress absorbing layer 69. Further, the total height of the convex portion 62 and the solder resist 66 is set so as not to hinder the bonding between the convex portion 60 and the electrode 52. Is almost equal to or less than the height of
- a flexible substrate 54 having a wiring pattern 58 having convex portions 60 and 62 is prepared.
- the protrusions 60 and 62 may be integral or separate as described above. However, the surface of the convex portion 62 must be insulated.
- the flexible substrate 54 is placed on the semiconductor chip 50, and the projection 60 and the electrode 52 are bonded.
- a molding material is injected between the flexible substrate 54 and the semiconductor chip 50 to form the stress absorbing layer 69, whereby a semiconductor device can be obtained.
- solder bumps 64 it does not matter whether the solder bumps 64 are formed before or after the bonding (bonding) between the electrode 52 and the projection 60. However, if solder bumps are formed before bonding, the bonding tool must be shaped so as to avoid the solder bumps, as shown in the figure.
- a dedicated jig is not required, the mounting and assembling process can be performed by a general-purpose assembling apparatus, and an increase in manufacturing cost can be suppressed.
- FIGS. 9A to 9C are diagrams illustrating the steps of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to the ninth embodiment.
- the semiconductor chip 70 is a conventional one having an electrode 72 on an active surface 70a.
- the flexible substrate 74 has a base portion 76 on which a wiring pattern 78 is provided.
- the base portion 76 has a through hole 80 formed therein.
- the through holes 80 are for providing solder bumps as external electrodes. Since the solder bumps are the same as those shown in FIGS. 4 and 8, description and illustration are omitted.
- the wiring pattern 78 has a projection 82 as a joint with the electrode 72.
- the projections 82 are also formed by etching.
- an intervening layer 84 is provided on the flexible substrate 74.
- the intervening layer 84 is provided on the flexible substrate 74, but the intervening layer 84 may be provided in advance on the semiconductor chip side.
- the intervening layer 84 is provided by applying a flexible adhesive to the wiring pattern 78 of the flexible substrate 74.
- the intervening layer 84 is formed in a tape shape in advance. Therefore, it may be attached to the wiring pattern 78.
- a tape having an adhesive property on only one surface may be used as an intervening layer, and a wiring pattern may be formed on the other surface of the tape by vapor deposition or the like.
- the intervening layer 84 functions as a gap holding section and a stress absorbing layer.
- the intervening layer 84 is a member that holds the gap and a member that absorbs thermal stress as it is.
- the stress absorbing layer is preferably made of a composition having flexibility and thermoplasticity or thermosetting properties, such as polyimide.
- the intervening layer 84 is provided so as to avoid the vicinity of the convex portion 82 of the wiring pattern 78. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the intervening layer 84 from covering the convex portion 82. In this way, bonding failure due to the intervening layer 84 interposed between the convex portion 82 and the electrode 72 can be prevented.
- the flexible substrate 74 is arranged above the active surface 70 a of the semiconductor chip 70. Specifically, the flexible substrate 74 is arranged so that the projections 82 of the wiring pattern 78 are located on the electrodes 72.
- a flexible substrate 74 is mounted on the semiconductor chip 70. Then, the jig 86 presses and heats the intervening layer 84 from above the flexible substrate 74. By being pressed, the intervening layer 84 comes into close contact with the active surface 70 a of the semiconductor chip 70. Further, when the intervening layer 84 is thermoplastic, the adhesiveness is improved by being heated.
- the jig 86 may use a tool having a flat contact surface, as is well known, but on the other hand, as shown in FIG. 9B, the contact surface with the flexible substrate 74 has a curved surface. May be provided. Therefore, when the jig 86 is pressed so as to roll, the pressing position is gradually shifted, and partial pressing is continuously performed. As a result, a gap between the intervening layer 84 and the active surface 70a is extruded. Eliminating the voids eliminates air bubbles and prevents water from accumulating.
- FIG. 9C the convex portion 82 and the electrode 72 are bonded using a bonding tool 88.
- the cross-sectional shape of the tool 88 is concave, and the convex portion of the tool 88 is provided on two sides.
- the convex portion of the tool may be provided in accordance with the bonding position.
- the tool may be provided on all four sides, or is not limited to this.
- the bonding operation is facilitated.
- the intervening layer 84 may be bonded to the semiconductor chip 70 after the convex portion 82 and the electrode 72 are positioned and bonded.
- the intervening layer 84 functions as a stress absorbing layer, there is no need to inject a molding material as a stress relaxing layer.
- a molding material may be positively injected near the convex portion 82 of the wiring pattern 78. The cost can be reduced by omitting expensive mold materials.
- no molding material is injected, the possibility of voids on the active surface 70a is reduced, and the yield is improved.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a semiconductor device according to the first embodiment.
- the semiconductor device shown in the figure is a modification of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 9C, and the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof will be omitted.
- the intervening layer 18 4 provided on the flexible substrate 74 is provided only directly below the external electrode 18 3.
- the intervening layer 184 is made of an adhesive like the intervening layer 84 shown in FIG. 9C. Therefore, the intervening layer 18 4 forms a gap between the flexible substrate 74 and the active surface 70 a and bonds them together. However, since the intervening layer 184 is smaller than that shown in FIG. 9C, the adhesive strength is poor.
- resin 185 is injected between the flexible substrate 74 and the active surface 70a.
- the resin 185 bonds the flexible substrate 74 to the active surface 70a and protects the active surface 70a from moisture. Therefore, Resin 185 does not have the properties necessary for stress absorption.
- the flexible substrate 74 and the active surface 70a are bonded, and the active surface 70a is protected from moisture. In this way, sufficient stress absorption can be achieved while reducing the area where the intervening layer 184 is provided.
- FIG. 11 shows a circuit board 100 on which the semiconductor device 110 manufactured by applying the first to tenth embodiments is mounted.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and various modifications are possible.
- the flexible substrate is configured using a film carrier tape.
- the mounting and assembling process of the semiconductor device can be performed on a general-purpose ILB (Inner-Lead-Bonding) line corresponding to TAB (Tape-Automated-Bonding) technology.
- the flexible substrate especially the base
- the flexible substrate may have to be slightly larger than the active surface of the semiconductor chip due to the manufacturing process.
- Each flexible substrate is integrated as a film-carrying tape, which is ultimately cut off, but requires a hanging portion before that. This hanging portion is usually cut off last, but because of the accuracy of the cutting device, cutting at the interface of the semiconductor device is generally very difficult.
- the width is not increased in all the directions of the semiconductor chip, for example, of the four directions, the two opposing directions are formed wider than the semiconductor chip width, but the other two directions are wider than the semiconductor chip width. It is also possible to form a narrower portion and provide a hanging portion on the side having a larger width.
- the above-described embodiment is a so-called fan-in type semiconductor device, but is not limited to this. Then, the present invention may be applied.
- FIGS. 1 to 9C are cross-sectional views, a state is shown in which the leads are arranged in two directions, but wiring patterns are actually arranged from a plurality of directions. Note that it does not prevent the wiring patterns from being arranged from two directions.
- the bumps are formed on the flexible substrate.
- bumps may be provided on the semiconductor chip side by using various well-known bump forming techniques such as providing gold bumps on the chip side.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU43220/97A AU4322097A (en) | 1996-10-17 | 1997-09-29 | Semiconductor device, method for manufacturing the same, circuit board, and flexible substrate |
JP51551398A JP3944915B2 (ja) | 1996-10-17 | 1997-09-29 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
US09/091,291 US6482673B2 (en) | 1996-10-17 | 1997-09-29 | Semiconductor device, method of making the same, circuit board, flexible substrate, and method of making substrate |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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JP8/297530 | 1996-10-17 | ||
JP29753096 | 1996-10-17 |
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US09/091,291 A-371-Of-International US6482673B2 (en) | 1996-10-17 | 1997-09-29 | Semiconductor device, method of making the same, circuit board, flexible substrate, and method of making substrate |
US10/261,630 Continuation US6727595B2 (en) | 1996-10-17 | 2002-10-02 | Semiconductor device, method of making the same, circuit board, and flexible substrate |
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WO1998018164A1 true WO1998018164A1 (fr) | 1998-04-30 |
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PCT/JP1997/003459 WO1998018164A1 (fr) | 1996-10-17 | 1997-09-29 | Dispositif a semi-conducteur, procede de fabrication, plaquette de circuit et substrat souple |
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US (2) | US6482673B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3944915B2 (ja) |
KR (2) | KR100616479B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1168137C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU4322097A (ja) |
TW (1) | TW367570B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1998018164A1 (ja) |
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US5834339A (en) * | 1996-03-07 | 1998-11-10 | Tessera, Inc. | Methods for providing void-free layers for semiconductor assemblies |
US5663106A (en) * | 1994-05-19 | 1997-09-02 | Tessera, Inc. | Method of encapsulating die and chip carrier |
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JP3484554B2 (ja) | 1995-02-28 | 2004-01-06 | 日本テキサス・インスツルメンツ株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
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JP3944915B2 (ja) * | 1996-10-17 | 2007-07-18 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
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- 1997-09-29 JP JP51551398A patent/JP3944915B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-29 US US09/091,291 patent/US6482673B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-29 KR KR1020057014789A patent/KR100616479B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-29 KR KR1019980704525A patent/KR100555341B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-29 WO PCT/JP1997/003459 patent/WO1998018164A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1997-09-29 AU AU43220/97A patent/AU4322097A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-09-29 CN CNB971914540A patent/CN1168137C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-10-04 TW TW086114538A patent/TW367570B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-10-02 US US10/261,630 patent/US6727595B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JPS59219942A (ja) * | 1983-05-30 | 1984-12-11 | Nec Corp | チツプキヤリア |
JPS644038A (en) * | 1987-06-26 | 1989-01-09 | Nec Corp | Mounting structure of integrated circuit |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2001168130A (ja) * | 1999-12-14 | 2001-06-22 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | 転写用配線部材とその製造方法、および配線基板 |
JP4489221B2 (ja) * | 1999-12-14 | 2010-06-23 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 転写用配線部材およびその製造方法 |
US10790328B2 (en) | 2017-11-28 | 2020-09-29 | Asahi Kasei Microdevices Corporation | Semiconductor package and camera module |
US11411038B2 (en) | 2017-11-28 | 2022-08-09 | Asahi Kasei Microdevices Corporation | Semiconductor package and camera module |
US11862657B2 (en) | 2017-11-28 | 2024-01-02 | Asahi Kasei Microdevices Corporation | Semiconductor package and camera module |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20050093865A (ko) | 2005-09-23 |
CN1206498A (zh) | 1999-01-27 |
TW367570B (en) | 1999-08-21 |
KR100616479B1 (ko) | 2006-08-28 |
US20030027375A1 (en) | 2003-02-06 |
KR19990072171A (ko) | 1999-09-27 |
CN1168137C (zh) | 2004-09-22 |
US6482673B2 (en) | 2002-11-19 |
KR100555341B1 (ko) | 2006-06-21 |
US6727595B2 (en) | 2004-04-27 |
AU4322097A (en) | 1998-05-15 |
US20010019852A1 (en) | 2001-09-06 |
JP3944915B2 (ja) | 2007-07-18 |
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