US20100168405A1 - Activator including biosurfactant as active ingredient, mannosyl erythritol lipid, and production method thereof - Google Patents

Activator including biosurfactant as active ingredient, mannosyl erythritol lipid, and production method thereof Download PDF

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US20100168405A1
US20100168405A1 US12/376,805 US37680507A US2010168405A1 US 20100168405 A1 US20100168405 A1 US 20100168405A1 US 37680507 A US37680507 A US 37680507A US 2010168405 A1 US2010168405 A1 US 2010168405A1
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mel
oil
acid
biosurfactant
examples
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Inventor
Michiko Suzuki
Masaru Kitagawa
Shuhei Yamamoto
Atsushi Sogabe
Dai Kitamoto
Tomotake Morita
Tokuma Fukuoka
Tomohiro Imura
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National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Toyobo Co Ltd
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National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Toyobo Co Ltd
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Priority claimed from JP2006219170A external-priority patent/JP4982822B2/ja
Application filed by National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, Toyobo Co Ltd filed Critical National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Assigned to TOYO BOSEKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY reassignment TOYO BOSEKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SOGABE, ATSUSHI, SUZUKI, MICHIKO, YAMAMOTO, SHUHEI, KITAGAWA, MASARU, FUKUOKA, TOKUMA, IMURA, TOMOHIRO, KITAMOTO, DAI, MORITA, TOMOTAKE
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H15/02—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures
    • C07H15/04—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
    • A61K31/7032—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a polyol, i.e. compounds having two or more free or esterified hydroxy groups, including the hydroxy group involved in the glycosidic linkage, e.g. monoglucosyldiacylglycerides, lactobionic acid, gangliosides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/06—Fungi, e.g. yeasts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/60—Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/14—Drugs for dermatological disorders for baldness or alopecia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H15/02—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures
    • C07H15/04—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical
    • C07H15/06—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical being a hydroxyalkyl group esterified by a fatty acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
    • C11D1/662—Carbohydrates or derivatives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an activator including a biosurfactant as an active ingredient.
  • the present invention relates to cosmetics, quasi-drugs, drugs, drinks and foods, each including a biosurfactant which activates various cells and is effective for anti-aging, hair growth, and prevention of loss of hair.
  • the present invention relates to new mannosylerythritol lipid (which may be hereinafter referred to as MEL) and a production method thereof.
  • MEL mannosylerythritol lipid
  • the present invention relates to: an MEL which is one of glycolipids produced by microorganism and whose mannosylerythritol skeleton in a molecular structure is 1-O- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol; and a production method of the MEL by microorganism.
  • activators and anti-aging agents have been searched.
  • Known examples of activators derived from animals include hydrolysis of connective tissue (Patent Document 1), water-soluble protein derived from thymus gland and spleen (Patent Document 2), and essence of bovine placenta (Patent Document 3).
  • activators derived from plants include sesame, Chinese yam, pepper, angelica acutiloba , houttuynia, mondo grass (Patent Document 4), almond, taraxacum officinale , elder, Cnidium officinale, swertia japonica, morus ihou , inner core of seed of peach, ginseng, hop, althaea, and Job's tears.
  • a part of these is used as an activator and an anti-aging agent in quail-drugs and cosmetics.
  • an activator and an anti-aging agent that show satisfactory working effects are not yet obtained.
  • Mannosylerythritol lipid is a natural surfactant produced by yeast, and it is reported that MEL has various physiological functions (Non-patent Document 1). Further, recently, mannosylmannitol lipid (MML) in which erythritol is replaced with mannitol has been found (Patent Document 9). As for usage as external medicines and cosmetics, effectiveness as an anti-inflammatory agent and an anti-allergy agent (Patent Document 10) and baldness remedy and hair growth (Patent Document 11), an anti-bacterial effect (Patent Document 12), and surface-tension-reduction function (Patent Document 13) are known.
  • a biosurfactant such as glycolipid has environment-friendly features such as high biodegradability and low toxicity, and has new physiological functions.
  • environment-friendly features such as high biodegradability and low toxicity
  • widely applying a biosurfactant to food industry, cosmetic industry, medicine industry, chemical industry, and field of environment allows attaining a sustainable society and providing high-function products, and therefore very significant.
  • MEL is a material found from Ustilago nuda and Shizonella melanogramma (see Non-patent Documents 2 and 3). Later, it is reported that MEL can be produced by yeasts such as Candida yeast that is a mutated strain producing itaconic acid (see Patent Document 14 and Non-patent Document 4), Candida antarctia (currently called as Pseudozyma antarctica ) (see Non-patent Documents 5 and 6), and Kurtzmanomyces yeast (see Non-patent Document 7).
  • yeasts such as Candida yeast that is a mutated strain producing itaconic acid (see Patent Document 14 and Non-patent Document 4)
  • Candida antarctia currently called as Pseudozyma antarctica
  • Non-patent Document 7 Kurtzmanomyces yeast
  • an object of the present invention is to provide an activator and anti-aging agent that are excellent in an activating effect and an anti-aging effect on cells and are safe enough to be used for a long time.
  • the other object of the present invention is to provide cosmetics, quasi-drugs, drugs, and drinks and foods each including the activator and the anti-aging agent as active ingredients.
  • MEL is excellent not only in productivity and surface properties but also in specific self-assembling property and bioactivity, and various applications of MEL have been developed by taking advantage of the specific self-assembling property and bioactivity.
  • microorganism-derived MEL having been reported so far has a sugar skeleton that is 4-O- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol structure. Therefore, widening the variety of a structure and a function of MEL has been strongly requested.
  • Non-patent Document 9 MEL has various bioactivities such as antibacterial activity, anti-tumor property, and glycoprotein binding ability. Further, MEL shows a very unique self-assembling property, and application of MEL to a liposome material and a liquid crystal technique is tried by taking advantage of the self-assembling property. It is reported that a slight difference in a molecular structure has a great influence on formation of a self-assembling body (Non-patent Documents 9 and 10).
  • Non-patent Document 8 describes that MEL having 1-O- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol structure was chemically synthesized. According to the description, only one MEL is synthesized through a very complex process and therefore the synthesis lacks versatility and is difficult to use.
  • the present invention was made in view of the foregoing problem, and an object of the present invention is to provide: MEL having 1-O- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol structure, that is an optical isomer of conventional MEL having 4-O- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol structure; and a production method thereof.
  • MEL and triacyl MEL are effective for activating cells, and thus completed the present invention. Further, the inventors of the present invention have diligently studied in order to achieve the foregoing objects, and found microorganism that produces MEL having 1-O- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol structure (which may hereinafter referred to as “MEL of the present invention” or “1-O-MEL”), which is an optical isomer of conventional MEL having 4-O- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol structure (which may be hereinafter referred to as “conventional MEL” or “4-O-MEL”), and thus completed the present invention. That is, the present invention includes the following subject matters.
  • An activator including a biosurfactant as an active ingredient.
  • mannosyl alditol lipid is mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) or mannosylmannitol lipid (MML).
  • MEL mannosylerythritol lipid
  • MML mannosylmannitol lipid
  • An anti-aging agent including as an active ingredient an activator as set forth in any one of (1) to (3).
  • a hair growth agent including as an active ingredient an activator as set forth in any one of (1) to (3).
  • An external agent including as an active ingredient one of an activator as set forth in any one of (1) to (3), an anti-aging agent as set forth in (4), and a hair growth agent as set forth in (5).
  • a cosmetic including as an active ingredient one of an activator as set forth in any one of (1) to (3), an anti-aging agent as set forth in (4), and a hair growth agent as set forth (5).
  • a quasi-drug including as an active ingredient one of an activator as set forth in any one of (1) to (3), an anti-aging agent as set forth in (4), and a hair growth agent as set forth in (5).
  • a drug including as an active ingredient one of an activator as set forth in any one of (1) to (3), an anti-aging agent as set forth in (4), and a hair growth agent as set forth in (5).
  • Mannosylerythritol lipid including a structure represented by formula (1)
  • substituents R 1 may be a same as each other or different from each other and represent fatty series acyl groups having 4-24 carbon atoms
  • substituents R 2 may be a same as each other or different from each other and represent hydrogen or acetyl groups
  • a substituent R 3 represents hydrogen or a fatty series acyl group having 12 carbon atoms, excluding a structure wherein the substituents Ware fatty series acyl groups having 12 carbon atoms, the substituents R 2 are acetyl groups, and the substituent R 3 is hydrogen.
  • a method for producing mannosylerythritol lipid comprising the steps of culturing microorganism that belongs to Pseudozyma genus and that is capable of producing mannosylerythritol lipid, so as to produce mannosylerythritol lipid including a structure represented by formula (1)
  • substituents R 1 may be a same as each other or different from each other and represent fatty series acyl groups having 4-24 carbon atoms
  • substituents R 2 may be a same as each other or different from each other and represent hydrogen or acetyl groups
  • a substituent R 3 represents hydrogen or a fatty series acyl group having 2-24 carbon atoms.
  • the biosurfactant used as an active ingredient in the activator of the present invention has a notable activating function on various cells. Therefore, the activator of the present invention yields an excellent effect as an anti-aging agent and a hair-growth agent.
  • the biosurfactant is a natural surfactant derived from living organism and therefore has highly safe, which yields an effect that the activator of the present invention can be sufficiently used for a long time.
  • the biosurfactant can be produced by culturing microorganism. Therefore, the costs for the raw material of the bio surfactant is low and a large number of the biosurfactant can be produced. This yields an effect that the activator of the present invention can be provided in a low price.
  • MEL of the present invention it is possible to easily produce a large number of an optical isomer of conventionally known MEL.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the result of examining a cell-activating function of MEL (MEL-A produced from soybean oil) on normal human skin fibroblasts.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the result of examining a cell-activating function of MEL (MEL-A produced from soybean oil) on human head hair papilla cells.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the result of examining a cell-activating function of triacyl MEL (triacyl MEL-A obtained by adding oleinic acid to a hydroxide group of an erythritol part of MEL-A produced from soybean oil) on normal human skin fibroblasts.
  • triacyl MEL triacyl MEL-A obtained by adding oleinic acid to a hydroxide group of an erythritol part of MEL-A produced from soybean oil
  • FIG. 4 is a drawing showing the result of thin layer chromatography on a culture of Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain.
  • FIG. 5 is a drawing showing the result of analyzing high-performance liquid chromatography on a culture of Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain.
  • FIG. 6 is a drawing showing the result of thin layer chromatography on a culture of Pseudozyma crassa CBS 9959 strain.
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged drawing (3.4-5.7 ppm) of a sugar skeleton part in 1 H-NMR spectrum of MEL produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain and Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain.
  • FIG. 8 is an enlarged drawing (3.3-4.2 ppm) of a sugar skeleton part in 1 H-NMR spectrum of mannosylerythritol synthesized from a starting material that is MEL produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain and Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain.
  • FIG. 9 is an enlarged drawing (3.4-5.7 ppm) of a sugar skeleton part in 1 H-NMR spectrum of MEL produced by Pseudozyma crassa CBS 9959 strain.
  • FIG. 10 is a drawing showing the result of polarization microscope observation of liquid crystal forming ability of MEL produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain and Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain, the liquid crystal forming ability being evaluated by a water-invading method.
  • FIG. 11 is a drawing showing the result of polarization microscope observation of liquid crystal forming ability of MEL produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain and Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain, the liquid crystal forming ability being evaluated by a water-invading method.
  • FIG. 12 shows graphs that illustrate 1 H-NMR spectrum of triacyl MEL produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain and an enlarged drawing (3.4-5.7 ppm) of a sugar skeleton part in the 1 H-NMR spectrum, respectively.
  • FIG. 13 shows graphs that illustrate 1 H-NMR spectrum of triacyl MEL produced by Pseudozyma hubeiensis and an enlarged drawing (3.0-5.7 ppm) of a sugar skeleton part in the 1 H-NMR spectrum, respectively.
  • FIG. 14 is a drawing illustrating the result of lipid domain analysis by HPLC (ODS)-MS analysis of MEL produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain.
  • FIG. 15 is a drawing illustrating the result of lipid domain analysis by HPLC (ODS)-MS analysis of triacyl MEL produced by Pseudozyma hubeiensis.
  • activating in the present specification indicates maintaining or prompting cell functions or cell activities. Consequently, it is possible to prevent the drops of the cell functions or cell activities, i.e. it is possible to prevent aging of cells. Therefore, “activator” is synonymous to “cell activator”, and is effective as “anti-aging agent”.
  • activating and “anti-aging” in skin cells indicate reducing drop of functions of the skin cells due to accumulation of structural change of basement membrane derived from aging and photoaging, thereby preventing or improving wrinkles, sags, hardening etc. of skins, so as to maintain resilient, young, and healthy skins.
  • activating and “anti-aging” indicates reducing drop of functions of hair-papilla cells or hair matrix cells due to aging, stress, and hormone balance, thereby keeping hair cycle so as to prevent loss of hair.
  • Biosurfactant is a general term for a substance that is produced by living organisms and that has a surfactant property and an emulsification property.
  • the biosurfactant not only includes an excellent surfactant property and a high emulsification property, but also includes various physiological functions, which may attain behaviors and functions other than those of a synthesized surfactant.
  • the biosurfactant can be mass-produced through cultivation of microorganism, and may be used as a premixed product.
  • Premixed product is a product obtained by adding a dispersing agent to a functional material or by diluting the functional material with use of a solvent so as to be usable when producing cosmetics.
  • bio surfactant examples include mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL), mannosylmannitol lipid (MML), trehaloselipid, rhamnolipid, sophorose lipid, surfactin, spiculisporic acid, and emulsan. These examples can be used in the activator of the present invention. Among them, it is preferable to use a biosurfactant having a lamellar structure, and it is particularly preferable to use MEL and MML.
  • MEL-A includes alkanoyl groups having 5-19 carbon atoms at 2- and 3-positions of mannose and acetyl groups at 4- and 6-positions of mannose in chemical formula (2).
  • MEL-B includes H instead of an acetyl group (CH 3 CO) at the 4-position of mannose in chemical formula (2).
  • MEL-C includes H instead of an acetyl group (CH 3 CO) at the 6-position of mannose in chemical formula (2).
  • MEL-D includes H instead of acetyl groups (CH 3 CO) at the 4- and 6-positions of mannose in chemical formula (2).
  • Chemical formula (3) indicates a structure of MML.
  • R1 and R2 indicate carbon hydride groups.
  • at least one of or both of acetyl groups (CH 3 CO) at the 4- and 6-positions of mannose may be replaced with H.
  • the biosurfactant used in the activator of the present invention may be a tryacyl derivative of MEL or a tryacyl derivative of MML.
  • the tryacyl derivative of biosurfactant is a biosurfactant having a new structure with higher hydrophobicity than that of MEL or MML. For example, in a case of obtaining a large amount of the bio surfactant from other than a culture solution of MEL-producing bacteria, it is possible to produce the biosurfactant by reacting MEL with various plant oils with use of enzymes.
  • Triacyl derivative of MEL i.e. triacylmannosylerythritol lipid (which may be referred to as triacyl MEL) includes a structure shown by chemical formula (4).
  • R1, R2, and R3 independently indicate a carbon hydride group or a carbon hydride group including an oxygen atom. At least one of or both of hydroxyl groups at the 4- and 6-positions of mannose may be replaced with an acetyl group.
  • a carbon hydride group may include only a saturation bond or may include an unsaturation bond. When including an unsaturation bond, the unsaturation bond may include a plurality of double bonds.
  • a carbon chain may be a straight chain or a branched chain. Further, in a case of the carbon hydride group including an oxygen atom, the number and the position of an oxygen atom included in the carbon hydride group are not limited.
  • R1 and R2 include 6-20 carbon atoms.
  • R1 and R2 make, as fatty series acyl groups (RCO—), ester bonds with hydroxyl groups at 2- and 3-positions of mannose.
  • An acetyl group may make ester bond with other hydroxyl group.
  • R3 has 6-20 carbon atoms.
  • R3 makes, as a fatty series acyl group (RCO—), ester bond with a primary hydroxyl group of erythritol.
  • a triacyl derivative of MEL has a structure to which fatty acid ester is added and has high hydrophobicity. Therefore, the tryacyl derivative of MEL is excellent as emollient since it is more familiar with various oil components, compared with conventional MEL.
  • biosurfactants may be used singularly or two or more of the biosurfactants may be used in combination.
  • a method for producing the biosurfactant is not particularly limited. Any one of fermentation methods with use of well known biosurfactant-producing-microorganism may be selected. For example, cultural production of MEL can be carried out by culturing Pseudozyma antarctica NBRC 10736 through common procedures. Examples of MEL-producing-microorganism include Candida antarctica, Candida sp., etc. in addition to the above. It is well known to a person skilled in the art that cultivation of the microorganism easily provides MEL.
  • the biosurfactant-producing-microorganism is not particularly limited and may be suitably selected according to purposes.
  • a fermentation medium for producing biosurfactants may be a medium with a general composition, made of N source such as yeast essence and peptone, C source such as glucose and fructose, and inorganic salts such as sodium nitrate, dibasic potassium phosphate, and magnesium heptahydrate.
  • N source such as yeast essence and peptone
  • C source such as glucose and fructose
  • inorganic salts such as sodium nitrate, dibasic potassium phosphate, and magnesium heptahydrate.
  • Fats and oils such as olive oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, canola oil, and coconut oil, and water-unsoluble bases of carbon hydride such as liquid paraffin and tetradecan may be added singularly to the medium or two or more of them may be added in combination.
  • Fermentation conditions such as pH and temperature and culture time etc. may be freely set.
  • a culture solution after the fermentation may be used as the biosurfactant of the present invention. Further, the culture solution after the fermentation may be subjected to any operation such as filtering, centrifugal separation, extraction, purification, and sterilization.
  • the obtained essence may be diluted, condensed, and dried.
  • the fat and oil used as a raw material is preferably plant fat and oil.
  • the plant fat and oil is not particularly limited and may be suitably selected according to necessity.
  • Examples of the plant fat and oil include soybean oil, colza oil, corn oil, peanut oil, cotton seed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, and palm oil.
  • soybean oil is particularly preferable since it allows increasing production efficiency (production amount, production speed, and yield) of a biosurfactant (MEL in particular). These may be used singularly or two or more of them may be used in combination.
  • An inorganic nitrogen source is not particularly limited and may be suitably selected according to purposes.
  • Examples of the inorganic nitrogen source include ammonium nitride, urea, sodium nitride, ammonium chloride, and ammonium sulfate.
  • Recovery and purification of a biosurfactant are not particularly limited and may be suitably selected according to purposes.
  • a culture solution is subjected to centrifugal separation so as to recover oil, and a biosurfactant is recovered by extraction and condensation with use of an organic solvent such as acetic ether.
  • an extraction solvent water, alcohols (lower alcohol such as methanol, absolute ethanol, and ethanol, or polyvalent alcohol such as propylene glycol and 1,3-btyleneglycol), ketones such as acetone, esters such as diethyl ether, dioxane, acetonitrile, and acetic ether, and organic solvents such as xylene, benzene, and chloroform may be used singularly or two or more of them may be used in any combination. Further, various extracts by solvent may be used in combination
  • a method for extracting a biosurfactant is not particularly limited. In general, extraction is carried out in a range from a room temperature to a boiling point of a solvent at a normal pressure. After the extraction, the biosurfactant is filtered or absorbed, decolorized, and purified with use of ion exchange resin so that the biosurfactant is in the shape of a solution, paste, gel, or powder. In many cases, the biosurfactant may be used as it is. If necessary, the biosurfactant may be subjected to a further purification process such as deodorization and decolorization in a range that does not influence the effect of the biosurfactant. Activated carbon column etc. may be used as purification process means for deodorization and decolorization. Normal means generally applied according to an extracted substance may be freely selected. If the biosurfactant is purified with use of a silica gel column according to necessity, it is possible to obtain a biosurfactant with higher purity.
  • a method for obtaining a triacyl derivative of a biosurfactant is explained below using a method for producing a triacyl derivative of MEL.
  • the triacyl derivative of the bio surfactant used in the present invention is not limited to triacyl MEL.
  • the triacyl MEL may be obtained by purifying a fraction of the triacyl MEL from a culture solution produced by fermenting a microorganism as described above. Further, in order to obtain a large amount of the triacyl MEL, MEL is dissolved in an organic solvent, a fatty acid derivative of plant oil etc. is added, and esterification reaction or ester exchange reaction is carried out in the presence of hydrolytic enzyme.
  • Fatty acid introduced to an erythritol part of MEL may be univalent carboxylic acid of a long-chain carbon hydride. Further, the fatty acid may be saturated fatty acid or unsaturated fatty acid. The unsaturated fatty acid may include a plurality of double bonds. A carbon chain may be straight chain or a branched chain. Further, a fatty acid derivative that is a derivative of fatty acid may be used in the present invention, and a mixture of fatty acid and fatty acid derivative may be used in the present invention. It is preferable that fatty acid or fatty acid derivative introduced into the erythritol part of MEL is derived from oils, higher fatty acid, or synthesized ester.
  • oils examples include plant oil, animal oil, mineral oil, and hardened oil thereof.
  • specific examples of the oils include animal/plant oils such as avocado oil, olive oil, sesame oil, camellia oil, evening primrose oil, turtle oil, macadamia nut oil, corn oil, mink oil, colza oil, yolk oil, persic oil, wheat germ oil, sasanqua oil, castor oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, cotton seed oil, perilla oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, tea oil, Japanese torreya seed oil, rice oil, tung oil, jojoba oil, cacao oil, coconut oil, horse oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, beef tallow, sheep tallow, pig tallow, lanoline, whale wax, beeswax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, candelilla wax, and squalan, and hardened oils thereof; mineral oils such as liquid paraffin and Vaseline, and synthesized triglycerin such as tripalmit
  • oils include avocado oil, olive oil, sesame oil, camellia oil, evening primrose oil, turtle oil, macadamia nut oil, corn oil, mink oil, colza oil, yolk oil, persic oil, wheat germ oil, sasanqua oil, castor oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, cotton seed oil, perilla oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, tea oil, Japanese torreya seed oil, rice oil.
  • oils include olive oil and soybean oil.
  • Examples of the higher fatty acid include caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, isostearic acid, undecynoic acid, tall acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.
  • Preferable examples of the higher fatty acid include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, and undecylenic acid.
  • Further preferable examples of the higher fatty acid include oleic acid, linoleic acid, and undecylenic acid.
  • Examples of the synthesized ester include methyl caproate, methyl caprylate, methyl caprate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl stearate, methyl undecynoate, ethyl caproate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl linolenate, ethyl stearate, ethyl undecynoate, vinyl caproate, vinyl caprylate, vinyl caprate, vinyl laurate, vinyl myristate, vinyl palmitate, vinyl oleate, vinyl linoleate, vinyl linolenate, vinyl stearate,
  • Preferable examples of the synthesized ester include methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl stearate, and methyl undecylenate. Further preferable examples of the synthesized ester include methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl undecylenate.
  • the triacyl MEL can be produced by dissolving MEL in an organic solvent and reacting the MEL.
  • the organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can solubilize MEL.
  • the organic solvent only has to solubilize a part of MEL and does not necessarily have to solubilize the whole part of MEL.
  • the organic solvent may be a mixture of a plurality of organic solvents.
  • organic solvent examples include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, acetone, propanone, butanone, pentane-2-on, 1,2-ethanediol, 2,3-butanediol, dioxane, acetonitrile, 2-methyl-butane-2-ol, tertiary butanol, 2-methylpropanol, 4-hydroxy-2-methylpentanone, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, DMF, DMSO, pyridine, methyl ethyl ketone.
  • organic solvent examples include acetone, tetrahydrofuran, tertiary butanol, acetonitrile, and dioxane. Further preferable example of the organic solvent is acetone.
  • hydrolytic enzyme examples include lipase, protease, and esterase. It is preferable to use at least one selected from them. A plurality of the hydrolytic enzymes may be used. Lipase and esterase are preferable, and lipase is further preferable.
  • MEL purified from a culture solution of MEL-producing-microorganism is dissolved in an organic solvent (e.g. acetone) and a commercially available lipase (e.g. novozyme 435 (manufactured by Novozymes)) and plant fat and oil are added to the organic solvent.
  • an organic solvent e.g. acetone
  • a commercially available lipase e.g. novozyme 435 (manufactured by Novozymes)
  • plant fat and oil are added to the organic solvent.
  • the mixture is stirred for 1-7 days at a reaction temperature of 10-100° C., preferably 20-50° C., and more preferably 25-40° C. Further, molecular sieves may be added to the reaction solution. This method allows MEL added as a material to be a triacyl derivative substantially quantitatively.
  • Purification of the triacyl MEL may be carried out in accordance with the above purification of MEL.
  • the biosurfactant obtained as described above may be used as an activator as it is. However, it is preferable to use the biosurfactant in such a manner that the biosurfactant is mixed in cosmetics, quasi-drugs, drugs, and drinks and foods.
  • the concentration with which the biosurfactant is mixed is suitably determined according to the degree of absorption, the degree of operation, the form of a product, the frequency of usage etc., and is not particularly limited.
  • the mixture concentration may be determined in a range that does not impair an operation for activating cells. In general, the mixture concentration is preferably 0.001-50% by mass, more preferably 0.1-20% by mass, and further preferably 1-15% by mass, and particularly preferably 3-10% by mass, with respect to the whole weight of the activator.
  • the biosurfactant to be mixed in the activator may be used in any form.
  • the biosurfactant may be used as an extract from a culture solution, may be purified and presented as a highly purified product, may be used after being suspended in water, or may be used after being dissolved in an organic solvent such as ethanol.
  • the method of the present invention for producing an activator including a biosurfactant is not particularly limited, it is preferable to use the biosurfactant in such a manner that the biosurfactant is dissolved in a non-ionic surfactant, lower alcohol, polyvalent alcohol, or natural fat and oil such as olive oil, squalan, and fatty acid, since the biosurfactant is highly hydrophobic.
  • non-ionic surfactant examples include sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monoisostearate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate, penta-2-ethyl hexyl acid diglycerol sorbitan, tetra-2-ethyl hexyl acid diglycerol sorbitan etc.); glycerin polyglycerin fatty acids (e.g.
  • propylene glycol fatty acid esters e.g. propylene glycol monostearate
  • hardened castor oil derivative glycerin alkyl ester etc.
  • POE hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant examples include POE-sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. POE-sorbitan monomonooleate, POE-sorbitan monostearate, POE-sorbitan monooleate, POE-sorbitan tetraoleate etc.); POE sorbit fatty acid esters (e.g. POE-sorbit monolaurate, POE-sorbit monooleate, POE-sorbit pentaoleate, POE-sorbit monostearate etc.); POE-glycerin fatty acid esters (e.g. POE-monooleate etc.
  • POE-sorbitan fatty acid esters e.g. POE-sorbitan monomonooleate, POE-sorbitan monostearate, POE-sorbitan monooleate, POE-sorbitan tetraoleate etc.
  • POE sorbit fatty acid esters e.g. POE
  • POE-glycerin monostearate such as POE-gycerin monostearate, POE-gycerin monoisostearate, POE-glycerin triisostearate
  • POE-fatty acid esters e.g. POE-distearate, POE-monodioleate, ethylene glycol distearate etc.
  • POE-alkylethers e.g. POE-lauryl ether, POE-oleyl ether, POE-stearyl ether, POE-behenyl ether, POE-2-octyldodecylether, POE-cholestanolether etc.
  • Pluronic type such as Pluronic
  • POE•POP-alkylethers e.g.
  • POE•POP-cetyl ether POE•POP-2-decyltetradecylether, POE•POP-monobutylether, POE•POP hydrogenated lanolin, POE•POP-glycerin ether etc.
  • tetra POE•tetra POP-ethylene diamine condensates e.g. Tetronic
  • POE-castor oil hardened castor oil derivative e.g.
  • POE-castor oil POE-hardened castor oil, POE-hardened castor oil monoisostearate, POE-hardened castor oil triisostearate, POE-hardened castor oil mono-pyroglutamic acid mono-isostearic acid diester, POE-hardened castor oil maleic acid); POE-beeswax lanolin derivative (e.g. POE-sorbit beeswax etc.); alkanolamide (e.g.
  • lower alcohol examples include ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, isobutylalcohol, t-butylalcohol etc.
  • polyvalent alcohol examples include bivalent alcohols (such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, 2,3-butyleneglycol, pentamethyleneglycol, 2-butene-1,4-diol, hexylene glycol, octylene glycol); trivalent alcohols (such as glycerin and trimethyloipropane); quadrivalent alcohols (e.g. pentaerythritol etc.
  • bivalent alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, 2,3-butyleneglycol, pentamethyleneglycol, 2-butene-1,4-diol, hexylene glycol, octylene glycol
  • trivalent alcohols such as glycerin
  • 1,2,6-hexane triol such as 1,2,6-hexane triol
  • pentavalent alcohols such as xylitol
  • hexavalent alcohols such as sorbitol and mannitol
  • polyvalent alcohol polymers such as diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, diglycerin, polyethylene glycol, triglycerin, tetraglycerin, and polygycerin
  • bivalent alcohol alkyl ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol mono 2-methylhexyl ether, ethylene glycol isoamyl ether, ethylene glycol benzyl ether, ethylene glycol isopropyl ether, ethylene glycol di
  • oils examples include animal and plant oils such as avocado oil, olive oil, sesame oil, camellia oil, evening primrose oil, turtle oil, macadamia nut oil, corn oil, mink oil, colza oil, yolk oil, persic oil, wheat germ oil, sasanqua oil, castor oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, cotton seed oil, Perilla oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, tea oil, Japanese torreya seed oil, rice oil, tung oil, jojoba oil, cacao oil, coco oil, horse oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, beef tallow, lard, lanoline, whale tallow, beeswax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, candellila wax, squalan and hardened oil thereof, mineral oils such as liquid paraffin and Vaseline, and synthesized triglycerin such as tripalmtin acid glycerin.
  • mineral oils such as liquid paraffin and Vaseline, and synthesized trigly
  • higher fatty acid examples include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, isostearic acid, undecynoic acid, tall acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.
  • Examples of the higher alcohols include lauric alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, jojoba alcohol, lanoline alcohol, batyl alcohol, 2-decyltetratececynol, cholesterol, phytosterol, and isostearyl alcohol.
  • Examples of the synthesized ester include cetyl octanoate, octyl dodecyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, myristyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, hexyl laurate, decyl oleate, dimethyl octanoic acid, cetyl lactate, and myristyl lactate.
  • Examples of the silicone include chain polysiloxane such as dimethyl polysiloxane and methyl phenyl polysiloxane, cyclic polysiloxane such as decamethylcyclopolysiloxane, and a 3-D matrix structure such as silicone resin.
  • the activator of the present invention as a composition by mixing a biosurfactant that is an active ingredient with cosmetics, quasi-drugs, drugs, and foods.
  • the activator of the present invention in the form of cosmetics, quasi-drugs, and drugs, it is preferable that the activator is for external use.
  • the activator is not limited to external use and may be used for internal use and for foods and drinks.
  • the activator of the present invention as a drug, since it is verified that the biosurfactant has a function for activating human head hair papilla cells, it is possible to use the activator as drugs for promoting hair-growth and preventing progression of loss of hair.
  • the dosage form of the activator is not limited and may be various forms such as ample, capsule, powder, granulated powder, pill, tablet, a solid agent, a liquid agent, gell, foam, emulsion, cream, ointment, sheet, mousse, and bath agent.
  • examples of the cosmetics, quasi-drugs, and drugs include: drug products for internal and external uses; basic skin care such as skin lotion, emulsion, cream, ointment, lotion, oil, pack; facial wash and skin cleansing agent, hair cosmetics such as shampoo, rinse, hair treatment, hair cream, pomade, hair spray, hair dressing, permanent reagent, hair tonic, hairdye, and hair growth drug and baldness remedy; makeup cosmetics such as foundation, face powder, ceruse, lipstick, blusher, eyeshadow, eyeliner, mascara, eyebrow pencil, and eyelash; make-up cosmetics such as manicure; perfumes; bath agents; tooth pastes; mouth deodorant; mouth wash; hircismus preventing agent/deodorant; sanitary goods; sanitary cottons; and wet tissues.
  • basic skin care such as skin lotion, emulsion, cream, ointment, lotion, oil, pack
  • facial wash and skin cleansing agent hair cosmetics such as shampoo, rinse, hair treatment, hair cream, pomade, hair spray, hair dressing, permanent
  • examples of the foods and drinks include: drinks such as soft drink, carbonated drink, energy drink, juice, and lactic acid drink; frozen desserts such as ice cream, ice sherbet, and shaved ice; noodles such as soba, udon, bean-starch vermicelli, crust of potsticker, crust of dumpling, Chinese noodle, and instant noodle; sweets such as lozenge, candy, gum, chocolate, tablet candy, munch, biscuit, jelly, jam, cream, baked cake, and bread; marine products such as crab, salmon, clam, tuna, sardine, shrimp, bonito, mackerel, whale, oyster, saury, squid, ark shell, scallop, ear shell, sea urchin, salmon caviar, and sulculus diversicolor supertexta; marine and animal processed foods such as boiled fish paste, ham, and sausage; dairy products such as processed milk and fermented milk; fats and oils and fat and oil processed foods such as salad oil, frying oil,
  • the activator of the present invention is preferably applicable to human, but may be applied to animals other than human.
  • the activator of the present invention may include not only the biosurfactant that is an active ingredient but also, if necessary, components and additives that are used in cosmetics, quasi-drugs, drugs, and foods and drinks in a range that does not reduce the effect of the present invention.
  • fats and oils examples include avocado oil, almond oil, fennel oil, perilla oil, olive oil, orange oil, orange roughy oil, sesame oil, cacao oil, chamomile oil, carrot oil, cucumber oil, beef tallow, beef tallow fatty acid, kukui nut oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, camellia oil, corn oil, colza oil, persic oil, castor oil, cotton seed oil, peanut oil, turtle oil, mink oil, yolk oil, cacao oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, Japan wax, coco oil, beef tallow, lard, hardened oil, and hardened castor oil.
  • Examples of tallow include beeswax, carnauba wax, whale wax, lanoline, liquid lanoline, reduced lanoline, hardened lanoline, candellila wax, montan wax, and shellac wax.
  • mineral oil examples include liquid paraffin, Vaseline, paraffin, ozokerite, ceresin, microcrystalline wax, polyethylene powder, squalene, squalan, and pristane.
  • fatty acids examples include: natural fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, undecynoic acid, tall oil, and lanoline fatty acid; and synthesized fatty acids such as isononanoic acid, caproic acid, 2-ethylbutane acid, isopentane acid, 2-methylpentane acid, 2-ethylhexane acid, and isopentane acid.
  • natural fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, undecynoic acid, tall oil, and lanoline fatty acid
  • synthesized fatty acids such as isononanoic acid, caproic acid, 2-ethylbutane acid, isopentane acid, 2-methylpentane acid, 2-eth
  • the alcohols include: natural alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, lauric alcohol, cetanol, stearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, lanoline alcohol, cholesterol, and phytosterol; synthesized alcohols such as 2-hexyldecanol, isostearyl alcohol, and 2-octyldodecanol; polyvalent alcohols such as ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, polyethylene glycol, propylene oxide, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, glycerin, batyl alcohol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, and simple sugar.
  • natural alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, lauric alcohol
  • esters examples include isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, hexyl laurate, myristyl myristate, oleyl oleate, decyl oleate, octyl dodecyl myristate, hexyl decile dimethyloctanoate, cetyl lactate, myristyl lactate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, lanoline acetate, ethyleneglycol monostearate, propylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol dioleate.
  • metal soap examples include aluminum stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, zinc palmitate, magnesium myristate, zinc laurate, and zinc undecylenate.
  • Examples of gummy and water-soluble macromolecular compositions include gum Arabic, benzoin gum, dammar gum, guaiac, Irish moth, karaya gum, tragacanth gum, carob gum, quince seed, agar, casein, dextrin, gelatin, pectin, starch, carrageenan, carboxy alkyl chitin, chitosan, hydroxy alkyl chitin, low molecular chitosan, chitosan salt, sulfated chitin, phosphorylated chitin, alginic acid and salt thereof, hyaluronic acid and salt thereof, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, ethylcellulose, methylcellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, carboxy ethylcellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose sodium, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, nitrocellulose, crystalline cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyviny
  • surfactants examples include anionic surfactant (such as carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate ester salt, and phosphoric ester salt), cationic surfactant (such as amine salt and quaternary ammonium salt), ampholytic surfactant (carboxylic acid ampholytic surfactant, sulfate ester ampholytic surfactant, sulfonic acid ampholytic surfactant, and phosphate ester ampholytic surfactant), non-ionic surfactant (such as ether non-ionic surfactant, ether ester non-ionic surfactant, ester non-ionic surfactant, block polymer non-ionic surfactant, and nitrogen-containing non-ionic surfactant), and other surfactant (such as natural surfactant, derivative of protein hydrolysate, macromolecular surfactant, surfactant including titan and silicon, and carbon fluoride surfactant.
  • anionic surfactant such as carboxylate, sulfonate,
  • vitamins include retinol, retinal (vitamin A1), dehydroretinal (vitamin A2), carotin, and lycopene (protovitamine A) in vitamin A group; thiamine hydrochloride, thiamine hydro sulfate (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), folic acids, nicotinic acids, pantothenic acids, biotins, choline, inositols in vitamin B group; ascorbic acid and derivative thereof in vitamin C group; ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), and dihydrotachysterol in vitamin D group; tocopherol and derivative thereof and ubiquinone in vitamin E group; phytonadione (vitamin K1), menaquinone (vitamin K2), menadione (vitamin K3), and men
  • amino acids examples include valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, glycine, alanine, asparagine, glutamine, serin, cysteine, cystine, tylosine, proline, hydroxyproline, asparaginic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxylysine, arginine, ornithine, histidine, hydrosulfates thereof, phosphates thereof, nitrates thereof, citrates thereof, and amino acid derivatives such as pyrrolidone carboxylic acid.
  • whitening agents include ascorbic acid and derivative thereof, sulfur, hydrolysate of placenta, ellagic acid and derivative thereof, kojic acid and derivative thereof, glucosamine and derivative thereof, arbutin and derivative thereof, hydroxycinnamic acid and derivative thereof, glutathione, arnica essence, essence of root of scultellaria baicalensis, essence of root bark of morus ihou, essence of root of bupleurum scorzonerifolium, essence of root of saposhnikovia seseloides, culture of mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum and extract thereof, essence of linden, essence of peach leaves, essence of fruit of rosa multiflora, essence of root of sophora flavescens , essence of Sanguisorba officinalis , essence of angelica acutiloba , essence of seed of Job's tears, essence of persimmon leaves, essence of pieplant, essence of root bark of peony, essence of hamamel
  • moisture retention agents include hyaluronic acid, polyglutamine acid, serin, glycine, threonine, alanine, collagen, hydrolyzed collagen, hydronectin, fibronectin, keratin, elastin, royal jelly, chondroitin heparin sulfate, glycerophospholipid, glyceroglycolipid, sphingophospholipid, sphingoglycolipid, linoleic acid and esters thereof, eicosapentaenoic acid and esters thereof, pectine, bifidobacteria fermentation product, lactic acid fermentation product, yeast extract, culture of mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum and extract thereof, wheat germ oil, avocado oil, rice oil, jojoba oil, soybean phospholipid, ⁇ -oryzanol, essence of Althaea officinalis , essence of seed of Job's tears, essence of root of Rehmannia glutinosa , essence
  • hair growth drug examples include pentadecanic acid glyceride, essence of coleus, essence of gentiana lutea , essence of conifer cone, essence of royal jelly, essence of sasa veitchii , t-flavanone, 6-benzyl amino purine, essence of swertia japonica , carpronium chloride, minoxidil, finasteride, adenosine, nicotinic acid amide, essence of mulberry roots, essence of rehmannia glutinosa , and 5-aminolevulinic acid.
  • Examples of extracts and essences of animals, plants, and galenicals include Uncaria gambir, Angelica keiskei, acerola, Althaea, Arnica montana , avocado, Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii, Aloe, Aloe vera , nettle, Ginkgo , fennel, turmeric, Asarum sieboldii , ume, Quercus salicina, Arctostaphylos uva - ursi, Rosa multiflora, Rabdosia japonica , membranous milk-vetch, Scutellaria baicalensis (dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis ), Prunus jamasakura, Phellodendron amurense, Coptis japonica, Panax ginseng, Hypericum erectum, Lamium album var.
  • microorganism culture metabolites examples include yeast essence, zinc-containing yeast essence, germanium-containing yeast essence, selenium-containing yeast essence, magnesium-containing yeast essence, fermented rice essence, euglena extract, lactic fermentation product of skimmed milk.
  • Examples of the ⁇ -hydroxy acid include glycol acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and lactic acid.
  • inorganic colorings include silicic acid anhydride, magnesium silicate, talc, kaolin, bentonite, mica, titanium mica, bismuth oxychloride, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, iron oxide yellow, colcothar, iron oxide black, ultramarine, chromium oxide, chromium hydroxide, carbon black, and calamine.
  • Examples of the ultraviolet ray absorber include p-amino benzolin acid derivative, salicylic acid derivative, anthranilic acid derivative, coumarin derivative, amino acid compound, benzotriazole derivative, tetrazole derivative, imidazoline derivative, pyrimidine derivative, dioxane derivative, camphor derivative, furan derivative, pyrone derivative, nuclear acid derivative, allantoin derivative, nicotinic acid derivative, vitamin B6 derivative, oxybenzone, benzophenone, guaiazulene, shikonin, baicalin, baicalein, and berberine.
  • astringent examples include laconic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, citric acid, allantoin, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, calamine, p-phenol zinc sulfonate, aluminum calcium sulfonate, resorcin, iron chloride, and tannic acid.
  • antioxidants examples include ascorbic acid and salt thereof, ester stearate, tocopherol and ester derivative thereof, nordihydroguaceretenic acid, buthylhydroxy toluene (BHT), buthylhydroxy anisole (BHA), parahydroxy anisole, propyl gallate, sesamol, sesamolin, and gossypol.
  • anti-inflammatory agent examples include ichthammol, indomethacin, kaolin, salicylic acid, sodium salicylate, methyl salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, diphyenhydramine chloride, d- or d1-camphor, hydrocortisone, guaiazulene, chamazulene, chlorpheniramine maleate, glycyrrhizin acid and salt thereof, glycyrrhetic acid and salt thereof.
  • fungicide and disinfectant examples include acrinol, sulfur, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methylrosaniline chloride, cresol, calcium gluconate, chlorhexidine gluconate, sulfamine, mercurochrome, lactoferrin and hydrolysates thereof.
  • hair care agent examples include selenium disulfide, alkyl isoquinolinium bromide liquid, zinc pyrithione, biphenamine, thianthol, kasutari tincture, ginger tincture, pepper tincture, quinine hydrochloride, strong ammonia water, potassium bromate, sodium bromate, and thioglycolic acid.
  • the aroma chemical examples include: natural animal aroma chemical such as musk, civet, castoreum, and ambergris; plant aroma chemicals such as anis essential oil, angelica essential oil, ylang-ylang essential oil, iris essential oil, fennel essential oil, orange essential oil, cananga essential oil, caraway essential oil, cardamom essential oil, guaiac wood essential oil, cumin essential oil, lindera essential oil, cassia essential oil, cinnamon essential oil, geranium essential oil, copaiba balsam essential oil, coriander essential oil, perrilla essential oil, cedar wood essential oil, citronella essential oil, jasmine essential oil, ginger grass essential oil, cedar essential oil, spearmint essential oil, peppermint essential oil, Ferula gummosa essential oil, tuberose essential oil, clove essential oil, orange flower essential oil, wintergreen essential oil, tolu balsam essential oil, Patchouli essential oil, rose essential oil, palmarosa oil, Japanese cypress essential oil, Japanese cypress
  • coloring and coloring matter examples include red cabbage coloring, red rice coloring, Rubia argyi coloring, annatto coloring, sepia coloring, turmeric coloring, sophora coloring, krill coloring, persimmon coloring, caramel, gold, silver, gardenia coloring, corn coloring, onion coloring, tamarind coloring, spirulina coloring, buckwheat coloring, cherry coloring, layer coloring, hibiscus coloring, grape juice coloring, marigold coloring, purple potato coloring, purple yam coloring, lac coloring, and rutin.
  • sweetening examples include sugar, Hydrangea macrophylla , fructose, arabinose, galactose, xylose, mannose, maltlose, honey, glucose, miraculin, and monellin.
  • Examples of the nutritional additive include calcinated shell calcium, cyanocolabamin, yeast, wheat germ, soybean embryo, yolk powder, hemicellulose, and heme iron.
  • materials that may be included in the activator of the present invention include hormones, chelating agent, pH adjuster, chelating agent, antiseptic, fungicide, refrigerant, stabilizer, emulsifier, animal/plant proteins and decomposition products thereof, animal/plant polysaccharides and decomposition products thereof, animal/plant glycoproteins and decomposition products thereof, blood flow promoting agent, anti-inflammatory agent and anti-allergy agent, cell activator, keratolytic agent, wound healing drug, foam boosting agent, thickener, agent for oral use, deodorant, bittering agent, seasoning, and oxygen.
  • bio surfactant that is an active ingredient of the activator of the present invention allows providing an anti-aging method. That is, the present invention encompasses an anti-aging method with use of the bio surfactant.
  • the anti-aging method of the present invention includes the step (i) of causing the biosurfactant to touch an animal.
  • the biosurfactant is preferably at least one selected from a group consisting of mannosyl erythritol lipid (MEL), mannosyl mannitol lipid (MML), a triacyl derivative of mannosyl erythritol lipid (MEL), and a triacyl derivative of mannosyl mannitol lipid (MML).
  • the animal is not particularly limited as long as an anti-aging effect of the biosurfactant can be expected.
  • a preferable example of the animal is a mammal.
  • a further preferable example of the animal is a human.
  • “Causing the biosurfactant to touch an animal” indicates causing the biosurfactant to touch a range where an external agent can be applied, such as skin and mucous membrane of the animal.
  • the anti-aging method of the present invention further includes the step (ii) of activating cells with use of the biosurfactant.
  • Activating cells with use of the biosurfactant having a cell-activating function allows yielding an anti-aging effect such as preventing and improving wrinkles, sags, and hardening of skin so as to maintain resilient, youthful, and healthy skin.
  • the conventional MEL is produced through cultivation of a MEL-producing microorganism.
  • a representative example of the chemical structure of the conventional MEL is shown by general formula (5) below.
  • the chemical structure includes 4-O- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl-meso-erythritol as a basic structure thereof.
  • a substituent R is a hydro carbon group (alkyl group or alkenyl group).
  • MEL-A MEL-B
  • MEL-C MEL-D
  • MEL-A is designed such that each of substituents R 1 and R 2 is an acetyl group in the general formula (5).
  • MEL-B is designed such that the substituent R 1 is an acetyl group and the substituent R 2 is hydrogen in the general formula (5).
  • MEL-C is designed such that the substituent R′ is hydrogen and the substituent R 2 is an acetyl group in the general formula (5).
  • MEL-D is designed such that each of the substituents R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen.
  • the number of carbons in the substituent R of the MEL-A, MEL-B, MEL-C, and MEL-D varies according to the number of carbons in fatty acid constituting triglyceride in fats and oils included in an MEL-producing medium and the degree of assimilation of fatty acid by MEL producing microorganism in use.
  • the triglyceride includes an unsaturated fatty acid residue
  • MEL when the MEL producing microorganism do not assimilate a double-bonding section of the unsaturated fatty acid, it is possible for MEL to include the unsaturated fatty acid residue as the substituent R.
  • each resulting MEL is generally a mixture of compounds having different fatty acid residues of the substituents R.
  • MEL of the present invention has a structure represented by the general formula (1) and is an optical isomer in which erythritol is introduced in a direction opposite to that of the conventional MEL.
  • the substituents R 1 may be the same or different from each other and are fatty series acyl groups having 4-24 carbon atoms
  • the substituents R 2 may be the same or different from each other and represent hydrogen or acetyl groups.
  • the substituent R 3 represents a fatty series acyl group having 2-24 carbon atoms.
  • the present invention excludes MEL where both of the substituents R 1 are fatty series acyl groups having 12 carbon atoms, both of the substituents R 2 are acetyl groups, and the substituent R 3 is hydrogen.
  • This is indented to exclude the MEL disclosed in Non-patent Document 8 from the present invention, and is not indented for any other purpose. This exclusion is not a limitative matter that unduly limits the scope of the present invention.
  • the substituent R 1 in the general formula (1) may be a fatty series acyl group or an unsaturated fatty series acyl group, and is not particularly limited.
  • the substituent R 1 may include a plurality of double bonds.
  • the carbon chain may be a straight chain or a branched chain. Further, in a case of hydrocarbon group containing an oxygen atom, the number and the position of the contained oxygen atom are not limited.
  • one of the substituents R 2 is an acetyl group and the other of the substituents R 2 is hydrogen. That is, it is preferable that the MEL of the present invention is a 1-O-MEL and is MEL-B or MEL-C. In particular, it is further preferable that the MEL of the present invention has hydrogen at 4-position and an acetyl group at 6-position, i.e. MEL-B.
  • MEL-A compared with MEL-A (having two acetyl groups)
  • MEL-B or MEL-C having one acetyl group
  • MEL-B or MEL-C has higher polarity and different in its self-assembly behavior in water. Consequently, formed liquid crystals have different phases.
  • a sponge phase L 3 phase
  • MEL-B or MEL-C a lamella phase (L a phase) is likely to be formed.
  • the lamella phase is very similar to a keratin layer of skin, making the MEL have high skin-permeability and effective as a skincare material.
  • MEL-B a bimolecular film is likely to form a capsuled vesicle (liposome), which allows the capsule to include a drug therein. Therefore, it is expected that MEL-B is easily applicable to liposome cosmetics and drugs (see Non-patent Documents 9 and 10).
  • the MEL synthesized in Non-patent Document 8 is of A type, and includes two fatty acids each being C12.
  • the present invention allows producing MEL-B or MEL-C, and widely varying the length of a fatty acid chain. This allows providing MEL having an ability to form more different liquid crystals.
  • Non-patent Document 8 is limited to a method for synthesizing MEL-A.
  • MEL-B and MEL-C it is necessary to use different protective groups and to repeat different step. Therefore, the MEL of the present invention could not have been synthesized based on Non-patent Document 8.
  • the substituent R 3 is a fatty series acyl group having 2-24 carbon atoms.
  • the MEL is triacyl MEL that has properties different from those of diacyl MEL.
  • a triacyl derivative is a surfactant having lower HLB (hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance) and higher lipophilicity than a conventional diacyl derivative. Therefore, the triacyl derivative is used for purposes different from those of the diacyl derivative.
  • the triacyl derivative can be used for W/O emulsion, a dispersing agent etc.
  • the synthesizing method described in Non-patent Document 8 is limited to a method for synthesizing a diacyl derivative of MEL-A, and synthesizing a triacryl derivative would require entirely different synthesizing route (different protective groups and different multi-stage reactions). Therefore, the MEL of the present invention could not have been produced based on Non-patent Document 8.
  • the chemical structure of the MEL of the present invention can be obtained in the form of a mixture made of compounds that are different according to the number of carbons in a fatty series acyl group that is the substituent R 1 in the general formula (1) or to whether a double bond exists or not.
  • the compounds can be made a single MEL compound by purifying with use of a preparative HPLC.
  • the MEL of the present invention has high surface-activity, and unlike the conventional MEL, the MEL of the present invention has new physiological activity and self-assembling property, and therefore can be used as a surfactant or various catalysts for fine chemicals. Further, the MEL is very significant since it has high biodegradability and highly safe. That is, the MEL is a biosurfactant that has high biodegradability, low toxicity, and is environment-friendly.
  • MEL has various bioactive functions. For example, it is reported that MEL has the following functions: when MEL is caused to act on strain of human acute promyelocytic leukemia cellulous HL 60, MEL shows a promyelocytic cell differentiation inducing function for differentiating ganulocytes; when MEL is caused to act on PC 12 cells derived from rat adrenal medulla melanocytoma, MEL shows neural system cell differentiation inducing function etc. for elongating neuritis; and for the first time among glycolipids produced by a microorganism, MEL can induce apoptosis of melanoma cells (X. Zhao et.
  • MEL has a function for preventing proliferation of cancer cells.
  • the MEL of the present invention also has various bioactive functions and is applicable to drugs such as an anticancer agent and a new cosmetic material.
  • the MEL of the present invention is significantly different in liquid crystal forming ability from the conventional MEL due to the difference in chilarity of molecules. Specifically, the MEL of the present invention has an ability to produce a lamella phase in a concentration area greatly wider than that of the conventional MEL. Therefore, the MEL of the present invention is a biosurfactant that is extremely excellent in the ability to form liquid crystals.
  • Evaluation of the ability to form liquid crystals can be made by a conventional and publicly known method.
  • An example of the method for easily comparing the ability to form liquid crystals is a water invading method. In this method, MEL is applied on a slide glass and distilled water is dropped beside the applied area, and a liquid crystal phase formed at an interface by dropping of the distilled water is observed by a microscope. Thus, behavior of liquid crystal formation can be searched. With the method, it is possible to easily compare the conventional MEL with the MEL optical isomer of the present invention in terms of their abilities to form liquid crystals.
  • the method for producing the MFL of the present invention is characterized by usage of a microorganism capable of producing 1-O-MEL. Specifically, it is a method including the step of culturing a microorganism that belongs to Pseudozyma genus and is capable of producing mannosyl erythritol lipid, so as to produce mannosyl erythritol lipid having the structure represented by the general formula (1).
  • the substituents R 1 may be the same or different from each other and are fatty acid acryl groups having 4-24 carbons
  • the substituents R 2 may be the same or different from each other and represent hydrogen or acetyl groups
  • the substituent R 3 represents hydrogen or fatty series acyl group having 2-24 atoms.
  • Examples of the microorganism useable in the method of the present invention for producing MEL is not particularly limited as long as the microorganism belongs to Pseudozyma genus and produces the MEL optical isomer represented by the general formula (1).
  • Examples of the microorganism that produces the MEL represented by the general formula (1) include microorganism that belong to Pseudozyma tsukubaensis, Pseudozyma crassa etc.
  • the microorganism belonging to Pseudozyma tsukubaensis is preferable.
  • the microorganism belonging to Pseudozyma tsukubaensis has high productivity at 25-30° C. for example.
  • Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain has the highest productivity at a culture temperature of 30° C.
  • the culture medium may be a culture medium generally used for general microorganisms and yeasts, and is not particularly limited.
  • a culture medium used for yeasts is particularly preferable.
  • An example of such culture medium is a YPD culture medium (10 g of yeast extract, 20 g of polypepton, and 100 g of glucose). It is known that preferable culture temperature for Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain ranges from 27-33° C. This is because Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain has significantly high productivity of MEL at the temperature.
  • composition of a culture medium suitable for producing MEL with use of a microorganism usable for the method of producing the MEL of the present invention is as follows.
  • a carbon source is added to a culture medium.
  • the carbon source includes at least one of, or a mixture of, fats and oils, fatty acid, fatty acid derivative (fatty acid esters such as fatty acid triglyceride) and synthesized ester.
  • Other conditions of the carbon source are not particularly limited and may be determined suitably in accordance with a technical standard at the time of usage of the present invention.
  • the “fats and oils” may be plant oils, animal oils, mineral oils, and hardened oils thereof.
  • specific examples of the fats and oils include: animal/plant oils such as avocado oil, olive oil, sesame oil, camellia oil, evening primrose oil, turtle oil, macadamia nut oil, corn oil, mink oil, colza oil, yolk oil, persic oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, wheat germ oil, sasanqua oil, castor oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, cotton seed oil, perilla oil, soybean oil, arachis oil, tea oil, Japanese torreya seed oil, rice oil, tung oil, jojoba oil, cacao oil, coconut oil, horse oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, beef tallow, sheep tallow, lard, lanoline, whale wax, beeswax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, candellila wax, and squalan and hardened oils thereof; mineral oils such as liquid paraffin and Vas
  • the fats and oils include avocado oil, olive oil, sesame oil, camellia oil, evening primrose oil, turtle oil, macadamian nut oil, corn oil, mink oil, colza oil, yolk oil, persic oil, wheat germ oil, sasanqua oil, castor oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, cotton seed oil, perilla oil, soybean oil, arachis oil, tea oil, Japanese torreya seed oil, rice oil.
  • Further preferable examples of the fats and oils include olive oil and soybean oil.
  • “Fatty acid” or “fatty acid derivative” preferably derives from higher fatty acid.
  • the fatty acid and the fatty acid derivative include capronic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoeic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, isostearic acid, undecynoic acid, tall acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.
  • fatty acid and the fatty acid derivative include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoeic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, and undecynoic acid. Further preferable examples of the fatty acid and the fatty acid derivative include oleic acid, linoeic acid, and undecynoic acid.
  • Examples of the synthesized ester include methyl caproate, methyl caprylate, methyl caprate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl stearate, methyl undecynoate, ethyl caproate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl linolenate, ethyl stearate, ethyl undecynoate, vinyl caproate, vinyl caprylate, vinyl caprate, vinyl laurate, vinyl myristate, vinyl palmitate, vinyl oleate, vinyl linoleate, vinyl linolenate, vinyl stearate,
  • Preferable examples of the synthesized ester include methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl stearate, and methyl undecylenate. Further preferable examples of the synthesized ester include methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl undecylenate.
  • Specific steps of the method for producing MEL of the present invention are not particularly limited and may be determined suitably according to purposes.
  • the steps are scaled up in the order of seed culture, main culture, and culture for producing MEL.
  • the following shows culture media and culture conditions for these cultures.
  • a) Seed culture 1 platinum loop is inoculated to a test tube containing 5 mL of a liquid culture medium including 40 g/L of glucose, 1 g/L of yeast essence, 0.3 g/L of sodium nitrate, 0.3 g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.3 g/L of magnesium sulfate, and the liquid culture medium is subjected to shaking culture at 30° C. for 1 day.
  • a liquid culture medium including 40 g/L of glucose, 1 g/L of yeast essence, 0.3 g/L of sodium nitrate, 0.3 g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.3 g/L of magnesium sulfate
  • the culture solution of a) is inoculated to a Sakaguchi flask containing 100 mL of a liquid culture medium including a predetermined amount of fat and oil such as plant fat and oil, 1 g/L of yeast essence, 0.3 g/L of sodium nitrate, 0.3 g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.3 g/L of magnesium sulfate, and the culture solution is cultured at 30° C. for 2 days.
  • a liquid culture medium including a predetermined amount of fat and oil such as plant fat and oil, 1 g/L of yeast essence, 0.3 g/L of sodium nitrate, 0.3 g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.3 g/L of magnesium sulfate
  • fat and oil such as plant fat and oil, 1 g/L of yeast essence, 0.3 g/L of sodium nitrate, 0.3 g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.3 g/L of magnesium sulfate, and cultured at 30° C. with a stirring speed of 800 rpm.
  • plant fat and oil is flowed into the culture vessel in the course of the culture so that the concentration of the fat and oil in the culture medium is kept at 20-
  • a method for collecting MEL may be a conventional and publicly known method and is not particularly limited. For example, after the culture, a lipid component is extracted with use of ethyl acetate whose volume is not less than the volume of the lipid component and not more than four times of the lipid component, and then ethyl acetate is removed with use of an evaporator so as to collect the lipid component and glycolipid component.
  • the lipid component is dissolved in chloroform whose volume is equal to the volume of the lipid component, and is treated with silica gel chromatography so that chloroform, chloroform:acetone (80:20), chloroform:acetone (70:30), chloroform:acetone (60:40), chloroform:acetone (50:50), chloroform:acetone (30:70), and acetone are eluted in this order.
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • Structural determination of the MEL obtained by the method for producing the MEL may be performed by a conventional and publicly known method and is not particularly limited.
  • the following explains structural determination of MEL with reference to a structural determination method of MEL obtained with use of Pseudozima tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain.
  • the isolated glycolipid component can be determined as glycolipid component since the glycolipid component shows blue-green in response to an anthrone sulfuric acid reagent on the TLC plate. Whether the glycolipid is MEL or not can be easily confirmed by subjecting the glycolipid to 1 H, 13 C, and two-dimensional NMR analyses and comparing the obtained spectrum with the spectrum of conventional MEL (MEL-A, MEL-B, MEL-C, and MEL-D) (represented by the general formula (4)) whose structure has been already known.
  • MEL-A, MEL-B, MEL-C, and MEL-D represented by the general formula (4)
  • the MEL of the present invention is an optical isomer of conventional MEL.
  • a sugar chain obtained by saponifying the resulting MEL with use of alkali (NaOCH 3 ) is subjected to NMR analysis.
  • ME mannosyl erythritol
  • alkali NaOCH 3
  • the above method allows confirming that the MEL of the present invention is different from the conventional MEL in terms of three-dimensional structures of sugar skeletons.
  • MEL of the present invention As described above, with the method for producing MEL of the present invention, it is possible to selectively produce MEL whose chirality is different from that of the conventional MEL and which has not been reported to be produced by a microorganism. As explained above, difference in chirality of molecules has great influence on physiological activity and a self-assembling body forming function. Consequently, although the MEL of the present invention has the same surface activity as that of the conventional MEL, the MEL of the present invention is different from the conventional MEL in terms of other properties. Therefore, comparison of the MEL of the present invention with the conventional MEL in terms of their physical properties shows important factors for evaluation of functions of MEL. Consequently, storage of data concerning a structure-physical property relationship such as physiological activity greatly contributes to development of usage of biosurfactants in various fields such as drugs, foods, and cosmetics.
  • the MEL of the present invention appears to be theoretically synthesized by a chemical synthesis method.
  • the chemical synthesis of the MEL of the present invention would require an extremely special synthesis technique and multiple stages of complicated protection/deprotection reactions.
  • the production method of the present invention that uses a microorganism includes an elaborate biosynthesis step and therefore provides a method for producing MEL with only one step while maintaining a special structure in which position/three-dimensional structure is completely controlled. Therefore, the method can be very effective.
  • MEL whose mannosyl erythritol skeleton in a molecular structure is 1-O- ⁇ -D-manno pyranosyl meso-erythritol, which is described in Embodiment 2, may be combined with the invention described in Embodiment 1.
  • Normal human skin fibroblasts were cultured by a common procedure with use of a normal human skin fibroblast total kit (CA106K05, manufactured by Cell Applications. Inc. USA, imported and sold by TOYOBO CO., LTD).
  • Normal human skin fibroblasts were inoculated to a microplate having 48 holes, so that 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells were inoculated to each well.
  • An inoculation medium was a Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) to which 10% of fetal calf serum was added.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
  • the cells were cultured at 37° C. with 5 vol % of carbon dioxide concentration for 24 hours, and then the cells were put in a test medium to which MEL-A with final concentration of 1 ng/ml-0.01 mg/ml was added, and the cells were further cultured for 48 hours.
  • MEL-A used in the present Example was obtained by culturing Pseudozyma antarctica NBRC 10736 in a medium to which soybean oil was added (3% soybean oil, 0.02% MgSO4.H2O, 0.02% KH2PO4, 0.1% yeast extract).
  • MEL-A was dissolved in ethanol and then diluted stepwise by ethanol, and was added to each medium so that final concentration of ethanol was 0.5% in each medium.
  • a solvent control was an ethanol group (final concentration was 0.5%).
  • an SDS-added group final concentration was 0.1%) was provided.
  • the cells were put in a medium containing 100 ⁇ g/mL of 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and was cultured for 3 hours, and formazan produced by ring-opening of a tetrazolium ring was extracted with use of 2-propanol, and absorption of light of 550 nm was measured by a microplate reader. At the same time, absorption of light of 650 nm was measured as turbidity, and cell-activating function was evaluated based on the difference between the two measurement values.
  • MTT 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
  • the MEL-A-added group showed a higher cell-activating function than the ethanol group with respect to normal human skin fibroblasts at each concentration.
  • MEL-A whose final concentration was 1 ng/ml a significant cell-activating function that was higher by 65% or more than the ethanol group was observed.
  • MEL has an excellent cell-activating function, which suggests that application of MEL to skin yields an extremely excellent anti-aging effect, effectively improving wrinkles, sags etc. of skin due to aging, exposure to ultra violet ray etc.
  • Human hair papilla cells were cultured through a normal procedure with use of human head hair papilla cells (THPC-001) total kit (HDPC total kit: THPCK-001, manufactured by Cell Applications. Inc. USA, imported and sold by TOYOBO CO., LTD). Human head hair papilla cells are widely used for evaluating medicinal benefits of a hair growth drug (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications No. 2006-83084, No. 2003-81793, and No. 2000-159640).
  • a PCGM medium for suspending thawed cells were dispensed in a 15 mL centrifugal tube and cooled by ice.
  • a vial containing the thawed human head hair papilla cells (THPC-001) was rapidly melted in a thermostatic chamber at 37° C.
  • the PCGM medium was gradually dropped by approximately 1 mL into the vial and DMSO was diluted, and then the total amount was moved to the centrifugal tube containing the PCGM medium and were suspended.
  • Floating cells were subjected to centrifugal separation by a cooling slow centrifuge at 4° C. with 1000 rpm for 5 minutes.
  • the PCGM medium was obtained by adding 2.5 mL of 100-fold dilution of bovine pituitary extract (BPE), 2.5 mL of 100-fold dilution of fetal calf serum (FCS), 1.25 mL of 200-fold dilution of insulin transferrin triiodothyronine solution (ITT), and 1.25 mL of 200-fold dilution of thyroprotein solution (Cyp) to 250 mL of a PCGM basal medium containing 1% of FBS.
  • BPE bovine pituitary extract
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • ITT insulin transferrin triiodothyronine solution
  • Cyp thyroprotein solution
  • Human head hair papilla cells were inoculated to a microplate having 48 holes, so that 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells were inoculated to each well.
  • An inoculation medium was a Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) to which 10% of fetal calf serum was added.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
  • the cells were cultured for 24 hours, and then put in a test medium to which MEL-A with final concentration of 1 ng/ml-0.01 mg/ml was added, and the cells were further cultured for 48 hours.
  • MEL-A used in the present Example was obtained by culturing Pseudozyma antarctica NBRC 10736 in a medium to which soybean oil was added (3% soybean oil, 0.02% MgSO4.H 2 O, 0.02% KH2PO4, 0.1% yeast extract).
  • MEL-A was dissolved in ethanol and then diluted stepwise by ethanol, and was added to each medium so that final concentration of ethanol was 0.5% in each medium.
  • a solvent control was an ethanol group (final concentration was 0.5%).
  • the cells were put in a medium containing 100 ⁇ g/mL of 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and was cultured for 3 hours, and formazan produced by ring-opening of a tetrazolium ring was extracted with use of 2-propanol, and absorption of light of 550 nm was measured by a microplate reader. At the same time, absorption of light of 650 nm was measured as turbidity, and cell-activating function was evaluated based on the difference between the two measurement values.
  • MTT 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
  • the MEL-A-added group showed a higher cell-activating function than the ethanol group with respect to human head hair papilla cells in a range of 1 ng/ml-1 ⁇ g/ml.
  • a significant cell-activating function that was higher by 50% or more than the ethanol group was observed. This result suggests that application of MEL to head skin yields an extremely excellent effect of activating hair papilla cells, which yields a hair-growing effect.
  • Triacyl MEL was OL-MEL (SB) that was obtained by adding oleic acid to a hydroxyl group of an erythritol portion of MEL-A cultured in a soybean oil-added medium (3% soybean oil, 0.02% MgSO 4 .H 2 O, 0.02% KH2PO 4 , 0.1% yeast extract).
  • Normal human skin fibroblasts were cultured by a common procedure with use of a normal human skin fibroblast total kit (CA106K05, manufactured by Cell Applications. Inc. USA, imported and sold by TOYOBO CO., LTD).
  • Normal human skin fibroblasts were inoculated to a microplate having 48 holes, so that 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells were inoculated to each well.
  • An inoculation medium was a Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) to which 10% of fetal calf serum was added.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
  • the cells were cultured at 37° C. with 5 vol % of carbon dioxide concentration for 24 hours, and then the cells were put in a test medium to which the triacyl MEL (OL-MEL (SB)) with final concentration of 0.01 ng/ml-0.01 mg/ml was added, and the cells were further cultured for 48 hours.
  • O-MEL triacyl MEL
  • the triacyl MEL was dissolved in ethanol and then diluted stepwise by ethanol, and was added to each medium so that final concentration of ethanol was 0.5% in each medium.
  • a solvent control was an ethanol group (final concentration was 0.5%).
  • an SDS-added group final concentration was 0.1%) was provided.
  • the cells were put in a medium containing 100 ⁇ g/mL of 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and was cultured for 3 hours, and formazan produced by ring-opening of a tetrazolium ring was extracted with use of 2-propanol, and absorption of light of 550 nm was measured by a microplate reader. At the same time, absorption of light of 650 nm was measured as turbidity, and cell-activating function was evaluated based on the difference between the two measurement values.
  • MTT 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
  • the triacyl MEL-added group showed a higher cell-activating function than the ethanol group with respect to normal human skin fibroblast cells at each concentration.
  • the triacyl MEL has an excellent cell-activating function as with MEL-A, which suggests that application of the triacyl MEL to skin yields an extremely excellent anti-aging effect, effectively improving wrinkles, sags etc. of skin due to aging, exposure to ultra violet ray etc.
  • Examples 4-6 as described below show examples of prescriptions of various dosage forms of a cell-activator of the present invention.
  • composition (Weight %) Sorbit 4.0 Dipropylene glycol 6.0 Polyethylene glycol 1500 5.0 POE (20) oleyl alcohol ether 0.5 Simple sugar fatty acid ester 0.2 Methyl cellulose 0.2 MEL 1.0 Purified water amount that makes the whole amount of essence 100
  • An emulsion having the following composition was produced by a common procedure.
  • composition (Weight %) Glyceryl ether 1.5 Simple sugar fatty acid ester 1.5 Sorbitan monostearate 1.0 Squalan 7.5 Dipropylene glycol 5.0 MEL 1.0 Purified water amount that makes the whole amount of emulsion 100
  • Cream having the following composition was produced through a common procedure.
  • composition (Weight %) Propylene glycol 6.0 Dibutyl phthalate 19.0 Stearic acid 5.0 Glycerin monostearate 5.0 Sorbitan monostearate 12.0 Polyethylene sorbitan monostearate 38.0 Edetate sodium 0.03 MEL 1.0 Purified water amount that makes the whole amount of cream 100
  • Examples 4-6 were subjected to sensory evaluation. Comparative examples that did not include biosurfactants were also subjected to the same sensory evaluation.
  • the sensory evaluation a group consisting of six evaluators of 26-48 years old, conscious about aging symptoms such as wrinkles, used the Examples and the Comparative Examples twice a day continuously for 3 months, and the evaluators were questionnaired as to the conditions of their skins after 3 months.
  • Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain preserved in a preservation medium (3 g/L of malt essence, 3 g/L of yeast essence, 5 g/L of peptone, 10 g/L of glucose, and 30 g/L of agar) was inoculated by one platinum loop into a test tube containing 2 mL of a liquid medium including 20 g/L of glucose, 1 g/L of yeast essence, 0.3 g/L of sodium nitrate, 0.3 g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.3 g/L of magnesium sulfate, and the Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain was subjected to shaking culture at 30° C.
  • a preservation medium 3 g/L of malt essence, 3 g/L of yeast essence, 5 g/L of peptone, 10 g/L of glucose, and 30 g/L of agar
  • a resulting bacterial culture solution was inoculated into a Sakaguchi flask containing 20 mL of a liquid culture including a predetermined amount of soybean oil, 1 g/L of yeast essence, 0.3 g/L of sodium nitrate, 0.3 g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.3 g/L of magnesium sulfate, and was subjected to shaking culture at 30° C.
  • the bacterial culture solution obtained in the cultures a) and b) was subjected to the following test.
  • the culture a) was carried out for 1 day and then the culture b) was carried out for 7 days, and a culture solution was sampled.
  • a culture solution was sampled.
  • production of a biosurfactant by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain was confirmed by thin layer chromatography.
  • a developing solvent included chloroform, methanol, 7N ammonia water in the ratio of 65:15:2, respectively.
  • An indicator was an anthrone sulfuric acid reagent that colors glycolipid in blue-green.
  • Standard MEL was a purified authentic sample obtained by culturing Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain in a soybean oil-added medium and removing impurities such as raw material fats and oils etc.
  • MEL-A, MEL-B, MEL-C, and MEL-D indicate compounds represented by the general formula (5) in the standard MEL.
  • FIG. 4 shows that Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain produced glycolipid that seems to be MEL-B.
  • the culture a) was carried out for 1 day, and then the culture b) was carried out for 7 days. Thereafter, the culture solution was sampled, a component that was soluble in ethyl acetate was purified from the culture solution, and then the produced MEL was detected by high performance liquid chromatography.
  • a culture solution obtained by culturing Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain with use of soybean oil as a carbon source was detected by high performance liquid chromatography.
  • FIG. 5 shows that by culturing Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain, it is possible to obtain glycolipid whose peak was seen at the same retention time as MEL-B.
  • Pseudozyma crassa CBS 9959 strain was subjected to the method in Example 8 except that the temperature was 25° C.
  • the culture a) was carried for 1 day and then the culture b) was carried for 7 days, and a culture solution was sampled.
  • a culture solution was sampled.
  • production of a biosurfactant by Pseudozyma crassa CBS 9959 strain was confirmed by thin layer chromatography, as in the method in Example 9.
  • FIG. 6 shows that Pseudozyma crassa CBS 9959 strain produced glycolipid whose Rf value was a little lower than already known MEL (MEL-A, MEL-B, and MEL-C).
  • Example 9 Glycolipid obtained in Example 9 was isolated and purified by a known separation method using silica gel column chromatography, and 1 H-NMR analysis was carried out using deuterated chloroform (CDCl 3 ).
  • a comparative object conventional MEL-B that was produced by culturing Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain and then isolated and purified was measured in the same manner.
  • FIG. 7 shows that glycolipid produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain was MEL-B. Further, it was confirmed that 1′-position of mannose (H-1′ in the drawing) was shifted toward a lower magnetic field, i.e. from 4.73 ppm to 4.76 ppm, and proton at 4-position of erythritol that were largely separated into two parts (3.8 ppm, 4.0 ppm) were greatly shifted to be one (3.9 ppm). This result is completely in accordance with the descriptions of Non-patent Document 8 reported by D.
  • ester bond in the MEL was subjected to alkali hydrolysis with use of sodium methoxide in methanol.
  • a product obtained after the reaction was precipitated again in ethyl acetate to collect, and was subjected to recrystallizing operation in a 90% ethanol aqueous solution.
  • crystals of sugar chains (manno erythritol; ME) was obtained.
  • MEL of the present invention is new MEL that is an optical isomer of conventional MEL and that includes as a sugar skeleton structure 1-O- ⁇ -mannnopyranosyl-D-erythritol where erythritol was bonded in a reverse manner.
  • ME was synthesized through alkali hydrolysis in the above manner from MEL obtained by culturing Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain and Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain, and dissolved in distilled water to prepare a 1% aqueous solution.
  • Optical rotation of each aqueous solution was measured with use of a polarimeter (digital polarimeter DIP 370 type manufactured by JASCO Corporation) so as to obtain specific optical rotation of each ME.
  • ME derived from Pseudozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) was obtained as white powder through the above collecting operation and had a melting point of 156.9° C.
  • ME derived from Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain was obtained as a transparent, colorless, and oily compound, and a melting point of the ME could not be measured. This shows that the two ME have different molecular 3-dimensional structures and have different crystallinity.
  • MEL produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain obtained in Example 9 is MEL-B and is 1-(6′-acetyl-2′,3′-di-O-alka(ke)noyl- ⁇ -D-mannnopyranosyl-) meso-erythritol that is an optical isomer of conventional MEL-B.
  • Glycolipids produced by Pseudozyma crassa CBS 9959 strain obtained in Example 11 were isolated and purified as in Example 12. Three kinds of glycolipids were subjected to 1 H-NMR analysis and were compared with conventional MEL-A, MEL-B, and MEL-C.
  • MEL produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain and conventional MEL produced by Psedozyma antarctica KM-34 (FERMP-20730) strain were compared with each other by a water-invading method in terms of their abilities to form liquid crystal.
  • the result of the comparison shows that MEL derived from Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain has an ability to form lamella phase in a very wider concentration range than conventional MEL, and is a biosurfactant that is excellent in the ability to form liquid crystal, as illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11 .
  • Frozen stock of 0.2 mL of P. tsukubaensis was planted in a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 20 ml of a YM seed medium and cultured at 26° C. at 180 rpm for 1-night to be preinoculum.
  • 0.2 ml of the preinoculum was planted in a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 20 ml of a YM seed medium and cultured at 26° C. at 180 rpm for 1 night to be inoculum.
  • 20 ml of the inoculum was planted in 5 L jar containing 2 L of a YM medium and cultured at 26° C.
  • the culture solution was centrifuged at 7,900 rpm for 60 min at 4° C., so that the culture solution was separated into strain (including MEL-B) and supernatant.
  • 80 ml of ethyl acetate was added to strain fractions, and stirred upward and downward so that the strain was suspended sufficiently, and then centrifuged at 7,900 rpm for 60 min at 4° C.
  • To the obtained supernatant was added the same amount of a saturated saline solution, and the resultant was stirred to obtain an etyl acetate layer.
  • a suitable amount of sulfuric anhydride Na was added to the etyl acetate layer, and left at rest for 30 minutes and then evaporated to obtain glycolipid.
  • Glycolipid obtained in Example 15 was isolated and purified through a known separation method with use of silica gel column chromatography to obtain 50 g of MEL-B and 1.5 g of triacyl MEL-B.
  • Triacyl MEL-B fractions were subjected to 1 H-NMR analysis with use of deuterated dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO-d 6 ) as a solvent and analyzed in the same manner as that of Example 13. The result is shown in FIG. 12 .
  • DMSO-d 6 deuterated dimethylsulfoxide
  • FIG. 12 it was confirmed that the triacyl MEL-B produced by P. tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain had erythritol that was bonded in a manner reverse to the manner of conventional MEL.
  • Pseudozyma hubeiensis was cultured and produced, and 45 g of MEL-C and 1.3 g of triacyl MEL-C were isolated and purified with use of silica gel column chromatography in the same manner as above.
  • the triacyl MEL-C was subjected to 1 H-NMR analysis with use of deuterated dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO-d 6 ) as a solvent. Consequently, as shown in FIG. 13 , it was confirmed that MEL-C produced by Pseudozyma hubeiensis had erythritol bonded in the same direction as conventional MEL.
  • DMSO-d 6 deuterated dimethylsulfoxide
  • MEL-B produced by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis JCM 10324 strain was separated by high performance liquid chromatography using reverse phase column, and then subjected to mass spectrometry (LC-MS analysis), and a fatty acid structure of lipid domain was confirmed. Consequently, as shown in FIG. 14 , it was confirmed that fatty acid having 6 carbon atoms was mainly attached to one hydroxide group of mannose and fatty acid having 10-14 carbon atoms was attached to the other hydroxide group.
  • HPLC device Agilent 100, column: Imtakt Cadenza CD-C18 2 ⁇ 150 mm, mobile-phase: A 0.1% formic acid, B acetonitrile, 0 min (50% B)-20 min (98% B)-30 min (98% B), flow rate: 0.2 ml/min, column temperature: 40° C., injection rate: 3 ⁇ l.
  • MS conditions are as follows.
  • the present invention provides cosmetics, quasi-drugs (external agent for skin, bath agent, hair growth agent etc.), drinks and foods, and drugs for which highly safe cell-activating function and anti-aging function derived from a biosurfactant can be expected, and which include a cell-activating component and an anti-aging component as active ingredients. Therefore, the present invention is expected to greatly contribute to industries.
  • the MEL of the present invention has a structure in which erythritol is ether-bonded to mannose in the reverse manner as that of conventional MEL, which makes the MEL of the present invention have an entirely different chilarity, greatly different liquid crystal forming behavior, and a greatly different self-assembling property, from those of the conventional MEL. Because of these differences in the properties, the MEL of the present invention is expected to show new physiological activities that are not seen in the conventional MEL. Therefore, the MEL of the present invention is expected to be widely used in the field of cleaning agents, food industries, chemical industries, environmental fields etc. as the conventional MEL, and in particular greatly contribute to wider application of MEL in the fields such as medicine and cosmetic industries.

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EP2055314A1 (fr) 2009-05-06
EP2055314B1 (fr) 2013-06-19
EP2074985A2 (fr) 2009-07-01
US7989599B2 (en) 2011-08-02
US20120070396A1 (en) 2012-03-22
EP2074985A3 (fr) 2010-01-13
EP2074985B1 (fr) 2013-07-03
WO2008018448A1 (fr) 2008-02-14
US20100228013A1 (en) 2010-09-09

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