TW200709891A - Polishing pad - Google Patents
Polishing padInfo
- Publication number
- TW200709891A TW200709891A TW095116870A TW95116870A TW200709891A TW 200709891 A TW200709891 A TW 200709891A TW 095116870 A TW095116870 A TW 095116870A TW 95116870 A TW95116870 A TW 95116870A TW 200709891 A TW200709891 A TW 200709891A
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- polishing
- polishing pad
- polyurethane resin
- resin foam
- pad
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 title abstract 8
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
- B24B37/11—Lapping tools
- B24B37/20—Lapping pads for working plane surfaces
- B24B37/24—Lapping pads for working plane surfaces characterised by the composition or properties of the pad materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
- B24D3/28—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
- B24D3/28—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B24D3/32—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds for porous or cellular structure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/10—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/10—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step
- C08G18/12—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step using two or more compounds having active hydrogen in the first polymerisation step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/42—Polycondensates having carboxylic or carbonic ester groups in the main chain
- C08G18/4236—Polycondensates having carboxylic or carbonic ester groups in the main chain containing only aliphatic groups
- C08G18/4238—Polycondensates having carboxylic or carbonic ester groups in the main chain containing only aliphatic groups derived from dicarboxylic acids and dialcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
- C08G18/4854—Polyethers containing oxyalkylene groups having four carbon atoms in the alkylene group
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/721—Two or more polyisocyanates not provided for in one single group C08G18/73 - C08G18/80
- C08G18/724—Combination of aromatic polyisocyanates with (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
- C08G18/75—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic
- C08G18/758—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing two or more cycloaliphatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
- C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
- C08G18/7614—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing only one aromatic ring
- C08G18/7621—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing only one aromatic ring being toluene diisocyanate including isomer mixtures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/30—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by mixing gases into liquid compositions or plastisols, e.g. frothing with air
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/304—Mechanical treatment, e.g. grinding, polishing, cutting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0025—Foam properties rigid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0041—Foam properties having specified density
- C08G2110/0066—≥ 150kg/m3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes
- C08J2375/08—Polyurethanes from polyethers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005144304A JP4979200B2 (ja) | 2005-05-17 | 2005-05-17 | 研磨パッド |
JP2005144292A JP4897238B2 (ja) | 2005-05-17 | 2005-05-17 | 研磨パッド |
JP2005144318A JP2006320982A (ja) | 2005-05-17 | 2005-05-17 | 研磨パッド |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
TW200709891A true TW200709891A (en) | 2007-03-16 |
TWI295948B TWI295948B (zh) | 2008-04-21 |
Family
ID=37431136
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
TW095116870A TW200709891A (en) | 2005-05-17 | 2006-05-12 | Polishing pad |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US8304467B2 (zh) |
KR (3) | KR101134058B1 (zh) |
MY (1) | MY146929A (zh) |
TW (1) | TW200709891A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2006123559A1 (zh) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10513007B2 (en) | 2017-05-29 | 2019-12-24 | Skc Co., Ltd. | Porous polyurethane polishing pad and process for preparing a semiconductor device by using the same |
US10518383B2 (en) | 2017-05-29 | 2019-12-31 | Skc Co., Ltd. | Porous polyurethane polishing pad and process for preparing a semiconductor device by using the same |
TWI694103B (zh) * | 2018-04-20 | 2020-05-21 | 南韓商Skc股份有限公司 | 多孔性聚胺甲酸酯拋光墊及其製造方法 |
TWI707744B (zh) * | 2017-01-12 | 2020-10-21 | 南韓商Skc股份有限公司 | 多孔性聚胺甲酸酯拋光墊及其製備方法 |
Families Citing this family (59)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100909605B1 (ko) * | 2005-03-08 | 2009-07-27 | 도요 고무 고교 가부시키가이샤 | 연마 패드 및 그 제조 방법 |
US8304467B2 (en) * | 2005-05-17 | 2012-11-06 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd. | Polishing pad |
JP4884725B2 (ja) * | 2005-08-30 | 2012-02-29 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | 研磨パッド |
JP5031236B2 (ja) * | 2006-01-10 | 2012-09-19 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | 研磨パッド |
CN102152233B (zh) * | 2006-08-28 | 2013-10-30 | 东洋橡胶工业株式会社 | 抛光垫 |
JP5008927B2 (ja) | 2006-08-31 | 2012-08-22 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | 研磨パッド |
JP5078000B2 (ja) | 2007-03-28 | 2012-11-21 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | 研磨パッド |
US20090062414A1 (en) * | 2007-08-28 | 2009-03-05 | David Picheng Huang | System and method for producing damping polyurethane CMP pads |
US8052507B2 (en) * | 2007-11-20 | 2011-11-08 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Damping polyurethane CMP pads with microfillers |
JP2012528487A (ja) * | 2009-05-27 | 2012-11-12 | ロジャーズ コーポレーション | 研磨パッド、それを用いた組成物および、その製造と使用方法 |
US20110028074A1 (en) * | 2009-08-03 | 2011-02-03 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Polishing method for a workpiece and polishing tool used for the polishing method |
US8551201B2 (en) * | 2009-08-07 | 2013-10-08 | Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. | Polyurethane composition for CMP pads and method of manufacturing same |
JP5634903B2 (ja) * | 2010-02-25 | 2014-12-03 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | 研磨パッド |
JP5350309B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-31 | 2013-11-27 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | 研磨パッドおよびその製造方法、ならびに半導体デバイスの製造方法 |
US9156124B2 (en) * | 2010-07-08 | 2015-10-13 | Nexplanar Corporation | Soft polishing pad for polishing a semiconductor substrate |
US20130017762A1 (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-17 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Method and Apparatus for Determining a Measure of a Thickness of a Polishing Pad of a Polishing Machine |
US20140342641A1 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2014-11-20 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd. | Polishing pad |
US9421666B2 (en) | 2013-11-04 | 2016-08-23 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Printed chemical mechanical polishing pad having abrasives therein |
US9993907B2 (en) | 2013-12-20 | 2018-06-12 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Printed chemical mechanical polishing pad having printed window |
US9873180B2 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2018-01-23 | Applied Materials, Inc. | CMP pad construction with composite material properties using additive manufacturing processes |
US10399201B2 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2019-09-03 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Advanced polishing pads having compositional gradients by use of an additive manufacturing process |
US9776361B2 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2017-10-03 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Polishing articles and integrated system and methods for manufacturing chemical mechanical polishing articles |
US10821573B2 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2020-11-03 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Polishing pads produced by an additive manufacturing process |
US11745302B2 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2023-09-05 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Methods and precursor formulations for forming advanced polishing pads by use of an additive manufacturing process |
US10875153B2 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2020-12-29 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Advanced polishing pad materials and formulations |
US10875145B2 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2020-12-29 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Polishing pads produced by an additive manufacturing process |
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CN105171593B (zh) | 2015-08-11 | 2017-12-26 | 湖北鼎龙控股股份有限公司 | 耐候性化学机械抛光垫 |
WO2017074773A1 (en) | 2015-10-30 | 2017-05-04 | Applied Materials, Inc. | An apparatus and method of forming a polishing article that has a desired zeta potential |
US10593574B2 (en) | 2015-11-06 | 2020-03-17 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Techniques for combining CMP process tracking data with 3D printed CMP consumables |
KR20240015161A (ko) | 2016-01-19 | 2024-02-02 | 어플라이드 머티어리얼스, 인코포레이티드 | 다공성 화학적 기계적 연마 패드들 |
US10391605B2 (en) | 2016-01-19 | 2019-08-27 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Method and apparatus for forming porous advanced polishing pads using an additive manufacturing process |
US11471999B2 (en) | 2017-07-26 | 2022-10-18 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Integrated abrasive polishing pads and manufacturing methods |
US11072050B2 (en) | 2017-08-04 | 2021-07-27 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Polishing pad with window and manufacturing methods thereof |
WO2019032286A1 (en) | 2017-08-07 | 2019-02-14 | Applied Materials, Inc. | ABRASIVE DISTRIBUTION POLISHING PADS AND METHODS OF MAKING SAME |
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- 2006-05-10 KR KR1020097013450A patent/KR101134058B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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TWI707744B (zh) * | 2017-01-12 | 2020-10-21 | 南韓商Skc股份有限公司 | 多孔性聚胺甲酸酯拋光墊及其製備方法 |
US10513007B2 (en) | 2017-05-29 | 2019-12-24 | Skc Co., Ltd. | Porous polyurethane polishing pad and process for preparing a semiconductor device by using the same |
US10518383B2 (en) | 2017-05-29 | 2019-12-31 | Skc Co., Ltd. | Porous polyurethane polishing pad and process for preparing a semiconductor device by using the same |
TWI728246B (zh) * | 2017-05-29 | 2021-05-21 | 南韓商Skc索密思股份有限公司 | 多孔性聚胺甲酸酯拋光墊及使用其來製備半導體裝置的方法 |
TWI743356B (zh) * | 2017-05-29 | 2021-10-21 | 南韓商Skc索密思股份有限公司 | 多孔性聚胺甲酸酯拋光墊及使用其來製備半導體裝置的方法 |
TWI694103B (zh) * | 2018-04-20 | 2020-05-21 | 南韓商Skc股份有限公司 | 多孔性聚胺甲酸酯拋光墊及其製造方法 |
US11766759B2 (en) | 2018-04-20 | 2023-09-26 | Sk Enpulse Co., Ltd. | Porous polyurethane polishing pad and process for producing the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20090093201A1 (en) | 2009-04-09 |
KR20090078846A (ko) | 2009-07-20 |
KR20090078845A (ko) | 2009-07-20 |
TWI295948B (zh) | 2008-04-21 |
MY146929A (en) | 2012-10-15 |
US20130005228A1 (en) | 2013-01-03 |
US20110218263A1 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
WO2006123559A1 (ja) | 2006-11-23 |
KR101134432B1 (ko) | 2012-04-10 |
KR100949560B1 (ko) | 2010-03-25 |
KR101134058B1 (ko) | 2012-04-16 |
US8304467B2 (en) | 2012-11-06 |
US8530535B2 (en) | 2013-09-10 |
KR20080002981A (ko) | 2008-01-04 |
US8779020B2 (en) | 2014-07-15 |
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