JP6723544B2 - 二次電池用正極活物質及びこれを含む二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用正極活物質及びこれを含む二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6723544B2 JP6723544B2 JP2018521941A JP2018521941A JP6723544B2 JP 6723544 B2 JP6723544 B2 JP 6723544B2 JP 2018521941 A JP2018521941 A JP 2018521941A JP 2018521941 A JP2018521941 A JP 2018521941A JP 6723544 B2 JP6723544 B2 JP 6723544B2
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- active material
- positive electrode
- electrode active
- secondary battery
- metal
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Description
本出願は、2015年11月30日付韓国特許出願第10−2015−0168672号及び2016年11月29日付韓国特許出願第10−2016−0160509号に基づいた優先権の利益を主張し、当該韓国特許出願の文献に開示されている全ての内容は本明細書の一部として含まれる。
[化学式(1)]
LiaNi1−x−yCoxM1yM3zM2wO2
(前記化学式(1)中、M1は、Al及びMnでなる群より選択される少なくともいずれか一つであり、M2は、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta及びNbでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、そして、M3は、W、Mo及びCrでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、1.0≦a≦1.5、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0.002≦z≦0.03、0≦w≦0.02、0<x+y≦0.7である)
[化学式(2)]
Ni1−x−yCoxM1yM3zM2wA
(前記化学式(2)中、Aは、ヒドロキシ基またはオキシヒドロキシ基であり、M1は、Al及びMnでなる群より選択される少なくともいずれか一つであり、M2は、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta及びNbでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、そして、M3は、W、Mo及びCrでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0.002≦z≦0.03、0≦w≦0.02、0<x+y≦0.7である)
本明細書及び特許請求の範囲に用いられた用語や単語は、通常的や辞書的な意味に限定して解釈されてはならず、発明者は自身の発明を最良の方法で説明するために用語の概念を適宜定義することができるという原則に即し、本発明の技術的思想に適合する意味と概念として解釈されなければならない。
前記2次粒子の全表面積に対して1%から40%の開気孔率(open porosity)を有し、
前記1次粒子は、下記化学式(1)のリチウム複合金属酸化物を含むものである:
[化学式(1)]
LiaNi1−x−yCoxM1yM3zM2wO2
前記化学式(1)中、M1は、Al及びMnでなる群より選択される少なくともいずれか一つであり、M2は、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta及びNbでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、そして、M3は、W、Mo及びCrでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、1.0≦a≦1.5、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0.002≦z≦0.03、0≦w≦0.02、0<x+y≦0.7である。
[数式(1)]
開気孔率=(開気孔部分の表面積/2次粒子の表面積)×100
[数式(2)]
中空領域=(2次粒子の半径−中空の半径)/2次粒子の半径
また、本発明において、正極活物質の比表面積は、BET法によって測定したものであって、具体的には、BEL Japan社のBELSORP−mino IIを利用して液体窒素の温度下(77K)での窒素ガスの吸着量から算出することができる。
[化学式(2)]
Ni1−x−yCoxM1yM3zM2wA
(前記化学式(2)中、M1、M2、M3、x、y、z及びwは前記で定義した通りであり、Aはヒドロキシ基またはオキシヒドロキシ基である)
焼結補助剤の添加時に低温で結晶を容易に成長させることができ、また、乾式混合の際に不均一反応を最小化することができる。また、前記焼結補助剤は、リチウム複合金属酸化物の1次粒子の角部分を鈍くして丸い曲線形態の粒子に作るという効果がある。
前記有機溶媒としては、電池の電気化学的反応に携わるイオン等が移動できる媒質の役割が可能なものであれば、特別な制限なく用いられ得る。具体的に前記有機溶媒としては、メチルアセテート(methyl acetate)、エチルアセテート(ethyl acetate)、γ‐ブチロラクトン(γ‐butyrolactone)、ε‐カプロラクトン(ε‐caprolactone)などのエステル系溶媒;ジブチルエーテル(dibutyl ether)またはテトラヒドロフラン(tetrahydrofuran)などのエーテル系溶媒;シクロヘキサノン(cyclohexanone)などのケトン系溶媒;ベンゼン(benzene)、フルオロベンゼン(fluorobenzene)などの芳香族炭化水素系溶媒;ジメチルカーボネート(dimethylcarbonate、DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(diethylcarbonate、DEC)、メチルエチルカーボネート(methylethylcarbonate、MEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(ethylmethylcarbonate、EMC)、エチレンカーボネート(ethylene carbonate、EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(propylene carbonate、PC)などのカーボネート系溶媒;エチルアルコール、イソプロピルアルコールなどのアルコール系溶媒;R‐CN(Rは、C2からC20の直鎖状、分岐状または環構造の炭化水素基であり、二重結合,芳香環またはエーテル結合を含むことができる)などのニトリル類;ジメチルホルムアミドなどのアミド類;1,3−ジオキソランなどのジオキソラン類;またはスルホラン(sulfolane)類などが用いられてよい。この中でも、カーボネート系溶媒が好ましく、電池の充放電性能を高めることができる高いイオン伝導度及び高誘電率を有する環状カーボネート(例えば、エチレンカーボネートまたはプロピレンカーボネートなど)と、低粘度の線形カーボネート系化合物(例えば、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネートまたはジエチルカーボネートなど)との混合物がより好ましい。この場合、環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートは、約1:1から約1:9の体積比で混合して用いるのが電解液の性能に優れて表れ得る。
[化学式(2)]
Ni1−x−yCoxM1yM3zM2wA
(前記化学式(2)中、Aは、ヒドロキシ基またはオキシヒドロキシ基であり、M1は、Al及びMnでなる群より選択される少なくともいずれか一つであり、M2は、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta及びNbでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、そして、M3は、W、Mo及びCrでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0.002≦z≦0.03、0≦w≦0.02、0<x+y≦0.7である)
その他の前駆体の特徴は、前記で説明したところと同一である。
60℃に設定された回分式バッチ(batch)型の5L反応器で、ニッケルスルフェート、コバルトスルフェート及びマンガンスルフェートを水中で60:20:20のモル比で混合して2M濃度の金属含有溶液を準備した。前記金属含有溶液入りの容器は反応器に入るように連結し、4M NaOH溶液と7%濃度のNH4OH水溶液を準備してそれぞれ反応器に連結した。共沈反応器(容量5L)に脱イオン水3リットルを入れた後、窒素ガスを反応器に2リットル/分の速度でパージして水中の溶存酸素を除去し、反応器内を非酸化雰囲気に造成した。以後、4M NaOHを100ml投入した後、60℃で1,200rpmの撹拌速度でpH9.5になるように維持させた。以後、前記金属含有溶液を180ml/hr、NaOH水溶液を180ml/hr、NH4OH水溶液を10ml/hrの速度でそれぞれ投入し、24時間反応させてニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合金属水酸化物を形成した。
60℃に設定された回分式バッチ(batch)型の5L反応器で、ニッケルスルフェート、コバルトスルフェート及びマンガンスルフェートを水中で70:15:15のモル比で混合して2M濃度の第1金属含有溶液を準備し、また、ニッケルスルフェート、コバルトスルフェート及びマンガンスルフェートを水中で60:20:20のモル比で混合して2M濃度の第2金属含有溶液を準備した。第1金属含有溶液入りの容器は反応器に入るように連結し、第2金属含有溶液入りの容器は第1金属含有溶液入りの容器に入るように連結した。さらに、4M NaOH溶液と7%濃度のNH4OH水溶液を準備してそれぞれ反応器に連結した。
タングステン酸化物に代えてモリブデン酸化物を利用したことを除き、実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。
タングステン酸化物に代えてクロム酸化物を利用したことを除き、実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。
60℃に設定された回分式バッチ(batch)型の5L反応器で、ニッケルスルフェート、コバルトスルフェート及びマンガンスルフェートを水中で60:20:20のモル比で混合して2M濃度の金属含有溶液を準備した。第1金属含有溶液入りの容器は反応器に入るように連結し、4M NaOH溶液と7%濃度のNH4OH水溶液を準備してそれぞれ反応器に連結した。共沈反応器(容量5L)に脱イオン水3リットルを入れた後、窒素ガスを反応器に2リットル/分の速度でパージして水中の溶存酸素を除去し、反応器内を非酸化雰囲気に造成した。以後、60℃で1,200rpmの撹拌速度でpH12.0になるように維持させた。以後、前記金属含有溶液を180ml/hr、NaOH水溶液を180ml/hr、NH4OH水溶液を10ml/hrの速度でそれぞれ投入し、24時間反応させてニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合金属水酸化物を形成した。
ニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合金属水酸化物とリチウム水酸化物とタングステン酸化物を1:1.07:0.04のモル比で混合したことを除き、比較例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。
タングステン酸化物を利用していないことを除き、比較例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を製造した。
前記実施例1及び2で製造した正極活物質をそれぞれ利用して、リチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記実施例1から実施例4、比較例1から比較例3で製造した正極活物質をそれぞれ走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察し、その結果を図1から図7に示した。
図1は、実施例1で製造した正極活物質をSEMで観察した写真であり、
図2は、実施例2で製造した正極活物質をSEMで観察した写真であり、
図3は、実施例3で製造した正極活物質をSEMで観察した写真であり、
図4は、実施例4で製造した正極活物質をSEMで観察した写真であり、
図5は、比較例1で製造した正極活物質をSEMで観察した写真であり、
図6は、比較例2で製造した正極活物質をSEMで観察した写真であり、
図7は、比較例3で製造した正極活物質をSEMで観察した写真である。
実施例1から4及び比較例1から3で製造した正極活物質の開気孔率を下記の方法に従って測定し、その結果を表1に示した。また、実施例1及び2と、比較例1で製造した正極活物質の平均粒径、比表面積及びタップ密度を下記の方法に従って測定し、その結果を下記表2に示した。
[数式(1)]
開気孔率=(開気孔部分の表面積/2次粒子の表面積)×100
(2)平均粒径(D50):レーザー回折粒度測定装置(例えば、Microtrac MT 3000)に導入して約28kHzの超音波を出力60Wで照射した後、測定装置における粒径分布の50%基準での平均粒径(D50)を算出した。
(3)BET比表面積(m2/g):正極活物質の比表面積はBET法によって測定したものであって、具体的には、BEL Japan社のBELSORP−mino IIを利用して液体窒素の温度下(77K)での窒素ガスの吸着量から算出した。
(4)タップ密度(g/cc):タップ密度試験機器(Logan社のTap−2S)を利用して測定した。
実施例1及び比較例1で製造した正極活物質を利用して製造したコインセル(Li金属の負極使用)を、25℃で0.1Cの定電流(CC)4.25Vになるまで充電し、以後、4.25Vの定電圧(CV)で充電して充電電流が0.05mAhになるまで1回目の充電を行った。以後、20分間放置した後、0.1Cの定電流で3.0Vになるまで放電して1サイクル目の放電容量を測定した。以後、2Cに放電条件を異にして充放電容量、充放電効率及びレート特性をそれぞれ評価した。その結果を下記表3に示した。
Claims (14)
- 直方体の形状を有し、ただし、前記直方体の頂点及び角のうち少なくともいずれか一つの部分が外側に膨らんだ丸形を有する1次粒子を含む2次粒子であり、
前記2次粒子の全表面積に対して16%から28%の開気孔率を有し、
前記1次粒子は下記化学式(1)のリチウム複合金属酸化物を含むものであり、前記1次粒子は、粒子の中心を通る長軸と、前記長軸に直交して粒子の中心を通る短軸との比であるアスペクト比が2.5から10であり、
[化学式(1)]
LiaNi1−x−yCoxM1yM3zM2wO2
(前記化学式(1)中、M1は、Mnであり、M2は、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta及びNbでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、そして、M3は、W、Mo及びCrでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、1.0≦a≦1.5、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0.002≦z≦0.03、0≦w≦0.02、0<x+y≦0.7である)
前記ニッケル、M1及びコバルトは、活物質の全体にかけてそれぞれ独立的に変化し、金属の濃度が漸進的に変化する濃度勾配を示し、
前記ニッケルの濃度は、活物質の中心から表面の方向に濃度勾配を有しながら減少し、
前記コバルト及びM1の濃度は、それぞれ独立的に活物質の中心から表面の方向に濃度勾配を有しながら増加するものである、二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記1次粒子は直方体の形状を有し、ただし、前記直方体の頂点のうち少なくともいずれか一つの頂点部分が外側に膨らんだ丸形を有し、
前記直方体における互いに対面する二つの面に平行し、粒子の中心を通る長軸を含むように切断した時の切り目が長方形であるものである請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記1次粒子のうち50%未満が、2次粒子の中心方向に配向された配向性を有するものである請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記2次粒子の内部に中空を更に含む請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 2μmから20μmの平均粒径(D50)、及び0.5m2/gから1.9m2/gのBET比表面積を有するものである請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 1.7g/ccから2.5g/ccのタップ密度を有するものである請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- ニッケル原料物質、コバルト原料物質及びM1原料物質(このとき、M1は、Mnである)を混合して製造した金属含有溶液に、アンモニウム陽イオン含有錯体形成剤及び塩基性化合物を添加し、pH9から11で反応させて針状の前駆体を準備する段階、及び、
前記針状の前駆体をリチウム原料物質と混合した後、700℃から900℃で焼成する段階を含んでなり、
前記金属含有溶液の製造時、または前記針状の前駆体とリチウム原料物質との混合時にM3原料物質(このとき、M3は、W、Mo及びCrでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素である)を更に添加する、請求項1から請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記アンモニウム陽イオン含有錯体形成剤は、NH4OH、(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3、NH4Cl、CH3COONH4及びNH4CO3でなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである請求項7に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記塩基性化合物は、アルカリ金属の水和物、アルカリ金属の水酸化物、アルカリ土類金属の水和物及びアルカリ土類金属の水酸化物でなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである請求項7に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム原料物質は、リチウム原料物質内に含まれるリチウムと前駆体内に含まれる金属元素(Me)とのモル比(リチウム/金属元素(Me)のモル比)が1.0以上になるように用いられるものである請求項7に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記針状の前駆体の準備段階の際、前記金属含有溶液とは互いに異なる濃度でニッケル、コバルト、M1及びM3を含む金属含有溶液を更に添加する請求項7に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記金属含有溶液の製造時、または前記針状の前駆体とリチウム原料物質との混合時にM2原料物質(このとき、M2は、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta及びNbでなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素である)を更に添加する、請求項7に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1から請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質を含む二次電池用正極。
- 請求項13に記載の正極を含むリチウム二次電池。
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- 2016-11-30 EP EP16871035.8A patent/EP3386010B1/en active Active
- 2016-11-30 PL PL16871035T patent/PL3386010T3/pl unknown
- 2016-11-30 US US15/760,071 patent/US10873104B2/en active Active
- 2016-11-30 CN CN201680059225.1A patent/CN108140819B/zh active Active
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EP3386010A4 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
KR102006207B1 (ko) | 2019-08-02 |
CN108140819B (zh) | 2021-03-16 |
JP2018538663A (ja) | 2018-12-27 |
CN108140819A (zh) | 2018-06-08 |
US20180254511A1 (en) | 2018-09-06 |
EP3386010A1 (en) | 2018-10-10 |
US10873104B2 (en) | 2020-12-22 |
PL3386010T3 (pl) | 2020-02-28 |
EP3386010B1 (en) | 2019-07-31 |
KR20170063397A (ko) | 2017-06-08 |
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