JP6668345B2 - 修飾された重鎖定常領域を含む抗体 - Google Patents
修飾された重鎖定常領域を含む抗体 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2014年11月21日出願の米国仮特許出願第62/083,021号に基づく優先権の利益を主張する。本明細書を通して引用される特許、特許出願および引用文献の内容は、その全体を引用により本明細書中に包含させる。
抗体療法は、癌および免疫障害などの疾患の処置において最も開発が進んでいる領域の1つである。それにもかかわらず、治療用抗体による抗原の効率的なターゲティングは、ヘルスケアにおいて依然として大きな課題である。それ故、抗体エンジニアリングが、製薬業界で大きな注目を集めている。この点から、抗体断片、抗体薬物複合体(ADC)、修飾されたエフェクター領域を有する抗体、および二重特異性抗体などの、新たな改変抗体が数多く出現している。
本発明は、修飾されていない形態の同じ抗体と比べて抗体の生物学的特性を増強する、重鎖定常領域(“修飾された重鎖定常領域”とも言う)またはその機能的に等価な断片を提供する。例えば、かかる修飾された定常領域を含む抗体は、内在化および/またはアゴニスト活性もしくはアンタゴニスト活性の増大を示す。従って、本発明の抗体は、元の修飾されていない抗体の最適化バージョンである。具体的には、修飾された重鎖定常領域は、IgG2ヒンジおよび3つの定常ドメイン(すなわち、CH1、CH2およびCH3ドメイン)を含み、ここで、該定常領域ドメインの1以上は、非IgG2ヒトアイソタイプ(例えば、IgG1、IgG3またはIgG4)またはその機能的に等価な断片である。修飾された定常領域は、対応する野生型アミノ酸配列、または例えば、ヒンジまたはCH1、CH2、CH3ドメイン内に野生型アミノ酸配列と比較して1つもしくは複数の(例えば、1から10個、もしくはそれ以上の)アミノ酸置換または欠失を有する、その変異体、を含み得る。従って、ヒンジおよび/または各定常ドメインのアミノ酸配列は、対応する野生型アミノ酸配列と少なくとも約80%、85%、90%、95%、またはそれ以上(すなわち、96%、97%、98%、99%、または100%)同一である。
配列番号133と最大10個のアミノ酸が異なるアミノ酸配列、または配列番号133と少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を含むCH1ドメインおよびヒンジを含み、ここで、(i)C131、R133、E137、S138およびR217の少なくとも1つが、別のアミノ酸で置換されていないか、または欠失されておらず;(ii)C219およびC220が、別のアミノ酸で置換されているか、または欠失されていてよいが、C219およびC220の両方共が置換または欠失されておらず;(iii)1〜3個のアミノ酸が、ヒンジにおけるCVEとCPPの間に挿入されていてよく;(iv)ヒンジは、要すれば、C末端に付加アミノ酸、例えばGを含んでよく;(v)アミノ酸P233、V234、A235およびG237の1個またはそれ以上が、別のアミノ酸(例えば、IgG1由来の対応するアミノ酸)で置換されていてよいか、または欠失されていてよく;(vi)CH2およびCH3ドメインは、野生型であるか、または修飾されたIgG1、IgG2、IgG3またはIgG4 CH2およびCH3ドメインであってよく;(vii)修飾された重鎖定常領域は、野生型IgG2重鎖定常領域またはC219SもしくはC220Sを有する野生型IgG2重鎖定常ドメインではなく;そして、(viii)抗体は、IgG1ヒンジおよびCH1ドメインを含む同じ抗体と比べて、少なくとも1つの増強された特性または新たに付与された特性を有する。ある態様において、抗体は、アゴニスト活性、抗体介在性の受容体内在化、ADCC、受容体介在性シグナル伝達、アンタゴニスト活性、免疫調節活性または抗腫瘍活性から選択される少なくとも1つの増強された特性;または、アゴニスト活性である、新たに付与された特性を有する。ある態様において、アミノ酸C131;R133;E137;S138;R217のいずれも、別のアミノ酸で置換されていないか、または欠失されていない。ある態様において、N192および/またはF193は、置換されていないか、またはそれぞれN192Sおよび/またはF193Lである。ある態様において、C219はC219Sであり、C220はC220Sであり、P233−G237は、置換または欠失されている;V234−G237は、置換または欠失されている;A235−G237は、置換または欠失されている;G237は、置換または欠失されている;P233は、置換または欠失されている;P233−V234は、置換または欠失されている;または、P233−A235は、置換または欠失されている。抗体は、エフェクター機能を有していてもよいか、またはエフェクター機能を欠いていてもよい。抗体は、野生型または修飾されたIgG1 CH2ドメインおよび/または野生型または修飾されたIgG1 CH3ドメインを含み得る。
配列番号7と最大10個のアミノ酸が異なるアミノ酸配列、または配列番号7と少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列、を含むCH1ドメインを含み、ここで、(i)C131、R133、E137、S138およびR217の少なくとも1つが置換または欠失されておらず;(ii)修飾された重鎖定常領域が、野生型IgG2重鎖定常領域、またはC219SもしくはC220Sを有する野生型IgG2重鎖定常ドメインではない;そして、(iii)該抗体が、IgG1ヒンジおよびCH1ドメインを含む同じ抗体と比べて、少なくとも1つの増強された特性または新たに付与された特性を有する。抗体は、アゴニスト活性、抗体介在性の受容体内在化、ADCC、受容体介在性シグナル伝達、アンタゴニスト活性、免疫調節活性または抗腫瘍活性から選択される少なくとも1つの増強された特性;または、アゴニスト活性である、新たに付与された特性を有する。ある態様において、アミノ酸C131;R133;E137およびS138はいずれも、別のアミノ酸で置換されていないか、または欠失されていない。ある態様において、N192および/またはF193は、置換されていないか、またはそれぞれN192Sおよび/またはF193Lである。抗体は、エフェクター機能を有していてもよいか、またはエフェクター機能を欠いていてもよい。抗体は、野生型または修飾されたIgG1 CH2ドメインおよび/または野生型または修飾されたIgG1 CH3ドメインを含み得る。
ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSNFGTQTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKTV(配列番号7)
を含み得る。CH2ドメインは、エフェクター機能を低減または除くように修飾され得る。CH2ドメインは、アミノ酸置換A330SおよびP331Sを含み得る。CH2ドメインは、アミノ酸配列
PSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAK(配列番号4)
を含み得る。CH2ドメインは、アミノ酸置換A330SおよびP331Sを含み得る。CH3ドメインは、アミノ酸配列
GQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK(配列番号5)
を含み得る。
本発明は、抗体がIgG2ヒンジを含むとき、非IgG2ヒンジを含む同じ抗体と比べて(または、IgG1定常領域を含む同じ抗体と比べて)、抗体の以下の特性:(i)内在化;(ii)アゴニスト機能;(iii)受容体介在性の細胞内シグナル伝達;(iv)ADCC;および、(v)抗体/抗原複合体の重量が、増加または改変されるという発見に、少なくとも部分的に基づく。加えて、抗体のこれらの増強または改変された特性は、該抗体が、IgG2ヒンジに加えて、IgG2 CH1ドメインを含むときに、さらに増強または改変される。IgG2 CH1ドメインを有するが、IgG2ヒンジを有さない抗体が、IgG1 CH1ドメインを有する同じ抗体と比べて増強または改変された活性を有することも観察されている。特定の作用機序に限定されることなく、IgG2ヒンジの増強された効果は、抗体/抗原複合体のサイズの増加と相関することが見いだされている。抗体がIgG2ヒンジを有するとき、抗体/抗原複合体のサイズの増加は、他のアイソタイプのものと比べてIgG2ヒンジの高剛性に起因し得る。さらに、IgG2ヒンジおよびCH1ドメインの特定の領域またはアミノ酸残基が修飾されて、一方で、他のものは好ましくは修飾されずに、増強または改変された活性を維持することができることが示されている。
本明細書の記載をより容易に理解し得るようにするため、特定の用語を最初に定義する。さらなる定義は、詳細な説明の全体にわたって記載される。
本明細書に記載の“修飾された重鎖定常領域”は、抗体中に存在するとき、非IgG2ヒンジを含む抗体、例えばIgG1抗体のような、修飾された重鎖定常領域を有さない同じ抗体と比べて、抗体のすべての生物学的特性または特徴を増強または改変するものである。抗体の生物学的特性の増加または改変には、
(a)細胞による内在化の増加または改変;
(b)アゴニスト活性の増加または改変;
(c)アンタゴニスト活性またはブロッキング活性の増加または改変;
(d)ADCCの増強;
(d)新たな特性の付与;
(e)シグナル伝達の増加または改変;
(f)より大きな抗体/抗原架橋複合体の形成;
(g)標的細胞表面分子のクラスター化またはオリゴマー化の増加;
(h)免疫応答の刺激の増加または増強;および/または
(i)免疫応答の阻害の増加
が含まれる。
を有する。ある態様において、CH1ドメインは、配列番号7の変異体であり、配列番号7と比べて1〜10、1〜5、1〜2または1個のアミノ酸置換または欠失を含む。実施例にさらに記載する通り、IgG2 CH1ドメインまたはその変異体は、IgG1抗体と比べて抗体に増強された特性を付与し、該抗体がIgG2ヒンジも含むとき、さらにより増強された特性を付与することが本明細書に記載されている。ある態様において、IgG2 CH1変異体は、以下のアミノ酸残基:C131、R133、E137およびS138の1つまたは複数でのアミノ酸置換または欠失を含まず、ここで、アミノ酸残基は、上記の配列番号7に太字および下線を付して示されている。例えば、修飾された重鎖定常領域は、R133、E137およびS138のいずれも、別のアミノ酸で置換されていないか、または欠失されておらず、またはC131、R133、E137およびS138のいずれも別のアミノ酸で置換されていないか、または欠失されていない、IgG2 CH1ドメインを含み得る。ある態様において、C131は別のアミノ酸で置換されており、例えば、C131Sであり、置換は、抗体がコンフォメーションBを採る要因となる。修飾された重鎖定常領域を有するコンフォメーションAおよびコンフォメーションBの抗体の両方は、IgG1定常領域を有する同じ抗体と比較して、増強された活性を有することが本明細書に記載されている。
、または多くとも1〜10個のアミノ酸がそれとは異なるアミノ酸配列を含む。アミノ酸変異体は、上記のヒンジおよびCH1ドメインに記載の通りである。
修飾された重鎖定常領域は、広範な抗体、例えば内在化を必要とする抗体(例えば、抗体薬物複合体(ADC)、および抗CD73抗体)、アゴニスト活性を必要とする抗体(例えば、免疫応答を調整する、例えば、T細胞活性を刺激するのに有効な抗体、例えばアゴニスト抗GITR抗体)、アンタゴニスト活性を必要とする抗体(例えば、免疫応答、例えば、T細胞活性化を阻害するタンパク質を阻害または阻止する抗体、例えばアンタゴニストPD−1抗体)、ADCCを必要とする抗体、シグナル伝達を必要とする抗体、または抗腫瘍活性を必要とする抗体に使用可能である。例えば、細胞表面阻害受容体の内在化は、その受容体(複数可)と相互作用するその能力を制限し、細胞機能(複数可)を低下させ得る。
(1)B7−1、B7−2、CD28、4−1BB(CD137)、4−1BBL、GITR、ICOS、ICOS−L、OX40、OX40L、CD70、CD27、CD40、DR3またはCD28Hなどの、例えば、T細胞活性化を刺激するタンパク質のアゴニスト;または、
(2)上記の通り、CTLA−4、PD−1、PD−L1、PD−L2およびLAG−3などのT細胞活性化を阻害するタンパク質(例えば、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤)、および以下のタンパク質のいずれか:TIM−3、ガレクチン9、CEACAM−1、BTLA、CD69、ガレクチン−1、TIGIT、CD113、GPR56、VISTA、2B4、CD48、GARP、CD73、PD1H、LAIR1、TIM−1、TIM−4、CD39、のアンタゴニスト(阻害剤または阻止剤)。
(a)カリケアマイシン(例えば、Lee et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3464および3466を参照のこと)およびウンシアラマイシン(例えば、Davies et al., WO 2007/038868 A2 (2007) および Chowdari et al., US 8,709,431 B2 (2012) を参照のこと)などのエンジイン類;
(b)チューブリシン(例えば、Domling et al., US 7,778,814 B2 (2010); Cheng et al., US 8,394,922 B2 (2013); および、Cong et al., US 2014/0227295 A1を参照のこと);
(c)CC−1065およびデュオカルマイシン(例えば、Boger, US 6,5458,530 B1 (2003); Sufi et al., US 8,461,117 B2 (2013); および、Zhang et al., US 2012/0301490 A1 (2012) を参照のこと);
(d)エポチロン(例えば、Vite et al., US 2007/0275904 A1 (2007) および US RE42930 E (2011) を参照のこと);
(e)アウリスタチン(例えば、Senter et al., US 6,844,869 B2 (2005) および Doronina et al., US 7,498,298 B2 (2009) を参照のこと);
(f)ピロロベンゾジアゼピン(PBD)二量体(例えば、Howard et al., US 2013/0059800 A1(2013); US 2013/0028919 A1 (2013); および、WO 2013/041606 A1 (2013) を参照のこと);および
(g)DM1およびDM4などのメイタンシノイド類(例えば、Chari et al., US 5,208,020 (1993) および Amphlett et al., US 7,374,762 B2 (2008) を参照のこと)。
本発明は、以下の生物学的の活性の1以上などの、特定の抗体の生物学的活性を増強するための方法を提供する:
(a)細胞による内在化の増加または改変;
(b)アゴニスト活性の増加または改変;
(c)アンタゴニスト活性またはブロッキング活性の増加または改変;
(d)ADCCの増強;
(d)新たな特性の付与;
(e)シグナル伝達の増加または改変;
(f)より大きな抗体/抗原架橋複合体の形成;
(g)標的細胞表面分子のクラスター化またはオリゴマー化の増加;
(h)免疫応答の刺激の増加または増強;および/または
(i)免疫応答の阻害の増加。
抗体の生物学的活性を増強するための該抗体に対する本明細書に記載の修飾に加えて、さらなる変異が、例えば、CH1、ヒンジ、CH2またはCH3ドメインに対して行われて、例えば、エフェクター機能、FcγRに対する結合、または抗体の安定性に影響を与え得る。
本明細書に記載の抗体は、一般的に、抗体の1以上の機能的特性、例えば血清半減期、補体結合反応、Fc受容体結合、および/または抗原依存性細胞傷害を改変するために、1以上の修飾を含むFcを含み得る。例えば、親Fcと比較して、(a)増加または減少した抗体依存性細胞介在性細胞傷害(ADCC)、(b)増加または減少した補体依存性細胞傷害(CDC)、(c)増加または減少したC1qに対する親和性、および/または(d)増加または減少したFc受容体に対する親和性を有するFc変異体を作製するためにFc領域中に修飾を行ってよい。かかるFc領域変異体は、一般的に、Fc領域中に少なくとも1つのアミノ酸修飾を含み得る。アミノ酸修飾の組合せは、特に望ましいと考えられる。例えば、変異体Fc領域には、例えば本明細書で同定された特定のFc領域の位置の、その中に2つ、3つ、4つ、5つ等の置換を含み得る。Fc配列変異体の例は、本明細書に記載されており、また米国特許第5,624,821号;同第6,277,375号;同第6,737,056号;同第6,194,551号;同第7,317,091号;同第8,101,720号;PCT特許出願公開WO00/42072;WO01/58957;WO04/016750;WO04/029207;WO04/035752;WO04/074455;WO04/099249;WO04/063351;WO05/070963;WO05/040217、WO05/092925およびWO06/020114にも記載されている。
ADCC活性は、Fc領域を修飾することにより低減することができる。ある態様において、Fc受容体への結合に影響を及ぼす部位、好ましくはサルベージ受容体結合部位以外の部位は、(例えば、変異により)除去することができる。他の態様において、Fc領域は、ADCC部位を除去するように修飾され得る。ADCC部位は、当技術分野で知られている;IgG1中のADCC部位に関して、例えば、Sarmay et al. (1992) Molec. Immunol. 29 (5): 633−9を参照のこと。一態様において、ヒトIgG1のG236RおよびL328R変異体は、FcγR結合を効果的に排除する。Horton et al. (2011) J. Immunol. 186:4223 and Chu et al. (2008) Mol. Immunol. 45:3926。他の態様において、FcγRへの減少した結合を有するFcは、アミノ酸置換L234A、L235EおよびG237Aを含んだ。Gross et al. (2001) Immunity 15:289。
あるいは、ADCC活性は、Fc領域を修飾することにより増強され得る。ADCC活性に関して、ヒトIgG1≧IgG3≫IgG4≧IgG2であるので、IgG1定常ドメインは、IgG2またはIgG4よりも、ADCCが望ましい薬物に使用するために選択される可能性がある。あるいは、Fc領域は修飾されて、抗体依存性細胞傷害(ADCC)を増加させ、および/または以下の位置:234、235、236、238、239、240、241、243、244、245、247、248、249、252、254、255、256、258、262、263、264、265、267、268、269、270、272、276、278、280、283、285、286、289、290、292、293、294、295、296、298、299、301、303、305、307、309、312、313、315、320、322、324、325、326、327、329、330、331、332、333、334、335、337、338、340、360、373、376、378、382、388、389、398、414、416、419、430、433、434、435、436、437、438または439で1以上のアミノ酸を修飾することにより、Fcγ受容体に対する親和性を増加させることができる。WO2012/142515を参照のこと;WO00/42072も参照のこと。置換の例には、236A、239D、239E、268D、267E、268E、268F、324T、332Dおよび332Eが含まれる。変異の例には、239D/332E、236A/332E、236A/239D/332E、268F/324T、267E/268F、267E/324T、および267E/268F/324Tが含まれる。例えば、必要に応じてI332Eと組み合わせることができる、G236A変異を含むヒトIgG1Fcは、FcγIIA/FcγIIB結合親和性比を約15倍増加させることが示されている。Richards et al. (2008) Mol. Cancer Therap. 7:2517; Moore et al. ( 2010) mAbs 2:181。FcyRおよび補体相互作用を増加させる他の修飾には、置換298A、333A、334A、326A、247I、339D、339Q、280H、290S、298D、298V、243L、292P、300L、396L、305I、および396Lが含まれるが、これに限定されない。これらおよび他の修飾が、Strohl (2009) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 20:685−691に記載されている。具体的には、ADCCおよびCDCの両方は、IgG1の位置E333での変異、例えばE333Aにより、増強され得る。Shields et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:6591。エフェクター機能を増強するためのIgG1におけるP247IおよびA339D/Q変異の使用は、WO2006/020114に記載されており、D280H、K290S±S298D/Vは、WO2004/074455に記載されている。ヒトIgG1におけるK326A/WおよびE333A/S変異、およびIgG2におけるE333Sは、エフェクター機能を増加させることが示された。 Idusogie et al. (2001) J. Immunol. 166:2571。
抗体のグリコシル化は、エフェクター機能を増加または減少するために修飾される。例えば、非グリコシル化抗体は、位置297でのアスパラギン残基の保存的変異(例えば、N297A)により全てのエフェクター機能を欠き、従って補体およびFcγRI結合をなくした抗体を作製することができる。Bolt et al. (1993) Eur. J. Immunol. 23:403。Tao & Morrison (1989) J. Immunol. 143:2595も参照のこと(IgG1におけるN297Qを用いて、位置297でのグリコシル化を排除する)。
ある態様において、抗体は、その生物学的半減期を増加するために修飾されている。種々のアプローチが可能である。例えば、このことは、FcRnに対するFc領域の結合親和性を増加させることにより可能である。一態様において、抗体は、Prestaらの米国特許第5,869,046号および同第6,121,022号に記載の通り、IgGのFc領域のCH2ドメインの2つのループに由来するサルベージ受容体結合エピトープを含むようにCH1またはCL領域内で改変される。FcRnへの結合を増加させ、および/または薬物動態特性を改善するFc変異の他の例は、位置259、308および434での置換を含み、例えば259I、308F、428L、428M、434S、434H、434F、434Yおよび434Mを含む。FcRnへのFc結合を増加させる他の変異には、250E、250Q、428L、428F、250Q/428L(Hinton et al., 2004, J. Biol. Chem. 279(8): 6213−6216, Hinton et al. 2006 Journal of Immunology 176:346−356)、256A、272A、305A、307A、311A、312A、378Q、380A、382A、434A(Shields et al, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001, 276(9):6591−6604)、252F、252Y、252W、254T、256Q、256E、256D、433R、434F、434Y、252Y/254T/256E、433K/434F/436H(Del’ Acqua et al. Journal of Immunology, 2002, 169:5171−5180, Dall’Acqua et al., 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry 281:23514−23524)が含まれる。米国特許第8,367,805号を参照のこと。
IgG1構築物のヒンジにおける潜在的なプロテアーゼ切断部位は、D221GおよびK222S修飾によって除去することができ、抗体の安定性を高めることができる。WO2014/043344。
別の好ましい態様において、望ましくない免疫応答の誘発および/または変化したもしくは好ましくない薬物動態学的特性をもたらし得る、最小の凝集効果を有する抗体が選択される。一般に、抗体は、25%以下、好ましくは20%以下、さらにより好ましくは15%以下、さらにより好ましくは10%以下、さらにより好ましくは5%以下の凝集を有することが許容される。凝集は、サイズ排除カラム(SEC)、高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)および光散乱法を含むいくつかの技術によって測定することができる。
本明細書に記載の発明はまた、全長抗体ではない分子にも適用され得る。ただし、それらはヒンジを含む。例えば、増強された生物学的活性を有するIgG融合タンパク質を作製することができる。従って、本発明は、IgG2ヒンジおよび要すれば、CH2およびCH3ドメインまたはその部分を含む、IgG定常領域、例えばFc領域に結合された、例えば共有結合された活性部分を含む融合タンパク質を提供する。Fcは、表5および6に示される修飾された重鎖定常領域のFc部分のような、本明細書に記載の修飾された重鎖定常領域の任意のFcであり得る。
薬学的に許容される担体とともに製剤された、本明細書に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合部分(複数可)の1つまたは組合せを含む、組成物、例えば医薬組成物がさらに提供される。かかる組成物は、本明細書に記載の(例えば、2以上の異なる)抗体、または免疫複合体または二重特異性分子の1つまたは組合せを含み得る。例えば、本明細書に記載の医薬組成物は、標的抗原上の異なるエピトープに結合する抗体または相補的な活性を有する抗体(または免疫複合体または二重特異性)の組み合わせを含み得る。
本明細書に記載の抗体、抗体組成物および方法は、例えば、種々の障害、例えば癌の処置を含む、多数のインビトロおよびインビボでの有用性を有する。例えば、本明細書に記載の抗体は、培養下、インビトロまたはエクスビボで細胞に、あるいは例えば、インビボでヒト対象に投与され得る。従って、処置が進行するように、修飾された重鎖定常領域を含む抗体を対象に投与することを含む、該対照の処置法を提供する。また、対象における免疫応答を改変するように、抗体を対象に投与することを含む該対象における免疫応答を改変する方法もまた提供される。好ましくは、応答は、増強され、刺激され、または上方制御される。しかしながら、他の態様において、免疫応答は阻害される。
本発明は、対象が処置されるように、例えば、癌性腫瘍の増殖が阻害または低減されるように、および/または腫瘍が退行するように、癌を有する対象を処置する方法であって、本明細書に記載の抗体を対象に投与することを含む方法を提供する。例えば、抗GITR抗体によるGITRの活性化は、患者の癌細胞に対する免疫応答を増強することができる。抗体は、癌性腫瘍の増殖を阻害するために単独で使用可能である。あるいは、抗体は、以下に記載の通り、別の薬剤、例えば、他の免疫原性薬剤、標準的な癌処置剤、または他の抗体と組み合わせて使用されてよい。
上記の治療法に加えて、本明細書に記載の抗体はまた、別の治療法と組み合わせて使用することもできる。例えば、癌治療のために、本明細書に記載の抗体は、化学療法、放射線療法、外科手術または遺伝子治療のような別の癌治療も受けている対象に投与することができる。
実施例1:非IgG2ヒンジを有する同じ抗体と比較して、IgG2ヒンジを有する抗CD73抗体の増強された内在化
IgG2定常領域を有するハイブリドーマ由来抗CD73抗体11F11は、IgG1またはIgG1.1(エフェクターを欠くIgG1)としての11F11抗体よりも細胞性CD73阻害アッセイにおいてより強力であり、IgG1定常領域を有する他の抗CD73抗体よりも強力であることが観察された。少なくともこの観察に基づいて、IgG1ヒンジなどの非IgG2ヒンジを有する抗CD73抗体と比較して、IgG2ヒンジを有する抗CD73抗体の増加した阻害活性が、抗体の増加した内在化によるものであるという仮説が立てられた。この仮説を試験するために、IgG1またはIgG2定常領域またはその一部を有する抗CD73抗体を、内在化アッセイで試験した。
A.高含量内在化アッセイ(2時間の一定時間アッセイ)
抗CD73抗体を、抗体インキュベーションの2時間後に、細胞発現を評価することによりCalu6細胞における抗CD73抗体依存性CD73内在化を試験するために使用した。20μlの完全培地(10%熱不活性化ウシ胎仔血清を含むGibco RPMI Media 1640)中、細胞(2,000細胞/ウェル)を、384 BD Falconプレートに播種し、一晩、37℃、5%CO2および95%湿度で増殖させた。抗CD73抗体を0.2%BSAを含むPBS緩衝液で連続希釈し、該細胞プレートに5μl/ウェル添加した。細胞を抗体と共に2時間、37℃、5%CO2および95%湿度下でインキュベートし、その後、PBS緩衝液で1回洗浄した。次いで、ホルムアルデヒド(PBS中、最終4%)を該細胞プレートに20ul/ウェル添加し、プレートを室温で10分間インキュベートした。その後、全ての液体を吸引し、細胞を30ulのPBSで1回洗浄した。検出抗体(2.5μg/ウェルの抗CD73Ab CD73.10.IgG2C219S)を、15μg/ウェルで固定細胞プレートに添加した。細胞を4℃で一晩インキュベートした。翌日、プレートをPBS緩衝液で2回洗浄し、次いで、Alexa−488ヤギ抗ヒトを含む二次抗体およびDAPIを添加し、室温で1時間染色させた。PBS緩衝液で3回洗浄後、プレートを、Arrayscan Vti(Cellomics, Pittsburgh, PA)上でイメージングした。IC50およびYmaxを測定した。Ymaxを、内部最大値として100nM用量の11F11と比較することによって決定した。すべての計算は、100%に設定されたこの対照と比較して内在化の割合として決定した。
CD73の抗CD73抗体介在性の内在化をまた、フローサイトメトリーにより試験した。示された細胞を、10μg/mLの示された抗体と共に、氷上で30分間インキュベートし、数回洗浄し、示された時間で37℃にてトランスファーした。示されたインキュベーション時間後の同じ時間に細胞を回収した。細胞を、再び一次抗体(最初のインキュベーションに用いたのと同じ抗体)で染色し、次いで、抗ヒト二次抗体で染色した。次いで、細胞を、フローサイトメトリーにより、CD73の発現についてアッセイした。
ここで、各抗体について、MFIt=xは、所与の時点でのMFIであり、MFIt=0は、t=0での最大蛍光であり、そしてMFIバックグラウンドは、二次AbのみのMFIである。
本実施例は、IgG2ヒンジを含む抗GITR抗体が、IgG1ヒンジを有する同じ抗体と比較して、T細胞からのIL−2およびIFN−γ分泌を誘導する増加した能力を有することを実証する。
上記実施例に示す通り、IgG2ヒンジを有する抗CD73抗体は、CD73細胞活性のよりよい阻害剤であり、IgG1ヒンジを有する同じ抗体よりも内在化し、そしてIgG2ヒンジを有する抗GITR抗体は、IgG1ヒンジを有する同じ抗体よいrも強力なアゴニストである。この観察、およびIgG2ヒンジがIgG1ヒンジよりも剛性であるという事実に基づき、IgG1ヒンジを有する抗体と比べて、より大きな複合体が、抗原とIgG2ヒンジを有する抗体の間に形成されていると仮定された。以下の試験は、この過程を分析するために行った。
さらなる内在化アッセイを、Calu6およびH292細胞で行い、内在化に対するアイソタイプの役割をさらに識別した。内在化アッセイを、実施例1Aおよび1B(抗体のウォッシュアウト工程なしの、フローサイトメトリープロトコル)に記載の通りに行い、表14に示される種々のハイブリッドアイソタイプの抗体を、インキュベーション時間中、10μg/mLで培養液中に維持した。フローサイトメトリー実験のために、実施例1Bに記載の方法を、96ウェルプレート(48ウェルプレートではなく)にて、1ウェル当たり50,000細胞を用いて、ハイスループット分析に適合させた。
本実施例は、IgG2アイソタイプのCH1ドメインが、IgG1アイソタイプのCH1ドメインを有する抗体と比較して、抗GITR抗体誘導性のT細胞活性を増強することを示す。
表17に示される重鎖定常領域を有する抗CD73抗体(CD73.4)を調製し、抗体介在性のCD73内在化アッセイにおいて上記のように試験した。
・CH2ドメインは、以下に示される通り、影響を与えていないようである。
○a)フォーマット“AY”(IgG2ヒンジ ERKCCVECPPCPAPPVAG(配列番号8))を有する修飾された重鎖定常領域を含む抗体と、フォーマット“KH”(ERKCCVECPPCPAPELLGG(配列番号22))を有する修飾された重鎖定常領域を含む抗体との間で、内在化能力の差はほとんど認められなかった(セット5、6および7);
○b)CH2の交換は、野生型G1またはG2に匹敵する(セット5および6);および
○c)残基237は、内在化に影響を与えない:IgG2ヒンジへの“G”残基の付加も、IgG1ヒンジにおけるC末端“G”の欠失も、内在化に影響を与えなかった(セット9)。
・IgG1におけるセット3に示されるCH1領域(KRGEGSSNLF;KRGEGS;SNLF;ITNDRTPRおよびSNLFPR)をIgG2のものと交換することは、ほとんど利益をもたらさず、すなわち、内在化は、IgG1と同程度のままである(セット3参照);
・IgG2におけるセット4に示されるCH1領域(RKEGSGNSFL;RKEGSG;NSFL;TIDNTRRPおよびNSFLRP)をIgG1のものと交換することは、影響を与え得る:NSFLの変更は、影響を与えないが、一方で、他の2領域(RKEGSG&RP)は、影響を与える(セット4参照)。セット3および4の結果に基づき、CH1領域とヒンジとの間に相互作用が存在し、そしてRKEGSG領域およびRP領域がNSFL領域よりも重要であると考えられる;
・ヒンジ領域は、内在化に影響を与え、すなわち、IgG2のヒンジは、IgG1のヒンジと比べて、より良好な内在化を提供する(セット7および8参照)。加えて、ヒンジを欠失したIgG1(G1−Δ−ヒンジ)は、IgG1よりも内在化を改善する。ヒンジ欠失したIgG2(G2−Δ−ヒンジ)は、IgG2ヒンジのそれと比べて、同様のレベルの内在化を提供する。このことは、ヒンジ領域が内在化に影響を与え、その作用が、IgG2 CH1によって増強される(G2−G1−G2−G2−AYはG1−G2−G1−G1−AYに匹敵する)ことを示唆する;
・IgG2.4(C220S)は、IgG2.3(C219S)と比べて、同様の、または減少した内在化を有する。IgG2.3/4(C219S/C220S)は、IgG2.3またはIgG2.4単独と比べて、大幅に減少した内在化を有する(セット10参照)。このことは、IgG2ヒンジおよびC219Sを有する抗体の内在化が、IgG2ヒンジおよびC220Sを有する抗体とほぼ同じであり、両者が、IgG2ヒンジとC219SおよびC220Sの両方を有する抗体よりもはるかに優れていることを示唆する;
・IgG2.5(C131S変異)は、C131を有する構築物と比べて、減少した内在化を有する(セット1、6および7参照)。
表14に記載の重鎖定常領域を有するCD73.4抗体を、実施例3に記載の通り、SEC−MALSおよびDLS実験により、高分子量複合体の形成についても試験した。
本実施例は、IgG2のCH1およびヒンジを含む修飾重鎖定常領域を有する抗体は、それらがIgG1のCH2およびCH3ドメインを含有する場合、FcγRに結合することを実証する。
GITR発現を誘導するために、細胞を、20ng/ml 抗CD3+1000ng/ml CD28と共に、37℃で72時間、インキュベートした。T細胞活性化の別の方法として、活性化CD4+ T細胞の大きなバッチを、3段階培養プロトコルで調製した。要するに、CD4+ T細胞を、1ug/mlの可溶性CD28を添加したプレートに結合させたCD3(1.5ug/ml)で、37℃で72時間刺激し、20u/mlのIL2の存在下で14日間培養して増殖させ、最後に、10ug/ml PHA、2u/ml IL2および1ug/ml CD28を、37℃で72時間添加することにより再度の活性化に暴露した。刺激したT細胞を384ウェルのPDLイメージングプレートに播種し、2時間、細胞を付着させ、4℃で15分間冷却し、その後、alexa 488標識したGITR抗体を別々に1時間添加した。最後に、プレートをHCSにより画像化し、データを細胞当たりの全強度として報告した。
抗GITRアゴニスト抗体の機序をさらに調べるために、NFkBおよびP38シグナル伝達経路などのT細胞活性化に関与するいくつかのシグナル伝達経路をモニタリングした。
定常ドメインIgG2.3(A型)、IgG2.3G1(A型)およびIgG2.5(B型)を含む抗体のジスルフィド結合構造は、非還元型Lys−C消化物と還元型Lys−C消化物とを比較することにより正確であることが確認された。
IgG2.3およびIgG2.3G1抗体(A型)のジスルフィド構造:重鎖のFab領域内で、Cys22(H)はCys98(H)に連結され、Cys151(H)はCys207(H)に連結されている。重鎖のFc領域内で、Cys265(H)はCys325(H)に連結され、そしてCys371(H)はCys429(H)に連結されている。軽鎖のFab領域内で、Cys23(L)はCys88(L)に連結され、そしてCys134(L)はCys194(L)に連結されている。軽鎖のC末端のCys214(L)は、Cys138(H)で重鎖に連結されている。重鎖のヒンジ領域は、3つのシステイン残基Cys227(H)、Cys230(H)およびCys233(H)を含み、それらは、3つの鎖間ジスルフィド結合を提供する。最も可能性の高い結合は、Cys227(H)とCys227(H)、Cys230(H)とCys230(H)およびCys233(H)とCys233(H)であり、それは、IgG2 A型の正しい理論的ジスルフィド配列である。
表17に示す重鎖定常領域を有する抗GITR抗体(GITR.6)を調製し、48時間ではなく40時間で回収したこと以外、実施例2に記載の通りにIL−2産生アッセイで試験した。
Claims (13)
- 修飾された重鎖定常領域を含む抗体であって、該修飾された重鎖定常領域が、N末端からC末端の順にCH1ドメイン、ヒンジ、CH2ドメインおよびCH3ドメインを含み、ここで
(a)該ヒンジが配列番号129、配列番号21、配列番号22、配列番号23、配列番号130、または配列番号127のアミノ酸配列を含み;
(b)該CH1ドメインが配列番号7のアミノ酸配列を含み;
(c)該CH2が配列番号4のアミノ酸配列または配列番号24のアミノ酸配列を含み;かつ
(d)該CH3ドメインが配列番号5またはアミノ酸置換E356DおよびM358Lを有する配列番号5のアミノ酸配列を含むか、または
ここで、(a)、(b)、(c)および(d)で規定されるCH1ドメイン、ヒンジ、CH2ドメイン、およびCH3ドメインを含む、修飾された重鎖定常域が、C末端GKまたはKを欠く、
抗体。 - 抗体が、配列番号28、34、35、37、55、80、81、84、および159からなる群より選択される修飾された重鎖定常域を含む、請求項1に記載の抗体。
- (i)共刺激受容体に特異的に結合する;(ii)細胞表面分子に特異的に結合し、細胞表面分子の抗体介在性内在化を誘発する;(iii)阻害受容体に特異的に結合する;(iv)細胞表面分子に特異的に結合し、細胞内シグナル伝達を誘発する;(v)細胞表面分子に特異的に結合し、高分子量の抗体−細胞表面分子複合体の形成を誘発する;または(vi)細胞表面分子に特異的に結合し、細胞表面分子のクラスター化またはオリゴマー化を誘発する、請求項1または2に記載の抗体。
- 共刺激受容体が、GITR、OX40、4−1BB、CD28、ICOS、CD40L、CD27、または任意の他のTNFRスーパーファミリーのメンバーであり;細胞表面分子がCD73であり;阻害受容体が、CTLA−4、PD−1、LAG−3、TIM−3、ガレクチン9、CEACAM−1、BTLA、CD69、ガレクチン−1、TIGIT、CD113、GPR56、VISTA、2B4、CD48、GARP、PD1H、LAIR1、TIM−1およびTIM−4であり;または細胞内シグナル伝達がアゴニスト活性、アンタゴニスト活性、細胞表面分子の内在化、またはADCCを仲介する、請求項3に記載の抗体。
- 同じ可変領域および軽鎖を有するが、IgG1重鎖定常領域を含む抗体と比べて、増強されたか、または改変されたアゴニスト活性を示す;
同じ可変領域および軽鎖を有するが、IgG1重鎖定常領域を含む抗体と比べて、増強されたか、または改変された内在化特性を有する;
IgG1重鎖定常領域を有する同じ抗体と比べて、より強力な、または改変されたアンタゴニスト活性を示すか、または新たな活性を付与する;
同じ可変領域および軽鎖を有するが、IgG1重鎖定常領域を含む抗体と比べて、より強力な細胞内シグナル伝達を誘発する;
同じ可変領域および軽鎖を有するが、IgG1重鎖定常領域を含む抗体と比べて、高分子量複合体の形成を誘発する;または
同じ可変領域および軽鎖を有するが、IgG1重鎖定常領域を含む抗体と比べて、細胞表面分子のよりクラスター化またはオリゴマー化を誘発する、
請求項1−4のいずれか一項に記載の抗体。 - 第二の結合特異性を有する分子に連結された、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の抗体を含む二重特異性分子。
- 第二の薬剤に連結された、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の抗体を含む免疫複合体。
- 請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の抗体、二重特異性抗体もしくは免疫複合体および担体を含む、組成物。
- 1つ以上のさらなる治療剤をさらに含む、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の抗体、二重特異性抗体もしくは免疫複合体を含む、対象を治療するための医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の抗体の製造方法であって、以下の工程:
(a)IgG2ヒンジおよび/またはIgG2 CH1ドメインではない、ヒンジおよび/またはCH1ドメインを含む抗体を提供する工程;
(b)該ヒンジおよび/またはCH1ドメインを、それぞれIgG2ヒンジおよび/またはIgG2 CH1ドメインで置換する工程
を含む、方法。 - 細胞による抗体の内在化を増大させる方法であって、
(a)IgG2ヒンジまたはIgG2 CH1ドメインではない、ヒンジおよびCH1ドメインを含む抗体を提供する工程;
(b)該ヒンジおよびCH1ドメインを、それぞれIgG2ヒンジおよびIgG2 CH1ドメインで置換する工程
を含む、方法。 - 抗体のアゴニスト活性を増大させる方法であって、
(a)IgG2ヒンジまたはIgG2 CH1ドメインではない、ヒンジおよびCH1ドメインを含む抗体を提供する工程;
(b)該ヒンジおよびCH1ドメインを、それぞれIgG2ヒンジおよびIgG2 CH1ドメインで置換する工程
を含む、方法。
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LT3221346T (lt) | 2020-11-10 |
EP3221346B1 (en) | 2020-09-02 |
EA201791127A1 (ru) | 2017-11-30 |
MX2017006323A (es) | 2017-08-21 |
CY1123534T1 (el) | 2022-03-24 |
RS60998B1 (sr) | 2020-11-30 |
EA038349B1 (ru) | 2021-08-12 |
HRP20201756T8 (hr) | 2021-08-20 |
PT3221346T (pt) | 2020-10-23 |
EP3789399A1 (en) | 2021-03-10 |
EP3221346A2 (en) | 2017-09-27 |
US20180333502A1 (en) | 2018-11-22 |
WO2016081746A8 (en) | 2017-06-29 |
HUE052526T2 (hu) | 2021-05-28 |
JP7091379B2 (ja) | 2022-06-27 |
US20200268901A1 (en) | 2020-08-27 |
ES2826566T3 (es) | 2021-05-18 |
WO2016081746A2 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
HRP20201756T1 (hr) | 2020-12-25 |
CA2968382A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
US10653791B2 (en) | 2020-05-19 |
PL3221346T3 (pl) | 2021-03-08 |
JP2020100645A (ja) | 2020-07-02 |
CN107250157A (zh) | 2017-10-13 |
CN113929770A (zh) | 2022-01-14 |
SI3221346T1 (sl) | 2020-11-30 |
JP2018501208A (ja) | 2018-01-18 |
WO2016081746A3 (en) | 2016-08-18 |
BR112017010094A2 (pt) | 2018-02-06 |
CN107250157B (zh) | 2021-06-29 |
DK3221346T3 (da) | 2020-10-12 |
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