JP6161620B2 - ナノ結晶コア及び絶縁コートを有するナノ結晶シェルを有する半導体構造 - Google Patents
ナノ結晶コア及び絶縁コートを有するナノ結晶シェルを有する半導体構造 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6161620B2 JP6161620B2 JP2014541055A JP2014541055A JP6161620B2 JP 6161620 B2 JP6161620 B2 JP 6161620B2 JP 2014541055 A JP2014541055 A JP 2014541055A JP 2014541055 A JP2014541055 A JP 2014541055A JP 6161620 B2 JP6161620 B2 JP 6161620B2
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Description
本出願は、2011年11月9日出願の米国仮出願第61/557,653、2011年11月11日出願の米国仮出願第61/558,965、及び2011年11月11日出願の米国仮出願第61/558,974に基づく優先権を主張し、それらは引用によりその全内容が本明細書に包含される。
本発明の実施態様は発光ダイオード(LEDs)のための量子ドットの分野、及び特にナノ結晶コア、対応するナノ結晶シェル及び絶縁層を有する半導体構造に関する。
[実施例1]
CdSeコアナノ結晶の合成
0.560g (560 mg)のODPA固体を25mlの丸底3首フラスコに加え、及び6g のTOPO 固体をフラスコに添加した。0.120g (120 mg) の CdO 固体をフラスコに添加した。フラスコをシールし、UHPアルゴンガス流の下、フラスコ中の薬剤(CdO, ODPA, TOPO)を120℃に加熱して反応させる。反応混合物が液状になったとき、800 RPMで回転し始め、CdO 及びODPAを完全に分散させる。温度が120℃付近で平衡になったとき、反応混合物の脱気を開始する:標準的脱気は系が維持できる最も低い圧、好ましくは10〜30トールで30分間である。第一の脱気後、反応を、UHPアルゴンガスを流すことへと戻す。反応温度を280℃へと上げて、CdOを解離させた。解離は、CdOの典型的な赤色の消失を伴う。CdOの解離後、反応系を第二の脱気工程のために120℃に冷却する。好ましくは、この工程はゆっくり行う。一の実施態様において、40℃の幅で行われ、各段階で平衡に達するようにする。反応混合物が約120℃に冷めたら、第二の脱気工程を始める。第二の脱気工程は、典型的には、可能な最も低い真空度で1時間である。第二の脱気後、反応を、UHPアルゴンガスを流すことへと戻す。反応混合物を加熱する。温度が280℃より高くなりながら、3.0gのTOPを反応溶液中へと注入する。370℃で反応溶液を平衡にさせる。反応が370℃で平衡に達したら、0.836 g の14% Se:TOPストック溶液を溶液中へと注入する。コアからの所望の発光が達成できるまで反応を行う。CdSeコアについては、該時間は通常、5〜10分である。反応を止めるために:撹拌を継続しながら、反応系にUHPアルゴンガスを流し、フラスコの外側に窒素を吹き付けることによって溶液を急速に冷却する。反応温度が約80℃になったら、反応溶液を空気に曝し、及び、約6 mLのトルエンを注入する。2-プロパノール(IPA) を反応溶液に追加することによってCdSeナノ結晶を沈殿させる。好ましくは、好ましい沈殿のために、反応溶液/IPAが体積比約50/50の混合物でなければならない。5分間、6000 RPMで遠心分離する。CdSeを可能な限り少ない量のトルエン(< 2mL)に再溶解する。IPAによってCdSeを再沈殿させる。遠心分離を行う。上澄み液をデカンテーションする。CdSe固体を無水トルエン中に溶解する。
PLQY>90%を有するCdSe/CdSコア−シェルナノ結晶ヘテロ構造の合成
0.290g (290 mg) の ODPAを丸底フラスコへ入れる。0.080g (80 mg) のヘキシルフォスフォン酸 (HPA)をフラスコ内へ入れる。3g のTOPOをフラスコへ入れる。0.090g (90 mg)のCdO固体を反応フラスコへ入れる。フラスコをシールし、UHPアルゴンガス流の下、フラスコ中の薬剤(CdO, ODPA, TOPO, HPA)を120℃に加熱して反応させる。反応混合物が約60℃で液状になったとき、800 RPMで回転し始め、CdO 、ODPA及びHPAを完全に分散させる。温度が120℃付近で落ち着いたとき、反応混合物からの脱気を開始する。脱気工程後、反応を、UHPアルゴンガスを流すことへと戻す。反応温度を280℃超へと上げて、CdOを解離させる。反応温度のセットポイントを320℃へと上げる。温度が280℃を超えたら1.5gのTOPを注入する。反応が320℃で平衡になったら、1.447 g の 7.4% S:TOPストック溶液、及び0.235g の濃度調整されたCdSe シードストックを反応溶液中に入れる。直ちに温度コントローラのセットポイントを300℃に下げる。反応を、シェルの所望の長さ及び幅を製造するのに必要な時間、進行させて、アスペクト比1.5〜10、より好ましくは3〜6のロッドを得る。シェル成長のための反応温度は、120°C〜380°C、好ましくは260°C〜320°C、より好ましくは 290°C〜300°Cである。
吸収比6〜100を有するCdSe/CdS量子ドットの合成
実施例2に従い、吸収比6〜100を有する量子ドットを作った。図10は、本発明の実施態様に従う、CdSe/CdSコア/シェル(1002/1004)量子ドット試料の透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)像1000である。TEM像1000は、低い積層欠陥の密度及び半導体構造1002/1004に沿った、目に見える他の欠陥が無いことから推測されるように、実質的に構造欠陥が無い。
96%のPLQYを有するCdSe/CdS赤い量子ドットの合成
実施例2に従い、606nmにおいて吸収比6〜100及び96%のPLQYを有する量子ドットを作った。平均長さは(TEMデータから)、22.3 nm±3.1 nmである。平均幅は(TEMデータから)、6.0 nm±0.6 nmである。平均アスペクト比は(TEMデータから)、3.8±0.6である。図11は、本発明の実施態様に従い、96%のPLQYを有するCdSe/CdSコア/シェル量子ドットの、紫外−可視吸収スペクトル1102及びフォトルミネッセンス発光スペクトル1104を含むプロット1100である。該量子ドットは、本質的に吸収バンドと発光バンドとの重なりが無い。図12は、本発明の実施態様に従い、実施例4で作成したCdSe/CdS量子ドットの透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)像1200である。
量子ドット構造における反応性リガンド交換
実施例2で得られた濃度が調整されたCdSe ストックの0.235gを、空気が無い環境中で、反応性交換化合物、トリメチルシリルピロリジン(TMS-Pyr)に、20分間曝し、及び完全に混合した。20分後、アルコール、通常、2-プロパノール又はメタノールを混合物に追加して、TMS-Pyr薬剤の反応性をクエンチし、交換反応されたCdSe粒子を沈澱させた。沈澱された粒子を6000 RPMで5分間、遠心分離する。得られる上澄み液をデカンテーションし、実施例2で記載した手順で使用するために、沈澱物を0.235gの無水トルエン中に再溶解する。反応性リガンド交換は、任意の数の所望の表面官能性をロッド成長の前の量子ドットコア表面、又は合成後のコア/シェル粒子の表面に導入するために使用される。
スルホコハク酸ジオクチルナトリウム(AOT)を用いた、半導体ナノ結晶コア/シェルペアリングのコーティング
約4.5gのAOTを50mLのシクロヘキサンに溶解する。0.5gのQDHを水/メタノールで沈澱させ、次いで、ヘキサンに再溶解する。20μLの3-アミノプロピルトリメトキシシラン(APTMS)を添加して、30分間撹拌する。直ちに900μLのNH4OH (29wt%)、次いで、600μLのTEOSを溶液中に添加する。溶液を約16時間撹拌して、混合物を反応させてナノ結晶をシリカシェルでコートする。シリカがコートされた粒子をメタノールで沈澱させ、沈澱された粒子を、遠心分離を用いて上澄みから分離する。SiO2でコートされた粒子は、トルエンに再分散するか、又はシクロヘキサン中に残すことができる。
IGEPAL CO-520を用いた、半導体ナノ結晶のシリカによるコーティング
約4.46gのIgepal CO-520 (ポリオキシエチレン (5) ノニルフェニルエーテル)を50mLのシクロヘキサンに溶解し、混合する。「n」は、3,4,5,6,7,8,9又は10であり、好ましくは5である。トルエンに溶解された0.5gの量子ドットを添加する。20μLの3- APTMSを添加して、約30分間撹拌する。直ちに900μLのNH4OH (29wt%)、次いで、600μLのTEOSを溶液中に添加する。溶液を約16時間、1600rpmで撹拌して、反応によりナノ結晶をシリカシェルでコートする。ミセルをIPAで壊して、遠心分離により集める。SiO2でコートされた粒子は、ポリマーと一体化するために、トルエンに再溶解するか、又はシクロヘキサン中に残すことができる。
メトキシシランカップリング剤
シリカシェルを有するコア/シェル量子ドットを、20部のトルエンと1部の(MeO)3SiR (Rはアリルもしくはビニル)中に分散し、撹拌を継続してカップリング反応させる。官能化された粒子を分離し、及びIPAで沈澱させ、及び、6000rpmで10分間遠心分離することによって洗浄する。該手順を2回繰り返す。洗浄された粒子を既知量のトルエン又はポリマー溶液中に分散する。
量子ドット/ポリマーの調製
フィルムを調製するために、溶媒の相溶性及び使用するマトリックスポリマーに応じて、トルエン又はシクロヘキサン中の既知量の量子ドットを、予め調製したポリマー溶液に添加する。溶解の際、マトリックスとの極性の整合、粘度の増加もしくは低減、又はキャストフィルムからの溶媒の揮発速度のために好ましければ、他の溶媒も使用してよい。
フィルムのキャスティング
約360μLのQDHポリマー溶液を12mmの円形ガラス上に滴下キャスティングして、コンポジット組成物を用意する。ポリマー溶液に添加する量子ドットの量は、最終QDHフィルムの光学濃度に応じて調整することができる。フィルムをキャスティングした後、溶媒をゆっくり揮発させることが、大きな表面欠陥の無いフィルムを作るために重要である。トルエン中のQDH−ポリマー溶液を、排気されたドラフトチャンバー内で揮発させる。フィルムは、平らなステンレス板上にキャストされる。フィルムが乾いたら、PLQY及び紫外−可視特性が分析される。
種々のメトキシ及びエトキシシラン:(MeO)3Siアリル、(MeO)3Siビニル、(MeO)2SiMeビニル、 (EtO)3Siビニル、EtOSi(ビニル)3、によって、シリカシェルを有する量子ドットを官能化した。官能化されたシリカシェルを有する量子ドットを、次いで、架橋のための添加剤を含み、EVAの場合のTAICもしくはシロキサン用のジビニルシランのような共架橋剤(コエジェント)を含まない、標準的ポリマー処方中で用いた。
一の実施態様において、オレフィン基が、EVAの場合にはラジカル機構によって、又はシロキサンの場合にはヒドロシリル化機構によって、架橋プロセスに関与できることが好ましい。アリル及びビニルが好ましいが、他のオレフィンも含むことができる。
一の実施態様において、架橋度は、量子ドットのシリカ表面上の、より高濃度のオレフィン基を用いることによって、上昇させ得る。
極性の利用
シリカシェルを有する粒子の表面を、例えば、LED用のポリシロキサン等のポリマーマトリックスとの相溶性を最大化するために、有機置換シランで修飾する。シリカ表面を有機置換シランで修飾すると、それらの特性がグラフトされた官能基によって修飾される。
白金触媒
実施例9〜14で、白金ベースの触媒を入れてもよい。官能化されたシリカ粒子に加えて2種の、競合するか又は相補的な触媒も、架橋のために使用できる。
チオール触媒
実施例15の白金触媒を、チオール−二重結合反応が可能なチオール触媒で置き換える。ジチオール又は他官能性チオールを使用する。この方法は、熱硬化に代えて、UV効果を可能とする。
Claims (28)
- 第一の半導体材料を含み、アスペクト比が1.0〜2.0の間の、但し1.0及び2.0を含まない、異方性ナノ結晶コア、
異方性ナノ結晶コアを少なくとも部分的に取り囲む第二の、異なる半導体材料を含むナノ結晶シェルであって、異方性ナノ結晶コアとナノ結晶シェルとが量子ドットを形成し、ナノ結晶シェルは短軸を有し、異方性ナノ結晶コアは該短軸方向に中心からずれて配置され、ナノ結晶シェルは短軸と直交する長軸を有し、異方性ナノ結晶コアはさらに該長軸方向に中心からずれて配置される、ナノ結晶シェル、及び
ナノ結晶シェル及び異方性ナノ結晶コアを封止する絶縁層、
を含む半導体構造。 - 絶縁層が、ナノ結晶シェル及び異方性ナノ結晶コアのための、該絶縁層の外への不透過性のバリアとなる、請求項1記載の半導体構造。
- 絶縁層が一のナノ結晶シェル/異方性ナノ結晶コアペアリングのみを封止する、請求項1記載の半導体構造。
- 絶縁層が、シリカ (SiOx)、酸化チタン (TiOx)、酸化ジルコニウム (ZrOx)、アルミナ(AlOx)、及びハフニア (HfOx)からなる群より選ばれる材料の層を含む、請求項1記載の半導体構造。
- 該層が、3〜30ナノメートルの厚みを有するシリカの層である、請求項4記載の半導体構造。
- ナノ結晶コアは、2〜5ナノメートルの直径を有し、ナノ結晶シェルの長軸は5〜40ナノメートルの長さを有し、且つナノ結晶シェルの短軸はナノ結晶コアの直径より1〜5ナノメートル大きく、及び絶縁層は該長軸と共軸である軸に沿って1〜20ナノメートルの厚みを有し、且つ該短軸と共軸である軸に沿って3〜30ナノメートルの厚みを有する、請求項1記載の半導体構造。
- ナノ結晶シェルを少なくとも部分的に取り囲むナノ結晶外側シェルを、ナノ結晶シェルと絶縁層の間に、さらに含み、ナノ結晶外側シェルは、第一及び第二の半導体材料と異なる第三の半導体材料を含む、請求項1記載の半導体構造。
- 量子ドットの吸収スペクトル及び発光スペクトルが本質的に重複しない、請求項1記載の半導体構造。
- 量子ドットの、400ナノメートルでの吸収対量子ドットの励起子ピークでの吸収の吸収比が5〜35である、請求項1記載の半導体構造。
- 絶縁層が不定形層である、請求項1記載の半導体構造。
- 第一の半導体材料を含む異方性ナノ結晶コア、
異方性ナノ結晶コアを少なくとも部分的に取り囲む第二の、異なる半導体材料を含むナノ結晶シェルであって、異方性ナノ結晶コアとナノ結晶シェルとが量子ドットを形成し、ナノ結晶シェルは短軸を有し、異方性ナノ結晶コアは該短軸方向に中心からずれて配置され、ナノ結晶シェルは短軸と直交する長軸を有し、異方性ナノ結晶コアはさらに該長軸方向に中心からずれて配置される、ナノ結晶シェル、及び
ナノ結晶シェル及びコアを封止する絶縁層であって、該絶縁層の外表面がリガンド官能化されている、絶縁層、
を含む半導体構造。 - 絶縁層がナノ結晶シェル及び異方性ナノ結晶コアのための、該絶縁層の外への不透過性のバリアとなる、請求項11記載の半導体構造。
- 絶縁層が一のナノ結晶シェル/異方性ナノ結晶コアペアリングのみを封止する、請求項11記載の半導体構造。
- 絶縁層が、シリカ (SiOx)、酸化チタン (TiOx)、酸化ジルコニウム (ZrOx)、アルミナ(AlOx)、及びハフニア (HfOx)からなる群より選ばれる材料の層を含む、請求項11記載の半導体構造。
- 該層が、3〜30ナノメートルの厚みを有するシリカの層である、請求項14記載の半導体構造。
- ナノ結晶コアは、2〜5ナノメートルの直径を有し、ナノ結晶シェルの長軸は5〜40ナノメートルの長さを有し、且つナノ結晶シェルの短軸はナノ結晶コアの直径より1〜5ナノメートル大きく、及び絶縁層は該長軸と共軸である軸に沿って1〜20ナノメートルの厚みを有し、且つ該短軸と共軸である軸に沿って3〜30ナノメートルの厚みを有する、請求項11記載の半導体構造。
- ナノ結晶シェルを少なくとも部分的に取り囲むナノ結晶外側シェルを、ナノ結晶シェルと絶縁層の間に、さらに含み、ナノ結晶外側シェルは、第一及び第二の半導体材料と異なる第三の半導体材料を含む、請求項11記載の半導体構造。
- 量子ドットの吸収スペクトル及び発光スペクトルが本質的に重複しない、請求項11記載の半導体構造。
- 量子ドットの、400ナノメートルでの吸収対量子ドットの励起子ピークでの吸収の吸収比が5〜35である、請求項11記載の半導体構造。
- 量子ドットがダウンコンバートする量子ドットである、請求項11記載の半導体構造。
- 発光ダイオード、及び
複数の半導体構造、
を含む照明器具であって、各半導体構造が、
第一の半導体材料を含むナノ結晶コア;及びナノ結晶コアを少なくとも部分的に取り囲む第二の異なる半導体材料を含むナノ結晶シェルを含み、少なくとも90%のフォトルミネッセンス量子収率(PLQY)を有する、量子ドットであって、ナノ結晶シェルは短軸を有し、異方性ナノ結晶コアは該短軸方向に中心からずれて配置され、ナノ結晶シェルは短軸と直交する長軸を有し、異方性ナノ結晶コアはさらに該長軸方向に中心からずれて配置される、量子ドット、並びに
量子ドットを封止する絶縁層を含む、
照明装置。 - 第一の半導体材料から、1.0〜2.0の間、但し1.0及び2.0を含まない、アスペクト比を有する異方性ナノ結晶コアを形成すること;
第二の、異なる半導体材料からナノ結晶シェルを形成して異方性ナノ結晶コアを少なくとも部分的に取り囲み、ここで、異方性ナノ結晶コアとナノ結晶シェルとが量子ドットを形成し、ナノ結晶シェルは短軸を有し、異方性ナノ結晶コアは該短軸方向に中心からずれて配置され、ナノ結晶シェルは短軸と直交する長軸を有し、異方性ナノ結晶コアはさらに該長軸方向に中心からずれて配置されること;及び
ナノ結晶シェル及び異方性ナノ結晶コアを封止する絶縁層を形成すること、
を含む、半導体構造を作る方法。 - 絶縁層を形成することが、ナノ結晶シェル及び異方性ナノ結晶コアのための、該絶縁層の外への不透過性のバリアを提供することを含む、請求項22記載の方法。
- 絶縁層を形成することが、一のナノ結晶シェル/異方性ナノ結晶コアペアリングのみを封止することを含む、請求項22記載の方法。
- 絶縁層を形成することが、シリカ(SiOx)、酸化チタン (TiOx)、酸化ジルコニウム (ZrOx)、アルミナ(AlOx)、及びハフニア (HfOx)からなる群より選ばれる材料の層を形成することを含む、請求項24記載の方法。
- 該層を形成することが、シリカの層を形成することを含み、及び、逆ミセルゾル−ゲル反応を用いることをさらに含む、請求項25記載の方法。
- 該層を形成することが、シリカ層を形成することを含み、及び、スルホコハク酸ジオクチルナトリウム(AOT)とテトラオルソシリケート(TEOS)の組み合わせを使用することをさらに含む、請求項25記載の方法。
- 該層を形成することが、シリカ層を形成することを含み、及び、ポリオキシエチレン(5)ノニルフェニルエーテルとテトラオルソシリケート(TEOS)の組み合わせを使用することをさらに含む、請求項25記載の方法。
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