JP5837564B2 - カルコゲン含有光吸収性構造体を製造する方法および光起電力装置 - Google Patents
カルコゲン含有光吸収性構造体を製造する方法および光起電力装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5837564B2 JP5837564B2 JP2013500120A JP2013500120A JP5837564B2 JP 5837564 B2 JP5837564 B2 JP 5837564B2 JP 2013500120 A JP2013500120 A JP 2013500120A JP 2013500120 A JP2013500120 A JP 2013500120A JP 5837564 B2 JP5837564 B2 JP 5837564B2
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- thin film
- bonding layer
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- chalcogen
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- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 79
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 79
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 136
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 80
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 234
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 44
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 9
- 150000004771 selenides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 8
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- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052951 chalcopyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YNLHHZNOLUDEKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;selanylidenegallium Chemical compound [Cu].[Se]=[Ga] YNLHHZNOLUDEKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCUOIYYHNRBAFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;sulfanylideneindium Chemical compound [Cu].[In]=S LCUOIYYHNRBAFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper indium Chemical compound [Cu].[In] HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005546 reactive sputtering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005464 sample preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005486 sulfidation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N telluride(2-) Chemical compound [Te-2] XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005382 thermal cycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical class [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
- H01L31/0749—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type including a AIBIIICVI compound, e.g. CdS/CulnSe2 [CIS] heterojunction solar cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/0623—Sulfides, selenides or tellurides
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/3464—Sputtering using more than one target
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
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- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
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- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
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- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/032—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312
- H01L31/0324—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312 comprising only AIVBVI or AIIBIVCVI chalcogenide compounds, e.g. Pb Sn Te
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- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/036—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes
- H01L31/0392—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate
- H01L31/03923—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate including AIBIIICVI compound materials, e.g. CIS, CIGS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
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- Y02E10/541—CuInSe2 material PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Description
この通常特許出願は、ゲルビ(Gerbi)らによって2010年3月17日に出願された「カルコゲン化物系物質およびその物質を製造する改善された方法」と題する米国仮特許出願第61/314,840号に基づく米国特許法第119条(e)の優先権を主張し、前記仮特許出願の全体が引用によってここに組み入れられる。
本発明は、カルコゲン化物系光吸収性物質を製造する方法、ならびにそれらの物質を含む光起電力装置に関する。より具体的には、本発明は、総合的電子的性能を増強し、電気的欠点を減少させ、全費用を減少させ、および/または下にある基板への第二のカルコゲン含有薄膜の接着を増強するために、比較的細かい粒状構造を有する第一のカルコゲン含有薄膜が用いられた、カルコゲン化物系光吸収性構造を製造する方法に関する。
(a)Cu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを少なくとも含む第一の光活性薄膜またはその前駆体を形成する工程、および
(b)第一の薄膜の上に直接または間接に、少なくともCuおよびInを含む第二の光活性薄膜または薄膜前駆体を形成する工程、および
(c)第一および第二の薄膜の少なくとも一方を結晶質PACB組成物に変換するのに効果的な条件下で、第一および第二の薄膜および/またはそれらの前駆体の少なくとも1つをアニーリングおよび/またはカルコゲン化処理に供する工程。
a)Cu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを少なくとも含む第一の光活性薄膜またはその前駆体の少なくとも一部を形成する工程(ただし、該形成工程の少なくとも一部は約350℃未満の温度で行われる。)、および
b)第一の薄膜の上に直接または間接に、少なくともCuおよびInを含む第二の光活性薄膜またはその薄膜前駆体を形成する工程、および
c)結晶質PACB組成物を形成するのに効果的な条件下で、第一および第二の薄膜および/またはそれらの前駆体の少なくとも1つをアニーリングおよび/またはカルコゲン化処理に供する工程。
a)基板、
b)基板の上に直接または間接に形成された第一のPACB領域(ただし、第一のPACB領域はCu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを含み、第一のPACB領域の少なくとも主要部はXTEMによって測定した結晶粒サイズが100nm未満であり、当該領域の平均厚さが約200nm未満である。)、および
c)第一の領域の上に直接または間接に形成された第二のPACB領域(ただし、第二の領域はCu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを含む。)。
ただし、第一および第二の領域の合計の厚さは1000nm未満である。
a)基板、
b)基板の上に直接または間接に形成された第一のPACB領域(ただし、第一の領域はCu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを含み、第一の領域は約200nm未満の厚さを有する。)、および
c)第一のPACB領域の上に直接または間接に形成された第二のPACB領域(ただし、第二のPACB領域はCu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを含み、第二のPACB領域は約200nm〜約1000nmの範囲の厚さを有し、そして第一のPACB領域は第二のPACB領域よりもXTEMによって測定した平均結晶粒サイズが小さい。)。
i. Cu、In、Ga、Se
ii. Cu、In、Ga、Se、S
iii. Cu、In、Ga、S
iv. Cu、In、Al、Se
v. Cu、In、Al、Se、S
vi. Cu、In、Al、S
vii. Cu、In、Ga、Al、Se
viii. Cu、In、Ga、Al、S
ix. Cu、In、Ga、Al、Se、S
CuaInbGacAldSewSxTeyNaz (A)
式中、「a」を1と定義すれば、
「(b+c+d)/a」=1〜2.5、好ましくは1.05〜1.65であり、
「b」は0〜2、好ましくは0.8〜1.3であり、
「c」は0〜0.5、好ましくは0.05〜0.35であり、
dは0〜0.5、好ましくは0.05〜0.35、好ましくはd=0であり、
「(w+x+y)」は1〜3、好ましくは2〜2.8であり、
「w」は0以上、好ましくは少なくとも1、より好ましくは少なくとも2から3までであり、
「x」は0〜3、好ましくは0〜0.5であり、
「y」は0〜3、好ましくは0〜0.5であり、
「z」は0〜0.5、好ましくは0.005〜0.02である。
a. CuIn(1−x)GaxSe(2−y)Sy (B)
式中、xは0〜1であり、そしてyは0〜2である。測定されそして処理されるように、そのような薄膜は通常追加のIn、Ga、Seおよび/またはSを含む。そのようなPACB物質の対応する前駆体は、一般に、カルコゲン含有量が前駆体において化学量論量未満である以外は、後カルコゲン化の間のIn損失を補償するのに適用できるように追加のInおよび/またはGaを含む、式AまたはBにおいて特定されるのと同じ比率の成分を含むであろう。
商業的に調達した多相CIGSターゲットを外界温度でスパッタする。結果として生ずる接合層は次の組成を有する。Se/Cu原子比=1.23、(Ga+In)/Cu原子比=1.12、Cu+Ga+In+Seの析出厚さの合計はおよそ200nmである。
その後、実際のPACB前駆体をこの接合層の上に析出させる。前駆体は、スパッタされたCIG、スパッタされた半セレン化CIGSまたはその他の物質のような、様々な手法を用いて形成することができる。
全析出厚さが約50nmの接合層を形成する点以外は実施例1の手順を繰り返す。
ステンレス鋼箔基板(4ミル)の上にNbおよびMoの層を析出させたものを用いて、光起電力(PV)装置を組立てた。1枚の基板の上に、外界温度で、超純粋Ar中で、4×10−3mbarの圧力で商業的に調達したCIGSターゲットをスパッタすることによって接合層を析出させた。析出させた薄膜の厚さは約200nmであった。その後、Ar中で(商業的に調達した)CIG合金ターゲットのスパッタリングによってすべての片の上にPACB前駆体物質を析出させた。条件は、外界温度、4×10−3mbar圧力の超純粋Arであった。およそ800nm(平均厚さ)のCIGが析出するように析出厚さを制御した。このCIG薄膜の上に厚いSeキャップ(薄膜を化学量論的にする量の12倍超)を蒸着させ、その薄膜積層を515℃で20分間、後セレン化した。続いて乾燥したCdSおよび窓層を析出させ、その装置にグリッドを設け、スクライバーで溝を掘った。
図1は、8個の接合層がある光起電力(PV)電池(グラフの右側のデータの点)および8個の接合層がない光起電力電池(グラフの左側のデータの点)の効率の結果を示す。たとえ接合層が電子的性能のために最適化されていない細かい粒構造を有していても、最大効率は変わらないが、より高い平均効率につながる接合層のある試料において減少したばらつきに注目すべきである。
図2は、最も高い性能を示した接合層がある電池(曲線1)および最も高い性能を示した接合層のない電池(曲線2)の量子効率の測定結果を示す。バンドギャップは(交差点のあてはめから)両方の電池について同一であることに注目すべきである。しかし、曲線1の接合層がある試料の電子的欠点の減少を示す、有意の吸収の差が存在する。
ステンレス鋼箔基板(4ミル)の上にNbおよびMoの層を析出させたものを用いてPV装置を組立てた。1枚の基板の上に、外界温度で、超純粋Ar中で、4×10−3mbarの圧力で商業的に調達したCIGSターゲットをスパッタすることによって、Mo表面の上に接合層を析出させた。厚さは約200nmであった。その後、流量の3.3%がH2SeであるようなAr+H2Se中で(商業的に調達した)CIG合金ターゲットの反応性スパッタリングによってすべての片の上にPACB前駆体物質を析出させた。その結果、Seが約0質量%(Se/Cu原子比:約1.0、(In+Ga)/Cu原子比:約1.2)の前駆体薄膜が得られた。スパッタ条件は、4×10−3mbarの圧力、超純粋Ar、外界温度基板であった。平均膜厚が約800nmになるように析出厚さを制御した。厚いSeキャップ(薄膜を化学量論的にする量の12倍超)を蒸着させ、その薄膜積層を約515℃で20分間、後セレン化した。引き続いて乾燥したCdSおよび窓層を析出させ、その装置にグリッドを設け、スクライバーで溝を掘った。
接合層のない薄膜は非常に不十分な接着を示した。PACB薄膜と裏面接点の間に空隙の層が存在した。接合層を用いたときの接着性の改善は非常に明らかである。接合層がある試料では、XTEM分析が、空隙が今や実質的にPACB薄膜自体の中に移動することを示した。
図3は、接合層がある試料と接合層がない試料との効率の比較を示す。接合層がない試料のデータを左側に示す。接合層がある試料のデータを右側に示す。最大効率と平均効率は、接合層がある試料の方がずっと高いことに注目すべきである。
接合層の厚さを減らしたときの影響を比較するために、そしてPACB層の厚さを減らすために条件を変更した点以外は、実施例4に記載した手法を用いて、PV装置を組立てた。データを図4、5および6に示す。
図4において、50nmの接合層を有する試料の性能を、200nmの接合層を有する試料と比較した。接合層の上に重なるPACB層は、すべての試料で、厚さ800nmであった。より薄い接合層はより高い効率を提供したが、接着はすべての試料について優れていた。
図5において、すべての試料において接合層は厚さ約50nmであった。約450nmの厚さの上に重なるPACB層を有する試料を、約1μmの厚さの上に重なるPACB層を有する試料と比較した。平均で、より薄いPACB層の方が、わずかにほんの約0.5ポイントだけ効率が低い。接着はすべての試料で優れていた。接合層がない場合は、最終的な厚さが約450nmの電池はすべて恐らく0%の効率を示したであろうことに注目すべきである。
図6において、異なる厚さ(50nmおよび200nm)の接合層を有する極めて薄いPACB層(厚さ約450nm)を比較した。より薄い接合層が明らかに改善された効率性能をもたらす。
図4〜6に示されたデータは、次の結論につながる。
●より薄い接合層はより良好な効率結果を与える。
●極めて薄いPACB前駆体層について観察されたほんのわずかな効率の低下(0.5%ポイント)。
●薄いPACB前駆体層による効率低下は、より厚い接合層よりも薄い接合層でより少ない。
●300〜500nmの厚いPACB層(後セレン化およびアニーリング後に測定)は薄い(50nm)接合層を用いたときに7%の効率の電池を生産するために用いられたが、通常、この薄さのPACB層は機能を果たさなくなると予想されていたので、注目に値する。
Claims (8)
- カルコゲン含有光吸収性構造体を製造する方法であって、該方法は、
(a)少なくとも1つのターゲットを350℃未満の温度でスパッタして、第一の薄膜の前駆体を基板の上に形成する工程(ただし、第一の薄膜はCu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを少なくとも含む。)、
(b)第一の薄膜の前駆体またはそれをアニーリングもしくはカルコゲン化したものの上に直接または間接に、第二の薄膜またはその前駆体を形成する工程(ただし、第二の薄膜は光活性であり、少なくともCu、Inおよびカルコゲンを含む。)、および
(c)第一の薄膜を第二の薄膜よりも細かい粒状構造を有するPACB組成物に変換するのに有効な条件下で少なくとも第一の薄膜の前駆体をアニーリングおよび/またはカルコゲン化処理に供する工程
を含む、方法。 - 形成された第一の薄膜の前駆体が5nm〜200nmの範囲内の厚さを有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 形成された第一の薄膜の前駆体がさらにGaおよびAlの少なくとも一方を含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 形成された第一の薄膜の前駆体中の銅の量に対する(In+Ga+Al)の原子比が1よりも大きい、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 第一の薄膜の前駆体は100℃未満の1つ以上の温度でスパッタして形成される、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- a)基板、
b)基板の上に直接または間接に形成された第一のPACB領域(ただし、第一のPACB領域はCu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを含み、そして第一のPACB領域がXTEMによって測定したときに100nm未満のサイズの結晶粒を含み、そしてその領域の平均厚さが200nm未満である。)、および
c)第一のPACB領域の上に直接または間接に形成された第二のPACB領域(ただし、第二のPACB領域はCu、Inおよび少なくとも1種のカルコゲンを含む。)
を含む光起電力装置であって、
第一の領域と第二の領域の合計厚さが1000nm未満である、光起電力装置。 - 第一のPACB領域はXTEMによって測定した結晶粒サイズが第二のPACB領域よりも小さい、請求項6に記載の装置。
- 第一の領域と第二の領域の合計の厚さが500nm未満である、請求項6または7に記載の装置。
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CN102893371A (zh) | 2013-01-23 |
KR20130016281A (ko) | 2013-02-14 |
JP2013522910A (ja) | 2013-06-13 |
CN102893371B (zh) | 2016-09-28 |
CN102893370B (zh) | 2015-12-16 |
MX2012010732A (es) | 2013-04-03 |
KR101761098B1 (ko) | 2017-07-25 |
KR20130016283A (ko) | 2013-02-14 |
EP2548217B1 (en) | 2017-04-19 |
US20110253219A1 (en) | 2011-10-20 |
SG184088A1 (en) | 2012-10-30 |
US20170263797A1 (en) | 2017-09-14 |
US9911887B2 (en) | 2018-03-06 |
JP5956418B2 (ja) | 2016-07-27 |
SG184087A1 (en) | 2012-10-30 |
TW201201397A (en) | 2012-01-01 |
BR112012023397A2 (pt) | 2016-06-07 |
TW201139716A (en) | 2011-11-16 |
US8969720B2 (en) | 2015-03-03 |
WO2011115894A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
EP2548217A1 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
US20150179860A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
US8993882B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 |
MX2012010733A (es) | 2012-12-17 |
CN102893370A (zh) | 2013-01-23 |
TWI510664B (zh) | 2015-12-01 |
US20110226336A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
WO2011115887A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
JP2013522159A (ja) | 2013-06-13 |
BR112012023255A2 (pt) | 2016-05-17 |
EP2548218A1 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
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