JP2016516477A - 回転式血管内超音波装置から画像を生成するためのシステム及び方法 - Google Patents

回転式血管内超音波装置から画像を生成するためのシステム及び方法 Download PDF

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JP2016516477A
JP2016516477A JP2016501798A JP2016501798A JP2016516477A JP 2016516477 A JP2016516477 A JP 2016516477A JP 2016501798 A JP2016501798 A JP 2016501798A JP 2016501798 A JP2016501798 A JP 2016501798A JP 2016516477 A JP2016516477 A JP 2016516477A
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ジンヒョン パーク
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Abstract

本発明は、概ね回転式血管内超音波装置から画像を生成するためのシステム及び方法に関する。超音波撮像では、空間解像度及び深度透過度は、画像品質を定量的に評価するための重要なパラメータである。一般に、超音波の中心周波数での波長が空間解像度を決定し、周波数が増大するにつれて解像度が向上する。しかしながら、組織減衰は、通常、周波数の線形関数として増加し、血管内超音波撮像アプリケーションで一般に採用される高い周波数(例えば40MHzより高い周波数)では非線形にさえなって増加する。

Description

本出願は、2013年3月13日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/778,757号の優先権の利益を主張し、その内容は全体として参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明は、概ね回転式血管内超音波装置から画像を生成するためのシステム及び方法に関する。
超音波撮像では、空間解像度及び深度透過度は、画像品質を定量的に評価するための重要なパラメータである。一般に、超音波の中心周波数での波長が空間解像度を決定し、周波数が増大するにつれて解像度が向上する。しかしながら、組織減衰は、通常、周波数の線形関数として増加し、血管内超音波撮像アプリケーションで一般に採用される高い周波数(例えば40MHzより高い周波数)では非線形にさえなって増加する。高周波数超音波は、近接場における高解像度の撮像を容易にするが、深度透過度が損なわれ得、深部組織構造を識別することを難しくする。
空間解像度の損失なしに深度透過度を向上させるためには、より多くの送信エネルギーを撮像対象に供給するために、送信電圧レベルが通常は増加される。しかしながら、このアプローチは、診断医療用超音波の規制によって、並びに、超音波トランスデューサ要素と撮像システム電子機器との間の長いケーブル長及びカテーテルが装着されたトランスデューサと一体化される小さなサイズの電子機器などの血管内超音波撮像環境の性質によっての両方で制限される。
送信電圧レベルの増加ではなく、伸長された変調送信バーストを用いる符号化励起法が、向上した空間解像度のために動作周波数を増大させながら深度透過度を維持するというジレンマに対処するために、採用されてきた。この方法は、パルス圧縮と呼ばれる。パルス圧縮を用いる超音波撮像装置は、従来の短いパルスの代わりに符号化された長いパルスを採用する。符号化励起法の一つの種類は、ゴレイ(Golay)符号を使用する。ゴレイ符号は、短いバーストで変調されるバイナリコードである。(特定シーケンスの)2つの異なるバイナリコードは、ゴレイ対を構成する。2つの符号が別々に復号されて合計されると、レンジサイドローブは、メインローブのみを残して、完全に除去される。ゴレイ符号のこの特性により、ゴレイ符号を超音波撮像装置に活用するために大いなる試みがなされてきた。
実際には、組織構造内の超音波の非線形伝搬、モーションアーチファクト、及び他の非理想性のために、レンジサイドローブは完全に除去されない。特に回転式血管内超音波では、連続回転が、ゴレイ対を作るのに使用される隣接するA−スキャンに対してわずかな角度ずれを引き起こし、結果としてレンジサイドローブレベルが増大する。
本発明は、ゴレイ符号の回転式血管内超音波法(intravascular ultrasound:IVUS)におけるモーションアーチファクトを抑制するために、短いバースト変調ゴレイ符号をマルチビームアプローチと共に用いる。ゴレイ符号と共に使用するマルチビーム・ストラテジは、相補ゴレイ符号を交互に送信することと、次いで、(1より大きい)奇数の重み付けされて復号されたA−スキャンを合計することとを含む。
ある態様では、本発明は、回転式血管内超音波装置から画像を生成する方法を提供する。本方法は、相補ゴレイ符号を血管内超音波装置の複数のトランスデューサに交互に送信することを含む。加えて、本方法は、トランスデューサから相補符号のエコーを受信し、エコーのパルス圧縮を実行することを含む。パルス圧縮は、受信したエコーを重み付けするステップと、奇数の重み付けされたエコーを合計するステップとを含み、中心エコーは1.0の重み付け値が与えられ、中心エコーの両隣はゴレイ対の相補エコーを構成する。画像は圧縮されたエコーから作られ、画像は表示されてもよい。本発明の方法は、さらに、相補符号の受信したエコーのコンボリューションを計算することを含んでもよい。
当該技術において知られる任意の技術が、ゴレイ符号を作るために使用されてもよい。ある実施形態では、ゴレイ符号は、ゴレイ符号にわたってバイフェーズ窓を適用することによって作られる。バイフェーズ窓は、バイフェーズ矩形窓、バイフェーズ・ハミング窓、バイフェーズ・ハニング窓及びバイフェーズ・バートレット窓の一つであってもよい。
本発明の別の態様は、回転式血管内超音波装置から超音波画像を生成するためのシステムを提供する。本システムは、プロセッサと、該プロセッサに結合される複数のビームモジュールとを含む。各モジュールは、プロセッサからトリガ信号を受信するための受信機と、ゴレイ符号でプログラミングされた複合プログラマブル論理デバイスと、高電圧切替送信機と、超音波トランスデューサとを含む。
プロセッサは、トリガ信号をビームモジュールに交互に送信し、これによりビームモジュールに相補ゴレイ符号を交互に送信させる。プロセッサは、相補符号のエコーを受信する。プロセッサは、受信したエコーを重み付けするステップと、奇数の重み付けされたエコーを合計するステップとを含むエコーのパルス圧縮を実行し、該圧縮では、中心エコーは1.0の重み付け値が与えられ、中心エコーの両隣はゴレイ対の相補エコーを構成する。プロセッサは、圧縮されたエコーから画像を生成する。プロセッサは表示装置に結合され、画像が表示されるようにする。
図1は、長さ8のゴレイ相補シーケンスの対を用いるサイドローブのキャンセリングの原理を示す一連のグラフである。 図2は、本発明のシステムを示す。 図3は、どのように本発明の方法が実行されるかを示す図である。
本発明は、概して回転式血管内超音波(IVUS)装置から画像を生成するためのシステム及び方法に関する。本発明のシステム及び方法は、特に回転式IVUSに有用である。回転式IVUSカテーテルでは、圧電結晶を有する単一トランスデューサは、電気パルスで断続的に励起されながら、高速回転される(例えば毎分約1800回転)。励起パルスは、トランスデューサを、一連の送信パルスを送出するように振動させる。送信パルスは、エコー信号の受信のための時間を許容する周波数で送信される。受信信号が散在する送信パルスのシーケンスは、血管の完全な断面画像を再構築するのに必要な超音波データを提供する。
回転式IVUSカテーテルの一般的なデザイン及び構造は、例えばYockの米国特許第4,794,931号、第5,000,185号及び第5,313,949号;Sieben等の米国特許第5,243,988号及び第5,353,798号;Crowley等の米国特許第4,951,677号;Pomeranzの米国特許第5,095,911号、Griffith等の米国特許第4,841,977号、Maroney等の米国特許第5,373,849号、Born等の米国特許第5,176,141号、Lancee等の米国特許第5,240,003号、Lancee等の米国特許第5,375,602号、Gardineer等の米国特許第5,373,845号、Seward等のMayo Clinic Proceedings 71(7):629-635 (1996)、Packer等のCardiostim Conference 833 (1994), "Ultrasound Cardioscopy," Eur. J.C.P.E. 4(2):193 (June 1994)、Eberle等の米国特許第5,453,575号、Eberle等の米国特許第5,368,037号、Eberle等の米国特許第5,183,048号、Eberle等の米国特許第5,167,233号、Eberle等の米国特許第4,917,097号、Eberle等の米国特許第5,135,486号、並びに腔内超音波装置及びモダリティに関する技術において良く知られた他の引用文献に示されている。カテーテルは、一般的に近位及び遠位領域を有し、遠位領域に位置付けられるイメージング用先端部を含む。このようなカテーテルは、患者の体内の関心領域に位置付けられると、イメージング用先端部を取り囲むエリアの超音波検査画像を取得する能力を有する。カテーテル及びこれに関連する電子回路は、関心領域で取得された各超音波検査データセットに対してカテーテル軸の位置を規定することができる。
本発明のシステム及び方法は、ゴレイ符号を使用する。超音波におけるゴレイ符号の使用は、例えば米国特許第7,535,797号;第6,958,042号;第6,663,565号;第6,638,227号;第6,491,631号;第6,375,618号;第6,350,240号;第6,312,384号;第6,210,332号;第6,186,949号;及び第6,146,328号に説明されており、各々の内容は全体として参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
ゴレイ相補シーケンスはバイナリコードの対であり、相補対と呼ばれるより信号の大きなファミリに属し、自己相関関数は、大きさが等しく符号が逆のサイドローブを有する同じ長さNの2つの符号から構成される。これらを合計すると、2Nのピーク及びゼロサイドローブを有する合成自己相関関数になる。図1は、各々が8ビットに等しい長さの信号の対に対するサイドローブキャンセリングの原理を示す。
基本的に、ゴレイ対を生成するためのいくつかのアルゴリズムが有る。仮に、変数a及びb(i=1,2,・・・n)は、‘+1’又は‘−1’、[3]、のいずれかに等しい2つのn長相補系列の要素であるとする。
順序対(A;B)は、これらの関連する多項式
が、ローラン多項式環Z[x,x−1]における恒等式
を満たすとき、且つ、そのときに限り長さnのゴレイシーケンスである。
仮に、シーケンスA及びBに対応する自動相関関数NA及びNBは
によってそれぞれ規定されるとし、ここで、kが(1...n)に属さない場合、a=0と設定する。ここで、条件式(3)は、和N+NB、及び
によって表現することができる。両方の自己相関関数の和は、j=0において2Nであり、そうでなければゼロになる。
ゴレイシーケンスを構築するための第2の再帰的方法が以下に示される。仮に、変数a(i)及びb(i)は、長さ2の要素+1、−1を有する2つの相補シーケンスの要素(i=0,1,2,・・・2−1)であるとし、
ここで、δ(i)はクロネッカーのデルタ関数である。
式7は、各ステップにおいて、シーケンスの新しい要素は、長さnの要素a(i)及びb(i)の連結によって作られることを示す。
例:
仮にn=1とすると、iは値0及び1をとる。
最終的な結果として、長さ2の2つの相補シーケンスを得る:
ひとたびこれらの動作がn=2,3,4...に対して再帰的に実行されると、下記の相補シーケンスが得られる:
適用される数学的形式のみが異なる相補符号対を生成する同様のやり方は、Mendieta等によって説明されており(Complementary sequence correlations with applications to reflectometry studies, Instrumentation and Development, 3, 6, 1996)、その内容は全体として参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
図2及び図3は、本発明のシステム及び方法を示す。本システムは、プロセッサと、該プロセッサに結合される複数のビームモジュールとを含む。各モジュールは、プロセッサからのトリガ信号を受信するための受信機と、ゴレイ符号でプログラミングされた複合プログラマブル論理デバイスと、高電圧切替送信機と、超音波トランスデューサとを含む。
プロセッサは、トリガ信号をビームモジュールに交互に送信し、これによりビームモジュールに相補ゴレイ符号を交互に送信させる。超音波透過の第1の時点では、トランスデューサアレイの奇数トランスデューサが、第1符号シーケンス(ゴレイ符号1(G1))に対応する超音波パルス信号を送信する。トランスデューサアレイの偶数トランスデューサが、第2符号シーケンス(ゴレイ符号2(G2))に対応する超音波パルス信号を送信する。人間の身体などの関心対象への超音波パルス信号の送信と、関心対象からの反射された信号の受信とが同時に起こる。第1及び第2の超音波透過における対応するゴレイ符号に対するトランスデューサアレイの偶数トランスデューサと奇数トランスデューサとの間の切り替えは、グレーティングローブを低減する。グレーティングローブは、超音波信号が望まないやり方で補完される場合に生成されるビームパターンのピークである。
プロセッサは相補符号のエコーを受信する。プロセッサは、受信したエコーを重み付けするステップと、奇数の重み付けされたエコーを合計するステップとを含むエコーのパルス圧縮を実行し、該圧縮では、中心エコーは1.0の重み付け値が与えられ、中心エコーの両隣の重み付けされた合計はゴレイ対の相補エコーを構成する。例えば、図3は、3つのビームが、1つの複合ゴレイ符号化励起走査線を生成するのに使用されることを示す。図は、各送信信号がゴレイ符号のメンバーと対になることを示す。システムは、対が交互である(G1、G2、G1、G2、G1、G2等)ように設定される。例として一番上の3つのビームを見る。第1走査線は、ゴレイ符号2からの対の1つのメンバーと、ゴレイ符号1の対の両方のメンバーを合計することによって作られる。ゴレイ符号2の対のメンバーは、ゴレイ符号2の対のメンバーと隣接するゴレイ符号1の対の中心線である。中心ビーム(ゴレイ符号2)のための重み付けは1.0であり、一方で、隣接するビーム(ゴレイ符号対G1及びG1)は各々0.5である。このやり方では、ゴレイ符号1からの対は互いにキャンセリングされ、ゴレイ符号2のメンバーの中心線ビームのみが残り、これにより、走査線1に対するサイドローブを除去し、この走査線に対するアーチファクトを取り除く。
該プロセスは、その後各走査線に対して繰り返され、画像が走査線から組み立てられる。プロセッサは表示装置に結合され、画像が表示されるようにする。
特許、特許出願、特許公報、雑誌、書籍、ウェブコンテンツなど他の書類の参照及び引用が、この開示を通して行われてきた。全てのこのような文書は、ここで全ての目的に対して全体として参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
ここに示された及び説明されたものに加えて、本発明のさまざまな変更形態及び多くの他の実施形態は、ここに引用された科学及び特許文献への参照を含むこの文書の全ての内容から当業者に明らかになるだろう。本明細書の内容は、さまざまな実施形態及びこれらと同等のものにおける本発明の実施に適合され得る重要な情報、例示並びにガイダンスを含む。

Claims (14)

  1. 回転式血管内超音波装置から画像を生成する方法であって、前記方法は、
    相補ゴレイ符号を血管内超音波装置の複数のトランスデューサに交互に送信するステップと、
    前記トランスデューサから前記相補符号のエコーを受信するステップと、
    前記受信したエコーを重み付けするステップ及び奇数の重み付けされたエコーを合計するステップを含み、中心エコーは1.0の重み付け値が与えられ、中心エコーの両隣はゴレイ対の相補エコーを構成する、前記エコーのパルス圧縮を実行するステップと、
    前記圧縮されたエコーから画像を生成するステップと
    を含む、方法。
  2. 前記画像を表示するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
  3. 前記ゴレイ符号は、前記ゴレイ符号にわたってバイフェーズ窓を適用することによって作られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
  4. 前記バイフェーズ窓は、バイフェーズ矩形窓、バイフェーズ・ハミング窓、バイフェーズ・ハニング窓及びバイフェーズ・バートレット窓の一つである、請求項3に記載の方法。
  5. 前記方法は、前記相補符号の前記受信したエコーのコンボリューションを計算するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
  6. 回転式血管内超音波装置から超音波画像を生成するためのシステムであって、前記システムは、
    プロセッサと、
    前記プロセッサに結合される複数のビームモジュールであって、各モジュールが、
    前記プロセッサからトリガ信号を受信するための受信機と、
    ゴレイ符号でプログラミングされた複合プログラマブル論理デバイスと、
    高電圧切替送信機と、
    超音波トランスデューサと
    を含む当該ビームモジュールと
    を有する、システム。
  7. 前記プロセッサは、トリガ信号を前記ビームモジュールに交互に送信し、これにより前記ビームモジュールに相補ゴレイ符号を交互に送信させる、請求項6に記載のシステム。
  8. 前記プロセッサは、前記相補符号のエコーを受信する、請求項7に記載のシステム。
  9. 前記プロセッサは、前記エコーのパルス圧縮であって、前記受信したエコーを重み付けするステップ及び奇数の重み付けされたエコーを合計するステップを含み、中心エコーは1.0の重み付け値が与えられ、中心エコーの両隣はゴレイ対の相補エコーを構成する当該パルス圧縮を実行する、請求項8に記載のシステム。
  10. 前記プロセッサは、前記圧縮されたエコーから画像を生成する、請求項9に記載のシステム。
  11. 前記プロセッサは表示装置に結合され、前記画像が表示されるようにする、請求項9に記載のシステム。
  12. 前記ゴレイ符号は、前記ゴレイ符号にわたってバイフェーズ窓を適用することによって作られる、請求項11に記載のシステム。
  13. 前記バイフェーズ窓は、バイフェーズ矩形窓、バイフェーズ・ハミング窓、バイフェーズ・ハニング窓及びバイフェーズ・バートレット窓の一つである、請求項12に記載のシステム。
  14. 前記プロセッサは、前記相補符号の前記受信したエコーのコンボリューションを計算する、請求項11に記載の方法。
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