JP2013163074A - 透析プロセスにおいて尿毒症毒素を除去するための方法および組成物 - Google Patents
透析プロセスにおいて尿毒症毒素を除去するための方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】デバイスは、リン酸ジルコニウム、酸化ジルコニウム、およびウレアーゼを含む樹脂ベッドを含む。1つの実施形態において、透析手順において尿毒症毒素を除去するためのデバイスであって:入口および出口を有し、かつ内部を規定する本体であって、該内部が、ウレアーゼを含む層、酸化ジルコニウムを含む層、リン酸ジルコニウムを含む層、および炭素を含む層を含む、本体を備え;そして該デバイスに侵入する流体が、該デバイスに侵入するに際し、該ウレアーゼ層または該酸化ジルコニウム層と接触する前に該リン酸ジルコニウム層と接触するように構成かつ配列されている、デバイスが提供される。
【選択図】図2
Description
本発明は一般に処理の方法に関する。より詳細には、本発明は、透析プロセスに関する。
本発明は、患者に透析を提供するための改良されたシステムおよび方法を提供する。より詳細には、1つの実施形態で、本発明は、再生透析治療のためのシステム、カートリッジ、および方法を提供する。しかし、本発明のカートリッジは、血液透析治療および腹膜透析治療ならびに急性透析を含む種々の治療で用いられ得ることに注目すべきである。
(項目1)
透析手順において尿毒症毒素を除去するためのデバイスであって:
入口および出口を有し、かつ内部を規定する本体であって、該内部が、ウレアーゼを含む層、酸化ジルコニウムを含む層、リン酸ジルコニウムを含む層、および炭素を含む層を含む、本体を備え;そして
該デバイスに侵入する流体が、該デバイスに侵入するに際し、該ウレアーゼ層または該酸化ジルコニウム層と接触する前に該リン酸ジルコニウム層と接触するように構成かつ配列されている、デバイス。
(項目2)
前記酸化ジルコニウムが硝酸イオンを除去するように改変されている、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目3)
前記酸化ジルコニウムが、ヒドロキシル形態にある、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目4)
前記炭素の層が、前記出口に並列に位置決めされている、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目5)
前記流体が、前記炭素の層に侵入する前に酸化ジルコニウムの層を通じて流れる、項目4に記載のデバイス。
(項目6)
前記リン酸ジルコニウムが、約2〜約8のpHを有する、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目7)
前記酸化ジルコニウムが、約6〜約13のpHを有する、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目8)
2つの別個のリン酸ジルコニウムの層を含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目9)
2つの別個の酸化ジルコニウムの層を含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目10)
前記デバイスの入口端部および出口端部の各々に開口ヘッダーを含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目11)
前記出口の端部に位置決めされる、ガスを大気に排出するための開口部を含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目12)
毒素を除去するための透析システムにおける使用のためのカートリッジであって:
入口端部および出口端部を有する本体;
少なくとも4つの層を含む内部であって、該層が、約2.5〜約5のpHを有するリン酸ジルコニウムおよびウレアーゼからなる群から選択される樹脂の第1の層、約9〜約13のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムおよびウレアーゼからなる群から選択される樹脂の第2の層、リン酸ジルコニウムの第3の層、および約6.5〜約7.5のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムの第4の層を含む、内部、を備え、そして
該内部が、第1の入口端部から該内部に侵入する流体が、該第1の層、次いで該第2の層、次いで該第3の層、および次いで該第4の層を通って流れるように構成かつ配列されている、カートリッジ。
(項目13)
前記酸化ジルコニウムが、硝酸イオンを除去し、そしてそれを重炭酸イオンに置き換える、項目12に記載のカートリッジ。
(項目14)
前記酸化ジルコニウムが、ヒドロキシル形態にある、項目12に記載のカートリッジ。
(項目15)
前記出口に並列に位置決めされている炭素の層を備える、項目12に記載のカートリッジ。
(項目16)
前記第1の層が、約200〜約800グラムのリン酸ジルコニウムを含む、項目12に記載のデバイス。
(項目17)
前記第4の層が、約50〜約200グラムの炭素を含む、項目12に記載のデバイス。
(項目18)
前記ウレアーゼが、架橋された酵素結晶ウレアーゼである、項目12に記載のデバイス。(項目19)
透析溶液を再生するためのデバイスであって:樹脂ベッドを含む本体を備え;そして
該樹脂ベッドが、少なくとも、ウレアーゼ、リン酸ジルコニウム、酸化ジルコニウム、および炭素の層を含み、そして塩基性または酸性のいずれかであるpHを有する透析溶液が該樹脂ベッドを通過した後に、約7〜約7.8のpHでカートリッジを出るように構成かつ配列されている、デバイス。
(項目20)
前記溶液が接触する前記樹脂ベッドの第1の層が、約2.0〜約5のpHを有するリン酸ジルコニウムおよびウレアーゼからなる群から選択される、項目19に記載のデバイス。(項目21)
前記樹脂ベッド中の前記溶液が通過する第2の層が、約9〜約13のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムおよびウレアーゼからなる群から選択される、項目19に記載のデバイス。
(項目22)
前記溶液が接触する前記樹脂ベッドの第3の層が、リン酸ジルコニウムである、項目19に記載のデバイス。
(項目23)
前記溶液が接触するカートリッジの第4の層が、約6.8〜約7.5のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムである、項目19に記載のデバイス。
(項目24)
前記カートリッジを出る溶液のpHが約7.4である、項目19に記載のデバイス。
(項目25)
前記第1の層が、約200〜約800グラムのリン酸ジルコニウムを含む、項目19に記載のデバイス。
(項目26)
前記炭素の層が、透析溶液から、30グラムより少ないグルコースを除去する、項目19に記載のデバイス。
(項目27)
前記ウレアーゼが、架橋された酵素結晶ウレアーゼである、項目19に記載のデバイス。(項目28)
透析溶液で患者を処置するためのシステムにおける使用のためのデバイスであって:
透析溶液の供給源と流体連結している、入口;
該入口を含み、そして内部を規定し、かつ出口を有する本体であって、3層構造を規定する、ウレアーゼの層、酸化ジルコニウムの層、およびリン酸ジルコニウムの層を含む樹脂ベッドを含む、本体;および
該透析溶液に接触する該3層構造の第1の層が該ウレアーゼの層または該リン酸ジルコニウムの層のいずれかであるように配向され、かつ該酸化ジルコニウムの層が該入口に侵入する塩基性または酸性の透析溶液が生理学的に受容可能なpHで該出口から出るように構成かつ配列されている、該樹脂ベッド、を備える、デバイス。
(項目29)
再生透析システムで用いられる、項目28に記載のデバイス。
(項目30)
前記溶液が接触する前記樹脂ベッドの第1の層が、約2.0〜約5のpHを有するリン酸ジルコニウムおよびウレアーゼからなる群から選択される、項目28に記載のデバイス。(項目31)
前記溶液が通過する前記樹脂ベッド中の第2の層が、約9〜約13のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムおよびウレアーゼからなる群から選択される、項目28に記載のデバイス。
(項目32)
前記樹脂ベッドが、少なくとも4つの層を含む、項目28に記載のデバイス。
(項目33)
前記酸化ジルコニウムの層が、約6.8〜約7.5のpHを有する、項目28に記載のデバイス。
(項目34)
前記カートリッジを出る溶液のpHが、約7.2〜7.6である、項目28に記載のデバイス。
(項目35)
前記第1の層が、約200〜約800グラムのリン酸ジルコニウムを含む、項目28に記載のデバイス。
(項目36)
過剰量のグルコースを除去しないように選択されている炭素の層を含む、項目28に記載のデバイス。
(項目37)
透析を提供するためのシステムにおける使用のためのカートリッジを構築する方法であって、
酸化ジルコニウムおよびリン酸ジルコニウムを含む樹脂ベッドを提供する工程、および
該酸化ジルコニウムの層およびリン酸ジルコニウムの層を、該樹脂ベッドが、該樹脂ベッドに侵入する透析溶液中に存在する尿毒症毒素を除去することを可能にするように選択および配向する工程、および
該カートリッジを出る透析溶液が、生理的pHを有し、かつ生理学的に受容可能な電解質バランスを含むようにする工程、を包含する、方法。
(項目38)
入口および出口を有し、かつ内部を規定する本体であって、該内部が、ウレアーゼを含む層、酸化ジルコニウムを含む層、リン酸ジルコニウムを含む層、および炭素を含む層を含む、本体を提供する工程;およびデバイスに侵入する流体が、該デバイスに侵入するに際し、該酸化ジルコニウム層で該ウレアーゼ層と接触する前に該リン酸ジルコニウム層と接触するように構成かつ配列されている、デバイスを提供する工程、を包含する、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目39)
前記リン酸ジルコニウムが、約2〜約8のpHを有する、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目40)
前記酸化ジルコニウムが、約6〜約13のpHを有する、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目41)
2つの別個のリン酸ジルコニウムの層を含む、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目42)
2つの別個の酸化ジルコニウムの層を含む、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目43)
前記樹脂が、約200〜約800gのリン酸ジルコニウムを含む、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目44)
前記樹脂ベッドが、約50〜約200グラムの炭素を含む、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目45)
前記ウレアーゼが架橋された酵素結晶ウレアーゼである、項目38に記載の方法。
(項目46)
透析を提供する方法であって、
透析流体を、入口および出口を有し、かつ内部を規定する本体を通過させる工程であって、該内部が少なくとも4つの層を含み、第1の層が約2.5〜約5のpHを有するリン酸ジルコニウムまたはウレアーゼを含み、第2の層が約9〜約13のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムまたはウレアーゼを含み、第3の層がリン酸ジルコニウムを含み、および第4の層が約6.8〜約7.5のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムを含む、工程を包含する、方法。
(項目47)
溶液が接触する前記本体の第4の層が、約6.8〜約7.5のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムである、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目48)
前記本体が、2つの別個の酸化ジルコニウムの層を含む、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目49)
前記酸化ジルコニウムが、重炭酸塩形態である、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目50)
前記酸化ジルコニウムが、ヒドロキシル形態である、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目51)
前記本体が、前記出口の端部に並列に位置決めされる炭素の層を含む、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目52)
前記第1の層が、約200〜約800グラムのリン酸ジルコニウムを含む、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目53)
前記第4の層が、約50〜約200グラムの炭素を含む、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目54)
前記ウレアーゼが、架橋された酵素結晶ウレアーゼである、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目55)
再生透析を提供する方法であって、
透析流体を、入口および出口を有し、かつ内部を規定する本体を通過させることによって少なくともいくらかの尿毒症毒素を除去する工程であって、該内部が少なくとも4つの層を含み、第1の層が約2.5〜約5のpHを有するリン酸ジルコニウムまたはウレアーゼを含み、第2の層が約9〜約13のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムまたはウレアーゼを含み、第3の層がリン酸ジルコニウムを含み、および第4の層が約6.8〜約7.5のpHを有する酸化ジルコニウムを含む、工程を包含する、方法。
(項目56)
前記透析流体が前記本体を出るときの該透析流体のpHが約7.4である、項目55に記載の方法。
(項目57)
前記本体に侵入する前の前記透析流体のpHが酸性である、項目55に記載の方法。
(項目58)
前記本体に侵入する前の前記透析流体のpHが塩基性である、項目55に記載の方法。
本発明のさらなる特徴および利点は、現在好ましい実施形態の詳細な説明、および図面に記載され、かつそれらから明瞭である。
本発明は、透析処理を提供する方法に関する。さらに、本発明は、透析を提供するためのシステムに関する。より詳細には、1つの実施形態で、本発明は、尿毒症毒素を除去するために用いられる改良されたカートリッジを提供する。
1)より良好なウレアーゼ閉じ込め。
2)患者による増加した使用の容易性に至る減少したカートリッジサイズ。
3)カートリッジ製造の間の使用の容易性。
4)現存するシステムを超える増加した安全性(カートリッジ中のウレアーゼのより良好な閉じ込めに起因する)。
ナトリウム容量(mmol/gm樹脂)=7.1−1.945(ZPのpH)および0.138(ZPのpH)2に等しい。
1)アンモニウムおよびその他のカチオン(カルシウム、マグネシウム、カリウム)を交換することにおけるナトリウムの放出。吸収されるべきこれらカチオンの最大量は、約650mmolであり、約430mmolのアンモニウムおよび約200mmolのその他のカチオンからなる。この交換プロセスの間に放出されるナトリウムの量は、リン酸ジルコニウムの平衡化pH、溶液pH、および透析液中のカチオンの濃度に依存する。
pH=6.2+log(HCO3 −/CO2(aq))
結果として、ウレアーゼ反応の結果として形成される二酸化炭素/重炭酸塩の比は、溶液pHに依存し、より酸性条件で二酸化炭素形成に向く。形成される(二酸化炭素+重炭酸塩)の全体量は、患者の尿素負荷に依存する。
1)リン酸ジルコニウム樹脂の平衡化pHを改変すること。この樹脂の平衡化pHを低くすることにより、放出されるナトリウムの量が低減され、平均の透析液pHがより低く、そして形成される二酸化炭素の量はより大きい。この樹脂の平衡化pHを上昇させることにより、溶液pHはより生理学的になるが、放出されるナトリウムと重炭酸塩の量は増加する。
以下に提示するのは、リン酸ジルコニウムの平衡pHを改変することの透析液溶出液の組成に対する影響を調べた試験である。観察された主要な指標は、pH、ナトリウム濃度、および重炭酸塩濃度である。理想的な結果は、7.4の生理学的pHであるか、それに近い溶出液pH、完全サイズのカートリッジについて約50mEqの正味のナトリウム除去、および完全サイズのカートリッジについて約50mEqの正味の重炭酸塩付加である。これらの実験は、代表的には、gスケールのリン酸ジルコニウムで、アンモニウムブレークスルーにおける尿素濃度が、患者治療の間に予期されるカラム投入範囲にあるような様式で実施された。このスケールでは、適切な性能標的は、約1mEqの正味のナトリウム除去、および約1mEqの正味の重炭酸塩付加である(または2リットルのリザーバーについて0.5mEq/L)。
上記と同じ実験セットアップ中で、ウレアーゼ、リン酸ジルコニウム、および酸化ジルコニウムを用いて実験を実施した。複数のカラムを直列に接続し、カチオンカラムの後のシステムに、酸化ジルコニウムカラムを付加した。Altus 271−6ウレアーゼ、7.2のpHまで改変されたリン酸ジルコニウムおよび酸化ジルコニウムを用いた試験の結果は、以下の図8〜10に提示されている。リン酸ジルコニウムの層によって放出されるナトリウムを相殺する、溶液からナトリウムを除去する酸化ジルコニウムの結果である、ナトリウムバランスは、試験の経過に亘り、良好に維持されることを注記しておく。溶出液pCO2レベルはまた,酸化ジルコニウムの存在下で有意により低い。改変された酸化ジルコニウムは、ナトリウムを捕獲し、そして試験の経過に亘ってナトリウムバランスを維持することを支援する。この試験は、7.1〜7.2のpHまで改変されたリン酸ジルコニウムが、より高いpHまで改変されたリン酸ジルコニウムよりもかなり良好に挙動することを示す。
(実験セットアップ)
図11は、腹膜透析セッティングにおけるイオン交換樹脂の使用を評価するための研究で用いた実験セットアップの概略を示す。このセットアップは2つのループ100および102を含めた。患者の総流体本体を代表する15リットルのバッグ104を、このセットアップの第2のループ102中で用いた。40リットルのバッグを利用することは患者身体のより正確な推定をなし得るが、15リットルのバッグを分析の容易さのために用いた。この15リットルバッグからの流体は、ポンプ110を用いて、100mL/分の流速で透析器108の管腔側106中にポンプ輸送された。透析器108の管腔側106の出口112から、流体は、15リットルのバッグ104中に戻した。同時に、この流体が15リットルのバッグ104中に戻っているとき、患者により連続的に生成されている老廃物の総量を代表する尿素、クレアチニン、およびリン酸塩を1mL/分で注入した。この15リットルのバッグ102は、一定濃度の尿素窒素(20mg/dL)、クレアチニン(6mg/dL)、およびリン酸塩(3.1mg/dL)に維持した。初期供給溶液は、25mmol/Lの重炭酸塩、138mEq/Lのナトリウム、2.5mEq/Lのカルシウムおよび1.0mEq/Lのマグネシウムを含む。
1−その標準的な形態にあるリン酸ジルコニウム(pH=6.2)とともに用いた8.85のpHの重炭酸塩形態にある酸化ジルコニウム。このセットアップでは、4つの層のみが存在した。
Claims (11)
- 再生透析を提供するためのカートリッジであって、該カートリッジが、
本体であって、該本体が入口および出口を有し、内部を規定する、本体
を備え、該内部が、ウレアーゼを含む層、酸化ジルコニウムを含む層、リン酸ジルコニウムを含む層、および炭素を含む層を少なくとも備え、ここで、該層のうちの少なくとも2つが、該2つの物質の勾配を提供するように一緒にブレンドされている、カートリッジ。 - 請求項1に記載のカートリッジであって、前記酸化ジルコニウムが、硝酸イオンを除去し、該硝酸イオンを重炭酸イオンに交換するように改変されている、カートリッジ。
- 請求項1に記載のカートリッジであって、前記酸化ジルコニウムが、ヒドロキシル形態にある、カートリッジ。
- 請求項1に記載のカートリッジであって、前記炭素を含む層が、前記出口に並列に位置決めされている、カートリッジ。
- 請求項1に記載のカートリッジであって、前記リン酸ジルコニウムを含む層が、約200〜約800グラムのリン酸ジルコニウムを含む、カートリッジ。
- 請求項1に記載のカートリッジであって、前記炭素を含む層が、約50〜約200グラムの炭素を含む、カートリッジ。
- 請求項1に記載のカートリッジであって、前記炭素を含む層が、前記カートリッジを通る透析液から30グラムより少ないグルコースを除去する、カートリッジ。
- 請求項1に記載のカートリッジであって、前記本体の内部が、酸化ジルコニウムを含む2つの別個の層を備える、カートリッジ。
- 透析手順において尿毒症毒素を除去するためのデバイスであって、該デバイスが、
本体であって、該本体が入口および出口を有し、内部を規定する、本体
を備え、該内部が、ウレアーゼを含む層、酸化ジルコニウムを含む層、リン酸ジルコニウムを含む層、および炭素を含む層を備え、ここで、該層のうちの少なくとも2つが、該2つの物質の勾配を提供するように一緒にブレンドされており、該デバイスが、該デバイスに侵入する流体が、該デバイスに侵入するに際し、少なくとも該酸化ジルコニウムを含む層を含む最初の層と、任意の他の層と接触する前に接触するように構成かつ配列されている、デバイス。 - 透析溶液を再生するためのデバイスであって、該デバイスが、以下:
内部を規定する本体
を備え、該内部が、ウレアーゼの層、リン酸ジルコニウムの層、酸化ジルコニウムの層および炭素の層を少なくとも含み、ここで、該層のうちの少なくとも2つが、該2つの物質の勾配を提供するように一緒にブレンドされており、該樹脂ベッドに入る塩基性または酸性のいずれかであるpHを有する透析溶液が、約7から約7.8のpHで該樹脂ベッドを出るように、該デバイスが構成かつ配列されている、デバイス。 - 請求項10に記載のデバイスであって、前記炭素の層が、前記透析溶液から30グラムより少ないグルコースを除去する、デバイス。
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