JP2011084815A - 毒性金属を使用することなく電気めっき法により黄色の金合金析出物を得る方法 - Google Patents
毒性金属を使用することなく電気めっき法により黄色の金合金析出物を得る方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2011084815A JP2011084815A JP2010232903A JP2010232903A JP2011084815A JP 2011084815 A JP2011084815 A JP 2011084815A JP 2010232903 A JP2010232903 A JP 2010232903A JP 2010232903 A JP2010232903 A JP 2010232903A JP 2011084815 A JP2011084815 A JP 2011084815A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 229910001097 yellow gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 239000010930 yellow gold Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910001020 Au alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000003353 gold alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- IZLAVFWQHMDDGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold(1+);cyanide Chemical compound [Au+].N#[C-] IZLAVFWQHMDDGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000003352 sequestering agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M D-gluconate Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WOFVPNPAVMKHCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N#C[Au](C#N)C#N Chemical group N#C[Au](C#N)C#N WOFVPNPAVMKHCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940043264 dodecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- NYUQKKWCYPVQGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl(dimethyl)azanium;propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound CCCS([O-])(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCC[NH+](C)C NYUQKKWCYPVQGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SYELZBGXAIXKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] SYELZBGXAIXKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940050410 gluconate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium cyanide Chemical group [K+].N#[C-] NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002659 electrodeposit Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003760 hair shine Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000021148 sequestering of metal ion Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 ether phosphates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- LXBGSDVWAMZHDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1h-imidazole Chemical compound CC1=NC=CN1 LXBGSDVWAMZHDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVBUGGBMJDPOST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-thiobarbituric acid Chemical compound O=C1CC(=O)NC(=S)N1 RVBUGGBMJDPOST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017770 Cu—Ag Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PDQAZBWRQCGBEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenethiourea Chemical compound S=C1NCCN1 PDQAZBWRQCGBEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001204 N-oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical class [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002023 dithiocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLSZMDLNRCVEIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylimidazole Natural products CC1=CNC=N1 XLSZMDLNRCVEIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NJRXVEJTAYWCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiomalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(S)C(O)=O NJRXVEJTAYWCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
- C25D3/62—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of gold
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/18—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by dipping
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
- C25D3/58—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/005—Jewels; Clockworks; Coins
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、アルカリ性金シアン化物、有機金属化合物の形態の金属金、湿潤剤、金属イオン封鎖剤および遊離シアン化物を含む浴に浸漬した電極への金合金の電気めっき析出の方法に関する。本発明によれば、前記浴が、複合銅およびカリウムシアン化物形態の銅、およびシアン化物形態の銀を含み、鏡のように輝く黄色の金合金を電極上に析出させる。
本発明は電流析出の分野に関わる。
【選択図】なし
Description
−上記浴は、アルカリ性のシアン化金形態の1から10g・l-1の金属金を含み、
−上記浴は、アルカリ性の複合シアン化物(double cyanide)形態の30から80g・l-1の金属銅を含み、
−上記浴は、錯体形態の10mg・l-1から1g・l-1の銀金属を含み、
−上記浴は、15から35g・l-1のシアン化物を含み、
−湿潤剤は、0.05から10ml・l-1の間の濃度を有し、
−湿潤剤は、ポリオキシアルケン、エーテルホスフェート、ラウリルサルフェート、ジメチルドデシルアミン−N−オキシド、ジメチル(ドデシル)アンモニウムプロパンスルホネートのうちから選択され、
−上記浴は、0.01から5ml・l-1の間の濃度のアミンを含み、
−上記浴は、0.1mg・l-1から20mg・l-1の間の濃度の減極剤を含み、
−上記浴は、リン酸塩、炭酸塩、クエン酸塩、硫酸塩、酒石酸塩、グルコン酸塩および/またはホスホン酸塩タイプの導電塩を含み、
−上記浴の温度は、50から80℃の間に保たれ、
−上記浴のpHは、8から12の間に保たれ、
−当該方法は、0.05から1.5A・dm-2の間の電流密度を用いて実施され、
−上記浴は、9.08%の金、90.85%の銅および0.07%の銀の比率を守る。
−金:5.5g・l-1;
−銅:55g・l-1;
−銀:40mg・l-1;
−KCN:26g・l-1;
−pH:10.5;
−温度:65℃;
−電流密度:0.3A・dm-2;
−湿潤剤:0.05ml・l-1NN_ジメチルドデシルN−オキシド;
−イミノ二酢酸:20g・l-1;
−エチレンジアミン:0.5ml・l-1;
−ガリウム、セレンまたはテルル:10mg・l-1
Claims (13)
- アルカリ性の金シアン化物、有機金属化合物の形態の金属金、湿潤剤、金属イオン封鎖剤および遊離シアン化物を含む浴に浸漬した電極に、金合金を電気めっき析出させる方法であって、前記浴が、複合銅およびカリウムシアン化物形態の銅、およびシアン化物形態の銀を含み、鏡のように輝く黄色の金合金を前記電極上に析出させ、前記浴が、9.08%の金、90.85%の銅および0.07%の銀の比率に守られている、ことを特徴とする金合金の電気めっき析出方法。
- 前記浴が、アルカリ性シアン化金形態の5.5g・l-1の金属金、55g・l-1の複合アルカリ性シアン化物形態の金属銅および錯体形態の40mg・l-1の金属銀を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記浴が、15から35g・l-1のシアン化物を含むことを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記湿潤剤が、0.05から10ml・l-1の間の濃度を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記湿潤剤が、ポリオキシアルケン、エーテルホスフェート、ラウリルサルフェート、ジメチルドデシルアミン−N−オキシド、ジメチル(ドデシル)アンモニウムプロパンスルホネートのタイプのうちから選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記浴が、0.01から5ml・l-1の間の濃度のアミンを含むことを特徴とする、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記浴が、0.1mg・l-1から20mg・l-1の間の濃度の減極剤を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記浴が、リン酸塩、炭酸塩、クエン酸塩、硫酸塩、酒石酸塩、グルコン酸塩および/またはホスホン酸塩タイプの導電塩を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記浴の温度が、50から80℃の間に維持されることを特徴とする、請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記浴のpHが、8から12の間に維持されることを特徴とする、請求項1から9のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 0.3A・dm-2の電流密度で実施されることを特徴とする、請求項1から10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の方法から得られる金合金形態の電解析出物であって、厚さが1から800ミクロンの間であり、銅を含み、そして、第3の主要化合物として銀を含み、輝く3N色が得られる、ことを特徴とする電解析出物。
- 金、銅および銀の合金形態の電解析出物であって、75%の金、21%の銅および4%の銀を含み、輝く3N色が得られる、ことを特徴とする電解析出物。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP09173198.4 | 2009-10-15 | ||
EP09173198.4A EP2312021B1 (fr) | 2009-10-15 | 2009-10-15 | Procédé d'obtention d'un dépôt d'alliage d'or jaune par galvanoplastie sans utilisation de métaux toxiques |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2011084815A true JP2011084815A (ja) | 2011-04-28 |
JP5563421B2 JP5563421B2 (ja) | 2014-07-30 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP2010232903A Active JP5563421B2 (ja) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-10-15 | 毒性金属を使用することなく電気めっき法により黄色の金合金析出物を得る方法 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US20110089040A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2312021B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5563421B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101297476B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102041527B (ja) |
HK (1) | HK1157415A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2012214899A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-08 | Swatch Group Research & Development Ltd | 18カラット3n金合金およびこれの析出方法 |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2018066007A1 (en) * | 2016-10-06 | 2018-04-12 | Valmet Plating S.R.L. | A galvanic and thermal process to obtain the coloration of metals, in particular precious metals |
CN107299364A (zh) * | 2017-06-07 | 2017-10-27 | 常州富思通管道有限公司 | 一种镀锌光亮剂及其制备方法 |
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US2141157A (en) * | 1938-08-23 | 1938-12-20 | Metals & Controls Corp | Alloy |
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2009
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2010
- 2010-10-15 CN CN201010552012.7A patent/CN102041527B/zh active Active
- 2010-10-15 KR KR1020100100585A patent/KR101297476B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2010-10-15 US US12/905,788 patent/US20110089040A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-10-15 JP JP2010232903A patent/JP5563421B2/ja active Active
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- 2011-10-27 HK HK11111618.6A patent/HK1157415A1/xx unknown
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- 2014-08-05 US US14/452,364 patent/US9567684B2/en active Active
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2018
- 2018-02-16 US US15/898,330 patent/US20180171499A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2012214899A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-08 | Swatch Group Research & Development Ltd | 18カラット3n金合金およびこれの析出方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2312021B1 (fr) | 2020-03-18 |
EP2312021A1 (fr) | 2011-04-20 |
US20150027898A1 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
KR20110041424A (ko) | 2011-04-21 |
US20200240030A1 (en) | 2020-07-30 |
US9567684B2 (en) | 2017-02-14 |
US20180171499A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
CN102041527B (zh) | 2014-09-17 |
HK1157415A1 (en) | 2012-06-29 |
CN102041527A (zh) | 2011-05-04 |
JP5563421B2 (ja) | 2014-07-30 |
US20110089040A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
KR101297476B1 (ko) | 2013-08-16 |
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