US2976180A - Method of silver plating by chemical reduction - Google Patents

Method of silver plating by chemical reduction Download PDF

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Publication number
US2976180A
US2976180A US703290A US70329057A US2976180A US 2976180 A US2976180 A US 2976180A US 703290 A US703290 A US 703290A US 70329057 A US70329057 A US 70329057A US 2976180 A US2976180 A US 2976180A
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United States
Prior art keywords
silver
plating
ion
chemical reduction
hypophosphite
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Expired - Lifetime
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US703290A
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Robert R Brookshire
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Raytheon Co
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Hughes Aircraft Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
    • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
    • C23C18/31—Coating with metals
    • C23C18/42—Coating with noble metals
    • C23C18/44—Coating with noble metals using reducing agents

Definitions

  • the chemical reduction process for plating has several advantages over conventional metal electroplating methods.
  • Chemical reduction plating provides a deposit of substantially uniform thickness over articleslhaving complex shapes and other irregularities such as small recesses and apertures. Even the remote surfaces in such recesses may be uniformly plated by the chemical reduction process in contrast with conventional electroplating methods Where the plating of such recesses is a practical impossibility.
  • Known prior chemical reduction processes however, all employ soluble metallic cornpounds which are exceptionally light sensitive and therefore easily reduced. It will be appreciated that the ease of reduction of such light sensitive salts renders the process difficult to control. Generally in order to achieve control it is necessary to carry out the processes under darkroom conditions or to include other additives in the plating solution which increase the solubility of the compounds and thus reduce the light sensitivityv thereof.
  • a chemical reduction plating solution is employed in which an insoluble compound of silver is included. Since an insoluble silver compound is employed, the plating reaction is not adversely aifected by light and greater control of the plating process is thus obtained.
  • the reduction of the insoluble compound is made possible by including in the plating solution a chelating or complexing soluble compound which forms a soluble complex with the insoluble compound. .This complex is then reducible upon a surface by the action of a reducing agent.
  • an improved silver deposit or plating is obtained by immersing an article having a surface to be plated into an aqueous solution in contact with water-insoluble silver cyanide or silver acetate or silver oxide, and containing a reducing agent such as sodium hypophosphite,
  • the ction of theche atinaprcom eti e is n usly forn. a..s91ub e omp ex w h it Pdrtiim of ins uble i YI. ;Q. I P91 and. 0 ont n hold the silver in solution in a controlled concentration until reduced to the metallic state.
  • Che- 1a ting or complexing agents suitable in the chemical reduction plating processes of the instant invention are potassium or so dium cyanide.
  • the reducing agent. is preferably the hypophosphite radical which may be introduced as ar 1 alkali metal hypophosphite such as sodium or calcium hypophosphite, ammonium hypophosphite, or as hypophosphorous acid.
  • a chemical reduction plating solution in accordance with the present invention is formed by adding the insoluble silver compound and the soluble chelating or complexing agent to waterf
  • the amount of insoluble silver compound is determined by the amount necessary to deposit a: desired thickness of 'silver on a particular surface which amount can, of course, be calculated for aparticular article.
  • the ratio of the chelat'ing' or complexing agent to the insoluble silver compound is not critical. However, it will be understood that if an ion ratio of greater than about 10 to 1 chelating agent to insoluble compound is employed, the silver ion is held so stronglyinsolution' by the chelating agent that its reduction therefrom becomes diflicult and the plating process becomes less controllable.
  • hypophosphite reducing agent is then added to the solution, the quantity being determined by the amount of silver to be reduced. In general it is advisable to provide an excess amount of hypophosphite radical to accommodate side reactions and to maintain the plating reaction during the final reduction stages. It has been found that excellent results are obtainable when an ion ratio of hypophosphite radical to insoluble compound of 0.33-l0 to l is employed.
  • Average plating rate (mgs/cmF/hr.)
  • the method of silver-plating comprising the step of contacting a surface to be plated with a plating solution at a temperature in the range of from about 50 to about 110 0., consisting essentially of an alkali metal cyanide, a dissolved hypophosphite reducing agent, dissolved silver ions, and an undissolved silver ion-containing compound in contact with the plating solution, the
  • hypophosphite ion in the range of from about 0.33 to about 10
  • ion ratio of the cyanide ion of the dissolved alkali metal cyanide to the undissolved silver ion being in the range of from about 0.1 to about 10.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
  • Chemically Coating (AREA)

Description

United. States Patent F METHOD or SILVER PLATING BY CHEMICAL REDUCTION No Drawing. Filed Dec. 11, 1951, Set.- No. 703,290
4 Claims. Cl. 117-130 This invention relates to electroless plating by the depositionof metals by chemical reduction. More par ticularly the invention relates to improvement in the deposition of silver from chemical reduction plating solu tions.
The chemical reduction process for plating has several advantages over conventional metal electroplating methods. Chemical reduction plating provides a deposit of substantially uniform thickness over articleslhaving complex shapes and other irregularities such as small recesses and apertures. Even the remote surfaces in such recesses may be uniformly plated by the chemical reduction process in contrast with conventional electroplating methods Where the plating of such recesses is a practical impossibility. Known prior chemical reduction processes, however, all employ soluble metallic cornpounds which are exceptionally light sensitive and therefore easily reduced. It will be appreciated that the ease of reduction of such light sensitive salts renders the process difficult to control. Generally in order to achieve control it is necessary to carry out the processes under darkroom conditions or to include other additives in the plating solution which increase the solubility of the compounds and thus reduce the light sensitivityv thereof.
Attempts to increase the solubility of metallic compounds in aqueous solutions have not been markedly successful and such solutions have, in general, failed to produce a good plate.
It is therefore an object of the instant invention to provide an improved method for plating surfaces with silver by a controllable chemical reduction process.
According to the invention a chemical reduction plating solution is employed in which an insoluble compound of silver is included. Since an insoluble silver compound is employed, the plating reaction is not adversely aifected by light and greater control of the plating process is thus obtained. The reduction of the insoluble compound is made possible by including in the plating solution a chelating or complexing soluble compound which forms a soluble complex with the insoluble compound. .This complex is then reducible upon a surface by the action of a reducing agent.
Examples of metals and alloys which may be coated or plated with silver by the practice of the present invention include steel, iron, ferrous alloys, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver, platinum, copper, copper base alloys, magnesium, and aluminum. It will be understood that superior silver plating results when the surface of the article to be coated is thoroughlycleaned. Hence, in most instances .it is desirable to employ conventional plating pretreatments, such as buffing, abrading, or acid etching prior to chemical reduction plating.
In the practice of a specific embodiment of the invention an improved silver deposit or plating is obtained by immersing an article having a surface to be plated into an aqueous solution in contact with water-insoluble silver cyanide or silver acetate or silver oxide, and containing a reducing agent such as sodium hypophosphite,
and a fi a o complex n a n uch a p tes flt or sodium cyanide Thereduction plating is continued until a predetermined thickness of plating is obtained or until the silver ion content in the solution and the reserve supply of silver cyanide are substantially exhausted. The ction of theche atinaprcom eti e is n usly forn. a..s91ub e omp ex w h it Pdrtiim of ins uble i YI. ;Q. I P91 and. 0 ont n hold the silver in solution in a controlled concentration until reduced to the metallic state. During the plating processes the plating solutionbath is maintained at a temperature in the range of from about 50 C. to about C. At the higher temperature the plating rate is increased and becomes more difficult to control. Che- 1a ting or complexing agents suitable in the chemical reduction plating processes of the instant invention are potassium or so dium cyanide. The reducing agent. is preferably the hypophosphite radical which may be introduced as ar 1 alkali metal hypophosphite such as sodium or calcium hypophosphite, ammonium hypophosphite, or as hypophosphorous acid.
A chemical reduction plating solution in accordance with the present invention is formed by adding the insoluble silver compound and the soluble chelating or complexing agent to waterf The amount of insoluble silver compound is determined by the amount necessary to deposit a: desired thickness of 'silver on a particular surface which amount can, of course, be calculated for aparticular article. The ratio of the chelat'ing' or complexing agent to the insoluble silver compound is not critical. However, it will be understood that if an ion ratio of greater than about 10 to 1 chelating agent to insoluble compound is employed, the silver ion is held so stronglyinsolution' by the chelating agent that its reduction therefrom becomes diflicult and the plating process becomes less controllable. Likewise employing a ratio of less than about 0.1 to lchelating agent to insoluble compound results in an extremely low rate of plating orno plating'at all since there, is an insufficient amount of c'helating agent to form" a significant amount of soluble complex. The hypophosphite reducing agent is then added to the solution, the quantity being determined by the amount of silver to be reduced. In general it is advisable to provide an excess amount of hypophosphite radical to accommodate side reactions and to maintain the plating reaction during the final reduction stages. It has been found that excellent results are obtainable when an ion ratio of hypophosphite radical to insoluble compound of 0.33-l0 to l is employed.
The following are illustrative examples of initial plating bath compositions and conditions in accordance 'with the present invention wherein the quantities, where applicable, are expressed in terms of grams per liter. of water:
Patented Mar. 21, 195,1
Example AgCN NaH PO .H O KCN Temperature C Work load (cmF/cmfi) Average plating rate (mgs./cm. /hr.)
Example 4 AgCN Temperature C Work load (cmP/cmfi) Average plating rate (mgsJcmF/hr.)
Example 5 Ag O NaH PO .H O KCN Temperature C Work load (cmP/cmfi) Average plating rate (mgs/cmfi/hr.)
Average plating rate (mgs/cmF/hr.)
It will thus he understood from the foreging description and examples of the invention that an improved method of plating silver by chemical reduction has been provided in which the reduction action is not sensitive 5 to light and is more controllable whereby an improved plating of silver is obtained. It should be understood that, although the invention has been described with specific reference to particular embodiments thereof, it -is not to be so limited since changes and alterations therein may be made which are within the intended scope of the invention as defined in the claims appended.
What is claimed is:
1. The method of silver-plating comprising the step of contacting a surface to be plated with a plating solution at a temperature in the range of from about 50 to about 110 0., consisting essentially of an alkali metal cyanide, a dissolved hypophosphite reducing agent, dissolved silver ions, and an undissolved silver ion-containing compound in contact with the plating solution, the
ion ratio of said hypophosphite ion to the undissolved silver ion being in the range of from about 0.33 to about 10, and the ion ratio of the cyanide ion of the dissolved alkali metal cyanide to the undissolved silver ion being in the range of from about 0.1 to about 10.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the undissolved silver compound is silver cyanide.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the undissolved silver compound is silver oxide.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the undissolved silver compound is silver acetate.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES Gregory: Uses and Applications of Chemicals and Related Material, vol. II, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, 1944, page 274.
Wein: Metallizing Non-Conductors, Finishing Publications, Inc., 1945, page 58.

Claims (1)

1. THE METHOD OF SILVER-PLATING COMPRISING THE STEP OF CONTACTING A SURFACE TO BE PLATED WITH A PLATING SOLUTION AT A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE OF FROM ABOUT 50* TO ABOUT 110*C., CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF AN ALKALI METAL CYANIDE, A DISSOLVED HYPOPHOSPHITE REDUCING AGENT, DISSOLVED SILVER IONS, AND AN UNDISSOLVED SILVER ION-CONTAINING COMPOUND IN CONTACT WITH THE PLATING SOLUTION, THE ION RATIO OF SAID HYPOPHOSPHITE ION TO THE UNDISSOLVED SILVER ION BEING IN THE RANGE OF FROM ABOUT 0.33 TO ABOUT 10, AND THE ION RATION OF THE CYANIDE ION OF THE DISSOLVED ALKALI METAL CYANIDE TO THE UNDISSOLVED SILVER ION BEING IN THE RANGE OF FROM ABOUT 0.1 TO 10.
US703290A 1957-12-17 1957-12-17 Method of silver plating by chemical reduction Expired - Lifetime US2976180A (en)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3110089A (en) * 1959-12-16 1963-11-12 Engelhard Ind Inc Method of bonding amalgam inserts in cavities and structure thereby produced
US3303029A (en) * 1964-01-23 1967-02-07 Shipley Co Tin coating of copper surfaces by replacement plating
US3468676A (en) * 1963-09-09 1969-09-23 Photocircuits Corp Electroless gold plating
US3915718A (en) * 1972-10-04 1975-10-28 Schering Ag Chemical silver bath
DE2627941A1 (en) * 1975-07-25 1977-02-10 Alfachimici Spa SILVER-BASED ACTIVATION SOLUTION FOR AN ELECTRIC COPPER PLATING PROCESS
US4128671A (en) * 1973-03-14 1978-12-05 Reliance Electric Company Instant silvering solution
DE3419755A1 (en) * 1984-05-26 1985-11-28 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Chemical silvering bath
US4798626A (en) * 1986-09-30 1989-01-17 Lamerie, N.V. Solutions and creams for silver plating and polishing
US4925491A (en) * 1986-09-30 1990-05-15 Lamerie, N.V. Solutions and creams for silver plating and polishing
US20100024930A1 (en) * 2006-10-03 2010-02-04 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd. Electroforming method and part or layer obtained via the method
US20100206739A1 (en) * 2007-09-21 2010-08-19 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd. Method of obtaining a yellow gold alloy deposition by galvanoplasty without using toxic metals or metalloids
US20110089040A1 (en) * 2009-10-15 2011-04-21 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Method of obtaining a yellow gold alloy deposition by galvanoplasty without using toxic materials

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2721814A (en) * 1954-01-26 1955-10-25 Gen Motors Corp Nickel plating by chemical reduction
US2822289A (en) * 1954-08-18 1958-02-04 Olin Mathieson Method of coating a surface with silver from solution
US2827398A (en) * 1956-01-26 1958-03-18 Sylvania Electric Prod Electroless iron plating
US2828227A (en) * 1956-03-30 1958-03-25 Sylvania Electric Prod Electroless deposition of vanadium alloys

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2721814A (en) * 1954-01-26 1955-10-25 Gen Motors Corp Nickel plating by chemical reduction
US2822289A (en) * 1954-08-18 1958-02-04 Olin Mathieson Method of coating a surface with silver from solution
US2827398A (en) * 1956-01-26 1958-03-18 Sylvania Electric Prod Electroless iron plating
US2828227A (en) * 1956-03-30 1958-03-25 Sylvania Electric Prod Electroless deposition of vanadium alloys

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3110089A (en) * 1959-12-16 1963-11-12 Engelhard Ind Inc Method of bonding amalgam inserts in cavities and structure thereby produced
US3468676A (en) * 1963-09-09 1969-09-23 Photocircuits Corp Electroless gold plating
US3303029A (en) * 1964-01-23 1967-02-07 Shipley Co Tin coating of copper surfaces by replacement plating
US3915718A (en) * 1972-10-04 1975-10-28 Schering Ag Chemical silver bath
US4128671A (en) * 1973-03-14 1978-12-05 Reliance Electric Company Instant silvering solution
DE2627941A1 (en) * 1975-07-25 1977-02-10 Alfachimici Spa SILVER-BASED ACTIVATION SOLUTION FOR AN ELECTRIC COPPER PLATING PROCESS
DE3419755A1 (en) * 1984-05-26 1985-11-28 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Chemical silvering bath
US4925491A (en) * 1986-09-30 1990-05-15 Lamerie, N.V. Solutions and creams for silver plating and polishing
US4798626A (en) * 1986-09-30 1989-01-17 Lamerie, N.V. Solutions and creams for silver plating and polishing
US20100024930A1 (en) * 2006-10-03 2010-02-04 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd. Electroforming method and part or layer obtained via the method
US20100206739A1 (en) * 2007-09-21 2010-08-19 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd. Method of obtaining a yellow gold alloy deposition by galvanoplasty without using toxic metals or metalloids
US9683303B2 (en) 2007-09-21 2017-06-20 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Method of obtaining a yellow gold alloy deposition by galvanoplasty without using toxic metals or metalloids
US10233555B2 (en) 2007-09-21 2019-03-19 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd. Method of obtaining a yellow gold alloy deposition by galvanoplasty without using toxic metals or metalloids
US10619260B2 (en) 2007-09-21 2020-04-14 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd. Method of obtaining a yellow gold alloy deposition by galvanoplasty without using toxic metals or metalloids
US20110089040A1 (en) * 2009-10-15 2011-04-21 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Method of obtaining a yellow gold alloy deposition by galvanoplasty without using toxic materials
US9567684B2 (en) 2009-10-15 2017-02-14 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Method of obtaining a yellow gold alloy deposition by galvanoplasty without using toxic materials

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