JP2010530017A - 難燃剤組成物 - Google Patents
難燃剤組成物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2010530017A JP2010530017A JP2010511590A JP2010511590A JP2010530017A JP 2010530017 A JP2010530017 A JP 2010530017A JP 2010511590 A JP2010511590 A JP 2010511590A JP 2010511590 A JP2010511590 A JP 2010511590A JP 2010530017 A JP2010530017 A JP 2010530017A
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- Prior art keywords
- composition
- epoxy resin
- flame retardant
- poly
- resin
- Prior art date
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
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- -1 poly (m-phenylene methyl phosphonate Chemical compound 0.000 claims abstract description 62
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- 229920005594 polymer fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001955 polyphenylene ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005606 polypropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical class C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical group CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940116351 sebacate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L sebacate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000638 styrene acrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHSKRLJMQQNJNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N terephthalamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(N)=O)C=C1 MHSKRLJMQQNJNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L terephthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013008 thixotropic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YONPGGFAJWQGJC-UHFFFAOYSA-K titanium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)Cl YONPGGFAJWQGJC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001862 ultra low molecular weight polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JABYJIQOLGWMQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N undec-4-ene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=CCCC JABYJIQOLGWMQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001866 very low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/03—Use of materials for the substrate
- H05K1/0313—Organic insulating material
- H05K1/0353—Organic insulating material consisting of two or more materials, e.g. two or more polymers, polymer + filler, + reinforcement
- H05K1/0373—Organic insulating material consisting of two or more materials, e.g. two or more polymers, polymer + filler, + reinforcement containing additives, e.g. fillers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
- C08K5/34—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring
- C08K5/3467—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring having more than two nitrogen atoms in the ring
- C08K5/3477—Six-membered rings
- C08K5/3492—Triazines
- C08K5/34928—Salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
- C08K5/51—Phosphorus bound to oxygen
- C08K5/53—Phosphorus bound to oxygen bound to oxygen and to carbon only
- C08K5/5317—Phosphonic compounds, e.g. R—P(:O)(OR')2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/01—Dielectrics
- H05K2201/0104—Properties and characteristics in general
- H05K2201/012—Flame-retardant; Preventing of inflammation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
- H05K2203/12—Using specific substances
- H05K2203/122—Organic non-polymeric compounds, e.g. oil, wax or thiol
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Fireproofing Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Description
メラミンシアヌレート、
メラミンボレート、
メラミンホスフェート、または
メラミンピロホスフェート
を含んでもよい。
クロロアルキルホスフェートエステル(ANTIBLAZE(登録商標) AB−100、Albright & Wilson; FYROL(登録商標) FR−2、Akzo Nobel)、
ポリ臭素化ジフェニルオキシド(DE−60F、Great Lakes Corp.)、
デカブロモジフェニルオキシド(DBDPO;SAYTEX(登録商標) 102E)、
トリス[3−ブロモ−2,2−ビス(ブロモメチル)プロピル]ホスフェート(PB 370(登録商標)、FMC Corp.)、
ビスフェノールAのビス(2,3−ジブロモプロピルエーテル) (PE68)、
臭素化エポキシ樹脂、
エチレン−ビス(テトラブロモフタルイミド) (SAYTEX(登録商標) BT−93)、
ビス(ヘキサクロロシクロペンタジエノ)シクロオクタン (DECLORANE PLUS(登録商標))、
塩素化パラフィン、
1,2−ビス(トリブロモフェノキシ)エタン (FF680)、
テトラブロモ−ビスフェノールA (SAYTEX(登録商標) RB100)、
エチレン−ビス(ジブロモ−ノルボルナンジカルボキシイミド) (SAYTEX(登録商標) BN−451)、
ビス−(ヘキサクロロシクロペンタジエノ)シクロオクタン、
トリス−(2,3−ジブロモプロピル)−イソシアヌレート、および
エチレン−ビス−テトラブロモフタルイミド。
テトラフェニルレソルシノールジホスフィット (FYROLFLEX(登録商標) RDP、Akzo Nobel)、
トリフェニルホスフェート、
アンモニウムポリホスフェート (APP)または(HOSTAFLAM(登録商標) AP750)、
レソルシノールジホスフェートオリゴマー(RDP)、および
エチレンジアミンジホスフェート(EDAP)。
1−シクロヘキシルオキシ−2,2,6,6−テトラメチル−4−オクタデシルアミノピペリジン;
ビス(1−オクチルオキシ−2,2,6,6,−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イル)セバケート;
2,4−ビス[(1−シクロヘキシルオキシ−2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イル)ブチルアミノ]−6−(2−ヒドロキシエチルアミノ−s−トリアジン;
ビス(1−シクロヘキシルオキシ−2,2,6,6,−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イル)アジペート;
2,4−ビス[(1−シクロヘキシルオキシ−2,2,6,6−ピペリジン−4−イル)ブチルアミノ]−6−クロロ−s−トリアジン;
1−(2−ヒドロキシ−2−メチルプロポキシ)−4−ヒドロキシ−2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン;
1−(2−ヒドロキシ−2−メチルプロポキシ)−4−オキソ−2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン;
1−(2−ヒドロキシ−2−メチルプロポキシ)−4−オクタデカノイルオキシ−2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン;
ビス(1−(2−ヒドロキシ−2−メチルプロポキシ)−2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イル)セバケート;
ビス(1−(2−ヒドロキシ−2−メチルプロポキシ)−2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イル)アジペート;
2,4−ビス{N−[1−(2−ヒドロキシ−2−メチルプロポキシ)−2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イル]−N−ブチル−アミノ}−6−(2−ヒドロキシエチルアミノ)−s−トリアジン;
2,4−ビス[(1−シクロヘキシルオキシ−2,2,6,6−ピペリジン−4−イル)ブチルアミノ]−6−クロロ−s−トリアジンとN,N’−ビス(3−アミノプロピル)エチレンジアミン)との反応生成物[CAS登録番号191680−81−6];および
化学式
の化合物。
1. モノオレフィンおよびジオレフィンのポリマー、例えばポリプロピレン、ポリイソブチレン、ポリブト−1−エン、ポリ−4−メチルペント−1−エン、ポリビニルシクロヘキサン、ポリイソプレンまたはポリブタジエン、並びにシクロオレフィンのポリマー、例えばシクロペンテンまたはノルボルネン、ポリエチレン(随意に架橋していてよい)、例えば高密度ポリエチレン(HDPE)、高密度高分子量ポリエチレン(HDPE−HMW)、高密度超高分子量ポリエチレン(HDPE−UHMW)、中密度ポリエチレン(MDPE)、低密度ポリエチレン(LDPE)、直鎖状低密度ポリエチレン(LLDPE)、(VLDPE)および(ULDPE);
ポリオレフィン、即ち、前記の段落に例示されたモノオレフィンのポリマー、例えばポリエチレンおよびポリプロピレンは異なる方法、および特に以下の方法によって製造される:
a) ラジカル重合(通常、高圧下且つ高温にて)
b) 通常、1つまたは1つより多くの周期律表IVb、Vb、VIbまたはVIII族金属を含有する触媒を使用した触媒重合。それらの金属は通常、πまたはσ配位のいずれかをし得る1つまたはそれより多くの配位子、典型的にはオキシド、ハライド、アルコレート、エステル、エーテル、アミン、アルキル、アルケニル、および/またはアリールを有する。それらの金属錯体は遊離した形態か、あるいは基材、典型的には活性化塩化マグネシウム、塩化チタン(III)、アルミナまたはケイ素酸化物に固定されていてよい。それらの触媒は重合媒体中で可溶性または不溶性であってよい。重合において、該触媒をそれのみで使用するか、あるいはさらなる活性剤、典型的には金属アルキル、金属水素化物、金属アルキルハライド、金属アルキルオキシドまたは金属アルキルオキサンを使用でき、前記の金属は周期律表のIa、IIaおよび/またはIIIa族の元素である。前記の活性剤を適宜、さらなるエステル、エーテル、アミンまたはシリルエーテル基で改質してもよい。それらの触媒系は通常、Phillips、Standard Oil Indiana、Ziegler(−Natta)、TNZ(DuPont)、メタロセンまたはシングルサイト触媒(SSC)と称される。
熱可塑性オレフィン、印刷可能な熱可塑性オレフィン、ポリプロピレン成形物品、ポリエチレン膜、臭素化難燃剤を用いた成形ポリプロピレン、臭素化難燃剤を用いた成形熱可塑性オレフィン、臭素化難燃剤を用いたポリエチレン膜、他の補助安定剤を用いた熱可塑性エラストマー、グリース充填ワイヤおよびケーブル絶縁物、プラスチック基材上の被膜、化学物質を含有するポリオレフィンタンクまたは容器、曇り止め剤を用いたポリオレフィン膜、IR熱フィラー(IR thermal fillers)、例えばハイドロタルサイト、例えばDHT4Aを有するポリオレフィン膜、静電防止剤を有するポリオレフィン膜、耐炎性成形ポリプロピレン物品、耐炎性成形熱可塑性オレフィン、耐炎性ポリエチレン膜、プラスチック基材のラミネーション用の予成形膜、電気器具、貯蔵および輸送用の容器、箱、貯蔵容器、自動車用途、例えばダッシュボード、後板、家具、例えば屋外競技場の座席または公共の座席、屋根板、屋根メンブレン、床材、裏当て、形材、例えば窓およびドア用形材、ジオメンブレン、幌布、バナーフィルム、椅子張り、垂れ幕、カーペット、テント、タール塗り防水布、手術衣、帽子および病院での他の用途、織物、ロープ、ネット、タイヤコードまたはパラシュート。
耐炎性布のためのNFPA 701標準燃焼試験(NFPA 701 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame−Resistant Textiles and Films)、1989および1999版;
素子および電化製品部品のためのプラスチック材料の可燃性のためのUL94試験(UL 94 Test for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances)、第5版、1996年10月29日;
限界酸素指数(LOI)、ASTM D−2863;
コーンカロリーメーター法、ASTM E−1またはASTM E 1354;
ASTM D 2633−82、燃焼試験。
成形グレードのポリプロピレンを、それぞれ10質量%のメラミンポリホスフェートおよびポリ(m−フェニレンメチルホスホネート)と乾式混合し、その後、ツインスクリュー押出機内にて220℃で溶融混合する。塩基安定剤は500ppmのN,N−ジ(タロー)ヒドロキシルアミンおよび500ppmのステアリン酸カルシウムである。Boyの射出成形機を使用して、射出成形によって配合物から246℃でプラク(0.32cm)を作製する。その試験片で、UL−94垂直燃焼試験仕様に従って難燃性を試験する。前記のプラクは優れた難燃性を示す。
ポリエチレン繊維を、繊維グレードポリエチレンからそれぞれ10質量%のメラミンポリホスフェートおよびポリ(m−フェニレンメチルホスホネート)と乾式混合することによって製造し、そして204.4℃で溶融混合する。繊維をこの配合物からHills laboratoryの目盛り付き繊維押出機(scale fiber extruder)を使用して押し出す。その繊維から靴下を編み、そしてNFPA701垂直燃焼法に従って難燃性を試験する。本難燃剤を含有する繊維は優れた難燃性を示す。
繊維グレードのポリプロピレンを試験用の添加剤と乾式混合し、その後、234℃で溶融混合してペレットにする。ペレット化された、完全に配合された樹脂をその後、Hills laboratoryモデルの繊維押出機を使用して246℃で繊維に紡糸する。41フィラメントの紡糸されたトウを1:3.2の比で引き伸ばし、最終的なデニール615/41を得る。
膜グレードのポリエチレンを試験用の添加剤と乾式混合し、その後、溶融混合してペレットにする。ペレット化された、完全に配合された樹脂をその後、MPM Superiorブローンフィルム押出機を使用して205℃でブローする。前記の膜の難燃性について、NFPA701試験条件の下で試験する。それぞれ10質量%のメラミンポリホスフェートとポリ(m−フェニレンメチルホスホネート)とを含有する試料は、優れた難燃性を示す。膜グレードのポリプロピレンを同様に処理し、そして本添加剤の混合物を含有するポリプロピレン膜もまた、優れた難燃性を示す。
エポキシクレゾールノボラック樹脂190gを含有するワニスを2−メチルイミダゾール0.5gと、メチルエチルケトン3.6gおよび1−メトキシ−2−プロパノール7.2g中で混合する。さらに、微細な粒径のメラミンポリホスフェート12質量%と、ポリ(m−フェニレンメチルホスホネート)12質量%とを添加する。前記の混合物をその後、4時間、よく攪拌し、そして7628型E−ガラス布に適用する。前記のガラス布をその後、171℃で2分半の加熱によって、部分的に硬化したB段階にする。サイズ1オンスのSTD銅を片側に、および28.35gのDST銅を他の側に有する4層のラミネートを、プリプレグと銅とを書籍状に重ねて188℃および且つ9.7barで90分間プレスすることによって製造する。
微細な粒径のメラミンポリホスフェートおよびポリ(m−フェニレンメチルホスホネート)を、ビスフェノールA型のエポキシ樹脂(中間点Tg150℃)と混合する。フェノールノボラックおよび2−メチルイミダゾールを、それぞれハードナーおよび触媒として使用する。典型的な配合物においては、樹脂100gを硬化剤80〜85gおよび触媒0.2〜2.0gと混合する。難燃剤の混合物は、固体に対して約20〜40質量%を構成する。メチルエチルケトン80gもまた添加する。前記の成分を約20分間混合し、そして170℃でのゲル化時間を測定する。ガラス布(7628型)の含浸および170℃のオーブンで硬化を行う。得られる"プリプレグ"を等しいサイズの小片に切り出し、そして層を(約9層)積み重ね、188℃で2時間、6.9barの圧力下で硬化させる。細長い片を切り出し、そしてUL94の手順に従って難燃効果を試験する。
Claims (9)
- ポリマー基材を含み、且つその中に難燃性に効果的な量のメラミンポリホスフェートとポリ(m−フェニレンメチルホスホネート)とを含む難燃性ポリマー組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物において、ポリマー基材がビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、ノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、脂環式エポキシ樹脂、グリシジル型エポキシ樹脂、ビフェニル型エポキシ樹脂、ナフタレン環含有エポキシ樹脂、シクロペンタジエン含有エポキシ樹脂、多官能価エポキシ樹脂、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択されるエポキシ樹脂である組成物。
- 請求項2に記載の組成物において、メラミンポリホスフェートとポリ(m−フェニレンメチルホスホネート)難燃剤が樹脂の質量に対して合計で約1質量%〜約40質量%、存在する組成物。
- 請求項2に記載の組成物において、メラミンポリホスフェートとポリ(m−フェニレンメチルホスホネート)難燃剤が約20:80〜約80:20の質量:質量の比で存在する組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物において、ポリマー基材がポリオレフィン、熱可塑性オレフィン、スチレンポリマーまたはコポリマー、ABS、およびヘテロ原子、二重結合または芳香環を含有するポリマーからなる群から選択される組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物において、さらにオルガノハロゲン難燃剤、またはさらなるリン含有難燃剤を含む組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物において、さらにメラミンシアヌレート、メラミンボレート、メラミンホスフェート、またはメラミンポリホスフェートを含む組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物において、さらにヒンダードアルコキシアミン安定剤を含む組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物において、さらにヒンダードアミン光安定剤、ベンゾフラノン安定剤、有機リン安定剤、ヒドロキシルアミン安定剤、フェノール系酸化防止剤およびベンゾフェノン、ベンゾトリアゾールまたはトリアジン紫外線吸収剤からなる群から選択される1つまたはそれより多くの化合物を含む組成物。
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US93459807P | 2007-06-14 | 2007-06-14 | |
PCT/EP2008/057053 WO2008151986A1 (en) | 2007-06-14 | 2008-06-06 | Flame retardant compositions |
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US (1) | US7678852B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2152793A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2010530017A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20100019570A (ja) |
CN (2) | CN103254465A (ja) |
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WO (1) | WO2008151986A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
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WO2008151986A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 |
KR20100019570A (ko) | 2010-02-18 |
TW200914516A (en) | 2009-04-01 |
CN101679675B (zh) | 2013-06-05 |
TWI450921B (zh) | 2014-09-01 |
CN101679675A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
US20090082494A1 (en) | 2009-03-26 |
EP2152793A1 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
US7678852B2 (en) | 2010-03-16 |
CN103254465A (zh) | 2013-08-21 |
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